US 20050044778A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0044778A1 Orr (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 3, 2005

(54) FUEL COMPOSITIONS EMPLOYING Publication Classification CATALYST COMBUSTION STRUCTURE (51) Int. CI.' ...... C10L 1/28; C1OL 1/24; C1OL 1/18; (76) Inventor: William C. Orr, Denver, CO (US) C1OL 1/12; C1OL 1/26 Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl...... 44/320; 44/435; 44/378; 44/388; HOGAN & HARTSON LLP 44/385; 44/444; 44/443 ONE TABOR CENTER, SUITE 1500 1200 SEVENTEENTH ST DENVER, CO 80202 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 10/722,127 Metallic vapor phase fuel compositions relating to a broad (22) Filed: Nov. 24, 2003 Spectrum of pollution reducing, improved combustion per Related U.S. Application Data formance, and enhanced Stability fuel compositions for use in jet, aviation, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combus (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 08/986,891, tion applications include co-combustion agents preferably filed on Dec. 8, 1997, now Pat. No. 6,652,608. including trimethoxymethylsilane. Patent Application Publication Mar. 3, 2005 US 2005/0044778A1

FIGURE 1

CALCULATING BUNSEN BURNER LAMINAR FLAME VELOCITY (LFV) OR BURNING VELOCITY (BV)

CONVENTIONAL FLAME LUMINOUS FLAME

Method For Calculating Bunsen Burner Laminar Flame Velocity (LHV) or Burning Velocity Requires Inside Laminar Cone Angle (0) and The Gas Velocity (Vg). LFV = A, SIN 2 x VG US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

FUEL COMPOSITIONS EMPLOYING CATALYST Chart of Elements (CAS version), and mixture, wherein said COMBUSTION STRUCTURE element or derivative compound, is combustible, and option 0001) The present invention is a CIP of my U.S. appli ally has a minimum heating value of 4,000 Kcal/kg, and cation Ser. No. 8/986,891 (Fuel Compositions Exhibiting wherein vapor phase combustion occurs. AS noted, in the Improved Fuel Stability, filed Dec. 8, 1997) and relates to a aforementioned Applications and herein, an ECS metallic is broad spectrum of pollution reducing, improved combustion a metallic capable of increasing burning Velocity and/or performance, and enhanced Stability fuel compositions for reducing combustion temperature. It is any non-lead metal use in jet, aviation, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other lic (or non-metallic) which may be employed in the practice combustion applications. More particularly, the present of this invention. Said metallic may be employed with invention relates to fuel compositions employing certain hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel, absent an ECS compound. co-combustion agents, including trimethoxymethylsilane. 0006. As set forth herein “ECS metallic" can be read as any non-lead metallic (and non-metallic as Set forth below), FIELD OF THE INVENTION or any organic or inorganic derivative thereof, which accom plishes the vapor phase combustion object of this invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AS set forth in the disclosure below ECS metallic contem plates any metallic or non-metallic accomplishing this 0002 Growth in environmental concerns related to pol object. An ECS metallic need not contain ECS structure (e.g. lutants generated by hydrocarbon based fuels, especially high kinetic energy free radicals), albeit said ECS structure emissions related to greenhouse gases, has given raise to the is preferred. A “non-lead element or derivative” herein shall need to find new fuels and methods of combustion capable also be read as “ECS metallic.” of reducing Such emissions, namely carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide (NXO), NOx, methane, ozone, CFCs, halons and 0007. It is noted, a principal ECS metallic of the afore Similar gases. Increases of nitrous oxide gases occurring mentioned PCT applications was manganese, chiefly meth post exhaust catalyst have recently been discovered. Similar ylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Due to recent to CFCs, nitrous oxides are about a 1000 times more potent concerns over the neurotoxicity of manganese combustion than CO2 in their adverse effect. It has been found the effect products, and the potential neurotoxicity of other combus of the exhaust catalyst, itself, may actually tend to increase tion metal oxides, a need exists to find a high energy, the concentrations of nitrous oxides. Thus, there is a current non-manganese, non-neurotoxic replacement ECS metallic need to reduce overall nitrous oxide emissions and addition or group of metallicS capable of achieving vapor phase ally find a means reducing the effect the exhaust catalyst has combustion. upon increasing Said emissions. EXAMPLEA 0003) International Patent Applications, PCT/US95/ 0008 A fuel composition containing hydrogen or a 02691, PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, incorpo hydrocarbon fuel and at least one organic or inorganic rated in their entirety herein by reference, Speak to a new compound containing a non-lead element, Selected from the form of combustion known as metallic vapor combustion, group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, wherein combustion does not take place on the Surface of the 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of metal, or on and/or within the molten layer of oxide covering Elements (CAS version), wherein said non-lead derivative the metal, typical of heretofore metallic combustion. Rather, compound Simultaneously increases combustion burning combustion is characterized as being highly, with a luminous Velocity and/or reduces combustion temperature, wherein reaction Zone extending Some distance from the metals Said composition is improved over the hydrogen or the Surface or the normal flame front, at a high burning rate, co-fuel alone, optionally showing improved thermal effi wherein metallic oxide particles are formed in the Submicron ciency. Said composition optionally containing an ECS range. OXygenate. 0004. This is a highly expansive brillant type of combus 0009. As noted, in the aforementioned Applications, tion, where for example the laminar flame of a Bunsen Applicant has discovered, under these his combustion con burner shows an extended luminous Zone to extend beyond ditions, the metallic, itself, becomes an integral and power the boundary of the normal flame front. This combustion ful agent in the combustion process, improving combustion yields vastly accelerated flame/exhaust gas Velocities com thermal efficiencies, translating into improved fuel economy, pared to traditional combustion, in turn generating greater net available, work, power generation, thrust, and the like amounts of uSeable free energy. (e.g. increased miles/gal. (kilometers/liter), increased flight 0005 Said PCT Applications disclose fuel compositions range/Kg, increased kilowatts generated/liter), while simul and combustion techniques achieving vapor phase combus taneously reducing hazardous pollutants. tion based on an enhanced combustion structure (“ECS”), 0010. In the context of this invention, Applicant generally which incorporates a free radical generating oxygenate refers to thermal efficiency in both its chemical and compound(“ECS oxygenate”) and a high energy combus mechanical context, e.g. the efficiency of the chemical tible non-lead metallic, preferably an “ECS metallic' con reaction and the amount of useful work generated in the taining ECS Structure. Applicant's metallic together with an System, e.g. free energy. ECS compound yield vapor phase combustion. In the afore mentioned Applications and herein metallic shall mean at 0011 Applicant has found, thermal efficiency, particu least one non-leaded element or derivative organic or inor larly as measured as a function of net useful work generated ganic compound containing Said non-lead element, Selected by the system is increased. Often substantially. from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 0012 For example, Applicant's has discovered thermal 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic efficiency improvements over existing unadjusted fuels and US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

combustion systems to be on the order of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 0021. The invention more particularly relates to discov 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0% to 20%. And, depending upon the cir ery of a class of non-manganese, non-toxic ECS metal and cumstances (e.g. combustion Systems, fuel configurations) metalloid compounds, including a combination thereof, average improvements can range from 2.0% to 5.0%, 5.0% capable of achieving vapor phase combustion, but which do to 10.0% or higher, withmodest improvements ranging from not have manganese's associated neurotoxicity problem. 0.05% to 1.0% to 2.0%. Exceptional improvements will Metallics of particular interest include alkali/alkali earth range from 10%, 25% to 40%, 30% to 80%, or more. metals, Sodium, potassium, boron, aluminum, Silicon and 0013 In the context of this invention “unadjusted' fuels phosphorus. mean conventional existing hydrocarbon fuels concurrent to 0022. The invention resides in the combination of metal this invention, which have not been adjusted to improve lics, metalloids (herein after nonlead element compounds burning Velocity, increase latent heats of vaporization, T-90 “NLECs”) which include combining an ECS metallic with temperatures, mid range distillation temperatures, aromatic and ECS co-combustion metal, metalloid, or carbon catalyst or sulfur contents. These value are variously set forth herein Structurally similar to triemethoxymethylsilane or dimethyl and to the extent they are known in the industry incorporated phosphite. Said catalyst is contemplated in combination with herein by reference. Applicant's ECS metallics to improve vapor phase burning, achieving the objects of this invention. EXAMPLEB 0023 The invention further resides in discovery of a 0.014. The compositions of Example A, containing hydro means of maintaining Stability of fuels containing Symmetri gen or a hydrocarbon, wherein Said compositions burning cal lower dialkyl carbonates, while simultaneously improv Velocity and/or combustion temperature permit Said non ing the handling of fuels containing alkali/alkali earth met lead derivative compound to replace need for an ECS als, which can be highly alkaline. In accordance therewith, compound, however, Said composition experiencing lumi the fuel compositions of the present invention exhibits nous vapor phase combustion. improved stability and handling attributes when the fuel compositions are constructed to a weakly alkaline (7.5 to EXAMPLE C 11.0 pH), Substantially neutral (6.5 to 7.5 pH), or slightly 0.015 The aforementioned compositions, wherein said acidic (4.5 to 6.9 pH) environments, whether or not water is non-lead derivative is a Sodium, potassium, phosphorous, present. In Such cases there is no handling hazard or boron, or Silicon derivative, including mixture. hydrolysis problem. Thus, in the case of Symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonate containing fuels, long term Storage is EXAMPLED possible absent any deterioration of Stability. Likewise the handling hazards of Strongly alkaline compositions due to 0016. The aforementioned composition, wherein said the presence of alkaline or alkaline earth metals is addition non-lead derivative is trimethoxymethylsilane or homo ally controlled. logue, analogue, isomer or derivative. 0024. Additionally, it has been discovered the presence of 0.017. The aforementioned PCT Applications speak to the lower dialkyl carbonates and ECS metals in the fuel com use of Symmetrical alkyl carbonates (e.g. dimethyl carbonate positions of the present invention allow for the use of highly “DMC) as a preferred ECS oxygenate, which the art Viscous base hydrocarbon fuels, which otherwise might not discloses as having potential hydrolytic or Stability problems be used. when in an acidic or aqueous environments. See for example, EPO Application #91306278.2 Karas, which rea DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT Sonably Suggests fuels containing a Symmetrical dialkyl INVENTION carbonate, like DMC, which have pH’s perhaps 11 or lower, as being potentially problematic. Thus, there is a need to 0025 ECS Components mitigate this potential fuel Stability problem. 0026. The free radical generating ECS oxygenates of this 0.018. Additionally, the use of less expensive longer chain invention include C2-C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic or more complex, Viscous fuels, e.g., heavy oils, heavy fuel acids), C2-C12 ethers (including ether acids), C3 to C15 oils, diesels, etc., have attendant handling, emission and di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 combustion problems, which warrant Solution, especially if ketones, ketonic acids, C3-CIS esters (alkyl formates, solved simultaneously with the above related problems. acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbon ates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, 0019. The instant invention resides in an improvement to C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic the aforementioned PCT Applications, and Simultaneously peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids (including for solves the noted problems. Namely, the invention reduces mic acids), amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, combustion greenhouse gases of CO2, NOX, OZone, methane, glacial acetic acids (including C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters of and problematic chlororfluorocarbons and nitrous oxides. acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, The invention, is particularly able to control and reduce NOX etc.), boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, emissions generated post exhaust emissions catalyst. anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, methyl esters, nitrates, di 0020. The invention also beneficially improves a broad nitrates, nitro-ethers. Applicant's ECS compounds increas class of combustion Systems and emissions in general, while ing burning Velocity and/or increase latent heat of vapor Simultaneously improving fuel economy, flight range, thrust ization, and those that are Set forth in the aforementioned and/or power. prior references are incorporated by reference. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

0.027 Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds which cm/sec bench mark), more preferably in excess of 50, 60, 65, include one to ten oxygen atoms are desireable, with to one or 70 cm/sec., and ideally those having at least one free or to three oxygen atoms more desirable. If organic, those unused Valency electron; Said ideal radical is characterized oxygenated compounds having carbon atoms of one to 20 as being a chain carrier in the main chain reaction of atoms are desireable, with one to ten more desireable, with combustion, effectively disasSociating and re-associating one to five being yet more preferred. Those with three atoms during combustion. AS used herein flame Velocity or propa or leSS are most preferred. Compounds where oxygen rep gation is the art definition, which can be defined as the resents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or more, by weight are volumetric velocity of the stream of the combustible mixture desired. Specific oxygenated compounds can be found in divided by the surface of the inner cone of a laminar Bunsen detail in Organic Chemistry 6" Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John flame. AS contemplated herein and in the examples below, Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. said noted flame velocities (for ECS compound) may be W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical translated to the finished fuels themselves (e.g. finished fuels Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, may have a burning velocity of 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 45,46, 47, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992). 64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec. As contemplated 0028 ECS oxygenates of particular interest (homo herein, these laminar flames values are measured using the logues, analogues, derivative, and isomers thereof), include internal angle of the Bunsen flame, which are parallel to the tertiary hydrocarbyl ethers, including but not limited to external vertical (flowing) flame wall to the peak of the methyl tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl flame head, thus compensating for the luminous Zone, which ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary masks the normal outer edge and peak of the flame head of methyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl, tertiary amyl ether; C1 to the flame which may also be used to measure flame Veloci C6 aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited to ethanol, ties (see FIG. 1). methanol; lower dialkyl carbonates, including but not limited 0032. Thus, the preferred ECS oxygenates, metallics, to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC); and/or hydrocarbon bases, if any, have higher relative flame ethers having dual linkage (e.g. diethers), including but not Velocities. As a rule, when combusted in air (as a function of limited to di-ethers, including methyal (methylene dimethyl their own constitution and as measured in a laminar Bunsen ether or dimethoxy methane), ethylal (diethoxy methane); flame), flame velocities should equal or exceed 32, 33, 34, carbons having multiple alkyloxy groups, including but not 35, 36, 37,38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, limited to tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, anhy 51, 52,53,54, 55,56, 57,58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 70, 75, 80, drides and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 cm/sec., with those including but not limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic exceeding 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, or more, preferred. The acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid. higher the burning Velocity the better. It is recognized individual ECS oxygenates may have higher burning Veloci 0029 Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds may be ties than individual metallics, compared to hydrocarbon base included in weight percent of the final composition in that fuels. However, ESC oxygenate/metallic combinations amount, which results in optimal vapor phase combustion. should have Synergistic laminar burning Velocities prefer Concentrations ranging from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, ably exceeding 48, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, or more cm/sec. 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 percent weight by oxygen are contemplated. Other oxygen concentrations 0033 FIG. 1 range from 0.01 to 3.7, 0.1 to 80.0, 1.0 to 5.0, 1.0 to 10.0, 1.0 to 15.0, 1.0 to 20.0, 1.0 to 30.0, 1.0 to 40.0, 1.0 to 53 (0034) FIG. 1 shows the method of calculating laminar percent oxygen by weight in the composition. burning velocity (LHV or BV) employing a Bunsen Burner, and the differences Seen between a conventional 0030 Preferred ECS structure/components (e.g. oxygen (clear), fuel flame compared to a luminous flame. Burning ates, metallics, and hydrocarbon base, if any) are character velocity is calculated as % Sin of the interior angle (0) at the ized as those yielding in precombustion a significant portion head of the flame (times) the gas velocity (VG), or BV. of reactive high kinetic energy free radicals (e.g. H., H, O, 00, CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, 0035) Laminar Flame Velocity (LFV) and Burning Veloc NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, KO, KOO, ONH, ON, NH, ity (BV) are interchangeable terms herein. In the case of NH2, OCH, OCH,OCH, OH, C1, CN, OCOO, COOH, luminous flames, 0 measurements (the angle found at the C2H5OOC, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, or CONH2), as a flame peak) are made inside below the luminous portion of weight percent of their total precombustion vapors. Thus, the flame (see FIG. 1). components containing one or more of these radicals is 0036 BV calculations may be adjusted for temperature desired. Preferred weight percent contributed by the Sub and pressure. Higher pressures reduce measurable BVS stituent is equal to or greater than 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, while higher temperatures increase them. AS provided 40%, of the precombustion vapors. Similarly Applicant ’s herein, BV values herein are those that would be equivalent ECS compounds should contain one or more radicals of to those with methanol being benchmarked at 57:2 cm/sec. Same Structure. 0037 Preferred latent heats of vaporization of ECS com 0031. The preferred reactive high kinetic energy free ponents (e.g. oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon radicals of this invention are those radicals that generate bases) at 60° F. are those equal to or greater than 60, 75,80, laminar bunsen flame Velocities in excess of 40, 41, 42, 43, 85,90, 95, 100, 1,05, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135,140,145, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,53,54, 55,56, 57, 58, 59, 150, 155, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec, 240, 250, 270,290, 300,325,350,375,400, 425,450, 475, (laminar bunsen burner flame with methanol at a 57.2 500 btu/lb, or more. Those greater than 100, 115 btu/lb are US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

more desireable. Alternatively, preferred latent heats of combustion, including concentrations thereof deemed to be vaporization (enthalpy of vaporization at boiling point) toxic. It is a principal object of this invention to use metals equal to or greater than 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, and metal combinations, whose combustion product, oxides, 33,34,35,36, 37,38, 40, 42,43, 45,47, or higher, jK mole' carbonates, etc., are relatively non-toxic and absent neuro are desireable, with those no less than 28.0jK mole', more tocity. desireable. The higher the latent heat of vaporatization the better. It is an embodiment of this invention to employ 0045. However, it is expressly recognized differing met hydrocarbon bases having enhanced LHV's (see below). als, and metallic blends yield different combustion products. 0.038. The ECS non-lead metals, metalloids, non-metals Differing ECS metallic applications will results in different (herein “metals or metallics”) are those which are combus combustion products. In Some applications and composi tible and which having high heating value, exceeding 2,000 tions the metal combustion products generated may be toxic. to 6,000, 6,500, 7,000, 7,500, 8,000, 8,500, 9,000, 9,500, Yet in other compositions, and/or applications, the same 10,000, 10,500, 11,000, 12,000, or more, Kcal/kg, and which metallic or metallics may elicit essentially non-toxic com contain at least one element Selected from the group con bustion products. Sisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, 0046) Thus, it is expressly contemplated differing appli calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gal cations of the same metal, or differing metals acting together lium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, in combustion may produce non-toxic combustion products, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, while in other circumstances would produce toxic combus potassium, palladium, rubidium, Sodium, tin, Zinc, tion products. praseodymium, rhenium, Silicon, Vanadium, Strontium, barium, radium, Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, 0047. It is contemplated certain risk metals generating cerium, thorium, titanium, Zirconium, hafnium, praseody potentially toxic combustion products may be employed in mium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, uranium, tung applications where risk is acceptable, e.g. advanced jet, Sten, promethium, neptunium, Samarium, plutonium, ruthe rocket, or Outer Space applications. Thus, metallics hazard nium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, ous on earth could be employed in Space. gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, Silver, gold, dysproSiutn, californium, cadmium, mercury, hol 0048. It is also contemplated manganese containing mium, titanium, erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytter metallic may be included in Small concentrations in a bium, Selenium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mixture with non-manganese metallics. For example, meth mixture thereof, including organic and inorganic derivatives ylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl may be added in thereof (as set forth in more detail below). Small concentrations, perhaps as an anti-knock enhancer in 0.039 The preferred metals herein have oxides whose the case of gasoline. It may be included in other fuels as heats of formation are negative, and should be equal or well. exceed (e.g. be more negative) about -10,000 to -75,000 0049. In the practice of this invention alkali/alkali earth calories/mole. More preferred are those equal or exceeding metals, whose metal oxides are non-toxic are preferred. -100,000 to -400,000 gr calories/mole, and greater (more Particularly preferred metals include lithium, Sodium, potas negative). Simple oxides containing one or two oxygens sium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, and calcium. More may have heats of formation equal or exceeding -50,000 to preferred are lithium, Sodium, potassium and magnesium. -200,000, or greater, calories/mole are acceptable. 0050. Other non-lead, non-manganese metals, whose 0040 Vapor Phase Combustion combustion product is moderately to relatively non-toxic, 0041. This invention contemplates a vapor phase form/ and desireable in the practice of this invention, include: method of combusting a metallic, wherein Said method aluminum, boron, bismuth, cerium, gallium, lithium, potas comprises: introducing kinetic free radicals having sium, Sodium, phosphorus, Sodium, magnesium, Sulfur, enhanced combustion structure (ECS) into a combustion chlorine, indium, iron, copper, Zinc, Silicon, iodine, cobalt, chamber; igniting and combusting a flammable metallic or molybdenum, nitrogen, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, metal compound in presence of Said free radicals at tem fluorine, tin, titanium, chromium, Selenium, Vanadium, perature below Said metal's oxide boiling point and prefer boron, nickel, niobium, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, Zir ably above Said metal or metallic compound's boiling point; conium. Blends of these metals, including their derivative combusting Said metal wherein accelerated burning occurs, compounds are contemplated. as evidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction Zone extending Some distance from the metal 's Surface; wherein metallic 0051. However, slightly more desirable metals include: oxide particles resulting from combustion are in Submicron aluminum, boron, bismuth, calcium, cerium, cesium, gal range and/or remain in a gaseous State. lium, lithium, potassium, Sodium, magnesium, iron, copper, Zinc, Silicon, indium, molybdenum, nitrogen, potassium, 0042. The composition's ingredients and proportions are praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, tin, titanium, Selenium, tailored to accomplish this objective. Varying compositions boron, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, Zirconium. and ingredients will necessarily yield differing results. How ever, in the claims below providing for vapor phase com 0052 Even more desirable are aluminum, lithium, potas bustion, the ingredients and ranges are at a minimum opti sium, Sodium, boron, potassium, magnesium, Silicon, nitro mized/arranged to achieve this result. gen, Selenium, boron, and germanium. 0043. Non-Toxic ECS Metals 0053. It is an embodiment of this invention to Substitute 0044) It is an object of this invention to eliminate neu Applicant S non-toxic metallics for Mn in the aforemen rotoxic manganese or other hazardous metal oxides of tioned PCT Applications. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

0054 Tests 0072) 21 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium 0055 Applicant conducted a series of horse power (HP) ethoxide tests employing an air cooled honda 75 cc, four Stroke 0073 22 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethox engine, rated at 2 horse power on a DYNOJET MODEL 100 ide DYNAMOMETER and found increases in HP above the engine's rate HP for certain compositions. Increased HP is 0074 23 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium an indication that the fuel would also show improvements in ethoxide, 2.7 vol% MTBE emissions, fuel economy, thrust, flight range, and the like, if 0075 24 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium measured. For purpose of this test only HP was measured. ethoxide, 2.5 vol% DMC Certain test fuels required blending agents. 0076) 25 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium 0056. The tests were conducted to show changes in rated horse power due only to changes in fuel composition. For ethoxide, 2.7% O2 wit MTBE purpose of the test the bike's gasoline tank was discon 0.077 26 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium nected. Tests measurements were performed after the engine ethoxide, 2.7% O2 wit MTBE had been warmed up. After each test fuel, the carburetor was drained of exceSS fuel and flushed to avoid fuel contamina 0078 27 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethox tion. ide, 2.5% O2 wit DMC 0057. After warm up, the test procedure included bring 0079 28 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume 2-(cy ing the warmed bike to a stop (while engine operating), clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane Othen shifting the bike into first gear and engaging the 0080) 29 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume 2-(cy transmission and rear wheel on the dynamometer, with clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane operator upon the bike. After shifting into Second gear, the dynamometer was activated and the throttle was immedi 0081) 30 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume 2-(cyclo ately opened to “wide open.” The bike operated under full hexenyl) ethyltriethoxysilane throttle until it reached a speed of about 30 mph (in second gear), when the test was terminated. Below are example 0082) 31 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume 2-(cyclo fuels where improvement is indicated. hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2.7% O2 wit MTBE 0.058 1. Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol methoxy 0083) 32 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume 2-(cyclo methylsilane hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2.5% O2 wit DMC 0059) 8. Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy 0084) 33 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume 2-(cyclo methylsilane hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol 0060) 9. Base gasoline with 0.125% vol trimethoxy 0085 34 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume 2-(cy methylsilane clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.003125 vol % tri methoxymethylsilane 0061 10 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol trimethoxy-me thylsilane 0.086 35 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume 2-(cy 0062 11 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.03125 vol % tri methylsilane, 2.5% O2 wit DMC methoxymethylsilane 0.087 36 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume 2-(cyclo 0063) 12 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.03125 vol% trimethoxym methylsilane, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol ethylsilane 0064 13 Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol dimethyl phosphite 0088 37 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume 2-(cy clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.003125 vol % dimeth 0065. 14 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl ylphosphite phosphite 0089) 38 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume 2-(cy 0.066 15 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl clohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.25 vol% trimethoxym phosphite ethylsilane, 2.7% O2 wit MTBE 0067. 16 Base gasoline with 0.125% vol dimethyl-phos 0090 39 Base gasoline with 0.25% volume 2-(cyclo phite hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 0.25 vol % dimethylphos 0068 17 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol dimethyl-phos phite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC phite 0091 Base gasoline with 0.00625% volume hexam 0069. 18 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl ethyldisilane phosphite, 2.7% O2 wit MTBE 0092 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume hexam 0070) 19 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl ethyldisilane phosphite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC 0093 40 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium 0071. 20 Base gasoline with 0.0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.03125 vol% trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.5% O2 ethoxide wt DMC US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

