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Mineral Resources Bulletin 22: Tantalum in Western Australia

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Mineral Resources Bulletin 22: Tantalum in Western Australia MINERAL RESOURCES TANTALUM IN BULLETIN 22 WESTERN AUSTRALIA by J. M. Fetherston TANTALUM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA FRONTISPIECE: Historic pump at the Wodgina tantalum–tin mine. Brought from Port Hedland by camel train about 1905, this vintage steam pump was used for many years pumping water and providing motive power for ore crushing GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA MINERAL RESOURCES BULLETIN 22 TANTALUM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA by J. M. Fetherston Perth 2004 MINISTER FOR STATE DEVELOPMENT Hon. Clive Brown MLA DIRECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND RESOURCES Jim Limerick DIRECTOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Tim Griffin REFERENCE The recommended reference for this publication is: FETHERSTON, J. M., 2004, Tantalum in Western Australia: Western Australia Geological Survey, Mineral Resources Bulletin 22, 162p. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication entry Fetherston, John (John M.), 1943– Tantalum in Western Australia Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 7307 8939 X 1. Tantalum - Western Australia. 2. Mines and mineral resources - Western Australia. I. Geological Survey of Western Australia. II. Title. (Series: Mineral Resources Bulletin (Perth, W.A.) ; 22). 622.346509941 ISSN 0510–2014 Copy editor: L. Day Cartography: M. Prause and D. Sutton Desktop Publishing: A. Ferguson Published 2004 by Geological Survey of Western Australia Copies available from: Information Centre Department of Industry and Resources 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6004 Telephone: (08) 9222 3459 Facsimile: (08) 9222 3444 This and other publications of the Geological Survey of Western Australia may be viewed or purchased online through the Department’s bookshop at www.doir.wa.gov.au Cover photograph: A rosette of manganotantalite crystals from Moolyella, Pilbara region. Simpson Collection, Western Australian Museum. Specimen is approximately 6 cm in diameter Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Object and scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Sources of information .............................................................................................................................................. 3 System of units .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Properties and mineralogy Properties of tantalum ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Tantalum mineralogy ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Tantalite minerals ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Tantalite indicators .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 3 A brief history of tantalum and development of the industry in Western Australia A brief history of tantalum ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Development of the tantalum industry in Western Australia ................................................................................ 12 Chapter 4 Mode of occurrence Primary mineralization styles ................................................................................................................................. 15 Granitic rare-metal pegmatites ........................................................................................................................ 15 Beryl type .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Complex types .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite subtypes ............................................................................. 17 Lepidolite subtype ............................................................................................................................. 20 Albite–spodumene type ............................................................................................................................ 20 Albite type ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Secondary mineralization styles ............................................................................................................................. 20 Regolith deposits .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Deeply weathered deposits ....................................................................................................................... 20 Placer deposits .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Eluvial deposits and colluvial mantles ............................................................................................. 21 Alluvial placers .................................................................................................................................. 21 Major creeks ............................................................................................................................... 22 Deep leads .................................................................................................................................. 22 Tertiary gravels .......................................................................................................................... 22 Small incised creeks ................................................................................................................... 22 Other sources .............................................................................................................................. 22 Marine placers ................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 5 Exploration for tantalum in Western Australia Background research ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Summary of exploration techniques ....................................................................................................................... 23 Age of primary deposits .................................................................................................................................. 23 Regional controls affecting the distribution of pegmatites ............................................................................. 24 Geophysical signatures and structural controls .............................................................................................. 24 Regional rare-metal pegmatite zoning and lithogeochemical anomalies ...................................................... 24 Secondary dispersion haloes in regolith materials .......................................................................................... 25 Prospecting rare-metal pegmatites for tantalum ............................................................................................. 25 Pegmatite dimensions and structure ......................................................................................................... 25 Zonation and geochemical sampling ....................................................................................................... 26 v Mineralization, ore grade, and tantalum resource ................................................................................... 26 Alluvial and marine placer deposits ................................................................................................................ 27 Reworking of tailings ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 6 Tantalum mining and processing in Western Australia Major hard-rock mining and processing ................................................................................................................ 29 Greenbushes ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Wodgina ..........................................................................................................................................................
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