0094) 43 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium EXAMPLE 3 ethoxide, 0.03125 vol%,trimethoxy methylsilane, 3.5% O2 0107 The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is wt Ethanol an alkali/alkali earth metal (a non-limiting example, potas 0.095 44 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium sium ethoxide) and the co-combustion agent is a phosphorus ethoxide, 0.0625 vol% trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.0% O2 derivative (non-limiting example dimethyl or diethyl phos wt MTBE phite), wherein the composition has a pH equal or less than 10.5, 9.5, 8.5, 7.5, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.0, (sub 0096 45 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium Stantially neutral is preferred). ethoxide, 0.003125 vol% dimethylphosphite, 2.5% O2 wit EXAMPLE 4 DMC 0108). The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is 0097. 46 Base gasoline with 0.003125% wt potassium Selected from alkyl metal and alkyl earth metal Salts, ethoxide, 0.0625 vol% dimethyl phosphite, 3.5% O2 wit napthas, ferricyanides, organo-metallics (optionally con Ethanol taining oxygen and/or nitrogen) and derivative compound, including potassium alkanols, potassium alkyl oxides, e.g. 0.098 47 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethox potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium pro ide, 0.0625 vol% dimethylphosphite, 2.2% O2 wit MTBE poxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potas 0099 48 Base gasoline with 0.03125 % wit potassium sium Sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pen phenoxide, 0.03125 vol% dimethyl phosphite, 2.2% O2 wit toxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, etc. MTBE Other non-limiting examples of potassium Salts include potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogenSulfate, 0100 49 Base gasoline 0.03125% wt potassium tert monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium butoxide, 0.003125 vol% dimethyl phosphite, 1.5% O2 wit pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium MTBE benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium Salt hexoic acid), potassium acetates, potassium formates, 0101 Applicant's has found a synergism of Applicant's potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsi ingredients and compositions. Synergisms appear to exist lonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid between trimethoxymethylsilane, base fuels, base fuels with potassium Salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium DMC. Ethanol, and MTBE. Show similar results exist with napthenate. Corresponding Sodium, lithium, rubidium, dimethylphosphite. Like trimethoxymethylsilane, 2-(cyclo cesium compounds are contemplated. Mixtures are contem hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilane, potas plated. sium ethoxide, potassium phenoxide, and dimethylphosphite show improvement in hydrocarbon bases alone, but better EXAMPLE 4A improvement when present with ECS compounds MTBE, 0109 The above examples, wherein said ECS metallic is DMC and Ethanol, and still better improvement when either Selected from potassium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, dimethylphosphite and trimethoxymethylsilane are used potassium phenoxide, potassium acetate, potassium napth with the other metallics, Such as MMT. enate and mixture. 0102 Trimethoxymethylsilane and dimethoxyphosphite EXAMPLE 4B appear interchangeable in certain applications. 0110. The above examples, wherein said fuel contains a 01.03 Practice TMMS co-combustion catalyst. EXAMPLE 4B EXAMPLE 1. 0111. The above examples, wherein said fuel contains 0104. A non-toxic vapor phase combustion composition stabilizer selected from TMMS, toluene, glycols, glycol comprising: ethers and mixture. 0105 1) an ECS oxygenate (preferably selected EXAMPLE 4C from a hydrocarbyl ether, an alcohol, carbonate, or 0112 The above examples, wherein the ECS component methylal/ethylal), 2) an ECS metallic, preferably a is oxygenated, Selected from C2-C12 aldehydes (including non-neurotoxic ECS alkali/alkali earth metallic aldehydic acids), C2-G12 ethers (including ether acids), C3 derivative (preferably an alkyloxide of potassium or to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 a potassium ferricyanide), or a derivative of lithium, ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters (alkyl formates, boron, Silicon, or aluminum, optionally; 3) a hydro acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3-C12 carbon, and/or optionally a 4) a co-combustion cata diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 lyst (preferably a silicon alkyloxy derivative, like glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbon trimethoxymethylsilane, or an alkyl/dialkyl phos ates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, phite like dimethylphosphite. C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids (including for EXAMPLE 2 mic acids), amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids (including C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters of 0106 The above examples, wherein the composition acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, constructed to have a pH ranging from 3.0 to 12.0, 3.5 to etc.), boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, 11.5, 4.0 to 11.0, 4.5 to 11.5, more preferably 5.5 to 9.5, even anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro more preferably 6.5 to 6.9. ethers, homologues, analogue, derivative and mixture. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 5 rated herein by reference. Alkali and alkali earth metal ferrocyanides are desireable. Transition metal ferrocyanides 0113. The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is are desireable. Nitrogen ferrocyanides are desireable. Non Selected from a Silicon derivative including: 2-(cyclohex limiting examples include: potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) enyl)ethyltriethoxysilane cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethyl and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) are desireable. Non silane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl limiting examples include potassium hexacyanocobalt II )ethylene-diamine, N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)- ferrate, potassium Hexacyanocobalt III, potassium propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)- hexachloroosmate (IV), potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV), ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl)-pyrrolidine, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexafluoromanga triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexam nate (IV), potassium Hexaflourozirconate. potassium ethylcyclotrisilaZane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexam hexathiocyanatoplatinate (IV), potassium Sodium ferricya ethyl-disilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilaZane, hexam nide, potassium hexacyanoplatinate, potassium hexacyan ethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, oruthinate (IT)hydrate, potassium hexacyanoplatinate (IV), tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.), potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium hexafluoroarsen 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-Silane, benzytrimethylsilane, ben ate, potassium hexafluorophosphite, potassium hexafluoro Zytriethylsilane, N-benzyltri-methylsilylamine, diphenylsi phosphite, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexahy lanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethyl-silyl)cyclopentadi droxyantimonate, potassium hexafluoro titante, Potassium ene, including homologues, analogues and derivative copper ferracyanide, potassium cyanide, iron (III) ferrocya thereof. nide, Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate, magnesium ferro cyanide, magnesium potassium ferrocyanide. Naturally EXAMPLE 5A other cyano-Spiral, including hexacyano compounds are 0114. A fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate contemplated. Substitutions for potassium and/or iron are increasing burning Velocity and/or reducing combustion also contemplated. Examples of Such Substitution include temperature, optionally selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), Sodium hexacyanoco DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol, ethanol, or mixture, and baltate (III), etc. Structurally similar compounds, analogues, an ECS metal Selected from methylcyclopentadienylmanga and homologues, etc., are incorporated herein by reference nese tricarbonyl, 2-(cyclbhexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, and contemplated. cyclohexenyl/dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsi lane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1- EXAMPLE 6a (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine.N-(3-(tri methoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl 0116. The example of 5,5A, 6, wherein said composition )pyrrolidine, triphenyld>Silanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2.2, contains a Solvent is selected from alkyl ketones (acetone, 4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilaZane, etc.), alkyl alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isobutanol), alkyl hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,3,3,3- ethers, glycerols, alkanol amines (ethanolamine, etc.), and hexamethyl disilaZane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyl other solvent known in the art and Soluble with said disilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetra hexacyanides (herein incorporated by reference), Appli ethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.), cant's ECS oxygenates, and optionally with a hydrocarbon 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, ben (incorporated herein by refer-ence). or other known Solvent Zytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenyl-si is employed capable of creating a Solution, which is Soluble lanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, in ECS oxygenate and/or a hydrocarbon base. potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium pro EXAMPLE 6b poxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potas sium Sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pen 0117 The example of 6 and 6a, containing an ECS toxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, oxygenate in a combustion improving amount, and potassium Salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicar 0118 II) a combustion improving amount of a fer boxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydro ricyanide; and optionally: III) a co-combustion cata genphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, lyst, IV) hydrogen or a hydrocarbon base fuel, V) an potassium hexoate (potassium Salt hexoic acid), potassium oxidizer, VI) a solvent; acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethyl 0119) wherein said composition is optionally VII) Silonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid characterized as having a pH of from 4.5 to 10.5; and potassium Salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium 0120 VIII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase com hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-fer position characterized upon combustion as having a rate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferri luminous reaction Zone extending from Surface of cyanide, or mixture. Said element. EXAMPLE 6 EXAMPLE 6c 0115 The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is 0121 The example 6, 6a and,6b, wherein the ECS oxy Selected from a spiral compound based upon ferricyanhydric genate is Selected from the group consisting of MTBE, acid derivatives, namely ferricyanides. See Dictionary of ETBE, TAME, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC or mixture; Chemical Solubilities, Supra, pages 334-342, which lists the ferricyanide is optionally, a potassium based; the com various ferrocyanides (as herein provided ferrocyanides position comprises a hydrocarbon base; and the composition include cyanoferrates, ferricyanides, and the like), incorpo optionally contains a mutual Solvent. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 6D ethyl propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, 0122) A fuel composition containing an NLEC (MMT) 1,1'-methylenebis(oxy)bis 2-methyl-propane, 1-(1-meth and a compound Selected from triemethoxymethylsilane, ylethoxy)-propane, 2,2,2'-methylidyne-tris(oxy)tris pro dimethylphosphite, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltri pane, 1,1", 1"-methylidynetris(oxy)tris(2-methyl propane, ethoxy-Silane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl 2methyl-1-nitro propane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, hydracry Silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysi lonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,3-triethoxy-propane, lane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,1- Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mix dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenamino-oxy)Si ture. lane, tetraalkyloxysilanes, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoX ySilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsilane, tetrai 0123. The above example where MMMT is combined Sobutylsilane, a dialkylphosphites, dimethyl-phosphite, with a combustion catalyst Selected from group consisting of diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltri tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites, trimethylphosphite, ethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl-Si triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, lane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, tributyl-phosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethyl 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, methyl-phos-phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-Orthoac diethoxydimethylsilane, di-methoxydimethylsilane, etate, trimethylorthoValerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trim vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane, ethylortho-formate, aikyloxymethanes, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsi tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane, tetra lane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphos ethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraiSopropoxy phite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphos methane, tetratert-butoxy-methane, potassium pryophoS phite( trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, phite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimethy dimethyl-methylpHosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, lorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, potassium pryo-phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethy diethoxyethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethoxymethyl lorthoacet.ate, tri-methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobu methane, tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane, tyrate, tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl acetic acid, acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(tri ethyl ester (acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminoOXO acetic acid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, methoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1-(3-(trimethox acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, ysilyl)propyl) diethylenetriamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of )propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexam ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethylcyclotrisilaZane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexameth OXoacetic acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methy yldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilaZane, hexamethyld lesterhydro-Xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, isiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, propylesterhydro-Xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.), acetic acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, ben butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2hydroxybutanic Zytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenyl-si acid, 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of lanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, butanic acid, 2hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium pro carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibu poxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potas tyl carbonate, tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, sium Sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pen triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phos toxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, phinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphos potassium Salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, phinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phoS potassium hydrogenSulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicar phonic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl boxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydro diethyl ester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, genphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, ethyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium phosphonic acid, methyl monoethylester phosphonic acid, acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethyl methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid, methyl-0,0-dim Silonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid ethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoric potassium Salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate, napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tri hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-fer ethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, O,O, rate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferri O,-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester phospho cyanide, or mixture. rous acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester pho'sphorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, 0.O.S.- EXAMPLE 7 tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2methyl-1,2..pro panediol, 2methyl-2nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2methyl-2pro 0.124. The example of 6, wherein said hexacyanide is pyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2..propanediol, 1,1,1", 1"- preferably potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) or (III), and methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)-tetrakis propane, methyl optionally contains a mutual Solvent, optionally containing propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, a co-combustion catalyst. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 8 0.134 Co-Combustion Agent/Catalyst 0.125 The Examples above, wherein the ECS oxygenated 0.135 AS evident in the tests above, it has been found the is methyl tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl combustion activity employing Applicant's ECS oxygenated ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary compounds and metallicS is unexpectedly improved by the methyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl tertiary amyl ether; C1 to combination of a co-combustion catalyst, Such as tri C6 aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited to ethanol, methoxymethylsilane or dimethyl-phosphite. methanol; lower dialkyl carbonates, including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC); 0.136 AS contemplated in the claims hereto, co-combus ethers having dual linkage, including but not limited to tion agents may serve a multiple role, including acting as a methyal (methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy methane), Stabilizing agents. AS Set forth in greater detail below ethylal (diethoxy methane); carbons having multiple alky TMMS and other co-catalysts acts in combination with loxy groups, including but not limited to tet certain beneficial components to Stabilize the fuel compo ramethoxymethane, anhydrides and hyrodoxy esters of ace Sition. Thus, as Set forth herein a co-combustion catalyst can tic acid, including but not limited to methoxy methyl ester Serve as a Stabilizing agent. of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid. 0137 The co-combustion catalyst (combustion co-cata lyst) is a combustible compound generally having a structure EXAMPLE 9 of M-r, wherein M is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal. Selected M include, but are not limited to, carbon, Silicon, 0126 A fuel composition comprising: I) an ECS oxygen germanium, tin, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, nitro ate in a combustion improving amount, and gen, phosphorus, arsenic, antinomy, bismuth, Sulfur, and 0127. II) a combustion improving, amount of at least wherein r is either an alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl one combustible element or compound containing at radical, and wherein n is the number up to the number of least one element Selected from the group consisting valence electrons of M or the total possible number of of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, radicals available. calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, fran 0.138 If n is greater than one, then r1, r2, etc., may be a cium,... gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, heterogeneous or homogenous, an alkyloxy, nitro, or other lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, radical, including an alkyl or aryl radical. If n is greater than nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, 1, one or more r may be alkyl or cyclomatic radicals may be rubidium, Sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhe Substituted. However, compounds with at least one alkyloxy, nium, Silicon, Vanadium, Strontium, barium, radium, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl radical are desired. Compounds Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, containing a blend of alkyl or alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, thorium, titanium, Zirconium, hafnium, praseody mium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, ura carboxyl radicals are contemplated. Thus, alkyloxymetallics nium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, Samarium, and polyalkyloxymetallicS are expressly contemplated. plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, ameri 0.139. If r is greater than one, then one or more r may be cium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, curium, plati Substituted for direct or indirectly connected ring Systems, num, terbium, berkelium, Silver, gold, dysprosium, for example r1 may be a phenyl radical connected directly, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, or indirectly connected through an alkyl group to M, where erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, Sele r2, r3, etc., may be an alkyloxy or alkyl radical. Likewise, nium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mix when more than one r may be substituted for sulfur, nitro ture thereof, including organic and inorganic deriva gen, chlorine, fluorine, or other metal, metalloid or non tives, and metal of this invention. 0128 III) a co-combustion catalyst, and 0140 Preferred co-combustion catalysts have one or more alkyloxy, carboxyl, oxy, or hydroxy radicals. More 0129 IV) optionally hydrogen or a hydrocarbon preferred catalysts have one or more alkyloxy, oxy, car base fuel, and boxyl, hydroxy, radicals, and at least one alkyl radical. A 0130 V) optionally an oxidizer, and ring System radical may be Substituted for the alkyl radical. 0141 Non-limiting examples of co-combustion catalyst, 0131 VI) optionally wherein said fuel composition including derivative, analogue, homologue and isomers has a pH of from 4.5 to 10.5, and thereof, include polyalkyloxysilaries: trimethoxymethylsi lane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-Silane, tet 0132) VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase com ramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl-Silane, methyltri position characterized upon combustion as having a ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, luminous reaction Zone extending from Surface of 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, Said element. diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenamino-oxy)Silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes EXAMPLE 10 (e.g. tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropylox 0133. The fuel of Example 9, wherein the ECS oxygenate ysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, etc.); alky is Selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl lphosphites, polyalkylphosphites (e.g. dimethyl-phosphite, ethers, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di tertiary methyl ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, C1 to tert-butylphosphite, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, C6 aliphatic alcohols, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphos and mixture. phite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethylphos US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 phonate, P-pyrophosphate, alkylphosphoramides, polyalky ester"phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, 0,0,0,-triethyl lphosphoramides C.9. hexamethylphosphoramide, ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid, hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester phosphorous triamide, hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, trieth acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid,0,0,.S-tiethyl ester ylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphos phosphorodithioic acid, 2methyl-1,2..propanediol, 2methyl phoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphora 2nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2methyl-2propyl-1,3,-propanediol, mide, tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-Sec 1-nitrate-1,2 butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, 0.142 propanediol, 1", 1", 1"-methanetetrayltetrak triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide is(oxy)-tetrakis propane, methyl propyl ether, isopropylm (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropoxy ethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl propyl ether, pro phosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibu pylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, tertiary butyl methyl toxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide, ether, 1,1'-methylenebis(oxy)bis 2-methyl-propane, 1-(1- di-Sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusa methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2'-methylidyne-tris(oxy)tris mide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide propane, 1,1,1"-methylidynetris(oxy)tris(2-methyl pro (CH30)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphos pane, 2methyl-1-nitro propane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, phoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide, dibutyl-phospnora hydracrylonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy mide, diisobutylphosphoramide, di-Sec-butylphosphora propane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-pro mide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide, pane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2pyrrolidinone, and dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphora phenol. Similar structured compounds of aluminum, gal mide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropyimeth lium, germanium, nitrogen, and Sulfur are contemplated and ylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide, di-iso incorporated by reference. butylmethylphosphoramide, di-Sec butylmethylphosphoramide, di-tert 0143. It is to be appreciated not every possible combi butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl nation of this invention is available due to potential incom phosphoramide), trimethyl-Orthoacetate, trimethylorthoval patibilities, and certain combinations are more effective than erate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylorthoformate; alky others. Thus, it is contemplated a wide range of Substitution loxymethanes (tetramethoxy-methane, tetraethoxymethane, be made to best practice the invention. Where necessary tetrapropoxymethane, tetraiSopropoxy-methane, tetratertbu mutual Solvents are contemplated. toxy-methane, etc.), polyalkyloxymethanes; potassium 0144 AS contemplated herein and in the claims below, pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, any reference to trimethoxymethylsilane (“TMMS) or dim trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimethy ethylphosphite or co-combustion catalyst contemplates Sub lorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, Stitution with one or more the above disclosed co-combus diethoxyethane, tetramethbxymethane, tri-methoxymethyl tion catalysts, or any Structurally similar compound. It is methane, tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylethane, tri contemplated the majority of the Applicant's ECS metallics ethoxymethylethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxy (including those disclosed herein), including contemplated methylmethane, glacial acetic acids, including but not cyclomatic metallics, alkali/alkali earth metals, metal limited to acetic anhydrides, (acetyloxy) acid, ethyl ester alkanols, metallic hexacyanides, inorganic metallics and acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo non-metals alike, which achieve vapor phase combustion on acetic acid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, their own, can be benefited from Simultaneous use of co hydroxyacetic acid glycolic acid), methoxyacetic acid, combustion agent. Thus, it is an embodiment of this inven ethoxyacetic acid, methoxyethyl ester of acetic acid, meth tion, and the aforementioned PCT Applications, wherever an oxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic ECS metallic is disclosed, that a co-combustion agent be acid, ethoxyethyl ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester additionally added. of acetic acid, oxoacetic acid, alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid (including but not limited to methylesterhydro-xyacetic EXAMPLE 11 acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propylesterhydro-Xy acetic acid, alkyl acetates including methyl ester acetic 0145 A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS oxy acid), ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of butanic genate, 2) a co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid, hydrocarbon or 4) an ECS metallic; said fuel optionally 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 acid, 2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbon to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, ate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl car 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, bonate, tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, trieth 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, ylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic 6.2, or 6.5. acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phosphonic acid, EXAMPLE 11A (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethyl ester 0146 A fuel composition comprising: 1) a hydrocarbon, phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethyl 2) a co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) an ECS ester phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic oxygenate, or 3) an ECS metallic, said fuel optionally acid, methyl monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 monomethylester phosphonic acid, methyl-0,0-dimethyl to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, ester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoric acid, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate, ethylg 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, hosphate, trimethyl ester phosphoric acid, triethyl 6.2, or 6.5, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 11B potassium hydrogenSulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicar boxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydro 0147 A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS metal genphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, lic; 2) a co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydro potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium carbon, 4) an ECS oxygenate, said fuel optionally having a acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethyl pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 Silonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, potassium Salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7-5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5, hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-fer rate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferri EXAMPLE 12 cyanide, or mixture. 0.148. The composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the a co-combustion catalyst is Selected from group EXAMPLE 1.4 consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsi 0151. A luminous combustion composition comprising:" lane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy methyl-Vinyl-Silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl 0152 I) a combustion improving amount of at least triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, one ECS compound, Said compound characterized as Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxy reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing dimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)Silane, tet burning Velocity, having a minimum latent heat of ramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, evaporation of 21 kJ mol' at its boiling temperature, tetraiSopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, and a minimum burning rate (as measured by lami dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di nar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec, said compound tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, optionally Selected from the group consisting of triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carbonic esters, car dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, boxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di potassium pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethy esters, ethers, di-ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, lorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate, ketones, nitrates, di-nitrates, peroxides, hydroperOX trimethylorthoValerate, trimethylorthoformate, including ides, phenols, Said compound optionally containing homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture at least one alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, thereof. polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde hyde, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbon yldioxy, carboxyl, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco EXAMPLE 12 lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, 014.9 The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, methylenedioxy or nitrosyl radical, including deriva wherein the co-combustion catalyst is Selected from group tives, analogues, and homologues, and mixture; consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite, 0153 II) a combustion improving amount of at least diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane, tetra one non-leaded element or derivative organic or ethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxymeth inorganic compound containing Said non-lead ele ylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, tetrani ment, Selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, tromethane, and mixture. 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS EXAMPLE 13 version), and mixture, wherein said element or 0150. The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, derivative compound, is combustible and optionally wherein the ECS oxygenate is optionally Selected from has a minimum heating value of 4,000 Kcal/kg, MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol, ethanol, methylal, or mix 0154 III) a combustion co-catalyst; optionally a: ture, and the ECS metal is a combustible compound is Selected from (2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, cyclo O155 IV) stabilizer, hexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1-(3-(tri 0156 V) a co-fuel and/or oxidizer; methoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3-(trimethox 0157 VI) wherein a luminous reaction Zone extends from ysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrroli the Surface of Said non-lead element or derivative compound dine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6- in combustion, optionally, where resultant oxides of Said hexamethylcyclotrisilaZane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, non-lead element are formed in the Submicron range, and hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilaZane, heX amethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsi 0158 VII) wherein said composition has a thermal lane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, efficiency of at least 2% greater than unadjusted etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, co-fuel (if any) benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenyl Silanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadi EXAMPLE 1.5 ene, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium 0159. A fuel composition comprising: propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium Sec-butoxide, potassium.tert-butoxide, potassium 0160 I) a, hydrocarbon fuel base; and pentoxide, potassium tert-pent6xide, potassium phenoxide, 0161 II) an ECS oxygenate selected from the group potassium Salt, of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, consisting of C2-C12 aldehydes, aidehydic acids, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 12

C2-C12 ethers, ether acids, C1-C15 alcohols, fuel further characterized as having a pH of 10.5 or less. C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, When this fuel composition contains a hydrocarbon base, C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 Said base may have a Viscosity outside normal industry phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, standards (as set forth above). However, resultant fuel's C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbon Viscosity is within industry Standards. ates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inor EXAMPLE 16 ganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, 0.168. The example compositions above, wherein the amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, gla oxygenate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, metha cial acetic acids,8C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters of acetic nol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ESC metal is acid, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,acetic acid optionally hexamethyldisilane. anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, EXAMPLE 1.7 anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, and 0169. The example compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, metha 0162 III) an ECS metallic selected from the group nol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECS metallic consisting of 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, is optionally potassium ethoxide. cyclohexenyl. dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrim ethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethyl EXAMPLE 1.8 enediamine.N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethyl enetriamine, N-(3- 0170 The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygen (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, ate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, etha 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, nol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECS metallic is octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclo optionally 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane. trisilaZane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyld isilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilaZane, hexam EXAMPLE 1.9 ethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, 0171 The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygen allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethyl ate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, etha silane, tetrabutylsilane, 'etc.), 3-aminopropyltri nol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECS metallic is ethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsi optionally potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium lane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-fer diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsi rate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferri lyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potas cyanide, or mixture. sium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium iso propoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium Sec EXAMPLE 2.0 butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phe 0172 The above compositions, wherein the oxygenate is noxide, potassium Salt of acetic acid, potassium a dialkyl carbonate and the pH is Substantially neutral. hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potas EXAMPLE 21 sium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphos 0173 A fuel composition comprising: phate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium Salt hexoic acid), 0174) I) a hydrocarbon fuel base, and potassium acetate, potassium diphenylphosphide, 0175 II) a co-combustion agent selected from the potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoX acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium Salt, monopo ytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetrameth tassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, ylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl-Silane, methyltri potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacy ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, anoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-fer 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, VinyltrimethoxySi rate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium lane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsi ferricyanide, or mixture; and, lane, vinyltris (2-butyldenaminooxy) Silane, tet ramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, 0163) IV) optionally aco-combustion catalyst; and tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsilane, tetrai 0164 V) optionally a hydrocarbon base; and Sobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphos phite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-bu 0165 VI) optionally an oxider, and tyiphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, 0166 VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase com triethylphosphite, trilsopropyiphosphite, tributyi position characterized upon combustion as having a phosphite), dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylm luminous reaction Zone extending from Surface of ethylphosphonate, potassium pryophosphite, trim Said element. ethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthdbutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate, trim EXAMPLE 1.5A ethylorthoValerate, trimethylorthoformate, including 0167 The above examples, wherein said fuel optionally homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and contains a Viscous hydrocarbon base and/or an oxidizer. Said mixture thereof. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 22 triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, 0176 A fuel composition comprising: a hydrocarbon potassium pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethy base; a combustion improving amount of an ECS metal is a lorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate, combustible compound is Selected from methylcyclopenta dienylmanganese tricarbonyl, 2-(cyclohexenyl) ethyltri trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including ethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyl homolgues, analogues, isomers derivatives, and mixture trimethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) thereof. ethylenediamine, N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethyl EXAMPLE 26 enetriamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 0180. The example of various fuel compositions con 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyl tained herein, containing a hydrocarbon base, whose vis trisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilaZane, hexam cosity is greater than acceptable' industry standards (as set ethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexam forth above), wherein the resultant fuel composition has a ethyl disilaZane, hexamethyldisiloxane, pH of less than 11 (more preferrable less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but a above 4.5, 5.5, 6.0, 6.3, (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.), 3-aminopropy 6.5 or the other ranges set forth herein, and wherein the ltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane, resultant fuel meets acceptable industry Standards for vis N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsi cosity. lanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium meth oxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium EXAMPLE 27 isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium Sec-butoxide, 0181 An improved fuel composition containing an alkyl potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium carbonate (dimethyl and/or diethyl carbonate) an ECS metal tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassium Salt of ace Selected from an alkali/alkali earth metal derivative, and tic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogen optionally a co-combustion catalyst, a hydrocarbon base or Sulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potas co-fuel(propellant), and/or oxidizer, wherein the pH as less sium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, than about 10.5, 9.0, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, or less, but greater potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.3. (potassium Salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium 0182 Stabilizers diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potas 0183 In the practice of this invention, certain metallic sium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, (non-metallic) formulations are hydroscopic or tend to monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, destabilize particularly when in combination with hydrocar potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanofer bon co-fuels. For example, Applicant has found alkali/alkali rate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium earth metals to be particularly Susceptible to destabilization, hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferricyanide, or mix especially where there is a presence of water. Other formu ture, optionally,a combustion improving amount of an ECS lations need to be Stabilized due to the presence of Appli oxygenate selected from/MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol, cant's ingredients. Fuel destabilization can be undetectable, ethanol, or mixture, optionally a co-combustion catalyst. to mild, to Severe, and ultimately result in the complete fuel oxidation. EXAMPLE 23 0.184 Thus, it is an embodiment to employ certain classes 0177. The composition of 21, wherein the ECS metallic of Stabilizers. Several are also act as co-combustion agents is selected from potassium ethoxide, 2-(cyclohexenyl and/or ECS compounds. )ethyltriethoxysilane, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), 0185. Principal stabilizers include ployalkyloxysilanes, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanoco glycols, glycol ethers, including alkylene glycols, glycol balt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium esters, glycol acetates, and aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic Sodium ferricyanide, or mixture. Solvents, including toluenes, naphthalenes, napthas and the like. EXAMPLE 24 0186 Non-limiting examples of contemplated polyalky 0.178 The composition of 21, whereinan. ESC oxygenate loxysilanes include trimethoxymethylsilane, and those com is employed. pounds, including homologue, analogue, isomers, and derivative, which are set forth above in co-combustion EXAMPLE 25 catalyst. Applicant has found TMMS is be particularly 0179 The composition of 21, containing a co-combus useful. tion agent iselected from the group consisting of tri 0187. Non-limiting examples of glycols and glycol ethers methoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltri contemplated herein include Polyhydric Alcohols (including ethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl derivative, homologue and analogues thereof) Silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl 0188 i. Dihydric Alcohols, Glycols, 1,2,-Diols triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 0189 1. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl/aryl ethers Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxy dimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)Silane, tet 0.190) 2. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl ethers/es ramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, terS/acetates/carbonates tetraiSopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, 0191 a. ethylene/diethylene alkyl/diakyl/aryl/ dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di alkylaryl glycol etherS/acetates/carbonates tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, 0192) 3. CarbitolsTM ethers/acetates US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 14

0193) ii. Trihdyric Alcohols, Glycerol, propane-1,2, monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, 3,triol diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene 0194) iii. Tetrahydric Alcohols glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, 0195 iv. Pentahydric Alcohols diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, 1 2-(2-Ethyloxyethoxy)ethanol, 0196) v. Hexhydric Alcohols diethylene glycol monethyl CH-40s, Acetate CHiO). 0197) vi. And derivative 0206. Other non-limiting examples of glycol ethers/ac 0198 B. Polyhydric Alcohol derivative, homo etates include CarbitolsTM ethers and acetates, ethylene/ logue and analogues diethylene alkyl/dialkyl/aryl/alkylaryl glycol etherS/acetates/ carbonates (and substitutes), C3 to C15 alkylene glycol 0199 i. Aliphatic Hydroxy-Aldehydes mono/poly alkylethers, including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ii. Hydroxyketones ethers, diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, ethylene glycol 0200 polyalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers. Other 0201) iii. Aliphatic Dialdehydes non-limiting examples of glycols and related compounds include alkyloxy polyethylene glycols, alkyloxypolyglycols, 0202) iv. Ketonealdehydes/Diketones alkylbXypolyglycol ethers, alkylene glycol acetates, alky 0203) v. Saturated Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids lene glycols/esters/etherS/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycer ols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles, and the like, and 0204) vi. And derivative polyalkylene glycols/esterS/etherS/acetates/diacetates/ 0205 Non-limiting examples contemplated herein amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/..nitriles, and include glycol esters, diesters, ethers, diethers, monesters, the like. monethers, aldehydes, nitrates, nitrites, amines, acetates/ 0207. Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene carbonates. Suitable glycol ethers include C3 to C25 com glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dieth bustible glycol/diglycol derivative, analogue, homologue ylene glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol diisopropyl compounds, including glycol or polyglycol etherS/acetates/ ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol esters/carbonate/carbamate/esters (hereinafter “GLY dipentyl ether, diethylene glycol dihexyl ether, diethylene COLS), including but not limited to: diethylene glycol alkyl glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ethers, diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, diethylene glycol ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol aryl ethers, diethylene glycol alkyl ether acetates, diethylene monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, glycol dialkyl ether acetates, diethylene glycol monoalkyl diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene glycol ether acetates, diethylene glycol aryl ether acetates, dieth monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene ylene glycol alkyl acetates, diethylene glycol,acetate, dieth glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether, ethylene ylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol formate, diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, eth glycol diformate, diethylene glycol butyrate, diethylene gly ylene glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, col dibutyrate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate', ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono alkyldiglycol carbonate, aryl diglycol carbonate, ethylene ethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol alkyl ethers," ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl glycol aryl ethers, ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether acetates, ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether, ethylene glycol ethylene glycol dialkyl ether acetates, ethylene glycol aryl monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy dieth ether acetates, ethylene glycol alkyl acetates, ethylene glycol ylene glycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol formate, glycol, methoxy ethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol diformate, ethylene glycol butyrate, ethyl propoxy ethylene glycol, butoxy ethylene glycol, methoX ene glycol dibutyrate, ethylene glycol dibenzoate, ethylene yglycol, ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol, butoxyglycol, pen glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl toxyglycol, methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol, propoxydig ether laurate, alkyl diglycol 'carbonate, aryl diglycol car lycol, butoxydiglycol, pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol, bonate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether acetyl ricinoleate, ethyl ethoxytriglycol, propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentox ene glycol alkyl ether ricinoleate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether ytriglycol, methoxytertglycol/ethoxytertglycol, propoxyter Stearate, ethylene glycol monoricinoleate, ethylene glycol monoStearate, glycol carbonate, glycol'carbamate, glycol tglycol, butoxytertglycol, pentoxytertglycol. Also contem diacetate, glycol dibutyrate, glycol diformate, glycol dimer plated are Union Carbide’s Cellosolve solvents, including captoacetate, glycol dimercaptopropioate, glycol dipropi Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, onate, glycol Stearate, glycol laurate, glycolic acid, glycol Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve, Hexyl Cellosolve; nitrate, glycol oleate, glycol pht.halte, glycol ricinoleate, Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including Methyl Car diglycol carbonate, diglycol carbamate, diglycol diacetate, bitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol, Pentyl diglycol dibutyrate, diglycol diformate, diglycol dimercap Carbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like. toacetate, diglycol dimercaptopropioate, diglycol dipropi 0208 Additional non-limiting examples of other accept onate, diglycol Stearate, diglycol laurate, diglycolic acid, able glycols include: triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether diglycol nitrate, diglycol oleate,di glycol phthalte, diglycol triethylene glycol, diacetate triethylene glycol, monobutyl ricinoleate, Union Carbide’s CARBITOL'sTM (Examples ether triethylene glycol, monomethyl ether triethylene gly include butyl CARBITOL, butyl CARBITOL acetate, CAR col, monopropyl ether triethylene glycol, tetraethylene gly BITOL acetate, CARBITOL solvent, dibutyl CARBITOL, col, dibutoxytetraethylene glycol, diacetate tetraethylene diethyl CARBITOL, N-hexyl CARBITOL, methyl CARBI glycol, aminopropyl ether tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl TOL, methyl CARBITOL acetate (see diethylene glycol ether tetraethylene glycol, monomethyl ether tetraethylene US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 glycol, dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, diethyl ether ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol tetraethylene glycol, monoethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dipentyl ether, diethylene glycol dihexyl ether, diethylene monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol, glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl tetraethylenepent'amine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, dieth monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene ylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether, ethylene ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene gly glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, eth col monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, ylene glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, heXylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono triproylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetramethylene gly ethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene col, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (200, 300, glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000 Ashland Chemical), ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether, ethylene glycol polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum), polypropylene glycol monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy dieth (P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical), diacetate ylene glycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene diethylene glycol, diethyl ether diethylene glycol, dioleate glycol, methoxy ethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, mono (2 hydroxylpropyl) ether diethylene propoxy ethylene glycol, butoxy ethylene glycol, methoX glycol, monomethyl ether acetate diethylene glycol. In the yglycol, ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol, butoxyglycol, pen practice of this invention, homologues, analogues, isomers toxyglycol, methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol, propoxydig and derivative of the above are contemplated. Other polyg lycol, butoxydiglycol, pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol, lycols including polypropylene gropylenediolslycol are con ethoxytriglycol, propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentox templated. Applicant's Blending Agents include all polyhy ytriglycol, methoxytertglycol, ethoxytertglycol, propoxyter dric alcohols (including derivative, homologue and tglycol, butoxytertglycol, pentoxytertglycol. Also contem analogues thereof, including GLYCOLS, glycol ethers, plated are Union Carbide’s Cellosolve solvents, including acetates, carbonates, esters, GLYCEROLS, Ethythritol's and Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, the like) as may be set forth in patents published by the U.S Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve, Hexyl Cellosolve; patent, EPO Publication, or within the literature, expressly Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including Methyl Car including those found in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and bitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol, Pentyl Physics, Lide, 74th (all earlier and subsequent editions, Ann Carbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like. Additional non Arbor, CRC Press), Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory, limiting examples of other acceptable glycols include: tri Aldrich Chemical Company (1994 and Subsequent editions), ethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether triethylene glycol, Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals (Aldrich 1996-1997 diacetate triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether triethylene and Subsequent editions), The Aldrich Structure Index (Ald glycol, monomethyl ether triethylene glycol, monopropyl rich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wis., 1996 and Subsequent edi ether triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dibutoxytetra tions), Handbook of Organic Chemistry, H.Beyer, W. ethylene glycol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol, aminopropyl Walter(Prentice Hall 1996), Chemical Abstract Service ether tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethylene (CAS), (including line Registry File 1), American Chemi glycol, monomethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl cal Society, Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State Univer ether tetraethylene glycol, diethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, sity, (From 1907 to present), The Merck Index, 11th Ed., monoethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether Budavari, O’Neil, Merck Research Laboratories, N.J. (1989 tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylenepentamine, tripropylene and Subsequent, editions), Hawley’s “Condensed Chemical glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene Dictionary, '12 Edition, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 1993, Hand glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl book of Industrial Chemical Additive: An International ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol Guide by Product Tradename, Function and Supplier (M. monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dieth Ash and I Ash, VCH Publishers, NY, N.Y., 1991 and ylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobu Subsequent editions) are contemplated and are herein incor tyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene porated by reference. Polyhdyric alcohols (glycols) may glycol, ethylene glycol, heXylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, Simultaneously Serve multiple roles, including as an ECS diethylene glycol, triproylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, compound, a Blending Agent. tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethylene 0209) C3 to C15 alkylene glycol mono/poly alkylethers, glycol (200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000 including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene gly Ashland Chemical), polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum), col monoalkyl ethers, ethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers, polypropylene glycol (P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland diethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers. Other non-limiting Chemical), diacetate diethylene glycol, diethyl ether dieth examples of glycols and related compounds include alky ylene glycol, dioleate diethylene glycol, mono (2 hydroxy loxy polyethylene glycols, alkyloxypolyglycols, alkyloxy lpropyl) ether diethylene glycol, monomethyl ether acetate polyglycol ethers, alkylene glycol acetates, alkylene glycols/ diethylene glycol. In the practice of this invention, homo esterS/etherS/acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formateS/ logues, analogues, isomers and derivative of the above carbinols/carbitols/, nitriles, and the like, and polyalkylene Stabilizers are contemplated. glycols/esterS/etherS/acetates/ diacetates/amines/glycerols/ 0211. Other non-limiting examples include nonvolatile, formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles and the like. nonion compounds, including alkylanoic acids (ethanoic, 0210. Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids), their glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dieth acetates, esters and ethers. Related ethenes, butenes, prope ylene glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol diisopropyl nes, hexenes, pentenes are acceptable. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

0212. Other stabilizers of this invention may be selected none, acetonylbenzene, butyl acetate, aliphatic alcohols, from alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, phenols, acetals, acid n-butylbutyrate, cetyl alcohol, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, azides, acid halides, acids and acid derivatives (aldehydic, cyclohexanone, diethylphthalate, 2.5 dimethoxytetrahyd aliphatic dicaroxylic, alipatic monocarboxylic, aliphatic ofuran, p-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 5-hydroxy-2- polycarboxylic, amino acids, hydroamic, hydroxyacids, imi methyl-1,3-dioxane, glycol methylene ether, propylene car dic, ketonic, nitrolic, orthoacids, peracid, etc.), acetic acids, bonate, isopropylene carbonate, glycerin, 1,2,3- acetic anhydrides, acetic acid esters, aldehydes, aliphatic propanetriol, heptane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, hydrocarbons (including high boiling point material), 3-methylpentane, methycyclopentane, 1,4-benzenediol, iso amides, amidines, amidoximes, anhydrides, aromatic hydro pentyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, carbons, azides, azines, aZelates, azo compounds, betaines, methyl propyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, 1- or 3- or 4- or bromoactealdehydes, bromoethanes, bromoethylenes, bro 5 hydroxy 2-pentanone, diisopropyl ketone, methyl propyl moacetic acids, bromobutanes, bromobutenes, bromobuty lenes, bromo ethers, di bromo compounds, butyric acids, ketone, diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenyl ketone, 2-pen butanoic acids, butanoic esters, esters, orthoesters, acetates, tanone, diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenol ketone, n-butyl ethylene acetates, esters, hydrates, hydrides, hydroperOX phenol ketone, i-butyl phenol ketone, 2-butyl phenol ketone, ides, hydroxamic acids, hydroxyacids, imides, imidic acids, isopropyl acetone, 2-or 3- or 4-methoxy phenol, dihydrate imines, ketenes, lactams, lactones, glycolic acids, butyric Oxalic acid, pentane, phenol, 3-methoxyphenol, 1.2 or 1.3 or acids, heptic acids, Valeric acids, isocaproic acids, nitrolic 14 or 2.4 or 2.5 or 2.6 or 3,4 or 3.5 dimethyphenol, 1-octene, acids, nitroSolic acids, octanoic acids, esters of octanoic isobutyl 2-methylpropanate, 2-phenoxyethanol, ethylene acids, onium compounds, orthoacids, orthoborates, octynes, acetate, ethyl acetate, acetonphenone, benzyl acetate, 1.3 or octenes, octanones, OXimes, esters of Oxalic acid, oxalic 14 or 2.3 butanediol, formaldehyde, formamide, triethyl acids, ethanoic acids, esters of ethanoic acids, esters of nonanoic acids, propanoic acids, esters of propanoic acid, ester orthoacetic acid, trimethyl ester orthoacetic acid, oxalic pentanoic acids, propanediones, propanones, ethenes, pro ester(diethyl ester oxalic acid), methyl hydroperoxide, ethyl penes, butenes, pentanes, petenes, hexenes, esters of pen hydroperoxide, acetyl peroxide, ethyl peroxide, di(tert-bu tanoic acids, butanoic acids, oxalic esters, esters ofbutanoic tyl) peroxide, acetic anhydride, 2-ethyl butyl ester acetic acids, pentaneoic acids, esters of pentaneolic acids, pen acid, cresyl acetates, methylglycolate, methylester phenoxy tanedioic acids, esters of pentanedioic acids, 2Or 3-pen acetic acid, nitrile acid, butyric acid, butanoic acid, 2-butyl tanones, hexanoic acids, esters of heXnoic acids, heptanoic butanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, tert-butyl butanoic acids, esters of heptanoic acids, esters of formic acid, glycol acid, butyl nitril, propyl ester butanic acid, diethyl acetic esters, octenes, octanone(s), oxalic acids, esters of Oxalic acid, acetonacetic acid, allyl acetoneacetate, diacetylac acids, esters of hexanoic acid, hexanones, pentanedials, etone, acetylacetone, ethyl ester benzoic acid, butanic peroxides, furans, esters of 2furancarboxylic, acids, fuir furals, propenes, propenoic acids, esters of propenoic acids, methyl ester, butanic ethyl ester, butanic propyl ester, ethers, butenedioc acids, bromo-alcohols, ethanetriols, pro isoamyl butyrate, propyl ester butanoic acid, hexyl ester panetriols, butanetriols, pentanetriols, naphthalenes, hexan butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(dl) etriols, Septanetriols, octanetriols, nitrobenzene, iodoben butanoic acid, ethyl ester 3-methylbutanoic acid, methyl Zene, 2nitrophenol, cyclohexylamine, dibutylamine, ester 3-methyl butanoic acid, isopropyl ester 3-methyl diethylamine, diethylenetriamine, diethylethanolamine, butanoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl butanoic acid, allyl ester diisopropanolamine, morpholine, triethylamine, triethylene butanoic acid, amide butanoic acid, N,N-dimethylbutanoic tetramine, triisopropanolamine, amino methyl propanol, acid, anhydride butanoic acid, butyl ester butanoic acid, propylene oxide, propylene glycol, 1.2 propanediol carbon pentyl ester butanoic ester, propyl ester butanoic acid, ate, Salicylic acid, Succinic acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid, diethylacetic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanic acid, methyl 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, dimethylbenezenes, dimethyl for mamide, n-methyl-2 pyrrolidone, amyl alcohol (primary), acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl acetal, acetate, cyclohexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, methyl amyl alcohol, tetrahy acetyl acetone, 2,2-dimethyl ether ester propanoic acid, drofurfuryl alcohol, TEXANOL ester alcohol (Eastman 2-oxoethyl ester propanoic acid, 2-oxo methyl ester pro Chemical), UCAR Filmer IBT (Union Carbide Corp.), amyl panoic acid, 2-oxo isobutyl propanoic acid, 2-oxo-isopropyl acetate, dibase ester, ester solvent EEP (Ashland Chemical), propanoic acid, methyl ester propanoic acid, ethyl ester 2-ethylexyl acetate, glycol ether acetates (DB, DE, DPM, propanoic acid, propyl ester propanoic acid, propanoic acid, EB, EE, PM, Ashland Chemical), isobutyl acetate, isobutyl glyceric acid,.1.2 dimethoxethane, 1.2 ethanediol, 1.3 isobutyrate, n-pentyl propionate, cyclohexanone, 2-hex butanediol, 2.3 butanedione, 1,2,3 butanetriol, 1,2,4-butan anone, 3-hexanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-pen etriol, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, glutaronitrile, 1,5 tanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, pentanedial, glutaraldehyde, 2,4 pentadione diactone alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, pinacolone, methone, 3,3-diphenyl 2-butanone, 1-hydroxy (CH3COCH2COCH3), pentanic acid, levulinic acid, 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-(dl)2-butanone, 3-methyl 2-bu (CH3COCH3COCO2H), dimethyl suberate, octanedioc tanone, Oxime 2-butanone, 2-butanone, 2-methyl proponoic acid, 1,2,3 pentanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, formamide, bro acid, cyclopentanone, cyclopropyl methyl ketone, 2-tetrah moacetic acid, acetamide, pyruvic acid, methyloxyacetic drofurylmethanol, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl amyl acid, propionamide, allyl bromide, diethyl acetal propenal, ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, acetonylacetone, acetic diacetate propenal, propenal, 1.2 propanediol, 1.3 pro anhydride, benzyl alcohol (a-hydroxytoluene) and varia panediol, glycerol, trimethyl ether glycerol, acetylpropionyl, tions, trisobutylene, tetraisobutylene, allylidene diacetate, acetylacetone, propionic acid, methyloxyacetic acid, propi acetol, 1(4-methyoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, isobutyrophe onamide, maleic anhydride, eis-crotonic acid, dimethyl US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 oxalate, isobutyric acid, hydroxyisobutyric acid, ethanetri Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. ols, propanetriols, butanetriols, pentanetriols, hexanetriols, (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Septanetriols, 1,2,3 butanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, 1,2,3 pen Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), are hereby incorporated tanetriol, 1,2,3 propanetriol, dioxypentane, 2,4-dioxypen herein by reference. tane, heXantriols, monobutyl ether triethylene glycol, pro panoic acid, anhydride propanoic acid, butyl ester propanoic 0214. Acceptable concentrations of polyhdyric alcohols, acid, ethyl ester propanoic acid, pentyl ester propanoic acid, glycols, stabilizers and the like include 0.001 to 40.0% octyl ester propanoic ester, pimelic acid, Suberic acid, aze volume, 0.001 to 30.0% volume, 0.001 to 25.0% volume, laic acid, methacrylic acid, dibromobutanes (e.g. 1,2; dl-2,3; 0.001 to 20.0% volume, 0.001 to 10.0% volume, 0.001 to 14; meso-2,3; etc), tribromobutanes (e.g. 1,1,2; 1,2,2,2,2,3, 5.0% volume, 0.001 to 4.0% volume, 0.001 to 3.0% volume, etc.), diacetamide, di(2-bromoethyl)ether, 2-ethylhexanol, 0.001 to 2.0% volume, 0.001 to 1.0% volume, 0.05 to 2.0% furfuryl alcohol,.2-propanone, 2-propen-1-ol, ethyl metha volume, 0.05 to 5.0% volume, 0.05 to 8.0% volume, 0.05 to nate, methyl ethanate, pentadioic acid, pentadioic acid 10.0% volume, 0.05 to 15.0% volume, 0.05 to 20.0% diethyl ester, pentadioic acid dimethyl ester, pentadioic acid volume, 0.1 to 10.0% volume, 1.0 to 40.0% volume, 1.0 to dinitril, 2,3-pentaedione, 2,4-pentadione, 1,2,3-pentanetriol, 30.0% volume, 1.00 to 20.0% volume, 1.00 to 10.0% pentanoic acid, pentanoic acid methyl ester, pentanoic acid volume, 1.00 to 8.0% volume, 1.0 to 5.0% volume, 1.0 to butyl ester, pentanoic acid ethyl ester, pentanoic acid furfu 4.0% volume, 1.0 to 3.0% volume, 2.0 to 40.0, % volume, ryl ester, pentanoic acid hexyl ester, pentanoic acid nitrile, 2.0 to 30.0% volume, 2.00 to 20.0% volume, 2.00 to 10.0% pentanoic acid octyl ester, pentanoic acid pentyl ester. Also volume, 2.0 to 5.0% volume, 2.0 to 4.0% volume, 2.0 to included C alkyl/polyalkyl/alkylene/polyalkylene 3.0% volume. Other concentrations include volume 96 equal carbinols (non-limiting examples include, carbinol, methyl to, greater than, or less than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, carbinol, ethyl carbinol, propyl carbinol, methyl ethyl 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, carbinol, butyl carbinol, diethyl carbinol, methyl n-propyl 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10%. carbinol, dimethyl isobutyl carbinol, ethyl isopropyl 0215. Any concentration level that improves fuel solu carbinol, ethyl isopropyl methyl carbinol, diisopropyl ability, stability or that achieves a measurable or observable carbinol, triethyl carbinol, isoamyl carbinol, dimethyl n-pro flame front combustion improvement is contemplated pyl carbinol, 2-butyl methyl carbinol, methyl isobutyl herein. carbinol, diethyl methyl carbinol), methyl propyl ketone, methyoxacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, methyl acetate, tert EXAMPLES 27A amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, glycol diacetate, 1,2-propendiol carbonate, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, adiponitrile, 0216) The above compositions containing an ECS metal 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, triethylenetetramine, butyl lic Selected from group, of alkali or alkali earth metals, acetate, dimethylaniline, di-n-propylaniline, methyl isobutyl including derivative compounds, Said composition addition ketone, n-amylcyanide, di-n-butyl carbonate, diethylacetic ally containing a Stabilizer Selected from the group of acid, diethyl formamide, disobutyl ketone, ethylbenzoate, trimethoxysilane, toluene, a glycol, a glycol ether (including ethyl phenylacetate, heptadecanol, 3-heptanol, n-heptyl mono/polyalkylene glycol mono/polyalkylethers), including acetate, n-hexy ether/methyl isopropyl ketone, 4-methyl-n- homologue, analogue and derivative compounds and mix yaleric acid, o-phenetidine, tetradecanol, triethylenetetra ture. mine, 2,6,8-trimethyl 4-nonanone, ethanedial, carbonate 0217 pH Modification 1,2-ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-ethanediol, dimethyl ether 1,2- ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-ethanediol, n,n-di-methyl formic 0218. A desirable pH range of the fuel composition of the acid, n,n-di-ethyl formic acid, butyl ester formic acid, present invention, particularly when DMC is employed, is isoamyl formate, octyl pester formic acid, pentyl ester from approximately 4.5 to approximately 10.5, with a more formic acid, propyl ester formic acid, isobutyl ester formic desirable pH range of from approximately 4.5 to approxi acid, propargl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol, cyclopentanone, mately 9.5. An even more desireable pH range is from cyclopropyl methyl ketone, ethyl propenoate, 3-methyl-2- approximately 4.5 to 9.0. Another highly preferred pH range butanone, phenol, 2-or 3-or 4-methoxyphenol, propanoic is from approximately 5.5. to 8.0. A preferred pH range is anhydride, cyclohexanone, 4-methyl-3-penen-2-one, 2- or3 from approximately 4.5 to approximately 6.5. The most Hexanone, 2, 3 or 4-methyl-2 or3-pentanone, 2-hep preferred pH range for the fuel composition of the present tanone, methyl phenylketone, diethylbenzene, and azulene. invention is from approximately 6.3 to approximately 6.8. It is an object of this invention to keep pH as close to neutral 0213 Fuel soluble aromatic hydrocarbons are acceptable as possible, Such that if alkaline, it is only weakly alkaline Stabilizers. Benzene ring compounds and derivative are (i.e., preferably equal or less than 11.0, 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, contemplated (including toluene, phenyl and derivative). 8.5, 8.0 pH), but that it preferably be either substantially Toluene is a preferred. Non-limiting examples of aromatic neutral (i.e., 6.5 to 7.5) or slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.9 pH). hydrocarbon Stabilizers include benzene, toluene, benzalde hyde, benzin, benzl alcohol, toluene bromides, toluene 0219. When the pH of the fuel composition of the present creSols, toluene dimethyl amino compounds, toluene ethers, invention is less than 11.0, preferably 10.5 or below, 9.5 or toluene oxyls, toluene alcohols. For other example, See the below, and more preferably 8.5 or below, the fuel, whether benzene ring compounds and derivative in CRC Handbook anhydrous or hydrous, may be Stored at ambient temperature in Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed, Lide, CRC Press (1994 (65 F) and as high as 95 F for up to 6 months, or more, 1995), “Phyical Constants of Organic Compounds,”Organic absent hydrolysis. Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, 0220 For example, Applicant tested a fuel containing 5% N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, by volume dimethyl carbonate, 95% by volume unleaded Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic. regular grade commercially available 87 octane (R+M)/2, /s US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 gram Mn/gal of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricar diphenylboronic acid, bis(methyl)cylohexylboronic acid, bonyl, a pH of 7.0, and 5% by volume of water, which was bis(methyl)cyclopentylboronic acid, bis(methyl)benzyl Stored for six months at temperature ranging from 65 F. to boronic acid, bis(dimethyl)phenylboronic acid, bis(dim 90 F. Afterwards, the fuel exhibited no hydrolysis. ethyl)-cylohexylboronic acid, bis(dimethyl)cyclopentyl) boronic acid, or bis(dimethyl)benzylboronic acid. Other 0221) The same fuel composition was subsequently acidic metallicS are Set forth below and contemplated. titrated with glacial acetic acid to a pH of 6.4, Still containing 5% by volume of water and was then stored for six months EXAMPLE 28 under the same conditions. After which period the fuel exhibited no signs of hydrolysis. 0225. A method of minimizing hydrolysis of a vapor phase combustion fuel composition comprising the Steps of: 0222. However, the same fuel composition was prepared 0226 providing a symmetrical lower dialkyl car with a pH of approximately 11.0, and contained 5% by bonate; providing an combustion improving amount volume of water and was stored for six months under the of at least one combustible compound containing at same conditions. The fuel showed slight evidence of least one element Selected from the group consisting hydrolysis. The same fuel with an adjusted a pH of 12.5, of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, however, showed even Stronger evidence of hydrolysis. calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, fran 0223) It should be appreciated that although acetic acid cium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, was used to acidify the pH of the fuel in the present test case, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, other fuel soluble acids, including but not limited to benzoic nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, acid derivatives e.g. 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, methyl red, rubidium, Sodium, tin, Zinc, praseodymium, rhe p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl) benzoic acid, nium, Silicon, Vanadium, Strontium, barium, radium, benzoic acid anhydride, 4-benzoyl benzoic acid, 2,4-dih Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, droxy benzoic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-ethoxy thorium, titanium, Zirconium, hafnium, praseody benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, 2-hydroxy mium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, ura benzontrile, 4-methoxy benzotrile, acetic acid derivatives, nium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, Samarium, e.g. anhydride acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, decyl ester plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, ameri acetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and the like, may be cium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, curium, plati employed. Fuel Soluble acids are incorporated, by reference. num, terbium, berkelium, Silver, gold, dysprosium, See for example CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, 75th Ed, Lide, CRC Press (1994-1995) “Dissociation Con erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, Sele Stants for Inorganic Acids and Bases,” and "DiSSociation nium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mix Constants for Organic Acids and Bases, incorporated ture thereof, including their organic and inorganic herein by reference. If an additive acid is employed, it is derivative compounds, providing a hydrocarbon; preferred it be compatible with the base fuel, the metallic mixing Said carbonate, Said combustible compound, and have low toxicity, low corrosivity, and be as envirno and Said Hydrocarbon So as to produce a fuel com mentally friendly as possible. position having a pH of from 4.5 to 9.5, and store Said composition at a temperature of no more than 0224 Naturally, acidic fuel components, which are indig 90 F. for up tp 6 months, or longer, and, combusting enous to the fuel composition, e.g. base fuel, ECS metallic, Said fuel in an engine or combustor, wherein vapor ECS oxygenate, or an additional co-combustion catalyst, or phase composition occurs characterized as having a ECS component (e.g. aldehydic acids, ketonic acids, car luminous reaction Zone extends from Surface of Said boxylic acids, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, formic acids, and element. the like) should be ultilized to achieve target pHs, prior to addition of an additive acid. Individual circumstances will EXAMPLE 29 dictate proper approach and additive. Acidic metals of this invention may be used individually and/or in conjunction 0227. The method of Example above, wherein said fuel is with one or more other metallics to reduce pH. Non-limiting Stored at an average temperature of 65 F. for 6 months, prior examples of Such acidic metallics include binary, ternary and to combustion. higher metallic acid Salts, hydroxy acids, phosphoric acids, EXAMPLE 30 etc., oxamic acid, lithium acetate acid, lithium Salt acetic acid, propanoic acid lithium Salt, cyclohexanebutyric acid 0228. A method of mitigating handling hazards of an lithium Salt, aminobenzole acid lithium Salt,/borate ester, alkali/alkali earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, composition, comprising the Steps of didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates, boric acids, orthobo rates, phenylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acid, o-tolylbo 0229 providing an combustion improving amount ronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid, m-tolylboronic aqid, cylo of a combustible compound containing at least one hexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic acid, element Selected from an alkali metal or alkali earth cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid, meth metal, and mixture; and a Stabilizer. ylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopentylboronic acid, EXAMPLE 3OA methylbenzylboronic acid, dimethylphenylboronic acid, dimethylcylohexylboronic acid, dimethylcyclopentylbo 0230. The method of example 30, optionally providing an ronic acid, dimethylbenzylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acidic ECS metallic, and optionally providing a hydrocar acid, dibenzylboronic acid, dicylohexylboronic acid, dicy bon; and optionally providing an ECS oxygenate, and lohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentylboronic acid, methyl 0231 mixing said composition. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

EXAMPLE 3OB increased efficiency of the fuels of the present invention are 0232 The method of examples 30, 30A, wherein the less destructive to engines during combustion, and operation composition's target pH ranges up to 9.5. with lower pHS than presently acceptable. International, industry and government fuel Standards, including ASTM, EXAMPLE 3OC IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET stan 0233. A method of mitigating handling hazards of an dards, etc., governing hydrocarbon fuels containing appli alkali/alkali earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel cant's ECS oxygenates/metallicS are incorporated herein by composition, comprising the Steps of reference. 0234 providing an combustion improving amount of at least one combustible compound containing at 0247. It is an embodiment, especially when employing least one element Selected from an alkali metal or DMC, to maintain a pH in the desired target range and Store alkali earth metal; and said fuel at temperatures at or below 90 F. 0235 optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic; EXAMPLE 34 and 0248. A method of maintain fuel stability, said method 0236 optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and comprising: 0237 optionally providing an ECS oxygenate, and 0249 mixing a fuel composition containing an ECS 0238 mixing said composition, said combustible metallic and a dialkyl carbonate (preferably DMC), compound, and Said hydrocarbon So as to produce a and adjusting pH of the fuel composition to less than fuel composition having a pH of from 4.5 to 9.5, and 10.5 pH. 0239 combusting said fuel in an engine or combus tor, wherein vapor phase composition occurs char 0250 In addition to the preferred pH ranges described acterized as having a luminous reaction Zone extends above, it is further contemplated that Applicant's pH from Surface of Said element. adjusted hydrocarbon based fuels will additionally contain known additive, including but not limited to antioxidants, EXAMPLE 31 co-Solvents, metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, cor rosion inhibitors, mutual Solvents, oxygenated anti-knock 0240 The above example 30, wherein the target pH is compound (e.g. hydrocarbyl ethers, alcohols, etc.), conven ranges from 6.0 to 8.0. tional combustion catalysts including ferrous picrate, Li and LH promoters, other additive, and additive set forth in EXAMPLE 32 incorporated PCT Applications. The metal deactivators con 0241 The above example 30, wherein the target pH is templated in this invention are known in the art and incor achieved by providing at least one acidic ECS metallic or porated herein by reference. acidic ECS oxygenate. 0251 A preferred fuel of the present invention comprises EXAMPLE 33 1) dimethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, representing 0.1% to 99.5% wt of composition; 2) at least one metal as 0242. The above example 30, wherein the acidic ECS set forth below, representing 0.01% to 99.5% wt of compo metallic is a phosphorus derivative. sition; optionally a metal deactivator representing 0.00001% 0243 Anhydrous fuels or substantially anhydrous fuels to 10.0% wt of composition, or an antioxidant representing are contemplated and particularly preferred when employing 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or a detergent/dispersant represent water reactive group Ia, IIa, IIb, IIIA metals and derivative ing 0.00001% to 10.0% wit, or an ignition promoter repre compounds. Circumstances where hydrocarbon bases senting 0.000001% to 20.0% wit, or a demulsifier represent require anhydrous compositions are contemplated, e.g. jet ing 0.00001% to 10.0% wit, or a co-solvent or salt aviation applications, etc. representing 0.000001% to 40.0% wit, or a hydrocarbon representing 0.1% to 99.0% volume of the composition, or 0244 Although anhydrous fuels are preferable, fuel com a co-combustion catalyst (described below) representing positions of the present invention may contain water. 0.000001% to 80.0% wit, or mixture. Said fuel is constructed 0245. It is noted, acidity level of Applicant's fuels may be with a pH no greater than 11.0 or 10.5, and preferably less measured in terms of equivalents, e.g., equivalents of KOH than 9.5. More preferably, the pH is from 6.3 to 6.8. When required to neutralize the fuel composition. The fuels of the Such fuel is a jet aviation turbine hydrocarbon based-fuel, present invention show improved operation at acidity levels preferred acidity does not exceed equivalent of 0.1 mg which are 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, or more, above Such KOH/g. Standards. Acidity levels below Such Standards, including 0252) As described in the aforementioned PCT applica those at least 50% less, are expressly contemplated. tions, the presence of a co-Solvent is also preferred, So long 0246 Also by way of example, when the fuel composi as pH is maintained. Co-Solvents that enhance mutual Solu tions of the present invention are used in jet turbine engines, bility of fuel components, fuel Stability, water tolerance are such fuels typically must meet ASTM D 1655 specifications preferred (e.g. C1 to C12 alcohols, alkanolamines, etc.). (incorporated herein by reference) or other international These are known in the art and incorporated herein by specifications, including maximum acidity levels ASTM D reference. Additionally, co-Solvents that increase flash point 3242 and IP354 standards. However, it is believed that the or reduce vapor pressure are contemplated. Non-limiting US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 examples include, ethanetriols, propanetriols, butanetriols, 0258 Moreover, highly viscous hydrocarbon fuel bases 1,2,3 butanetriol, pentanetriols, 1,2,3 pentanetriol, 2,3,4 with Viscosities above fuel Specification, are unexpectedly pentanetriol, hexanetriols, Septanetriols, octanetriols, or ter brought to within fuel viscosity limits by the addition of traethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-octene, high flash dialkyl carbonates and metal. For example, is has been point ketone, naphthalenes, triethylene glycol, trimethylene found that a diesel fuel oil having a viscosity of 2.6 mm/S glycol, isopropyl acetone, diisopropyl acetone, diisopropyl at, 40°C. was acceptably combined with dimethyl carbonate diacetone, diethylene acetate, diethylene diacetate, ethylene representing 5% Volume of the composition, and 2.0 grS acetate compound, phenol, or other flash point temperature Mn/gal, of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl reducing co-solvent set forth in aforementioned PCT Appli (MMT) or alternative non-toxic metallic. The resultant fuel cations. Co-Solvents should not be corrosive or hazardous to composition had a lower viscosity of 2.4 mm2/S at 40 C. fuel Systems. 0259. In this way, highly viscous fuels can be adapted by 0253) It is desirable the resultant fuel be constructed to the addition of applicant's ingredients, whereby non-con have an average latent heat of vaporization (LHV) no less forming highly viscous fuels can be made leSS Viscous and than typical industry standards. Preferred LHV's are gener brought into compliance with ASTM International, industry ally greater. For example, the latent heat of vaporization or and government fuel standards, including ASTM, IP, COST, enthalpy of vaporization (vapH(Tb)/kJ mol") for commer DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air cial grade diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils range from about Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET stan 90 to 105 btu?Ib (at 60°F) or 18 to 21jK/mole or (at boiling dards, or other specification (herein incorporated by refer temperatures). Likewise, commercial motor gasolines have erence). a LHV ranging from 135 to 145 btu/lb or 27 to 29 jK/mole, 0260 Also by way of example, Jet A hydrocarbon bases aviation gasolines about 130 to 150 btu/lb or 26 to 30 having a viscosity of 8.1 to 15.0 or more, (ASTM 445) can jk/mole, and aviation jet fuels about 105 to 115 btu/lb or 21 be adapted to meet the current 8.0 mm°/s at -20° C. to 23 K/mole. Standard by addition of the components described above. 0254 Thus, it is preferred that the LHV for commercial Alternatively, base fuel viscosity of from 13.5 to 23.0CS at grade diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils at 60 F. exceed 105 -30 F., or more, may be met by the addition of the btu/lb or 21 K/mole (at boiling temperatures), for commer components described above. cial motor gasolines LHV's should exceed 145 btu/lb or 29 jK/mole, for aviation gasolines. LHV's should exceed 150 0261 Similarly, a gas oil turbine hydrocarbon base may btu/lb or 30k/mole, and for aviation jet fuels LHV's should have maximum kinetic viscosities at 40 C. equal or exceed exceed 115 btu/lb or 23 K/mole. LHV's at least 2%, 5%, ing 2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 1-GT 10%, 20%, 30% or greater than these amounts are however fuels, and be adapted to meet the 2.4 Standard, by addition preferred. of the components described herein. Alternatively, base fuel 0255 The burning velocities (as measured by laminar kinetic viscosities of 4.15 to 6.0, or more, mm/s for ASTM Bunsen burner flame) for commercial grade diesel, gas D 445 No. 2-GT fuels, may be adapted to meet the 4.1 turbine, and fuel oils range from about 32-34 cm/sec, Standard by addition of applicant's additives, as described kerosine about 36 cm/sec, benzene about 44, automotive herein. gasoline about 44-46 cm/sec, aviation gasoline about 44-45 0262. In an analogous manner, a diesel fuel oil base may cm/sec, aviation jet fuels about 32-34 cm/sec. Methanol is have maximum kinetic Viscosities at 40 C. equal or exceed reported at about 57 cm/sec. ing 2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 low 0256 Thus, in Applicant's fuels it is desireable that Sulfur or regular too. 1-D fuels, and be adapted to meet the burning Velocities for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, 2.4 Standard by addition of applicant's additives. Alterna and fuel oils exceed 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43 tively, a diesel fuel oil base having maximum kinetic vis cm/sec, kerosine exceed 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 cosities of 4.15 to 9.0, or more, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 low cm/sec, automotive gasoline exceed 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, sulfur or regular No. 2-D fuels, and be adapted to meet the 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 cm/sec, aviation gasoline exceed 4.1 Standard, by addition of applicant's additives. Similarly, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, .53, 54, 55, 56 cm/sec, and fuels having a maximum kinetic viscosity of 24.5 to 60.0, aviation jet fuels exceed 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, or more, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 4-D fuels, and be 44 cm/sec. However, BV's at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, adapted to meet 24.0 mm2/S by addition of applicant's or greater than the burning Velocity of the unadjusted base additives. Additionally, a low emission diesel base may have fuel or conventional fuel is preferred. viscosities exceeding 2.45 to 5.5, or more, cSt at 40 C. 0257. It is also desirable that the hydrocarbon based fuels (where 1 mm2/S=1cst), and be adapted to meet the 2.4 have high possible allowable densities. High densities of Standard. base fuels permit higher concentrations of metallics and 0263. Furthermore, a fuel oil base may have kinetic dialkyl carbonates. For example, aviation turbine densities viscosities equal or exceeding 2.15 10.0, or more, mm/s at equal or exceeding 841 kg/m (a 15° C. are contemplated. 40° C. ASTM D 445 for No. 1 fuels, and can be adapted to More generally, the fuel compositions of the present inven the 2.1 standard by addition of applicant's additives. A fuel tion allow for base fuel densities of from 840 to 1200 kg/m3 base having kinetic viscosities of from 3.45 to 10.0, or more, (a) 150 C., and even 900 to over 1200 kg/m3 (a 15° C. mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM D 445 for No. 2 fuels can be Moderate, low, to very low densities are also contemplated Similarly adapted to meet 3.4. A fuel base having kinetic So long as the increased burning Velocity object of above viscosities of 5.55 to 25.0 or more, mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM PCT Applications is accomplished and a pH is not greater for D 445 No. 4 fuels (Light), maybe similarly adapted to than 10.5, preferably below 9.0, and most preferably from meet 5.5. A fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 24.5 6.3 to 6.8 is maintained. to 40.0, or more, mm2/s at 40° C. ASTM D445 for No. 4 US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 fuels (regular), may be adapted to meet 24. A fuel base element/gal, preferably 2.0 to 20.0 gr element/gal; and a No. having kinetic viscosities of from 8.95 to 25.0, or more, 1 (ASTM) diesel fuel base having a viscosity of from 2.45 mm3/s at 100° C. ASTM D 445 for No. 5 fuels (Light), may to 3.0, MM /S at 40°C., ; said fuel base optionally charac be adapted to meet 8.9. A fuel base having kinetic Viscosities terized as having one or more of the following: a density of from 15.0 to 30.0, or more, mm3/s at 100° C. ASTM D ranging from 880 to 800 kg/M, a cetane index of 40 to 70, 445 for No. 5 fuels (Heavy), may be adapted to meet 14.9. an aromatic content by Vol. ranging from approximately 0 to A fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 50.5 to 80.0, 35%, preferably 0% to 10%, provided that 3-ring+aromatics or more, mm3/s at 100° C. STM D 445 for No. 6 fuel oils, not to exceed 0.16 volume 96; a T10 fraction temperature of and adapted to meet 50.0 mm3/s. about 190 to 230° C., a T 50 fraction temperature of about 220 to 280 C., a T90 fraction of about 260 to 340 C., a 0264. Similarly, a heavy diesel, locomotive or marine cloud point temperature of C. -10, -28, -32 or 6 C. above engine base fuel, exceeding ISO DIS 8217, BS MA 100, tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature, a Sulfur government and/or other industry Viscosity Specifications, content preferably not greater than 250 ppm, more prefer but adapted to meet Such standards (incorporated by refer ably not greater than 50 ppm, most preferably not exceeding ence), typically uncorrected Viscosity exceeds Such stan 5 ppm, a bunsen laminar burning Velocity of at preferably dards by 1.0, 2.0, 10.0, 50.0, or more centistokes at 50 C. greater than 37, more preferably greater than 44, most Applicant has discovered by incorporating his lower dialkyl preferably 50 ore more, cm/sec, a latent heat of vaporization carbonates and metals, fuels having excessive Viscosities of preferably at least 105, more preferably at least 120, most can meet government, or other Viscosity Standards. preferably 130 or more, BTU/lb. The resultant fuel is 0265. By way of further example, an enhanced combus characterized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a Viscosity tion aviation turbine fuel composition of the present inven equal to or less than 2.4 MM2/S at 40 C., optionally a LHV tion includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl car at 60° F equal or in excess of 105 btu/lb or 21, 22, 23, 25, bonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate), an ECS metal 27 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), optionally a minimum (preferably an alkali\alkali earth metal, or Silicon), option laminar bunsen burner flame of 37, 39, 40, 41 cm/sec. ally a co-combustion catalyst, an aviation turbine hydrocar bon base having a viscosity of from 8.1 to 9.0 MM°/S EXAMPLE 34B (ASTM 445); optionally one or more of the following: a salt, 0268 A composition, wherein the fuel composition is a a co-Solvent, antioxidant, freeze point additive, anti-icing diesel fuel oil, the ECS oxygenate is dimethyl carbonate additive, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, hydroscopic representing 0.01% to 40.0% oxygen by wt. of the fuel, the control additive, lubricity agent, lubricant or friction modi hydrocarbon base fuel has a Viscosity equal to or greater than fier, anti-wear additive, combustion chamber or deposit 2.5, MM/S at 40° C., and the fuel composition is charac control additive, any other recognized additive, additive terized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a Viscosity equal disclosed in aforementioned PCT Applications, or mixture to or less than 2.4 MM2/S at 40 C. thereof. The resultant fuel is characterized as being slightly alkaline, Substantially neutral or acidic, and having a maxi 0269. An aviation gasoline fuel composition of the mum viscosity equal or less than 8.2 MM /S (ASTM 445). present invention includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a The fuel preferably has, a density of from 840.5 to 850, or hydrocarbyl ether, including MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or greater, kg/m (a 15°C., a flash point of at least 38° C., a dialkyl carbonate, an ECS metal (preferably an alkali\alkali maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa (G) 38 C., minimum earth metal, or Silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, thermal stability meeting ASTM D 1655 standards, a heat of and an aviation gasoline base. The resultant fuel is charac combustion or equivalent equal to or exceeding 42.8 MJ/kg terized as having a pH less than 7.0 and a minimum octane (lower heats of combustion are contemplated, including or performance number of from 87 to 130 (ASTM 909). It those less than or equal to 42.5, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36 is further characterized as having a distillation fraction MJ/kg, based upon additive heats of individual compo wherein the sum of the T-10 plus T-50 fractions are 307 F., nents), and a maximum freezing temperature of from -40 to the T-40 temperature is 167 F. and the T-90 temperature is -50° C., optionally a LHV not less than 115 btu/lb or 23 less than 250 F., a maximum sulfur content of 0.05 wt %, jK/mole, optionally a burning Velocity exceeding 37 cm/sec. or Sulfur free, a latent heat of vaporization preferably exceeding 120, more preferably exceeding 150, most pref EXAMPLE 34A erably exceeding 160 BTU/lb, a laminar bunsen burning Velocity preferably equal to or in excess of 40, more 0266 This composition may be summarized as an preferably greater than 48, most preferably greater than 52 enhanced aviation turbine fuel composition wherein aviation cm/sec, a heat of combustion (as measured by the Sum of turbine hydrocarbon base has a Viscosity equal or exceeding fuel ingredients) equal or less, than 43.0 kJ/kg, or equal or 8.1 MM/S, a C3 to C7 symmetrical dialkyl dicarbonate, less than from 18,720 to 15,000, or less, BTU/lb. Said fuel optionally characterized as being slightly acidic not exceeding equivalent of 0.1 mg KOHAg. EXAMPLE 34C 0267 A diesel fuel, fuel oil, turbine gas oil composition 0270. A gasoline composition of the present invention of the present invention includes dimethyl carbonate repre includes an a hydrocarbyl ether (MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or senting 0.01% to 40.0% oxygen by weight of the fuel; a dialkyl carbonate, an ECS metal (preferably an alkali\alkali compound or element containing a combustion improving earth metal, or Silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, amount of transition metal, alkaline metal, alkaline earth, and an unleaded base fuel composition. The resultant com group IIIa, IVa, Va., VIa, VIIa element or derivative com position is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5, and pound, or mixture, optionally a co-combustion agent, optionally being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, a maximum optionally in an concentration of 0.001 to about 100.0 gr Reid Vapor Pressure of from 6.0 to 12.0 psi, 6.0 to 10 psi, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 22

6.0 to 9.0 psi; a maximum of 12% to 5.0% by volume, or less optionally with a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi of olefins, a maximum of 30% to 20% or less by volume of or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30% aromatics (more preferably 15% to 10%, or less), a maxi aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% benzene, a maximum of -50 mum of 2.0% to 0.8% or less benzene, a maximum of 40 ppm Sulfur or Sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging ppm Sulfur, most preferably Sulfur free, a total O2 concen from 0.5% to 4.0% wt of the composition, a maximum T-90 tration ranging of 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dimethyl carbonate, temperature of 330 F. to 280° F., a T-50 temperature of a manganese tricarbonyl compound at 1/64 to 3/16 gr. approx. 170 F. to 230 F., a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of Mn/gal (preferably 1/32 gr. Mn) or other metallic in a 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, an average latent combustion improving amount, a maximum T-90 tempera heat of vaporization of 880 to 920 BTU/gal at 60° F., a ture of 330 F. to 280° F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170° heating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60 F. F. to 230 F., 175°F. preferred, a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, an average EXAMPLE 34G latent heat of vaporization of 880 to 920, or more, BTU/gal at 60 F.; a heating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60 0274. Another gasoline composition would include the F. (more preferably greater than 108,000, 114,000 btu?gal), aforementioned ECS oxygenates and an ECS metallic as measured by the Sum of, individual fuel Substituents. (including a combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, preferably a potassium derivative, and MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, metha EXAMPLE 34D nol, DMC, or EMC, or substitutes as provided herein), and a gasoline base, wherein the resultant composition has one 0271. A fuel composition, wherein said composition is a or more of the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 gasoline comprising an ECS oxygenate Selected from psi, aromatics content of 0% to 50%, more preferably no MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, characterized as having a greater than 22%, 25%, 30%, or 35% vol., a benzene content pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, optionally a maximum Reid of 0% to 2.0%, preferably no greater than 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% vol., an olefin content of 0% to 25%, preferably no greater Vol. olefins, a maximum of 30% Vol. aromatics, a maximum than 15%, 12%, 10%, 8% vol., an distillation evaporation of 1.0% vol. benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur point where 30% to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200 F., free, a total 02 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt an distillation evaporation point where 70% to 100% of the of the composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330 F. fuel has distilled by 300 F., a T50 distillation temperature to 280° F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170° F to 230 F., ranging from 200 F. to 220 F., maximum T90 distillation a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine number temperature of 290 F. to 310 F., oxygen by wt % ranging of 20 or less, an average latent heat of vaporization of 880 from 0% to 5.0%, 0.001% to 4.0%, 0.1% to 4.0% to to 920 BTU/gal at 60 F., a heating value greater than preferably 1.8% to 2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 0 to 106,000 btu/gal at 60° F. 500 ppm, more preferably 30 to 80 ppm.

EXAMPLE 34E EXAMPLE 34H 0272 Another gasoline composition of the present inven 0275 Another gasoline composition would include the tion includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl car aforementioned gasoline composition, wherein the resultant bonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate, MTBE, ETBE, Ethanol, composition has one or more of the following characteris or methanol), an ECS metal (preferably an alkali\alkali earth tics: a maximum summer RVP of 8.1, 8.0, 7.5, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0 metal, or Silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and psi, maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., "max. an unleaded base fuel composition, characterized as having benzene of 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% vol., T50 distillation tempera a pH less than 10.5, and optionally characterized as having ture ranging from 200 F. to 220 F., a maximum T50 one or more of the following: being phosphorus free hydro distillation temperature ranging from 200 F. to 220 F., carbons, with a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi, minimum T50 distillation temperature greater than 175 F., a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30% aromatics, maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290°F. to 310 F., a maximum of 2.0% benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm Sulfur oxygen by wt % 1.8% to 2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. 30 to 80. or Sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dialkyl carbonate, a combustible metal or non-metal Selected from groups Set forth below including EXAMPLE 35 (but not limited to) those consisting of the preferred man 0276 A gasoline composition including a combustion ganese, Silicon, potassium, and iron compounds, or mixture, Improving amount of potassium ethoxide and an ECS oxy a maximum T-90 temperature of 330 F. to 280° F., a T-50 genate selected from MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, DMC, or temperature of approx. 170 F. to 230 F., a minimum EMC, wherein the composition has one or more of the (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, following characteristics: a RVP no greater than 7.5, 7.1, 7.0 an average latent heat of vaporization of 880 to 920 BTU/gal psi, maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., max. at 60 F., a heating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60 benzene of 1.0% vol., a minimum T50 distillation tempera F. (as measured by the sum of individual fuel Substituents), ture ranging of 175 F., maximum T90 distillation tempera a burning Velocity exceeding 50 cm/sec, a latent heat of ture of 290° F to 310 F., oxygen by wt % 1.8% to 2.2%., vaporization exceeding 29 jK/mole (or equivalent). and a sulfur content of 0 to 80 wt. ppm, 30 ppm or less preferred. EXAMPLE 34F 0277. The invention achieves unexpected reduction of 0273 A similar gasoline composition comprises an ECS nitrous oxides in combustion after emissions pass through a oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, is catalytic exhaust converter. AS noted above, reductions of characterized as having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, and nitrous oxides is important for purpose of reducing global US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 23 warming gases, but catalytic converters tend to increase the 0.1% to 4.0%, sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 6 to 500 ppm; amount of Said oxides during their catalytic activity. Appli or a fuel composition of the character of Examples 34A cant has discovered that combusting his ECS oxyenate through 34E and 35. and/or metallic containing fuels, particularly those contain ing alkali/alkali earth metals, and emitting them through a EXAMPLE 42 catalytic converter, he is able to no only reduce the nitrous oxide flowing into the converter, but is able to reduce total 0287. The Example of 36 to 41, wherein the fuel com oxides, which otherwise would be emitted from the con position has a pH ranging from 10.0 to 4.0., more preferably verter. Thus, reducing the harmful effect the exhaust, cata 9.0 to 5.0, 8.0 to 6.0, 7.7 to 6.3, or 6.9 to 6.3, or other range, lyst has in increasing nitrous oxides. or amount Set forth herein. EXAMPLE 36 EXAMPLE 43 0278 A method of reducing green house nitrous oxide 0288 The above examples additionally containing an gases, comprising: nitrogen based enhancer, or compound containing nitrogen, a nitrogen/oxygen combination, or a NH, NH2, NH3, NH4, 0279 mixing a combustion improving amount of a NO, NN, OON, OONH, ONH, ONH2, ONH3, ONH4, combustion improving amount of an ECS metallic, CON, CONH, CONH2, CONH3, COON, COONH, MNH, optionally a combustion improving amount of an MON, MONH, MONH2, MONH3, MOON radical (where ECS oxygenate, together with a gasoline; and M is a metal as set forth herein). Non-limiting examples also include fuel Soluble and/or combustible amines, amides/ 0280 combusting resultant fuel composition in an imides, Such as nitro compounds, nitric compounds, tetrani automotive engine; and tromethanes, nitromethanes, nitroethanes, nitropropanes, nitrous oxides, dinitrous oxides, nitric oxides, nitrates, and 0281 exhausting resultant emissions through an di-nitrates. Other non-limiting examples include, alkylme exhaust catalyst, emitting catalyst reacted emissions tallicamides, polyalkylmetallicamides, alkylphosphora into the atmosphere; whereby exhaust nitrous oxide mides, polyalkylphosphoramides (e.g. hexamethylphos emissions are reduced. phoramide, hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide, hexamethylphospophori EXAMPLE 37 midic triamide, triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphora 0282. The Example above, wherein the ESC metal is an mide, tripropylphosphoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide, alkali or alkali earth metal (preferably a potassium deriva tributylphosphoramide, tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-Sec tive) and the oxygenate is MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triph DMC, and wherein the fuel optionally contains a co-com enylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide bustion catalyst. (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropbxy phosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibu EXAMPLE 38 toxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide, di-Sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusa 0283 The Example of 36, wherein also mixed into the mide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide composition is a co-combustion catalyst. (CH30)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphos phoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide, dibutyl-phosphora EXAMPLE 39 mide, diisobutylphosphoramide, di-Sec-butylphosphora 0284. The Example of 36, wherein said method incorpo mide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide, rates mixing a metal only. dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphora mide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropylmeth EXAMPLE 40 ylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide, di-iso butylmethylphosphoramide, di-Sec 0285) The Example of 36 or 39, wherein said metal is butylmethylphosphoramide, di-tert absent manganese. butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl phosphoramide). EXAMPLE 41 0289 Phosphoramides are particularly desired. 0286 The Example of 36, wherein said fuel composition is includes a combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, and an 0290. In the practice of this invention it is contemplated ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, at least one combustible reactive non-lead transition metal, methanol, DMC, EMC, and mixture, having one or more of alkaline metal, alkaline earth, group IIIa, IVa (except car the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi, bon), Va., VIa (except oxygen), Vila element, or derivative aromatics content of 0% to 50%,a benzene content of 0% to thereof, as set forth herein, or mixture (herein referred to as 2.0%, an olefin content of 0% to 25%, an distillation “metal” or “metallic') be together with at least one C3 to evaporation point where-30% to 70% of the fuel has C13 Symmetrical dialkyl ester of carbonic acid, and mixture, distilled by 200 F., an distillation evaporation point where in a fuel Stable composition; Said composition optionally 70% to 100% of the fuel has distilled by 300°F., a minimum containing a combustion catalyst as Set forth below, a T50 distillation temperature of 175° F and a maximum T50 hydrocarbon, and/or an oxidizer, resultant composition as distillation temperature ranging from 200 F. to 220 F., having a pH slightly alkaline, neutral or acidic. maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290°F. to 310 F., 0291 Non-limiting examples of suitable dialkyl carbon a co-combustion catalyst, oxygen by wt % ranging from ates include, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 24 carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, evidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction Zone extending disobutyl carbonate, ditertiary butyl carbonate, diisoamyl Some distance from the metal's Surface. Such combustion carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, or does not take place on the Surface of the metal, or on and/or mixture. C3 to C8 symmetrical dialkyl carbonates are more within the molten layer of oxide covering the metal, typical, desirable, with C3 to C5 being preferred. It is contemplated of heretofore metallic combustion. Distinguishing vapor that Such carbonates will be introduced into the composition phase combustion is that its combustion is expansive with in concentrations of 0.01 to 100.0 volume percent in an elevated exhaust velocities, and resultant metallic oxide amount Sufficient to improve combustion. The carbonates particles are formed in the Submicron range. Typically fuel may be additionally combined with one or more oxygenated economy, power output, exhaust emissions, combustion compounds, including but not limited to alkylbutyl ethers temperatures are materially improved. (e.g. MTBE, ETBE, TAME, ETAME, etc.), alkyl alcohols, and/or known co-Solvents. In the practice of this invention 0299 Thus, a very wide range of acceptable metals and methylal, ethylal, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, may be derivative compounds are contemplated. Group IA (alkali Substituted for dialkyl carbonates, absent compromise of metals), IIA, (alkaline earths) elements, the transition ele Vapor phase combustion. Examples of ECS compounds are ments/metals of group IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIIIb 8, 9, 10), the elements of group Ib, IIb, IIIa, IVa (absent carbon), presented in the aforementioned PCT Applications. and group Va, VIa, VIIa (elements are contemplated. Non 0292. Non-limiting examples of the optional hydrocar limiting examples include aluminum, boron, bromine, bis bon bases contemplated herein, include any hydrocarbon, muth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, cop including but not limited to carbonaceous liquid or Solid per, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, fuels, alternative fuels, gaseous fuels (including hydrogen, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nio natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.), auto bium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, Sodium, motive gasolines, diesel fuel oils, heavy diesel fuel oils, tin, Zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, Silicon, Vanadium, Stron aviation gasoline, gas oils, fuel oils, aviation jet turbine oils, tium, barium, radium, Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, coal, coal oils, coal liquids, and the like. Industry Specifi actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, Zirconium, hafnium, cations, including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, ura Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and Swed nium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, Samarium, pluto ish/European EPEFET standards, EU Standards, and other nium, ruthenium, OSmium, europium, americium, rhodium, reported industry or government Standards known in the art, iridium, gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, and Criteria for Quality of Petroleum Products, J. P. Allison, Silver, gold, dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, 1973 (and subsequent editions), all hereby incorporated holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, herein by reference. ytterbium, Selenium, tellurium, polonium, lutetium, and 0293 Nitroalkanes/Nitroparaffin astatine, including their organic and inorganic derivative compounds, which are capable of vapor phase combustion, 0294. Other blending agents as contemplated herein are contemplated in the claims hereto and incorporated include nitroalkanes. Non-limiting examples include mono herein by reference. Applicant's metals, including derivative nitroalkanes, arylnitroalkanes, polynitroalkanes, nitro-are compound, may be organo-metallic or inorganic. Accord nes, polynitro-arenes, aromatic nitro-compounds, polyaro ingly, the inorganic and organic compounds of CRC Hand matic nitro-compounds including derivative, homologue book of Chemistry and Physics, Lide, 75th (1994-1995) and and analogue. Examples include nitromethane, nitroethane, earlier editions, Ann Arbor, CRC Press; Sigma-Aldrich nitropropane, nitrobutane, nitrohexane, nitroheptane, Chemical Directory, Aldrich Chemical Company (1997), nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, dinitrotolune. Acceptable con Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), on line Registry File 1), centrations are 1 to 2000 pprri, 10 to 500 ppm, 10 to 300 American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service, ppm, 50 to 100 ppm. Ohio State University, A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry, Thorpe, N.Y., Putnam & Son's (1896), Inorganic Materials, 0295) Bio-Diesel 2 ed., Ducan, N.Y. J. Wiley & Son (1996), Handbook of 0296 AS contemplated within this disclosure bio-diesel Inorganic Compounds, Perry, Phillips, CRC Press, Boco shall include, but not be limited to: Methyl Soyate, Rapeseed Raton, (1995), Inorganic Chemistry, Phillips, Williams, N.Y. Methyl Ester (RME), Methyl Tallowate, Methyl esters from Oxford University Press (1965-1966), Inorganic Materials lipid sources CAS Number: 67784-80-9. Bio-diesel is char Chemistry, D. Seneeta, G.E. R & D Center, N.Y., CRC Press acterized generally but not required to have a boiling point (1997), Inorganometallic Chemistry, Fehlner, N.Y., Plenum at 760 mm Hg of less than 200 C., volatiles less than 2% (1992), Nontransition-Metal Compounds, Eisch, N.Y., Aca by Volume, insoluble in water, a specific gravity (H2O=1) demic Press (1981), Metal & Metalloid Amides, Horwood, of 0.88, Vapour Pressure, mm Hg: <2, an evaporation Rate, N.Y., Halsted Press (1980), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Butyl Acetate=l: <1, a vapour Density, Air=l :>1, being a Chemical Technology, 2nd and Subsequent editions, John pale yellow liquid, with mild odour. Variations are contem Wiley & Sons (1963), Dictionary of Chemical Names & plated in the claims below. Synonyms, Howard, Neal, Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, (1992), Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th 0297 Metals Practice Edition, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Van Nostrad Reinhold Com 0298. In the practice of this invention, as set forth in the pany, N.Y. (1993), Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, aforementioned PCT Applications, contemplated metallics Inorganic, Comey, MacMillian Press (1921), Solubilities of include all non-lead metals, metalloids, and non-metals Inorganic and Metal Organic Substances, Seidell, N.Y., Van (herein “metals” or “metallics”), their derivative compounds Nostrand (1940-1941), Solubility of Inorganic and Metal (organic or inorganic), whose combustion (product accom Organic Compounds, Like, Princeton N.J., Van Nostrand plishes primary object of vapor phase combustion, which is (1958-1965), Organometallies (cite omitted), Organo US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 25

Metallic Chemistry, F. G. A. Stone, Academic Press (1972 Velocities. The higher the burning the Velocity, generally the and Subsequent years), Organo Metallic Compounds, 2 Ed, higher the preference. Generally larger rings have higher Michael Dub, Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. (1966 Vol. 1 burning Velocities compared to Smaller rings. Thus, a to 3, and Subsequent volumes/supplments), Organo-metallic cyclooctane ring is generally preferred over cyclohexane, Compounds, Coates, Edward, New York, Wiley (1960), which is preferred over a cyclobutane ring. Saturated rings Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II (A Review of are normally more preferred over unsaturated rings. The the Literature 1982-1994), Abel, Stone, Wilkinson, El Sevier more Saturated the ring the more preferred. Thus, cyclohex Science Ltd (1995), Handbook of Organometallic Com ane is preferred over benzene. Ring Systems where the metal pounds, Kaufman, D. Van Nostranl Company Inc. (1961), is in turn attached to one or more a hydroxyl, carbonyl, an HandbOOk of Organometallic Compounds, Hagihara, alkyloxy radicals is generally preferred. Variations to this Kumanda, Okawars, Wash. Benjamin Inc (1968), Organo general rule are expected. metallic Chemistry, Mehrotra, Singh, John Wiley and Sons, (1991), Organometallic Chemistry, Chemical Society (1971 0303 Non-limiting examples of desireable ring systems/ and all Subsequent publications), London, Metal-Organic complexes include: cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclopen Compounds, American Chemical Society (1959 to present), tane, cyclobutane, cyclopentadiene, phenyl, benzene, and Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, Chemical naphthalene. More desireable are cyclohexane, cyclohex Abstract Service, Ohio State University, (From 1907 to ene, and cyclopentadienyl. It is contemplated each elemental present), Structure Reports 1913 to 1973 (Metals and Inor metal of this invention can be employed in a cyclomatic ganic Compounds), International Union of Crystallography, compound. Bohn, Scheltena & Hellema (volumes 1-40), The Merck 0304 Transition metal ring systems are well known in the Index, 12th Ed., Budavari, O’Neil, Merck Research Labo art and highly desireable. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,818,416, ratories, N.J. (1996), which are capable of vapor phase 3,127,351, 2,818,417, 2,839,552, 2,680, ; 2,804,468; combustion, together with Said publications (including all 3,341,311, 3,272,606, 3,718,444), Canadian Patent related/Subsequent editions, Volumes, Supplements, updates, #1073207, European Patent Application #93303488.6, or related publications) are incorporated herein by reference. pages 6-8 (1993), incorporated herein by reference. As 0300 However, it is an object of this invention to ultilize contemplated herein, ring System attachment may be direct where possible those ECS metallics which are not nuero or indirect. Attachment may be via molecular bond, ionic toxic, especially where human ingestion is possible. bond, coordination bond or other bond known in the art. Indirect attachment may be via one or more radical or 0301 In the practice of this invention, cyclomatic com element, or be via other bond as described below or known pounds are particularly desireable. Non-limiting examples in the art. See The Chemistry of Organometallic Com of cyclomatic compounds include compounds with one or pounds, Rochow, Hurd, Lewis, New York, John Wiley & more rings Systems, including alicyclic or aromatic ring Sons, Inc. (latest edition), incorporated by reference. Systems. Ring Systems which may be wholely organic, wholely, inorganic, or heterocyclic. Such ring Systems may 0305 One or more radicals (including cyclic radicals), include cyclic borons (borazoles), Cyclic Silanes (silacy Side chains, Saturated or unsaturated, may be attached to one clobutane, 2, 4, 6, 8, ID-pentamethylcyclopentasilaZane, or more locations on the ring, and/or to one or more cyclohexasilanes, cyclopropenyl Silanes, etc.), cyclic nitro locations of each metal. Thus, the metal may contain gens (pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, piperazines, imidazals, between one to as many radicals as available Valence etc.), cyclic, oxygens (benzoyls, furans, pyrans, e.g. tetrahy electrons (oxidation states) permit. See Handbook of Data dropyran, pyrones, dioxins, etc.), cyclic Sulfurs (thiophens, On Organic Compounds 2ed, Weast, Grasselli, CRC (185). dithiles, etc.) or other cyclic inorganics. Cyclomatic organic 0306 Non-limiting examples of radicals, include organic ring Systems include Saturated rings (cyclopropyl, cyclobu or inorganic, Saturated or unsaturated, or combinations tyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), unsaturated thereof, including: hydrogen (hydride), hydroxyl, hydrocar rings, rings with one or more multiple or double bonds byl group radicals, including alkyl radicals (e.g. methyl, (cyclohexadiene, cyclopentadiene, cyclotetraene, etc.), aro ethyl, propyl, issopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, Sec-butyl, tert matic ringS/cycloalkyl radicals (phenyl, benzyl, Styryl, etc.), butyl, amyl, pentyl, hexyl, etc.), alkyloxy radicals, various fused rings, fused aromatic rings (naphthls, naphthenates, positional isomers thereof (e.g. 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl etc.), fused ring with cyclopentadienyl moiety, rings con butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl taining oxygen 1 or a hydroxyl (phenol, etc.). The disclosed propyl, etc.), corresponding Straight and branched chain metallic cyclomatics contained in Heterocyclic Chemistry, isomers (e.g. hexyl, hepyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), alkenyl Katritzy, Boulton, Academic Press (1966 to 1997 all vol radicals (ethyl, A-propenyl, A-propenyl, isopropenyl, etc.), umes), Benzenoid-Metal Complexes, Zeiss, Wheatley, Win corresponding branch chain isomers thereof, other isomers kler. The Ronald Press Co (1966), The Ring Index 2 Ed, thereof (e.g. heptenyl, octenyl, nonyl, decenyl, etc.), alkeny Patterson, Capell, American Chemical Society, Reinhold loxy radicals, aryl radicals (e.g. phenyl, a-napthyl, b-naph Publishing Corp (1960 and Subsequent editions), Ring thyl, a-anthryl, b-anthryl, etc.), aryloxy radicals, including Enlargement of Organic Chemistry, Hesse, VCH Publishers monovalent radicals of Such aromatics (e.g. indene, isoin (1991), Rings, Cluster, and Plymers of Main Group Ele dene, acenaphthene, flourene, phenanthrene, naphthacene, ments, Cowley, American Chemical Society (1983), which chrysene, pyrene, triphenylene, etc.), aralkyl radicals (e.g. are capable of vapor phase combustion, together with Said benzyl, a-phenyl-ethyl, b-phenyl-ethyl, a-phenyl-propyl, publications (including Subsequent editions, volumes, or etc.), aralkyloxy radicals, various positional isomers thereof Supplements), are incorporated herein by reference. (e.g. derivatives of 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-me 0302) Desireable metal containing cyclomatic com thyl-butyl, 1,1 dimethyl-propyl, etc.), corresponding alkyl pounds are those with cyclic rings having high burning derivatives of phenanthrene, flourene, acenapthene, etc., US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 26 alkaryl radicals, (e.g. o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, O-ethylphenyl, methylene, ethylene, naphthal, napthobenzyl, naphthyl, etc.), arylalkenyl, cycloalkyl radicals (benzyl, etc.), naphthylddene, propylene, propylidene, pryidyl, pyrryl, cycloalkyloxy radicals, aliphatic radicals, mesityl. See gen phenethyl, phenylene, pyridino, Sulfinyl, Sulfo, Sulfonyl, erally Canadian Patent 1073207, pages 4-7, European Patent tetramethylene, thenyl, thienyl, thiobenzyl, thiocarbamyl, Application #93303488.6, pages 6-8, Oct. 11, 1993), Hand thiocarbonyl, thiocyanato, thionyl, thiuram, toluidino, tolyl, book of Data on Organic Compounds 2 Ed, Weast, Grasselli, a-tolyl, -tolylene, a-tolylene, tosyl, triazano, ethenyl (vinyl), CRC 1985, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Selenyl, trihydrocarbylamino, trihaloamino, trihydrocarbyl and earlier editions, sections re: “Nomenclature For Inor phosphite, trihalophosphine, trimethylene, trityl, Vinylidene, ganic Ions and Radicals,”“Organic Radicals and Ring Sys Xenyl, Xylidino, Xylyl, Xylylene, 1,3-diene, hydrocarbyl radi tems.” Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (Recommenda cals, etc., including derivatives, homologes, analoges, and tions), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Offord 1990; isomers thereof. Thus, ring compounds or metals themselves Richer, J. C., Panico, R., and Powell, W. H. A Guide to may directly or indirectly contain one or more chelating IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Blackwell radicals (e.g. carbonyl, cyano, etc.). Scientific Publications, Offord 1993, Weast, R. C., and Grasselli, J. C., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 0309. One or more of the above radicals may be attached 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1989; incorporated by directly or indirectly to another. Indirect attachment may be reference. Via one or more intermediate atom, including but not limited 0307 Hydroxyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, oxy and/or oxy to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Silicon, boron, gen containing radicals, including derivatives of thereof and Sulfur, or another metal. Metallic compounds may have one derivative of above radical are also contemplated. Non or more non-ring radicals attached. Besireable metals may limiting examples include hydroxy, methoxide, ethoxide, for example have one or more alkyl, alkylene or similar propoxide, isopropoxide, butoxide, isobutoxide, Sec-butox radical attached to the metal, or one or more hydroxyl, ide, tert-butoxide, pentoxide, amyloxide, phenyloxidesper carbonyl, alkyloxy, alkanol radicals, or combination thereof hydroxy, methoxy, methylol, methylenedioxy, ethoxy, ethy attached. Examples include lol, ethylenedioxy, enanthyl, propoxy, pro-prylol, 0310. Other metallic compounds may have one or more propylenedioxy, isopropoxy, isopropylol, isopropylene ring Systems attached directly or indirectly to a metal, with dioxy, butoxy, butylenedioxy, butylol, iso-butoxy, iSo-buty or without an attached non-ring radical to the metal. lol, isobutylenedioxy, isobutyryl, Sec-butoxy, Sec-butylol, Sec-butylenedioxy, tert-butoxy, tert-butylol, tert-butylene 0311 One or more cyclic rings maybe attached, fused or dioxy, butyryl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, pentoxy, pentylol, indirectly attached together or linked together via one or pentalenedioxy, amylol, amylenedioxy, phenoxy, phenylol, more radicals, one or more atoms, including but not limited phenylenedioxy, phenyl-methoxy, diphenylmethoxy, ben to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Silicon, boron, Zoyl, benzyloxy, benzoxy, iso-benzoyl, napthoxy, napthylol, Sulfur, or a metal. hexylol, hexamethylol, amylenedioxy, hexadecanoyl, hep tanedioyl, heXylenedioxy, carbomethoxy, carbethoxy, car 0312 One or more metals may be attached to each other, bobenzoxy, carbpropoxy, carbisopropoxy, carbutoxy, phena for example hexamethyldisilane, which is a preferred metjil cyl, phenacylidene, propionyl radicals, methylenedioxyl, lic. Indirect attachment herein includes attachment via one carbonyldioxy, etc., including derivatives, homologes, ana or more radicals, and/or one or more atoms, including but loges, and isomers thereof. Additional non-limiting oxygen not limited, to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Sili containing radicals include acetyl, acetamido, acetoacetyl, con, boron, Sulfur, or another metal. acetonyl, acetonylidene, acrylyl, alanyl, B-alanyl, allopha 0313 AS contemplated herein said carbon, nitrogen, oxy noyl, anisyl, benzamido, butryl, carbonyl, carboxyl, carba gen, phoSophorus, Silicon, boron, Sulfur, or other metal Zoyl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, carbamide, carbamoyl, car atom, may be attached to itself or to another herein, one or bamyl, carbazoyl, chromyl, cinnamoyl, crotoxyl, cyanato, more times, with each atom optionally having one or more decanoly, disiloxanoxy, epoxy, formamido, formyl, furyl, hydrogen and/or radical(s). Said attachment may be inde furfuryl, furfurylidene, glutaryl, glycinamido, glycolyl, gly pendent of attachment to any other, radical or metal, or may cyl, glyocylyl, heptadecanoyl, heptanolyl, hydroperoxy, include an attachment to another radical or metal. hydroxamino, hydroxylamido, hydrazido/hydrazide, hydroxy, iodoSo, isoccyanato, isonitroSo, keto, lactyl, meth 0314. Likewise one or more cyclic rings may be attached acrylyl, malonyl, nitroamino, nitro, nitrosamino, nitro directly to the metal, or indirectly via one or more non-ring Simino, nitroSyl/nitroSO/nitrilo, OXamido, peroxy, phosphi radicals, and/or via one or more intermediate atoms, includ nyl, phosphide/phosphido, phosphite/phosphito, phospho, ing but not ilimitied to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSopho phosphono, phosphoryl, Seleninyl, Selenonyl, Siloxy, Succi rus, Silicon, boron, Sulfur, or another metal. namyl, Sulfamino, Sulfamyl, Sulfeno, thiocarboxy, toluyl, 0315 Thus, one or more metals may be attached at one, ureido, Valeryl radicals, etc., including derivatives, homo or up to every location possible on the ring System, directly loges, analoges, and isomers thereof. and/or indirectly. Likewise, one or more ring Systems may 0308 Additional non-limiting examples of other radicals, be attached at one, or up to every metal location possible, include: acetimido, amidino, amido, amino, aniline, anilino, directly and/or indirectly. arsino, azido, azino, azo, azoxy, benzylidine, benzldyne, biphenylyl, butylene, iso-butylene, Sec-butylene, tert-buty 0316 A non-ring radical may be independently attached lene, cyano, cyanamido, diazo, diaZoamino, ethylene, disi directly or indirectly to the metal, absent its attachment of a lanyl, glycidyl, guanidino, guanyl, heptanamido, hydrazino, ring System. In the practice of this invention the attachment hydrazo, hypophosphite (hypophosphito), imido, isobutyl of one or more non-ring radical(s) to a metal, absent a ring idene, isopropylidene, Sillyl, Sillylene, methylene, mercapto, System is expressly contemplated. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 27

0317 Contemplated oxygenated metallic compounds 0324 Alkali/alkali earth metal carbonates (including include metallic alkanols, ethers, ketones, hydroxides, alky organic alkyl aryl carbonates), alkali/alkali earth formates, loxy, including methoxy, dimethoxy, trimethoxy, ethoxy, alkali/alkali earth etherates, alkali/alkali earth alkalates, diethoxy, triethoxy, oxalate, carbonate, dicarbonate, tricar alkali/alkali earth esters, multi-metal alkyl/alkyl earth car bonate, and Similar structured compounds, including mix bonates, or carbonates including those with a hydrogen (e.g. ture thereof. For example trimethoxymethylsilane (as set L1 HCO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, MnO03, MgCO3, CaCO3, forth below) is desireable. Metallic carbonates, including CaMg(CO3)2, etc.), alkali metal carbonates, and other dimetallic carbonates, dimetallic dicarbonates, and the like, metal carbonates (e.g. AgCO3, T12CO3, etc.), including are also contemplated. It is contemplated these oxygenated organic derivatives are contemplated. Contemplated Salts metallic or organo-metallic compounds may be employed also include acid Salts containing replaceable hydrogen. absent a dialkyl carbonate or other oxygenated ECS Struc Double oxides and hydroxides are also contemplated. ture. 0325 Transition metals and their known cyclomatic com 0318. Likewise one or more non-ring radicals may be pounds, including carfoonyl compounds are expressly con independently attached directly or indirectly to the ring templated. See Fundamental transition Metal Organometal System, absent attachment of a metal. An independent lic Chemistry, Lukehart, Monteray, Calif., Brooks/Cole attachment of a metal may be via intermediate radical, one (1985), Transition Metal Compounds, King, New York, or more intermediate atoms, including but not limited to Academic Press (1965), Transition-Metal Organometallic carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Silicon, boron, Sul Chemistry, King, New York, Academic Press (1969), Fun fur, or another metal. damental Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry, luke 03.19. A cyclic ring/radical/side chain may be indirectly hart, Monterey, Calif., Brooks/Cole (1985), incorporated attached to the metal through one of more atom, including herein by reference. A preferred cyclomatic transition metal but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, lic is MMT. Silicon, boron, Sulfur, or a metal. Indirect attachment via 0326 Contemplated herein are non-transition-metal oxygen is contemplated but leSS desireable. compounds known in the art. See Nontransitiori-Metal 0320 Cyclic rings may be attached to one or more Compounds, Eisch, New York, Academic Press (1981), non-ring radicals, atoms and/or ring Systems prior to a direct incorporated by reference. Non-transition metal compounds or indirect attachment of the metal. For example, 2-(cyclo that accomplish primary object of vapor phase combustion hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane contains a ethyl radical are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated attached to the cyclohexenyl ring, which is then attached to herein by reference. Silicon. This is a preferred metallic Structure. 0327 Likewise known metallocenes are contemplated. 0321) Thus, cyclomatic compounds may contain one or Non-limiting examples include alkylmetallocenes, arylmet more ring Systems, optionally with one or more non-ring allocenes, including dicyclopentadienyl-metal with the gen radicals attached thereto. Said ring(s) then may be attached eral formula (C5H5)2M, dicyclopentadienyl-metal halides directly or indirectly to a metal, with Said metal in turn with the general formula (C5H5)2MX1-3, monocyclopen optionally attached directly or indirectly to a radical, with tadienyl-metal compounds with the general formula Said radical being optionally a non-ring radical Selected from C5H5MR1-3, where R is CO, NO, halide group, alkyl one or more hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, group, etc. Non-limiting examples include napthacenes, alkanol, alkanolamine, alkyloxy, OXy or oxygen containing metallocene, ferrocene, methylferrocene, cobaltocene, nick radical. Non-limiting examples include methylcyclopenta elocene, titanocene dichloride, Zirconocene dichloride, ura dienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltri nocene, decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene, deca ethoxysilane, and cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane. methylgermaniumocene, decamethylstannocene, decamethylphosocene, decamethyloSmocene, decamethyl 0322 Another class of desireable metallics include metal ruthenocene, decamethylzirconocene, Silicocene, decameth hydrides or metallic hydryls. Examples of metallic hydryls ylsilicocene, etc., are also contemplated. Metallocenes that include Sodium hydride, lithium hydride, aluminum hydride, accomplish primary object of vapor phase combustion are aluminum borohydride, boron hydride, boron anhydride, contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium alumi by reference. See also Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dic num hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, tionary 12th ed, Lewis, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, transition-metal hydrides, transition-metal carbonyl New York (1993), also incorporated by reference. hydrides, transition-metal cyclopentadienyl hydrides, and mixture. Those hydrides known in the art and those dis 0328 Carbonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. closed in Metal Hydrides, Bambakidis, New York, Plenum A limited number of examples include decacarbonyl diman Press (1981), Boron Hydride Chemistry, Muetterties, New ganese, (acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium. See for York, Academic Press (1975), which accomplish primary example Carbonylation. Direct Synthesis of Carbonyl Com Vapor phase combustion object of this invention, are con pounds, H. M. Colquhoun, Plenum Press (1991), incorpo templated in the claims below and incorporated herein by rated herein by reference. reference. 0329. As noted above, non-limiting non-leaded simple 0323 Organometallic nitrosyls are also desireable. See binary/ternary metallic compounds, including binary/ternary for example Metal Nitrosyls, Richter-Addo, Oxford Univer and higher metallic Salts, acid Salts, including those with sity Press, U.K. (1992), incorporated by reference. Flam replaceable hydrogen, etc. are contemplated. Hydroxy mable metal napthenates or metals derivatives of napthenic acids, perchlorates, Sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, hydrox acid are desireable, including potassium naphthenate. ides, methylates, ethylates, propylates, and others, are also US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 28 contemplated. Non-limiting examples include potassium' may be Substituted for Single bond oxygen, or nitrogen, nitrite, Sodium nitrite, lithium nitrite, and hexamethylphos and/or by one or more radicals, including methyl, hydrogen, phoric triamide. hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, car bonyldioxy, carboxyl, methyoxy, isonitro, isonitroSo, or 0330. It is also within the scope and practice of this methylenedioxyl radical. Non-limiting examples include invention to employ oxygenated containing ECS metallic carbonates of lithium Li2O2(CO), ammonium manganese, compounds, including oxygenated organo metallic com potassium K2O2(CO), Sodium, calcium, cesium, copper, pounds, which are metallic alcohols, alkanolamines, rubidium, lithium hydrogen, Sodium hydrogen, potassium ketones, esters, ethers, carbonates, and the like, which are hydrogen, potassium Sodium, magnesium, and the like. themselves ECS compounds, in hydrocarbon fuels with or absent additional dialkyl carbonate.or other ECS structure. 0334. It is contemplated that C2 to C8 metallic ethers, C2 Those metallicS are incorporated herein by reference. Addi to C4/C5/C6 metallic ethers being more desireable, will be tionally, this invention contemplates one or more similar used as metallic structure in this invention. For example, organo oxygen containing metallics, including mixture, with M1-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-M2 structure is contemplated or without an ECS compound, to act as neat "Stand alone” wherein M1 and M2 may be same or different metallic or fuel. Thus, it is an express embodiment to use metallic wherein one M1 or M2 may be hydrogen, or other atom, or compounds alone, as Singular means of enhancing fuel radical with one available Valence. combustion. However, it is preferred the metallic be added to the ECS oxygenate, preferably MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or 0335) Other contemplated structure include metallic Ethanol, optionally a co-fuel, an oxidizer, catalyst, and/or a ketones, esters (esters of boric acid), alcohols, acids, and the hydrocarbon. The contemplated oxidizers of this invention like. Non-limiting examples include M1-C-OH3-R, wherein are set forth in the aforementioned PCT applications. Oxi M1 is one or more metallic comprising Valence of 3 or dizers, including those employed in rocket propulsion, greater, and R is radical, whereby resulting Structure is ketone, ester, acid, alcohol, or ether. Other structure include which are known in the art are incorporated by reference. M1-C2O4, wherein M1 has a valence of 2. M1-C-C-O-C- 0331. It is also within the practice of this invention to C-M2 structure is also contemplated wherein M1 and M2 employ a metallic compound, including homologue, ana may be same or different metallic or wherein M2 may be logue, isomer, or derivative thereof, having a structure or hydrogen or atom of one Valence. Other Structure includes structure similar to M-R", R"-M-M-R", R"-M-O-M-R", R"- RO-M, where RO is an alkanol and M is a metal. Similar N1-Q -M-R", R"-M-R-M-R", wherein M is one or more structure is contemplated for M have available valence non-leaded metal(s), metalloid(s), or non-metal element(s), greater than 1. and R is one or more hydrogen, cyclic ring System/radical/ Side chain(s), and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as pro 0336 AS in the case of ECS oxygenates, the carbon Vided herein above, including but not limited to alkyl, aryl, chains of organo-ECS metallics are preferably shorter than alkyloxy, alkylanol (alkanol), hydroxyl, aryloxy, polyalkyl, longer. For example/, a 5 carbon atom Straight chain, which polyaryl, polyalkyloxy, polyalkylanol, polyaryloxy, polyhy is immediately antecedent to a metal atom, is leSS preferred droxyl radicals. R is one or more cyclic ring System/radical/ than a 4 carbon Straight carbon atom chain. A three carbon Side chain(s), and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as pro chain is more preferred over a 4 carbon atom chain, arid a Vided herein. If R is greater than 1, then Subsequent R's may two more preferred than a 3. Generally the longer the chain, be same or different radical, etc. R also be a Single radical the less desireable. An exception would be where the chain or one radical attached to one or more radicals, “n” is an length and character positively increases burning Velocity. interger ranging from 1 to the number of Valence electrons 0337. Where there is an intermediate oxygen or nitrogen (or common oxidation States) available of M. Q is an atom atom between the carbon chain and the metal atom, particu having a minimum oxidation available of 2, including but larly if the oxygen or nitrogen atom is attached to the metal, not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Sili a chain of two carbon atoms is generally preferred over a con, boron, Sulfur, or a differing metal than M. Q' is an atom Single carbon atom. In Such cases an ethyl radical is gener with a minimum available oxidation State of 2, including but ally preferred over propyl, which is preferred over butyl not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phoSophorus, Sili radicals. Branch chains are preferred over Straight chains con, boron, Sulfur, or a differing metal than M, also con with the same number of carbon atoms. taining one or more radicals. 0338 Chains greater than 10 carbon atoms long are less 0332. Additional oxygenated-organo or oxygenated desireable and not normally contemplated. Thus, the oil metallic structure includes M1-O(CO)O-M2, wherein M1 or Soluble metal Soap of aluminum Stearate, which has three M2 are the same or different metal or element. M1 may be Separate 17 carbon chains each connected to the aluminum a double valence cation, wherein M2 is absent from above atom through an intermediate oxygen atom CHS (CH2) Structure, unless additional carbonate is included. Preferred isCOO SAL, is not an effective ECS metallic and is M valences are 1 or 2. M valences or multiple M1M2 excluded. Poorly combustible long chain metal Soaps are combinations having combined Valence greater than two are excluded from the ECS metallics contemplated herein. Also acceptable. In which case, additional carbonate Structure excluded is cetyl pyrdrium chloride. would be added, e.g. CaMg(CO3)2. 0339) Non limiting examples of lithium derivative com 0333. In the immediate structure above, M1/M2 pounds of this invention, include: lithium bis (dimethylsilyl Valence's may be greater than one, wherein exceSS Valence )amide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, oxamic acid, is occupied by same or additional metal (element), and/or P-aminosalicylic acid lithium salt, lithium salt 5-nitroorotic wherein M1 or M2 are substituted for a single or double acid, lithium D-gluconate, lithium hexacyanoferrate(ill) bond oxygen, and/or by one or more radicals. M1 or M2 also (Li3Fe(CN)6), lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium acetate, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 29 lithium acetate acid, lithium Salt acetic acid, lithium aceta lithium p-phenylphenyl, lithium 9-phenylanthryl, lithium mide, lithium anilide, lithium azide, lithium benzamide, 9-anthryl, lithium 9-methyl-phenanthryl, lithium pyridyl, lithium antimonide, lithium orthoarsenate, lithium orthoars lithium 2-pyridyl, lithium 3-pyridyl, lithium 6-bromo-2- enite, lithium meta-arsenite, lithium diborane, lithium pen pyridyl, lithium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl, lithium dibenzofuryl, taborate, lithium dihydroxy diborane, lithium borohydride, lithium 3-quinoyl, lithium 2-lepidyl, lithium triphenylm lithium cadium iodide, lithium chloride, lithium calcium ethyl, lithium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, lithium 2,4,6-triisopro chloride, lithium carbide, lithium carbonate, lithium hydro pylphenyl, lithium 2,3,5,6-tetraiSopropylphenyl, lithium tet gen carbonate, lithium carbonate, alkyl lithium carbonates, rabutylphenyl, thiophenedilithium, toluenedilithium, lithium methyl carbonate, lithium ethyl carbonate, lithium dipheny-lethylenedilithium, lithiumamylethynyl, lithi carbonyl, lithium cobalt (II) cyanide, lithium cobalt (III) umphenyl-ethynyl, lithium methoxybromophenyl, lithium cyanide, lithium cobaltinitrite, lithium cynomanganate (II), phenylisopropyl, lithium tetraphenylboron, lithium tetram lithium cynomanganate (III), lithium citrate, lithium ferri ethylboron, lithium a-thienyl, lithium m-trifluoromethylphe cyanide, lithium ferrocyanide, lithium formate, lithium nyl, phenylethynyllithium, 3-furyllithium, phenylisopropy hydride, lithium hydroxide, lithium manganate, lithium per lithium, dibenzofuranyllithium, lithium dimethylbenzyl, manganate, lithium methionate, lithium napthenate, lithium lithium Selenocyanate, lithium trimethyl-Silanolate, diphe nitride, lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium nitrobenzene nylphosphide, lithium benzoate, lithium tert-butyl carbon (e.g. lithium-p-nitrobenzene), lithium nitrophenoxide/ ate, lithium azide, di-lithiumcyanamide, lithium cyanide, lithium etherate, lithium chromate/lithium oleate, lithium lithium dicyanamide, cyclohexanebutyric acid lithium Salt, oxalate, lithium oxalatoferrate (II), lithium oxalatof errate cyclohexane acid lithium Salt, cyclopentadientyllithium, (III), lithium monoxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium triethyl lithium mono-Orthophosphate, lithium hypophosphite, borohydride, lithium trimethyl-borohydride, lithium tripro lithium orthophosphite, lithium hydroxoplumbate, lithium pyl-borohydride, lithium triisopropylborohydride, lithium rhodium cyanide, lithium Selenide, lithium Selenite, lithium tributylborohydride, lithium triisobutylborohydride, lithium Selenocynate, lithium Selenocyanoplatinate, lithium disili tri-sec-butylborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butylborohydride, cate, lithium metasilicate, lithium Sodium carbonate, lithium lithium trisiamylborohydride, lithium chlorate, lithium tert Sodium ferricyanide, lithium hydroxoStannate, lithium disu butoxide, lithium Sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, lithium anti fide, lithium hydrosulfide, lithium pentasulfide, lithium tet monate, lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium bis(trismethyl rasulfide, lithium trisulfide, lithium telluride, lithium thio silyl)amide, trilithium phosphite, lithium Selenocyanate, arsenate, lithium thioarsenite, lithium trithiocarbonate, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride, lithium triethylsilanolate, lithium thiocyariate, lithium amide, lithium Salt (E.E)-2,4- lithiumthiocyanate, lithium acetylide, lithium chlorate, hexadienoic acid, dilithium fluorophosphate, dilithium fluo lithium salicylate, lithium di-lithium tetracarbonylferrate, rophosphite, trilithium phosphate, trilithium phosphite, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium triethylborohydride, lithium perchlorate, propanoic acid lithium Salt, lithium lithium triacetoxy-borohydride, lithium triphenylborane, formate, lithium cyanate, lithium hexacyanocobaltate (III), lithium hydroxide, lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium lithium hypophosphite, lithium hexaflurorsilicate, lithium methoxide, lithium ethoxide, lithium tri-sec-butylborohy nitroprusside, lithium phenoxide, lithium phosphate (dibas, dride, tri-tert-butylborohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, ic, monobasic, tribasic), lithium Salicylate, lithium Selenide, lithium triphenylborohydride, lithium trisiamylborohydride, lithium tetracyanonickelate (II), lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium metavanadate, lithium cyclohexanebutyrate, lithium lithium Xanthogenate, lithium-p-aminobenzoate, lithium hexachloroplatinate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium Selenocy copper ferrocynanide, lithium cupric ferrocyanide, lithium anate, lithium cyanate, lithium floride, lithium hexafluoro hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexanitricobaltate III, lithium antimonate, lithium hexafluoroaluminate, lithiumaluminate, naphthenate, lithium-B-naphthoxide, lithium polysulfide, lithiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxide, lithium hexafluoroarsen lithium-Sodium phosphate, lithium Stearate, lithium Sulfide, ate, lithium hexafluorosilicate, lithium hexacyanocobalt(II lithium sulfite, lithium sulfate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium )ferrate(II), lithium ferrosilicon, dilithium hexacyanocobalt Xanthate, lithium fluorosilicate, N-lithiumethylenediamine, (II) ferrate (II), lithium hexafluorotitanate, lithium hexafluo Oxalic acid dilithium Salt, lithium beta-hydropyruvic acid, rozirconate/lithium hexahydroxyantimonate, lithium lithium.1,1-dimethylurea, lithium 1,1-diethylurea, lithium hexachlororuthenate, lithium hexachlbropalladate, lithium 1,1-diepropylurea, lithium Xanthate, lithium ethylxanthate, formate, lithium tetracyahbnickelate, lithium tetrafluoroalu lithium methylxanthate, lithium salt thiophenol, lithium minate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium thioacetate, triphenyltnethyllithium, methyllithium, ethyllithium, lithi L-glutamic acid monolithium Salt, fumaric acid lithium Salt, umethynyl(acetylide), propyllithium, isopropyllithium, oxamic acid lithium Salt, lithium Salt diphenyl-phospane, butyllithium, isobutyllithium, secbutyllithium, tertbutyl P-aminobenzoic lithium salt, aminobenzole acid lithium lithium, pentalithium, hexyllithium, heptalithium, amyl Salt, alpha-napthaleneacetic acid lithium Salt, dilithium Salt lithium, isoamyllithium, benzyllithium, dimethylbenzyl 2, 6-naphthalenedicarbox lic acid, lithium cyclcohexaneth lithium, tolyllithium, dodecyllithium, erate, lithium phthalimide, P-aminoSalicylic acid lithium eyelopentadienyllithium, methylcyclopentadienyllithium, salt, lithium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebu cyclohexyllithium, lithium heptyl, lithiumdodecyl, lithium tyric acid lithium Salt,indole-3-butyric acid lithium Salt, tetradecyl, lithium hexadecyl, lithium octadecyl, phenyl diphenylphosphide, lithium dimethyl-Silanolate, lithium, tri lithium, lithium o-tolyl, lithium m-tolyl, lithium p-tolyl, ethylborohydride, lithium propoxide, lithium isopropoxide, lithium-p-chlorophenyl, lithium p-bromophenyl, lithium lithium butoxide, lithium Sec-butoxide, lithium pentoxide, o-anisyl, lithium m-anisyl, lithium p-anisyl, lithium diethoX lithium tert-pentoxide, lithium hydrogenphthalate, lithium yphenyl, lithium dimethoxyphenol, lithium m-cumyl, oxalate, lithium hydrogensulfate, monolithium acetylenedi lithium p-ethoxyphenyl, lithium m-dimethylaminophenyl, carboxylic acid, lithium pyrophosphate, lithium dihydrogen lithium 9-flourene, lithium a-napthyl, lithium b-napthyl, phosphate, lithium hexoate (lithium salt hexoic acid), US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 30 lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium trimethylsilonalate, nylboronic acid. 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxborinane, pyrrolybo lithium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid lithium Salt, CS (e.g. 1-pyrrolyborane, 2-pyrrolyborane), monolithium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldilithium (C6H5) tetrabutylammonium borohydride, tetramethylammonium 2CLi2C (C6H5)2, lithiumethylphenyl (LiCH2C6H5), borohydride, tetraiSoproply ammonium borohydride, tetra lithium bromate, lithium hydrogenphospate, monlithium Salt propylammonium borohydride, tetraethylammonium boro D-shaccharic acid, Dl-asparatic lithium salt, (R)-alpha-hy hydride, tetraisobutylammonium borohydride, tetra-tert-bu roxymethylaspartic acid lithium Salt, lithium fluoride, tylammonium borohydride, tetra-Sec-butylammonium lithium iodate, lithium Salt ethyl malonate, lithium thioac borohydride, tetrabutylammonium cyanoborohydride, tet etate, lithium phenol, lithium Salt aminobenzoic acid, ramethylammonium cyanoborohydride, tetraiSoproplyam lithium aminophenol Salt, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium monium cyanoborohydride, tetrapropylammonium methylcyclohexenol, lithium cyclopropanol, lithium meth cyanoborohydride, tetraethylammonium cyanoborohydride, ylcyclopropanol, lithium cyclobutanol, lithium methylcy tetraisobutylammonium cyanoborohydride, tetra-tert-buty clobutanol, lithium methylcyclopentanol, lithium cyclopen lammonium cyanoborohydride, tetra-Sec-butylammonium tanol, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium methylcyclohexenol, cyanoborohydride, tetramethylammonium tri-acetoxyboro lithium dimethyl-cyclohexenols (e.g. lithium 3,5-dimethyl hydride, thiopheneboric acid, 2-thiopheneboric acid, cyclo-hexanol, lithium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 3-thiopheneboric acid, tolylboronic acid (e.g. o-tolylboronic 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 2,5-dimethyleyelohex acid, p-tolylboronic acid, m-tolylboronic acid), tributoxybo anol, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), lithium o-ethylxanthic rane, tributylborane, tri-sec-butylborane, tri-tert-butylbo acid, monolithium Salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, dilithium Salt, rane, tributylborate, tri-tert-butylborate, trimethoxyboroX ketomalonic acid, lithium Salt lactic acid, dilithium thiosul ine, trimethylamineboran, trimethylborate, fate, lithium antimony tartrate, lithium di-chloroacetate, trimethylboroxine, trimethylborazine, trimethylene borate, lithium dimethylacetate, lithium diethylacetate, lithium triphenylborate, triphenylborane, tribenzyl borate, borate, dipropylacetate, lithium metaborate, lithium tetraborate, trisiamylborane, tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate, boron hydride, lithium tetrachlorocuprate, lithium acetoacetate, lithium lithium borohydride, Sodium borohydride, boron hydrate, diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dimethyla boron hydride, boron anhydride, triethylboron (C2H5)3, mide, lithium bis(dimethyl-silyl)amide, dilithium, phthalo decaborane, borazoles, aluminimum borohydride, beryllium cyanine, dilithiumtetra-bromocuprate, dilithium tetrabro borohydride, lithium borohydride, hexamethyldiaminebo monickelate, dilithiumtetra-chloromanganate, rane (CH3)3NBH(CH3)3), (CH3)2BI, berylliumborohy dilithiumbutadiyne, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium-di dride (Be(BH4)2), trimethoxytriborate (BO)3(OCH3)3, cyclohexylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dimethyla C4H9B(OH)2, Al(BH4)2, Be(BH4)2, LiBH4, B(OC2H5)3, mide, lithium dipropylamide, lithium diisopropylamide, B(OCH3)3, trimethoxytriborane, 3-bromophenylboronic lithium thexylborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyalumino acid, trimethoxy borate, triethoxy borate, triproxyborate, hydride, lithium trimethyl-silyl)acetylitie, lithium triethylsi tributoxyborate, triisobutoxyborate, tri-tert-butoxyborate, lyl)-acetylide, lithium tris t(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxylalumino tri-Sec-butoxyborate, tri-phenoxyborate, tri-phenoxyboro hydride, (phenylethynyl)lithium, 2-thienyllithium, lithium amine, tri-phenoxyborane, phenylboronic acid, benzylbo diethyldihydro-aluminate, lithium dimethyldihydroalumi ronic acid, cylohexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic acid, nate, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium bifluoride, lithium cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid, meth biphenyl, lithium bis-elenite, lithium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)- ylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopentylboronic acid, aluminum hydride, lithium bismuthate, lithium borate, methylbenzylboronic acid, dimethylphenylboronic acid, lithium chlorite, lithium cobaltnitrite, lithium cyanoborohy dimethylcylohexylboronic acid, dimethylcyclopentylbo dride, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium dicyanamide, ronic acid, dimethylbenzylboronic acid, diphenylboronic lithium hexametaphosphate, lithium heXanitro-colbaltate, acid, dibenzylboronic acid, dicylohexylboronic acid, dicy lithium hydrogenphosphite, lithium hydrogenselenite, lohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentylboronic acid, methyl lithium hydrogensulfite, lithium hydrosulfite, lithium diphenylboronic acid, bis-(methyl)cylohexylboronic acid, hypochloride, lithium metaarsenite, lithium metabisulfide, bis(methyl)cyclopentylboronic acid, bis(methyl)benzyl lithium metaperiodate, lithium methacrylate, lithium nitrb boronic acid, bis(dimethyl)phenyl-boronic acid, bis(dim ferricyanide, oxybate, lithium pentamethylcyclo-pentadien ethyl)cylohexylboronic acid, bis(dimethyl) cyclopentyl) ide, lithium phenolate, polyphosphate, lithium polypho boronic acid, bis (dimethyl)benzylboronic acid, Sphite, lithium propionate, lithium pyrophosphate, lithium phenylboroncarbonyl, benzylboroncarbonyl, cylohexylbo Selenate, lithium Selenite, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, roncarbonyl, cylohexenylboroncarbonyl, cyclopentylboron lithium thiomethoxide, lithium thiosulfate, lithium thiosul carbonyl, methylphenylboroncarbonyl, methylcylohexylbo fide, lithium thiosulfite, lithium triactoxyborohydride, roncarbonyl, methylcyclopentylboroncarbonyl, lithium trimethylsilonate, lithium triethylsilonate, lithium methylbenzylboroncarbonyl, phenylboronic acid carbonyl, tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, including analogues, homo benzylboronic acid carbonyl, cylohexylboronic acid carbo logue, isomers and derivatives thereof. See Lithium Chem nyl, cylohexenylboronic acid carbonyl, cyclopentylboronic istry: A Theorical and Experimental Overview Sapse, acid carbonyl, methylphenyl-boronic acid carbonyl, meth Schleyer, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995), incorporated ylcylohexylboronic acid carbonyl, methylcyclopentylbo herein by reference. Non limiting examples of the boron ronic acid carbonyl, methylbenzylboroncarbonyl, dimeth derivative compounds, of this invention include: alkylboron ylphenylboroncarbonyl, dimethylcylohexylboroncarbonyl, compounds, aryl boron compounds, 1,3,2-benzodiox dimethyl-cyclopentyl-boroncarbonyl, dimethylbenzylbo aborole, diisopropoxymethylborane, ethylborane, diethylbo roncarbonyl, diphenylboroncarbonyl, dibenzylboroncarbo rane, diemthylborane, dicyclohexyl-borane, boric acid esters nyl, dicylohexylboron-carbonyl,dicylohexenylboroncarbo (e.g. borate ester, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicy nyl, dicyclopentylboroncarbonyl, clohexyl borate, didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates), phe methyldiphenylboroncarbonyl, di(methyl)cylohexyl)bo US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 roncarbonyl, di(methyl)cytlopentylboroncarbonyl, di(me methylborazine, dimethylborazine, trimethylborazine, eth thyl)benzylboroncarbonyl, di(dimethyl)phenylboroncar ylborazine, diethylborazine, triethylborazine, carbobora bonyl, di(dimethyl)cylohexylboroncarbonyl, Zine, dicarboborazine, tricarboborazine, triisopropoxy di(dimethyl)cyclopentylboroncarbonyl, di(dimethyl)ben boroXine, tripropoxyboroXine, trimenthylborate, trimenthyl Zylboroncarbonyl, phenylboromethoxide (phenyl borine, trimenthyl borane, trimethallyl borate, trimethallyl borodimethoxide C6H5B (OCH3)2), benzylboromethoxide, borine, tripentyl borate, tripentyl borine, tripentyl borane, cylohexylboromethoxide, cylohexenylboromethoxide, trimethylborate, trimethylborine, triethylborine, triethylbo cyclopentylboro-methoxide, methylphenylboromethoxide, rane, triethylborate, tripropylborane, tripropylborine, tripro methylcylohexylboro-methoxide, methyl-cyclopentyl pylborate (tripropoxyborane), triisopropylborane, triisopro boromethoxide, methylbenzyl-boromethoxide, methylphe pylborate, triisopropylborine, tri-iso-butylborane, tri-iso nylboromethoxide, dimethylphenylboromethoxide, methyl butylborate, tri-Sec-borane, tri-Sec-borate, tri-Sec-borine, cylohexylboromethoxide, dimethylcylohexyl tributylborate, tributyl borine, tributylborane, tri-tert-butyl boromethoxide, methylcyclopentylboromethoxide, borate, tri-tert-butyl borine, tri-tert-butyl borane, triphenyl dimethylcyclopentylboromethoxide, methylbenzyl borate, triphenylborane, tricyclohexylborate, tricyclohexy boromethoxide, dimethylbenzylboromethoxide, diphenyl Iborane, dimethyl boric acid, diethylboric acid, dipropylbo boromethoxide, dibenzylboromethoxide, dicylohexyl ric acid, diisopropylboric acid, di-iso-butylboric acid, di boromethoxide, dicylohexenylboromethoxide, Sec-boric acid, dibutylboratic acid, di-tert-butylboric acid, dicyclopentylboromethoxide, di(methylphenyl diphenylboric acid, dicyclohexylboric acid, boron tribro )boromethoxide, di(methylcylohexyl)boromethoxide, di(m- mide, Sodium tetrafluoroborane, Sodium trimethylborohy ethylcyclopentyl)boromethoxide, di(methylbenzyl dride, triethylborohydride, sodium tripropylborohydride, )boromethoxide, di(dimethyl-phenyl)boromethoxide, Sodium triisopropylborohydride, sodium tributylborohy di(dimethylcylohexyl)boromethoxide, di(dimethylcyclo dride, sodium triisobutylborohydride, sodium-tert-butyl pentyl)boromethoxide, di(dimethylbenzyl)boromethoxide, borohydride, sodium-sec-butylborohydride, sodiumphenyl phenylboroethoxide (phenylborodiethoxide borohydride, potassium tetrafluoroborane. potassium C6H5B(OCH3)2), benzylboroethoxide, cylohexylboroet trimethylborohydride, triethylborohydride, potassium hoxide, cylohexenylboroethoxide, cyclopentyl-boroethoX tripropylborohydride, potassium triisopro-pylborohydride, ide, methylphenylboroethoxide, methylcylohexylboro potassium tributylbprohydride, potassium triisobutylboro ethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide, methylbenzyl hydride, potassium-tert-butylborohydride, potassium-sec boroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide, dimethylphenyl butylborohydride, potassium phenylborohydride, butylbo boroethoxide, methylcylohexylboroethoxide, ronic acid, Sodiumborohydride, methyldichloroborane, ethyl dimethylcylohexylboroethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroet dichloroborane, propyldichloroborane, isopropyldichlo hoxide, dimethylcyclopentyl-boroethoxide, methylbenzyl roborane, butylddchloroborane, isobutyldichloroborane, ter boroethoxide, dimethylbenzyl-boroethoxide, diphenylboro thutyldichloroborane, secbutyldichloroborane, phenyldi ethoxide, dibenzylboroethoxide, dicylohexylboroethoxide, chloroborane, methylboric acid, ethylboric acid, dicylohexenylboroethoxide, dicyclopentylboroethoxide, trichloroborazine, borane-tetrahydrofuran, tetrafluoroboric di(methylphenyl)boroethoxide, di(methylcylohexyl)boroet acid, boron trichloride, tre-Sec-butylborane, boran-trimethy hoxide, di(methyl-cyclopentyl)boroethoxide, di(methylben lamine, borane-triethylamine, borane-N,N-diethylaniline, Zyl)boroethoxide, di(dimethylphenyl)boroethoxide, di(dim boran-pyridine, borane-tert-butylamine, borane-morpholine, ethyl-cylohexyl)boroethoxide, borane-dimethylamine, borane-diethylamine, trisiamylbo di(dimethylcyclopentyl)boroethoxide, di(dimethylbenzyl rane, trisiamylborate, disiamyl-borane, disiamylborate, tri )boroethoxide, phenylboric acid, benzylboric acid, cylo mesitylborane, Sodium metaborate, lithium metaborate, hexylboric acid, cylohexenylboric acid, cyclopentylboric potassium metaborate, Sodium metaborane, borane-tribu acid, methylphenylboric acid, methylcylohexylboric acid, tylphosphine, lanthanum hexaboride, boran-triphenylphos methylcyclopentylboric acid, methylbenzylboric acid, dim phine, boran-tributylphosphine, cyclopentadienylboran, ethylphenylboric acid, dimethyl-cylohexylboric acid, dim methylcyclopentadienylboran, boran-N,N-diisopropylboro ethylcyclopentylboric acid, dimethylbenzylboric acid, hydride, N,N-bis(mono-isoipinocampheylborane)-N,N, dibenzylboric acid, dicylohexylboric acid, dicylohexenylbo N.N.-tetramethylethylenediamine, boron nitride, 4-(borane ric acid, dicyclopentylboric acid, methyldiphenylboric acid, dimethylamine) benzene, 4-(borane-dimethylamine)pyridyl, bis(methylcylohexyl)boric acid, bismethylcyclopentyl)bo 3-(methylthio)proplyborane, tris(dimethylamino)borane, ric acid, bis methylbenzyl)boric acid, bis dimethylphenyl butyldiisopropoxyborane, triphenyl borane Sodium, Sodi boric acid, bisdimethylcylohexyl)boric acid, bisdimethyl umtetraphenylborane, Sodiumtetraphenylborane, Sodium cyclopentyl)boric acid, bisdimethylbenzylboric acid, tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borane, Sodium tetrakis(1-imida aminophenylboronic acid, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, Zolyl)borate, diisopropoxyphenylborate, diisopropoxymeth diborane, tetramethoxydiborane, tetraethoxydiborane, boric ylborate, diisopropoxyethylborate, boron-ammonia, boron acid, borazine, borocarbonate, borane-tert-butylamine, tet trifluoride, diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane, dimethyl(3- raethylammonium borohydride, tetraethylammonium tet pyridyl)borane, lithium thexylborohydride, rafluoroborate, tetrapropylammonium tetrafluoroborate, dichloromethyldiisopropylborate, diethyl-methoxyborane, naphthylboronic acids (e.g. 1-naphthylboronic acid, 2-naph dipropylmethoxyborane, diisopropylmethoxyborane, dieth thylboronic acid, 3-naphthylboronic acid, 4-naphthylbo ylethoxyborane, dipropylethoxyborane, diisopropylethoX ronic acid), methylnaphthlboronic acid, biphenylboronic yborane, boran-piperidine, diphenylborinic anhydride, tris acid, carborane, cyclohexylamine diborane, methylben (tri-methylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)borane, Zeneboric acid, dimethylbenzeneboric acids (e.g. 3,5-dim trimethylacetic acid with diethylboinic acid, (2-methylpro ethylbenzeneboric acid), hexadecaneboronic acid, tetread pyl)borinic acid, boroglycine, boron alchols, boron ether ecaneboronic acide, phenylethylboroamine, ates, boron acetates (e.g. propylborodiacetate, phenyl US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 32 borodiacetate, boron tris(trifluoro)acetate), Sodium tris(1- Sodium meta-atsenite, Sodium diborane, Sodium pentabo pyrazolyl)borohydride, Sodium perborate, tolylboronic acid, rate, Sodium dihydroxy diborane, Sodium borohydride, aluminum diboride, chlorodicyclohexylborane, methyldicy Sodium cadium iodide, Sodium chloride, Sodium calcium clohexylborane, ethyldicyclohexylborane, propyl-dicyclo chloride, Sodium carbide, Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydro hexylborane, isopropyldicyclohexylborane, dimethyl-cyclo gen carbonate, Sodium alkyl carbonates, Sodium aryl car hexylborane, diethylcyclohexylborane, dipropylcyclohexylborane, diisopropylcyclohexylborane, bonates, Sodium methyl carbonate, Sodium ethyl carbonate, lithium tetramethylboron, lithium tetraethylboron, lithium Sodium carbonyl, Sodium cobalt(II) cyanide, Sodium cobalt tetrapropylboron, lithium tetraiSopropylboron, tetrabutyl (III) cyanide, Sodium cobaltinitrite, Sodium cynomanganate boron, lithium tetraisobutylboron, lithium tetra-sec-butylbo (II), Sodium cynomanganate (III), Sodium citrate, Sodium ron, tetra-tert-butylboron, lithium tetraphenylboron, potas ferrosilicoh, Sodium ferricyanide, Sodium ferrocyanide, sium hydroxide with trimethylboron, potassium hydroxide Sodium nitroferricyanide)Sodium aminepentacyanide, with triethylboron, potassium hydroxide with tripropylbo Sodium formates, Sodium hydride, Sodium,hydroxide, ron, potassium hydroxide with tri-isopropylboron, tributyl Sodium manganate, Sodium permanganate, Sodium methion boron, potassium hydroxide with tri-isobutylbbron, potas ate, Sodium napthenate, Sodium nitride, Sodium nitrate, sium hydroxide with tri-sec-butylboron, tri-tert-butylboron, Sodium nitrite, Sodium nitrobenzene (e.g. Sodium-p-ni potassium hydroxide with triphenylboroh, vinylphenylbo trobenzene), Sodium nitrophenoxide, Sodium etherate, ronic acid, 4-Vinylphenylboronic acid, boron phosphide, Sodium chromate, Sodium oleate, Sodium oxalate, Sodium boron carbide, borinoaminoborine, boroethane, pentabo oxalatoferrate (II), Sodium oxalatoferrate (III), Sodium mon rane, hexaborane, decaborane, triselenideborane, hexasili oxide, Sodium oxide, Sodium peroxide, Sodium, Sodium cide borane, trisilicide borane, trichloroborine dimethyl mono-Orthophdsphate, Sodium hypophosphite, Sodium etherate, trichloroborine trimethilyammine, trimethylborine orthophosphite, Sodium hydroxoplumbate, Sodium rhodium trimethilyammine, trimethylborine triethlyammine, triethyl cyanide, Sodium Selenide, Sodium Selenite, Sodium Seleno borine trimethilyammine, tricyclohexylborine, tri-n-hexyltri cynate, Sodium Selenocyanoplatinate, Sodium disilicate, borine trioxane, trisoamylborate, trisoamylborine, tri-p- Sodium metasilicate, lithium Sodium carbonate, lithium aniSylborine, trimethoxyboroXine, tri-methylamminoborine, Sodium ferricyanide, Sodium hydroxoStannate, Sodium disu triethylamminoborine, tripropylamminoborine, triisopropy fide, Sodium hydroSulfide, Sodium pentasulfide, Sodium tet lamminoborine, triisobutylamminoborine, tributylammi rasulfide, Sodium trisulfide, Sodium telluride, Sodium thio noborine, tri-Sec-butylamminoborine, tri-tert-butylammi arsenate, Sodium thioarsenite, Sodium trithiocarbonate, noborine, triphenyl-amminoborine, tribenzylamminoborine, sodiumthiocyanate, sodiumamide, sodiumsalt (E.E)-2,4- trimethylamminoboric acid, triethylamminoboric acid, heX-adienoic acid, disodium fluorophosphate, disodium tripropylamminoboric acid, triisopropylamminoboric acid, fluorophosphite, triSodium phosphate, trisodium phosphite, triisobutylamminoboric acid, tributylamminoboric acid, tri Sodium perchlorate, propanoic acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Sec-butylamminoboric acid, tri-tert-butylamminoboric acid, formate, Sodium cyanate, Sodium hexacyanocobaltate (III), triphenylamminoboric acid, tribenzylamminoboric acid, tri Sodium hypophosphite, Sodium hexaflurorSilicate, Sodium methyldiborane, triethyldiborane, tripropyldiborane, trim nitroprusside, Sodium phenoxide, Sodium phosphate(diba ethylt-riborinetriamine (B), triethyltriborinetriamine (B), tri sic, monobasic, tribasic), Sodium Salicylate, Sodium methyltriborinetriamine (N), triethyltriborinetriamine (N), Selenide, Sodium tetracyanonickelate (II), Sodium tetrafluo trimethyltriborinetriamine (N-B-B'), triethyltriborinetri roborate, Sodium Xanthogenate, Sodium-p-aminobenzoate, amine (N-B-B), tri-B-naphthylborate, tri-a-naphthabo Sodium copper ferrocynanide, Sodium cupric ferrocyanide, rate, tripehnylborineammine, tri-p-tolyborine, tri-p-Xylxbo Sodium hexafluorophosphate, Sodium heXanitricobaltate III, rine, including analogues, homologues, isomers and Sodium naphthenate, Sodium -B-naphthoxide, Sodium derivatives thereof. Corresponding compounds of alumi polysulfide, lithium-Sodium phosphate, Sodium Stearate, num, gallium, indium, and thallium are contemplated. See Sodium Sulfide, Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Sulfate, Sodium thio cyanate, Sodium Xanthate, Sodium fluorosilicate, N-Sodium Organo Boron Chemistry, Volumes I & II (and Subsequent ethylenediamine, Oxalic acid disodium Salt, Sodium beta Volumes, editions, or Supplements), Howard Steinberg, hydropyruvic acid, Sodium 1,1-dimethylurea, Sodium 1,1- InterScience Publishers (1966), Boron-Nitrogen Com diethylurea, Sodium 1,1-diepropylurea, Sodium Xanthate, pounds, NiedenZu, Dawson, New york, Academic PreSS Sodium ethylxanthate, Sodium methylxanthate, Sodium Salt (1965), The Organic Compounds of Boron, Aluminum, Gal thiophenol, Sodium triphenylmethylsodium, methylsodium, lium, Indium, and Thallium, Nesmeianov, Nikolaevich, ethylsodium, Sodiumethynyl(acetylide), propylsodium, iso Amterdam, North-Holland Pub. Co. (1967), Peroxides, propylsodium, butylsodium, isobutylsodium, Secbutylso Superperoxides, and azomides of Alkali and Alkali Earth dium, tertbutylsodium, pentasodium, hexylsodium, heptaso Metals, Perekisi, N.Y., Plenum Press (19966), incorporated dium, amylsodium, iSoamylsodium, benzylsodium, herein by reference. dimethylbenzylsodium, tolylsodium, dodecylsodium, eyelo 0340. Non-limiting examples of sodium derivative com pentadienylsodium, methyleyelopentadienylsodium, cyclo pounds of this invention include: sodium bis(dimethylsily heXylsodium, Sodium heptyl, Sodiumdodecyl, Sodium tet l)amide, Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, pxamic acid, radecyl, Sodium hexadecyl, Sodium octadecyl, P-aminoSalicylic acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Salt 5-nitroorotic phenylsodium, Sodiumo-tolyl, Sodium m-tolyl, Sodium acid, Sodium D-gluconate, Sodium hexacyanoferrate(JII) p-tolyl, Sodium-p-chlorophenyl, Sodium p-bromophenyl, (Li3Fe(CN)6), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium acetate, Sodium o-anisyl, Sodium m-anisyl, Sodium p-anisyl, Sodium Sodium acetate acid, Sodium Salt acetic acid, Sodium aceta diethoxyphenyl, Sodium dimethoxyphenol, Sodium mide, Sodium anilide, Sodium azide, ammonium diisodium m-cumyl, Sodium p-ethoxyphenyl, Sodium m-dimethylami amminepehtacyanoferrate, Sodium benzamide, Sodium, anti nophenyl, Sodium 9-flourene, Sodium a-napthyl, Sodium monide, Sodium brthoarsenate, Sodium orthoarsenite, b-napthyl, Sodium p-phenylphenyl, Sodium 9-phenylanthryl, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 33

Sodium 9-anthryl, Sodium 9-methylphenanthryl, sodium Sodium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid Sodium Salt, pyridyl, Sodium 2-pyridyl, Sodium 3-pyridyl, Sodium monosodium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldisodium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, sodium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl, sodium (C6H5)2CLi2C(C6H5)2, Sodiumethylphenyl dibenzofuryl, Sodium 3-quinoyl, Sodium 2-lepidyl, Sodium (L1CH2G6H5), sodium bromate, sodium hydrogen triphenylmethyl, Sodium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, Sodium 2,4, phospate, monSodium Salt D-shaccharic acid, DL-asparatic 6-triisopropylphenyl, Sodium 2,3,5,6-tetraiSopropylphenyl, Sodium salt, (R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid Sodium Sodium tetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedisodium, toluenediso Salt, Sodium fluoride, Sodium iodate, Sodium Salt ethyl dium, diphenylethylenedi-Sodium, Sodiumamylethynyl, malonate, Sodium thioacetate, Sodium phenol, Sodium Salt Sodiumphenylethynyl, Sodium-met hoxybromophenyl, aminobenzoic acid, Sodium aminophenol Salt, Sodiumcyclo hexenol, Sodium methylcyclohexenol, Sodium cyclopro Sodium phenylisopropyl, Sodium tetraphenylboron, Sodium panol, Sodium timethylcyclopropanol, Sodium cyclobutanol, tetramethylboron, Sodium a-thienyl, Sodium m-trifluorom Sodium methylcyclobutanol, Sodium methylcyclopentanol, ethylphenyl, phenylethynylsodlum, 3-furylsodium, phenyl Sodium cyclopentanol, Sodiumcyclohexenol, Sodium isopropylsodium, dibenzofuranylsodium, Sodium dimethyl methyl-cyclohexenol, Sodium dimethyleyelohexenols (e.g. benzyl, Sodium Selenocyanate, Sodium trimethylsilanolate, Sodium. 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, Sodium 2,3-dimethylcy diphenylphosphide, Sodium benzoate, Sodium tert-butyl car clohexanol, Sodium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, Sodium 2.5- bonate, Sodium azide, di-Sodium-cyanamide, Sodium cya dimethylcyclohexanol, 3,5-dimethyleyelohexanol), Sodium nide, Sodium dicyanamide, cyclohexanebutyric acid Sodium o-ethylxahthic acid, monosodium Salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, Salt, cyclohexane acid Sodium Salt, cyclopentadientylSo disodium Salt, ketomalonic acid, Sodium Salt lactic acid, dium, Sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, Sodiumalu disodium thiosulfate, Sodium antimony tartrate, Sodium minum-tri-tert-butoxide, sodium triethylborohydride, dichloroaceta?te, Sodium dimethylacetate, Sodium diethylac Sodium trimethylborohydride, Sodium tripropylborohydride, etate, Sodium dipropylacetate, Sodium metaborate, Sodium Sodium triisopropylborohydride, sodium tributylborohy tetraborate, Sodium tetrachlorocuprate, Sodium acetoacetate, dride, Sodium triisobutylborohydride, sodium tri-sec-butyl Sodium diisopropylamide, Sodium diethylamide, Sodium borohydride, sodium tri-tert-butylborohydride, sodium tri dimethylamide, sodium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, disodium Siamylborohydride, Sodium chlorate, Sodium tert-butoxide, phthalocyanine, disodiumtetrabromocuprate, disodium tet Sodium Sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, Sodium antimonate, rabromonickelate, disodium tetrachloromanganate, disodi Sodium diphenylphosphide, Sodium bis(trismethylsilyl)a- umbutadiyne, Sodium cyclopentadienide, Sodium dicyclo mide, trisodium phosphite, Sodium Selenocyanate, Sodium hexylamide, Sodiumdiethylamide, Sodium dimethyl-amide, tri-sec-butylborohydride, sodium triethylsilanolate, sodium Sodium dipropylamide, Sodium diisopropylamide, Sodium thiocyanate, Sodium acetylide, Sodium chlorate, Sodium thexylborohydride sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, Salicylate, Sodium di-Sodium tetracarbonylferrate, Sodium sodium trimethylsilyl)acetylide, sodium triethylsilyl)acetyl tetraphenylborate, sodium triethylborohydride, sodium tri ide, Sodium tris(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxylaluminohydride, acetoxyborohydride, Sodium triphenylborane, Sodium (phenylethynyl)Sodium, 2-thienylsodium, Sodium dieth hydroxide, Sodium, diphenylphosphide, Sodium methoxide, yldihydroaluminate, Spdium dimethyldihydroaluminate, Sodium ethoxide, sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride, tri-tert Sodium aluminum hydride, Sodium bifluoride, Sodium butylborohydride, sodium triethylborohydride, sodium biphenyl, Sodiumbiselenite, Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy triphenylborohydride, sodium trisiamylborohydride, sodium )aluminum hydride, Sodium bismuthate, Sodium borate, metavanadate, Sodium cyclohexanebutyrate, Sodium Sodium chlorite, Sodium cobaltnitrite, Sodium cyanoborohy hexachloroplatinate, Sodium thiocyanate, Sodium Selenocy dride, Sodium cyclopentadienide, Sodium dicyanamide, anate, Sodium cyanate, Sodium floride, Sodium hexafluoro Sodium hexametaphosphate, Sodium heXanitrocolbaltate, antimonate, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, Sodium hexafluo Sodium hydrogenphosphite, Sodium hydrogenselenite, rOarSenate, Sodium hexafluorosilicate, Sodium Sodium hydrogensulfite, Sodium hydroSulfite, Sodium hexacyanocobalt(II) ferrate (II), disodium hexacyanocobalt hypochloride, Sodium metaarsenite, Sodium metabisulfide, (II) ferrate (II), sodium hexafluorotitanate, sodium hexafluo Sodium metaperiodate, Sodium methacrylate, Sodium nitro rozirconate, Sodium hexa-hydroxyantimonate Sodium ferricyanide, oxybate, Sodium pentamethylcyclopentadien hexachlororuthenate, Sodium hexachloropalladate, Sodium ide, Sodiumphenolate, polyphosphate, Sodium polyphos formate, Sodium tetracyanonickelate, Sodium tetrafluoroalu phite, Sodium propionate, Sodium pyrophosphate, Sodium minate, Sodium tetrafluoroborate, Sodium thioacetate, Selenate, Sodium Selenite, Sodium tetrachloroaluminate, L-glutamic acid monosodium Salt, fumaric acid Sodium Salt, Sodium thiomethoxide, Sodium thiosulfate, Sodium thiosul oxamic acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Salt diphenyl-phospane, fide, Sodium thiosulfite, Sodium triactoxyborohydride, P-aminobenzoic Sodium Salt, aminobenzole acid Sodium Sodium trimethylsilonate, Sodium triethylsilonate, Sodium Salt, alpha-napthaleneacetic acid Sodium Salt, disodium Salt 2,6-naphth-alenedicarboxlic acid, Sodium cycleohexaneth tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, including analogues, homo erate, Sodium phthalimide, P-aminoSalicylic acid Sodium logues, isomers and derivatives thereof. salt, sodium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl Sulfate, indolebu 0341 The non limiting examples of aluminum derivative tyric acid Sodium Salt, indole-3-butyric acid Sodium Salt, compounds of this invention include: diisobutylaluminum diphenylphosphide, Sodium dimethylsilanolate, Sodium tri hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum ethylborohydride, Sodium propoxide, Sodium isopropoxide, hydride, dipropylaluminumhydride, diisopropylaluminum Sodium butoxide, Sodium Sec-butoxide, Sodium pentoxide, hydride, dibutylaluminumhydride, di-tert-butylaluminum Sodium tert-pentoxide, Sodium hydrogenphthalate, Sodium hydride, di-sec-butylaluminum hydride, diisobutylalumi oxalate, Sodium hydrogensulfate, monosodium acetylenedi num chloride, ethylaluminum Sesquichloride, lithium alu carboxylic acid, Sodium pyrophosphate, Sodium dihydro minum hydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, genphosphate, Sodium hexoate(Sodium salt hexoic acid), lithium-aluminum alloy, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum Sodium diphenylphosphide, Sodium trimethylsilonalate, trimethoxide, aluminum tripropoxide, aluminum triisopro US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 34 poxide, aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, aluminum tri-Sec-butox merS and derivatives thereof. Corresponding compounds of ide(aluminum Sec-butoxide), aluminum tri-isobutoxide, alu gallium, indium, thallium are contemplated in the practice of minum tributoxide, aluminum pentoxide, diethylaluminum this invention. ethoxide, aluminum phosphate, diethylaluminum chloride, 0342. The non-limiting examples of silicon derivative diethylaluminum cyanide, diethylaluminum ethoxide, compounds of this invention include: dimethoxymethylsi diethylaluminum methoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, lane, dimethoxyethylsilane, diethoxymethylsilane, dipro disobutylaluminum chloride, diisobutyaluminum fluoride, poxymethyl-Silane, diisopropoxymethylsilane, dibutoxym tetraisobutyldialuminoxane, triethylaluminum, trimethyla ethylsilane, disobutoxymethylsilane, di-Sec luminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-Sec butoxymethylsilane, di-Sec-butoxymethylsilane, butylaluminum, tri-tert-butylaluminum, tripentaluminum, diethoxyethylsilane, dipropoxyethylS-ilane, diisopropoxy triphenylaluminum, triamylaluminum, trisoamylaluminum, ethylsilane, dibutoxyethylsilane, diisobutoxyethylsilane, di tripropylaluminum, tri-isopropylaluminum, triisobutylalu Sec-butoxyethylsilane, di-Sec-butoxyethylsilane, diethoxy minum, triisobutyldialuminoxane, trioctylaluminum, dimethylsilane, dimethoxydi-methylsilane, Sodium aluminum hydride, bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum dipropoxydimethylsilane, diisoprop-oxydimethylsilane, hydride, aluminum borohydride, aluminum hydride, dimeth dibutoxydimethylsilane, disobu-toxydimethylsilane, lylberyllium, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, di-Sec-butoxydimethylsilane, di-Sec-butoxydimethylsilane, Sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium tri-tert diethoxymethylethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, ethoX butoxyaluminum hydride, aluminum Sec butoxide, alumi ytriethylsilane, ethoxytri-propylsilane, ethoxytrispropylsi lane, methoxytrimethylsilane, propoxytrimethylsilane, iso num tert-butoxide, aluminum acetylacetone, aluminum prop-oxytrimethylsilane, butoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxide, aluminum methoxide, aluminum propoxide, alu isobutoxytrimeth-ylsilane, Sec-butoxytrimethylsilane, Sec minum isopropoxide, aluminum butoxide, aluminum isobu butoxytrimethylsilane, phenoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxydi toxide, aluminum pentoxide, aluminum metaphosphate, alu ethylsilane, isobutyldiethoxysilane, Sec-butyldiethoxysi minum hydroxide, aluminum metaphosphite, aluminum lane, butyl-diethoxysilane, tertbutyldiethoxysilane, pentyl hydroxyStearate, aluminum monos-tearate, aluminum diethoxysilane, isobutyldimethoxysilane, nitrate, aluminum fluoride, aluminum fluoride trihydrate, secbutyldimethoxysilane, butyldimethoxysilane, tertbutyl Sodium diethyldihydroaluminate, Sodium hexafluoroalumi tri-methoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltri nate, aluminum hexafluorosilicate, lithium aluminum ethoxy-Silane, pentyldimethoxysilane, diethylsilandiol, hydride, lithium aluminum hydride bis(tetrahydrofuran), tripropylsilandiol, triisopropylsilandiol, tertbutyldimethylsi lithium tris((3-thyl-3-pentyl)-oxy)aluminohydride, lithium lane, diethylsilanediol (C2H5Si(OH)2), methyl-tripro tri-tert-aluminohydride, aluminum-nickel catalyst, alumi poxysilane, methyl-tris(dimethylsiloxy)Silane, 1,1-diphe num Silicate, aluminum Silicate hydroxide, aluminum chlo nylsilacyclohexane, pentamethylsilanime, 1,1,1-trimethyl ride hydrate, diethylaluminum chloride, sodium bis(2-meth N-phenyl-N-Silanamine, hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1- oxyethoxy)aluminum dihydride, aluminum carbide, biphenyl-4-yltrichlorosilane, (bromomethyl)chloro aluminum phosphate, aluminum acetate(aluminum diacetate dimethylsilane, bromotnethyltrimethylsilane, hydroxide), dihydroaluminum acetate, aluminum formoac (4-bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane, butylchlorodimethylsi etate, lithium aluminate, aluminum Salt lactic acid, tetram lane, trichlorobutylsilane, trimethylbutylsilane, chloro(chlo ethyllithiumaluminum salt (LiAl(CH3)4), tetaethyllithi romethyl)dimethylsilane, chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethyl umaluminum Salt, tetrapropyllithiumaluminum Salt, Silane, chlorodimethylphenyl-Silane, chlorodimethyl-2- tetraiSopropyllithiumaluminum Salt, tetra-butyllithiumalu propenylsilane, chloroethenyldimethylsilane, minum Salt, tetraisobutyllithiumaluminum Salt, tetra-Sec chloromethylsilane, (chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane, butyllithiumaluminum salt, tetra-tert-butyl-lithiumalumi chlorome-thyldiphenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane, num Salt, tetraphenylithium aluminum Salt, aluminum (chloromethyl)trimethylsilane, (4-chloropehoxy)trimethyl tririconoleate, aluminum metaphosphate, Sodium aluminum Silane, phenylchlorosilane, (3-chlorophenyl)trimethylsilane, hydride, aluminum dodecaboride, aluminum diboride, alu (3-chloropropyl)trimethylsilane, chlorotriethoxysilane, minum arsenide, aluminum lactate, aluminum titanium chlo chlorotriethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane, dichloro(chlo ride, tri (N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylaminoato)aluminum, romethyl)methylsilane, dichloro(dichloromethyl)methyl aluminum acetylacetonate, methylaluminum dichloride, Silane, dichlorodiethoxysilane, dichlorodiethylsilane, ethylaluminum dichloride, propylaluminum dichloride, iso dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiphenylsilane, dichloroet propylaluminum dichloride, butylaluminum dichloride, Sec henylmethylsilane, methylethyldichlorosilane, dichlorom butylaluminum dichloride, tert-butylaluminum dichloride, ethylsilane, dichloromethyl(1-methylethyl)silane, dichlo isobutylaluminum dichloride, phenylaluminum dichloride, romethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, ethylaluminum Sesquichloride, methylaluminum Ses dichloromethylphenylsilane, dichloromethyl-2-propenylsi quichloride, methylaluminoxane, propylaluminum Ses lane,dichlorophenylsilane, diethenyl-diphenylsilane, quichloride, ethylaluminoxane, Sodium bis(2-methoxy diethoxydimethylsilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, ethoxy)aluminum, aluminum magnesium silicate, aluminum diethoxymethylphenylsilane, diethyloxymethyl-2-propenyl hydroxychloride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum potas Silane, diethylsilane, diethyldifluorosilane, difluorodiphe sium Sulfide, aluminum Octoate(aluminum ethylhexonate), nylsilane, dimethyoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydiphenylsi aluminum diformate, aluminum triformate, aluminum chro lane, dimethylsilane, dimethyldiphenoxysilane, mate, aluminum napthenate, aluminum oleate, aluminum dimethyldiphenylsilane, dimethyl-2-propenylsilane, dim palmite, aluminum pictrate, aluminum Sodium Silicate, alu ethylphenylsilane, dimethyl-diacetatesilane, diphenylsilane, minum Sodium chloride, aluminum isopropylate, aluminum 1.2-ethenediylbistrimethyl-(E)silane (C8H20Si2), ethe magnesium ethoxide, trimethylaluminum etherate, triethy nyldiethoxymethylsilane, ethenylethoxydimethylsilane, lalutninum etherate, including analogues, homologues, iso ethenyltriethoxysilane, ethenyltrimethylsilane, ethenyl US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 35 tris(1-methylethoxy)-Silane, ethenyltris(2-propenyloxy)Si l)oxyphenylsilane, ethenyl-tri-acetatesilanetriol, methyl lane, ethoxytriethylsilane, ethoxytrifluorosilane, ethoxytri triacetatesilantriol, tripropylsilane, ethyldimethylsilanol, methylsilane, ethoxytri-phenylsilane, ethyltrifluorosilane, methyldiphenylsilanol, triethylsilanol, triphenylsilanol, tet ethyltrimethoxysilane, 1,2,-ethynediylbistrimethylsilane, rabutyl ester silicic acid (C16H36O4Si.), tetraethyl ester ethynylsilane, methoxysilane, methylsilane, methyldiphe Silicic acid, tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl)ester Silicic acid, methyl nylsilane, methylenebissilane, methylenebistrichlorosi silicate (C4H12SiO4), tetraphenyl ester silicic acid, tetra lane, (2-methylphenoxy)triphenylsilane, methylphenylsi propyl ester Silicic acid, triethyl phenyl ester Silicic acid, lane, methyltriphenoxysilane, methyltriphenylsilane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, 1,2-difluorotet methyltri-p-toly-Silane, phenylsilane, 1,3-phenylenebi ramethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3, S(oxy)bis-trimethylsilane, phenyltripropylsilane, tetra 3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl ethenylsilane, tetraethylsilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrameth disilaZane, bis-(methoxydimethylsilyl)oxide, 1,1,1,3,3,3- ylsilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetrapropylsilane, hexaethyldisiloxarie, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyldisilaZane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraiSopropylsilane, tetraiSopropoxysi hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilaZane, 1,1,3,3-tet lane, tetrabutylsilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetra-Sec-butylsi ramethyldisiloxane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilaZane, 1,1,3,3- lane, tetra-Sec-butoxysilane, tetra-tert-butylsilane, tetra-tert tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1, butoxysilane, tert-iso-butylsilane, tetra-iso-butoxysilane, 3-diphenyldisilaZane, 1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3- tetraphenylsilane, tetra-phenoxysilane, triethylsilane, tri triphenyldisiloxane, 1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3- ethoxysilane, trimethylsilane, trimethoxysilane, tripropylsi triphenyldisilaZXane, docOSamethyldecasiloxane, lane, tripropoxysilane, triisopropylsilane, triisopropoxysi docoSamethyldecasilaZane, ethenylhep-tamethylcyctetrasi lane, tributylsilane, tributoxysilane, tri-Sec-butylsilane, tri loxane, ethenylheptamethylcyctetrasilaZane, heptamethyl Sec-butoxysilane, tri-tert-butylsilane, tri-tert-butoxysilane, cyclotetrasiloxane, heptamethylcyclotetrasilaZane, octaphe tert-iso-butylsilane, tri-iso-butoxysilane, triphenylsilane, nylcyclotetrasiloxane, butylmethyl(cyclic tetramer)Siloxane, triphenoxysilane, triethylmethylsilane, triethoxymethylsi 2,4,6,8-tetraethenyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane lane, trimethoxymethylsilane, tripropylmethylsilane, tripro (C12H24O4Si2), 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasilox poxymethylsilane, triisopropyl-methylsilane, triisoproxym ane, 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasilaZane, 2,4,6,8- ethylsilane, tributylmethylsilane, tributoxymethylsilane, tri tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcy Sec-butylmethylsilane, tri-Sec-butoxymethylsilane, tri-tert clotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilaZane, 2,4, butylmethylsilane, tri-tert-butoxymethylsilane, tert-iso 6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2.2, butylmethylsilane, tri-iso-butoxymethylsilane, 4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, triphenylmethylsilane, triphenoxymethylsilane, diethylsi hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethyl lane, diethoxysilane, dimethylsilane, dimethoxysilane, cyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisilox dipropylsilane, dipropoxysilane, diisopropylsilane, diiso ane, 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-tri propoxysilane, dibutylsilane, dibutoxysilane, di-Sec-butylsi methyl-2,4,6-tripehnylcyclotrisiloxane, lane, di-Sec-butoxysilane, di-tert-butylsilane, di-tert-butox decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasila ySilane, tert-iso-butylsilane, di-iso-butoxysilane, Zane, 2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,4,6,8, diphenylsilane, diphenoxysilane, ethylsilane, ethoxysilane, 10-pentamethylcyclopentasilaZane, octademethyl-cyclonon methylsilane, methoxysilane, propylsilane, prbpoxysilane, asiloxane, octademethylcyclononasilaZane, isopropylsilane, isoproxysilane, butylsilane, butoxysilane, hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-cy Sec-butylsilane, Sec-butoxysilane, tert-butylsilane, tert-bu clooctasilaZane, dodecatnethylcyclohexasiloxane, dodecam toxysilane, iso-butylsilane, iso-butoxysilane, phenylsilane, ethylcyclohexasilaZane, hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tet phenoxysilane, tribromomethylsilane, tributylsilane, tribu radecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, tetra tylphenylsilane, trichloro(chloromethyl)Silane, trichloro(4- decamethylcycloheptasilaZane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, chlorophenyl)Silane, trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane, 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-Octamethyltetrasiloxane, aminotrisilane, trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane, trichlorododecylsilane, benzyltriethoxysilane, butyltrifluorosilane, carboxyethyl trichloroethenylsilane, trichloroethoxysilane, trichloroethyl dimethylsilane, chloromethylsilicane, chlorotriisocyanatesi Silane, trichlorohexylsilane, trichloromethy-Isilane, lane, dichloromethylsilicane, diethoxydibutoxysilane, trichloro(1-methylethyl)silane, trichloro(2-methyl-phenyl diethylanilinefluorosilicate, diethyldichlorosilane, 2-(cy )Silane, trichloro(3-methylphenyl)silane, trichloro(2-meth clohexenyl)ethyltri-ethoxysilane, 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl ylpropyl)silane, trichlorootadectylsilane, tri-chlorooctylsi methyldiethoxysilane, 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyldimethyl lane, trichloropentylsilane, trichlorophenylsilane, ethoxysilane, 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltrimethylsilane, trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane, trichloro-2-propenylsilane, 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyltriethylsilane, cyclohexy trichloropropylsilane, triethoxysilane, triethoxyethylsilane, ldimethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexylmethoxydimethyl-Si triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyphenylsilane, triethoxypentyl lane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexyltriethylsilane, Silane, triethoxy-2-propenylsilane, triethylsilane, trieth dicyclohexyldimethylsilane, cyclohexyldimethylsilane, ylfluorosilane, triethylphenylsilane, trifluorophenylsilane, cyclohex-1-enyl-trimethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxyethylsilane, trimethoX (1-cyclohexen-1-ylethynyl)trimethylsilane, 1-cyclohexenyl ypropylsilane, trimethoxyisopropylsilane, trimethoxybutyl trimethylsilane, cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane, cyclo Silane, trimethoxyisobutylsilane,trimethoxy-Sec-butylsilane, hexyltrichlorosilane, 1-cyclopropyl-1-(trimethy-Isilyloxy trimethoxy-tert-butylsilane, trimethoxyphenylsilane, trim )ethylene, phenyldimethylsilanol, phenylsilandiol, ethylsilane, trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, trimethyl(2- cyclohexylsilandiol, cyclohexylethylsilandiol, tert-butylsi methylpropyl)silane, trimethylphenoxysilane, trimethylphe landiol, cyclohexyldimethylsilanol, cyclohexyl-diethylsil nylsilane, trimethyl-(phenylmethyl)silane, anol, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethyl-silylamine, trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl)Silane, trimethyl-2-propenylsi phenyl dimethylsilanol, phenyl diethylsilanol, cyclohexyl lane, trimethylpropylsilane, trimethyl-4-(trimethylsily ethylenetrimethylsilane, N-cyclohexylethylenetrimethyls US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 36 ilylamine, cycloethylenetrimethylsilane, diphenyldiethoX thiocyanate, disilicic acid, Silicon cyanate, allylchlorodim ySilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, diphenyl-methyl ethylsilane, allylchloromethyldimethylsilane, allyl-dichlo ethoxysilane, diphenylmethylsilane, rodimethylsilane, allyl(diisoproprylamino)dimethyl-silane, diphenylmethylsilandiol, diphenylsilandiol, methyl-phenyl allyloxy-tert-butyldimethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldim diethoxysilane, methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane, methyl ethylsilane, allyloxy-iso-butyldimethylsilane, allylchlorodi phenyl-dichlorosilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, octyltri ethylsilane, allylchloromethyldiethylsilane, allyldichlorodi ethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, 1,3-bis ethylsilane, allyl(diisoproprylamino)diethyl-silane, (3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-bis(3- allyloxy-tert-butyldiethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldi ethyl aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilaZane, tertbutyldim Si lane, allyloxy-iso-butyldiethylsilane, allyl-oxybutyldim ethylsilandiol, hydroxymethylenetrimethylsilane ethylsilane, allyloxytrimethylsilane, allyloxy-triethylsilane, (CH3)3CH2OH), hydro-Xyethylenetrimethylsilane, diallyloxydimethylsilane, triallyloxymethylsilane, dially hydroxymethyltriethylsilane, hydroxyethyltriethylsilane,di loxydiethylsilane, triallyloxyethylsilane, diallyloxy ethylsilanediol, dimethylsilanediol, dipropylsilanediol, dimethoxylsilane, trial-lyloxymethoxylsilane, diallyloxydi diisopropylsilanediol, dibutylsilanediol, di-tert-butylsi ethoxylsilane, tri-allylethoxy Silane, allyltrichlorosilane, lanediol, di-iso-butylsilanediol, di-Sec-butyl-Silanediol, allyltriethoxy-Silane, allyltriisopropylsilane, allyltripropyl diphenylsilanediol, dicyclohexylsilanediol, cyclohexylm Silane, al-lyltriisopropyloxysilane, allyltripropyloxysilane, ethylsilanediol, cyclohexylethylsilanediol, dimethoxy allyltri-methoxysilane, allyltrimethylsilane, allyltriethylsi dichlorosilane, dimethylanilineflourosilicate, dimethyldi(B- lane, allyltriphenylsilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, chloroethoxy)Silane, dimethylflourochlorosilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltriethoxysi dimethylsilicane, di-a-napthylamineflourosilicate, di-b- lane, 3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltri napthylamineflourosilicate, di-m-nitranilineflourosilicate, ethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminotri dinitroSodiphenylamine, diphenylarSinophenylenetri methoxysilane, 3-aminotriethoxysilane, ethylsilane, diphenyl-dichlorophenoxysilane, di-o-tolu 3-amino(cyclohexyl)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-amino-(cyclo idinefluorosilicate, di-ra-toluidinefluorosilicate, di-p-tolu hexyl)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltri idinefluorosilicate, docoSamethyldecasiloxane, ethoxysilane, 3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, dodecamethylcyclohexasilgxane, dodecamethylpentasilox 3-amino(cyclohexyl)methyltriethoxysilane, 3-amino(cyclo ane, eicosamethylnonasiloxane, SilanesilanesilanedocoSam hexyl)methyltrimethoxysilane, 3-amino(cyclohexyl)tri ethyldecasilaZane, dode-camethylcyclohexasilaZane, methoxysilane, 3-amino(cylcohexyl)triethoxysilane, tri dodecamethylpentasilazane, eicosamethylnonasilazane, eth methoxypropylsilane, triethoxypropylsilane, yldiethoxyacetoxysilape, ethyldiethoxychlorosilane, ethyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-3- isocyanatesilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriphenylsili (trimethoxysilyl)propylaniline, N-3-(triethoxy-silyl)pro cane, hexadacamethylcyclooctasiloxane, hexadacamethyl pyllaniline, N-3-(triethoxysilyl)ethyllaniline, N'-3-(tri cyclooctasilaZane, hexamethylsilicane methoxysilyl)propyldiethylenetriamine, N-3- (hexamethyldisilane), hexamethylmethylenedislane, (trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine, N-3- hydroxymethyltrimethylsilane, methyl Silicane, methyltyr (triethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine, iphenylsilicane, octadecamethylcotasiloxane, octamethylcy 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(triethoxysilyl) clotetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, octadecamethylco propyl methacrylate, aminotriphenylsilane, azidotrimethyl tasilaZane, octamethylcyclotetrasilaZane, Silane, azidotriethylsilane, azidotripropylsilane, azidotribu octamethyltrisilaZane, tetraphenylenesilane, phenylenedi tylsilane, azidotri-methoxysilane, azidotriethoxysilane, azi amineflourosilicate, phenylisocyanatesilane; phenyltrichlo dotripropoxysilane, azidotributoxysilane, bis(3- rosilicane, Silicobenzoic acid, tetra-m-aminoptienylsilane, (trimethoxysilyl)propylamine, N.O- tetrabenzyl-Silicane, tetra-p-biphenylylsilane, tetradecam bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, bis(trimethyl-silyl)acetylene, ethylcyclohep-tasiloxane, tetradecamethylcycloheptasi bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, 1/4-bis(trimethylsilyl lazane, tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, tetradecamethylhex )benzene, N.O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine, bis(trim asilaZane, tetraethylsilane, tetraethylthiosilane, ethylsilyl) methane, 2,3-bis(tritnethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadi tetrahexyloxysilahe, tetraiSopropylmercaptane Silicon, tet ene, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene, 1,2- ramethoxysilane, tetramethylmercaptanesilicon, tetrameth bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene, 1,2,3- ylsilane, tetraphenoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane, tertap bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene, 1,2,3,4- ropoxysilane, tetratriethylsiloxysilane, bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene, bis(trimethylsilyl)- thioisocyanatotriethylsilane, tolidinefluorosilicate(o), tri-p- cyclobutene, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)ethane, 2,3-bis(tri Biphenylylphenylsilane, trichloromethyltriethoxysilane, tri methylsilyl)-1-propene, 2,4-bis(trimethyl ethylbromosilane, triethylchlorosilane, triethylfluorosilane, silyloxy)pyrimidine, 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)urea, O.0- triethylphenylsilane, trimethylchloromethylsilane, trimeth bis(trimethylsilyl)uracil, ylethoxysilane, triphenylacetoxysilane, Vinyltri-phenoxysi bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, (1-cyclohexenyl-1- lane, Vinyltriethoxysilane, Silicane cyanate, dibromosilane, ethynyl)trimethylsilane, 1-cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane, dibromodichlorosilane, dichlorosilane, dichlorodifluorosi 1-cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexyldimethoxysilane, lane, hexaoxocycloSilane, hexacyclo-SilaZane, monooio cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyldiethoxysilane, dosilane, (tri-)nitriloSilane (silicylamine), trichlorosilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyldimethoxymethylsi trifluorosilane, silicane diimide (Si(NH)2), silicane tetra lane, cyclodlieXyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyldiethoxymeth mide, Silicane isocyanate, Silicon tetracetate, tetrabromosi ylsilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyldimethoX larie, Silicon hex(di-)bromide, Silcon carbide, tertachlorosi ySilandiol, cyclohexyldiethoxysilandiol, lane, hexachlorodi-Silane, tetrafluorosilane, hexa cyclohexyldipropxymethylsilane, cyclohexyldipropxymeth fluorodisilane, silicon hydride (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6), ylsilandiol, cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, (1-cyclopro trisilanepropane, tetrasilane butane, Silicon nitride, Silicon pyletheneyl)oxytrimethylsilane, dialyldimethylsilane, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 37 diethoxymethylphenylsilane, 3-(diethoxymethylsilyl)propy lamino)diethylsilane, 1,2-bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsi lamine, diethoxymethylsilane, dimethyloctadecyline, ethyl lylethane, 1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(dimethyl triacetoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, propyltriacetoxysi silyl)cyclohexene, 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,4- lane, isopropy-Itriacetoxysilane, butyltriacetoxysilane, bis(dimethylsilyl)cyclohexene, 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1, isobutyltriacetoxysilane, Sec-butyltriacetoxysilane, tert-bu 1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3, tyltriacetoxysilane, benzyltriacetoxysilane, phenyltriacetox 3-tetramethyldisilaZane, bis(N-methylben ySilane, cyclpentadienyltriacetoxysilane, cyclohexyltriac Zamido)methylethoxysilane, 1,4- etoxysilane, isopropoxytrimethylsilane, bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne, N.O-bis(trimethylsilyl) isopropylaminotrimethylsilane, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)a- acetimide, N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylamine, N,N-bis(tri mide, methoxydimethyloctylsilane, methylbis(trimethylsi methylsilyl)amine, N,N-bis(triethylsilyl)amine, N,N-bis(tri lyloxy)Vinylsilane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysi methylsilyl)urea, bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, N.O-bis(tri lane, (phenylthiomethyl)trimethylsilane, methylsilyl)trifluoroacetimide, tert-butyldimethylsilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, poly(dim tert-butyldimethylsilanol, (tert-butyldimethsilyl)acetylene, ethylsiloxane)Silicon hexaboride, Silicon nitride, Silicon tet tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide, N-(tert-butyldimethylsi racetate, Silicon tetrachloride, Silicon tetrafluoride, Sodium lyl)dimethylamine, butyldimethylchlorosilane, tert-bu bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane, tet tyldimethylchlorosilane, O-(tert-butyldimethyifsilyl)hy ravinylsilane, trichloro-3-chloropropylsilane, trichlorocy droxylamine, 1-(tert-butyldlmethylsilyl)imidazole, tert clopentysilane, cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, trichlorovinylsi butyldiphenylsilyl cyanide, tert-butyldicyclohexylsilyl, lane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)propionitrile, cyanide, N-tert-butyltrimethylsilylamine, tert-butyl-trimeth 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl ylsilyl peroxide, tert-butyl-trimethylsilyl acetate, 2-(cyclo isocyanate, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylthiocyanate, trihexyl hexenyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, N,N-diethyltrimethylsily Silane, triisopropylsilane, (triisopropylsilyl)acetyle lamine, N,N-diethyltriethylsilylamine, N,N- ne(chlorotriisopropylsilane), triisopropylsilylchloride, diethyl(trimethylsilylmethyl)amine, diethyl trimethylsilyl 1-(triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole, trimethylsilylacetate, (trimeth phosphite, diphenylmethylsilane, dicyclohexylmethylsilane, ylsilyl)acetic acid, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, trimethylsilyl diphenylethylsilane, dicyclohexylethylsilane, diphenylsi cyanide, (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane, 5-(trimethylsilyl)-1, lane, dicyclohexylsilane, dicyclohexylsiladiol, 1,3-diphe 3-cyclopentadiene, 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, 1-(trimeth nyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisilaZane, 1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-ter ylsilyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilane, 1,1,1-triphenyl-sily tamethyldisiloxane, 1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3- lamine, triphenylsilylchloride, tris(2-methoxyethoxy)- tertamethyldisilazane, 1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3- vinylsilane, 2.5,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cylcopentadiene, tertamethyldisiloxane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3- tris(trimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine, tris(tri tetramethyldisilaZane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3- methylsilyl)germaniumhydride, tris(trimethylsilyl)-meth tetramethyldisiloxane, dodecyltriethoxysilane, 1,1,3,3,5,5- ane, tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)borane, tris(trimethylsilylox hexamethyltrisilaZane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane, y)Silane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, Vinyltrimethylsilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, propyltr trimethylsilyl N-(trimethylsilyl)-car-bamate, triphenylsily ethoxysilane, isopropyltriethoxysilane, butyltrimethox lamine, triethoxysilylamine, tributoxysilyamine, tripro ySilane, butyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, Sec poxysilylamine, Vinyltrichloro-Silane, Vinyltriethoxysilane, butyltriethoxysilane, tert-butyltriethoxysilane, hexyltri Vinyl-triisopropoxSilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, Vinyltri ethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatro-propyl)triethoxysilane, ethoxysilane, dimethoxymethylvinylsilane, diethoxymeth (isopropenyloxy)trimethylsilane, isopropyldimethylchlo ylvinylsilane, dimethoxyethylvinylsilane, diethoxyethylvii rosilane, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, potassium bis(t- nylsilane, dimethylmethoxyvinylsilane, rimethylsilyl)amide, (3-mercap-topropyl)methyldimethox dimethylethoxyvinylsilane, di-methylpropoxyvinylsilane, ySilane, (3-mercap-topropyl)triethoxysilane, dimethylisopropoxyvinylsilane, diethylmethoxyvinylsilane, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-Silane, (methoxymethyl)tri diethylethoxyvinylsilane, diethylpropoxyvinylsilane, dieth methylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsi ylisopropoxyvinylsilane, dimethylethoxy(methylvinyl)si lane, 3-(methylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, methyldi lane, dimethoxymethyl(ethylvinyl)Silane, diethoxy-methyl ethoxysilane, 2-methylbenzosilylazole, methyl-Octadecyl (propylvinyl)silane, vinyltrimethylsilane, dichlorosilane, methyl-Octylidimethoxysilane, methyl vinyltriethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyl octyldichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-chlorosilane, methyl idenaminooxy)Silane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)Silane, phenyl-dichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-diethoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methylethoxy)Silane, vinyltris(2-ethoxy)Silane, methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane, (methylthio)trimethylsi vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)Silane, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)pro lane, methyltriactoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyl pyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, trichlorosilane, methylethoxysilane, ethylethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysi methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrie thoX lane, 3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltriethoX ysilane, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide, methylvii ySilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltri nyldiethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyltri methoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, ethoxysilane, Phenyltrimethoxysilane, (3-aminopropyl)tris(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, Phenyl(methylene)triethoxy amyltriethoxysilane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetram Silane, cyclohexyl(methylene)triethoxysilane, phenyl(meth ethyldisilazane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyld ylene)trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl(methylene) trimethox isiloxane, 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane, 1,3-bis(3-cy ySilane, Phenyl-(ethylene)triethoxysilane, anopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-bis(3- cyclohexyl(ethylene) trimethoxysilane, phenyl(ethylene) tri cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisilaZane, methoxysilane, cyclohexyl (ethylene) trimethoxysilane, phe bis(diethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)dim nyltrimethylsilane, phenyltriethylsilane, phenyltripropylsi ethyl-silane, bis (diethylamino)diethylsilane, bis(dimethy lane, phenyl triisopropylsilane, phenyltributylsilane, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 38 phenyltri-Sec-butyTSilane, phenyltri-tert-butylsilane, phe Vinyltriethoxysilane, Vinyltrichlorosilane, Vinyl-triisopro nyltri-isobutylsilane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexy pylsilane, Vinyltrimethylsilane, Vinyltri-phenylsilane, Vin litri-ethylsilane, cyclohexyltripropylsilane, cyclohexyltriso tris(2-buytlidenaminooxy)Silane, Vinyltris(2-methoxyethox propylsilane, cyclohexyltributylsilane, cyclohexyl tri-Sec ysilane), vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)Silane, butylsilane, cyclohexyl tri-tert-butylsilane, allyldimethylsilane, allyldiethylsilane, diallyldimethylsi cyclohexyltriisobutylsilane, Phenyltriethoxysilanediol, lane, diallyldiethylsilane, allyOxytrimethylsilane, allyoxytri cyclohexyltriethoxysilanediol, Phenyltrimethoxysilanediol, ethylsilane, allylphenylsilicon, tripropylsilane, tris(trimeth cyclohexyltrimethoxysilanediol, phenyltrimethylsilanediol, ylsilyl)-Silane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,4,6,8,10 pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, pentamethyldisiloxane, phenyltriethylsilanediol, phenyltripropylsilanediol, phenyl amyltriethoxysilane, Vinyltricholorsilane, Vinyltriethylsi triisopropylsilanediol, phenyltributylsilanediol, phenyltri lane, Vinyltrimethylsilane, Vinyltriphenylsilane, Vinyltri Sec-butylsilanediol, phenyltri-tert-butylsilanediol, phenyltri ethoxysilane, Vinyltripropyoxysilane, VinyltrisopropyOXysi isobutylsilanediol, cyclohexyltrimethylsilanediol, lane, Vinyltri-methoxylsilane, Vinyltriphenoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethylsilanediol, cyclohexyltripropylsilanediol, vinyltributoxysilane, vinyltriisobutoxysilane, vinyltrisectou cyclohexyltriisopropylsilanediol, cyclohexyltributyl-si toxysilane, vinyltri-tert-butoxysilane, vinyltris(2-butylide lanediol, cyclohexyltri-Sec-butylsilanediol, cyclohexyltri naminooxy)silane, Vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, Vinyl tert-butylsilanediol, cyclohexyltriisobutyl-Silanediol, propy tris-(trimethoxysiloxy)Silane, N,N- ltrimethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, 2,4,6,8- dimethyltrimethylsilyamine, N,N- tetramethylcyclotetrasilaZane, 1,1,3,3- diethyltrimethylsilyamine, 3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsily-1- tetramethyldisilaZane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, butyne, 3,3-diethyl-1-trimethylsily-1-butyne, tetramethyltetrasilylfulvalene, trimethylethoxysilane, N-(tri dimethyltrimethylsilylmethylphosphonate, dimethyltrim methylsilyl)acetamide, trimethylphenoxylsilane, 1-(trimeth ethyl-silylphosphite, dimethyltritylbromosilane, dimethyl ylsiloxy)cyclopentene, 1-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclohexene. tri Vinyl-ethoxysilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane, diphenyl methoxylphenylsilane, 1-(trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, methylchlorosilane, diphenylethylchlorosilane, phenyl 1-(trimethoxylsilyl) cyclohexene, triethoxylphenylsilane, dimethylchlorosilane, phenyldiethylchlorosilane, 1-(triethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, 1-(triethoxylsilyl) cyclo diphenyldi(M-tolyl)silane, 1,2-dimethylsilane, 1,2- hexene, trimethoxylcyclohexylsilane, (trimethoxylsilyl)cy diethylsilane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilaZane, clopentane, (trimethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane, triethoxylcyclo N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, chlorodimethyloctylsilane, heXylsilane, (triethoxylsilyl) cyclopentane, trimethyloctylsilane, disiloxane, Silicon nitride, disil.ane, (triethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane, trimethylsilyl azide, triethylsi dimethylsilanediol, trichlorocyclopentysilane, tris(isopropy lyl azide, tripropylsilyl azide, triisopropylsilyl azide, tributyl azide, triisobutyl azide, tri-tert-butyl azide, tri-Sec-butyl lthio)Silane, chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorodimethylsilane, azide, triphenyl azide, trimethoxylsilyl azide, triethoxylsilyl bis(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane, propyltrichlorosilane, tri azide, tripropoxylsilyl azide, triisopropoxylsilyl azide, tribu methyl(pentafluorophenyl)silane, trichloro(1H, 1H,2H2H toxyl azide, triisobutoxyl azide, tri-tert-butoxyl azide, tri perfluorooctyl)Silane, Silicon tetraboride, Silicon hexa Sec-butoxyl azide. (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, trimeth boride, trimethyl-2-thienylsilane, ylsilyl cyanide, (trimethylsilyl)acetontrile, trans-3- (4-bromophenyl)trimethyl-silane, 4-(trimethylsilyl)phenol, (trimethylsilyl)allyl alcohol, 2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol, 5-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene, trimethylsilylmeth 2-(triethylsilyl)ethanol, (trimethylsilyl)methanol, (triethylsi ylmagnesiumchloride, N,N-diisopropyltrimethylsilylamine, lyl)ethanol, triisobutylsilane, 2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol, dicyclohexyl-methyl-Silane, tetracyclohexysilane, 1,1,2,2,3, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol, O-(trimethylsilyl)hdroxylamine, 3,4,4,5,5-decaphenyl-6,6-dimethylcyclohexasilane, trimeth 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, trimethylsilylisocyanate, (trim ylsilylpolyphosphate, trimethylsilylpolyphosphite, includ ethylsilyl)methyl acetate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, (trim ing analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. ethylsilyl)methylamine, N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)urea, 0343 Additional examples of acceptable silicon deriva 4-(trimethylsilyl)morpholine, 4-(triethoxysilyl)butyroni tives can be found in Silicon Compounds, Register and trile, 1-(trimethylsilyl)pryrrollide, 1-trimethylsilyl-1,2,4-tria Review, Petrarch Systems, Inc. (1984), Frontiers of Orga Zole, triphenylsilane, triphenylsilandiol, triphenylsily nosilicon Chemistry, Bassindale, Caspar, The Royal Society lamine, tricyclo-hexylsilylamine, of Chemistry, (1991), incorporated herein by reference. phenyldimethoxysilylamine, methylphenyl-dimethoxysi Corresponding compounds of germanium, tin, titanium, lane, phenyldiethoxysilylamine, cyclohexyl-dimethoxysily Zirconium, Selenium, tellurium, are contemplated in the lamine, cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine, dipheny-ImethoX practice of this invention. ySillylamine, diphenylethoxysilylamine, dicyclohexyl methoxysilylamine, dicyclohexylethoxysilylamine, 0344) Non-limiting germanium derivative compounds cyclohexyl-silyltriamine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)silyltriamine, include: decamethylgermaniumocene (bis(pentamethylcy cyclohexyl(methyl)silyltriamine, benzylsilyltriamine, ben clopentadienyl)germanium), tertbutylgermanium, tetram Zyl(methyl)silyltriamine, diphenylsilyldiamine, phe ethylgermanium, tetraethylger-manium, tetrapropylgerma nylethoxysilyldiamine, cyclohexylethoxysilyldiamine, nium, tetraiSopropylgermanium, tetrabutylgermanium, cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine, cyclohexylmethoxysilyl tetraisobutylgermanium, tetra-tertbutylgermanium, tetra diamine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)ethoxysilyldiamine, cyclohexyl Sec-butylgermanium, tetra-phenylgermanium, phenylger (methyl)-ethoxysilyldiamine, benzylmethoxysilyldiamine, manium, methylphenylgermanium, methylphenolgerma benzyl-dimethoxysilylamine, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine, nium, including analogues, homologues, isomers and tris(trimethoxylsilyl)amine, tris(triethoxylsilyl)amine, tris(t- derivatives thereof. rimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)methane, tris(trim 0345 Non-limiting derivative tin compounds include: ethylsilyl)ethane, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, tris(trimeth deca-methylstannocene(bis(pentameth ylsilyl)phosphine, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, ylcyclopentadienyl)tin), dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 39 dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyloxotin(dibutyltin oxide), dim )dipropoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)-diiso propoxyphos ethyltin, diethyltin, dipropyltin, diisopropyltin, dibutyltin, pine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)dibutoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(eth disobutyltin, di-tert-butyltin, di-Sec-butyltin, di-phenyltin, yl)di-Sec-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyl-(ethyl)ditert tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetraiSopropyl butoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)diiso-butoxyphospine, tin, benzltriphenyltin, allyltributyltin, tetrabutyltin, tetrai dimethylmethylphosphate, diethylmethyl-phosphate, dieth Sobutyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, tetra-Sec-butyltin, tetraphenyl ylethylphosphate, dimethylethylphosphate, ethylenebis tin, tetramethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, tetrapropoxytin, (diphenylphosphine), methyldichlorophosphite, methyldi tetraiSopropoxytin, tetrabutoxytin, tetraisobutoxytin, tetra chlorophosphate, methyldichlorophosphine, tert-butoxytin, tetra-Sec-butoxytin, tetraphenoxytin, tri methyldiphenylphosphine, propylphosphonic anhydride, methoxymethyltin, triethoxymethyltin, tripropoxymethyltin, dimethylphosphine, diethylphosphine, dimethylphosphine, triisopropoxymethyltin, tributoxymethyltin, triisobutoxym dipropylphosphine, diisopropylphosphine, dibutylphos ethyltin, tri-tert-butoxymethyltin, tri-Sec-butoxymethyltin, phine, disobutylphosphine, disectoutylphosphine, di-t-bu triphenoxymethyltin, dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dilau tyl-phosphine, diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphate, rate, dibutyltin dimethoxide, dibutyltin diethoxide, -dibutyl diphenylphosphineoxide, diphenylphosphine oxide, diphe tin methoxide, dibutyltin ethoxide, tetrabutyltin, tetrameth nyl-phosphineselenide, dis(diethylamino)phosphine, dis yltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, (dimethylamino)phospine, dis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, dis allyldibutyltin, allyldiphenyltin, allyldiphenylstannane, (dimethylsilyl)phosphate, dis(dimethylsilyl)phosphite, dichlorodiphenyltin, diphenyltin acetate, tributyl-tineac di(toly)phosphine, di(o-toly)phosphine, di(m-toly)phos etate, tributyltinechloride, tributyltincyanide, tributyltin phine, Odi(p-toly)phosphine, di(toly)phosphite, di(o-toly ethoxide, tributyltin methoxide, tributyltinhydride, tribu )phosphite, di(m-toly)phosphite, di(p-toly)phosphite, tylvinyltin, Otriphenyltinchloride, triphenyltinhydroxide, di(toly)phosphate, di(toly)hydrophosphate, di(toly)phos triphenyltinhydride, tributyltin ethoxide, including ana phonic acid (CH3C6H4)2P(OH)), mono(toly)phosphonic logue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof. acid (CH3C6H4)-P(OH)2), diethylphenylphosphine, dieth 0346 Non-limiting examples of phosphorus derivative ylphenylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, diisopropylphos compounds of this invention include: phosphoric acid esters, phite, dibutylphoSophite, diisobutylphoSophite, di-Sec-bu othrophosphoric acid esters, nuetral phosphate esters, tet tylphoSophite, di-tert-butyl-phosophite, diphenylphosphite, rabutylphosphonium hydroxide, allyldiphenylphospine, allydiphenylphosphonium, al-lydiphenylphosphonium diphenylphosphine, phenylphosphine, diphenyl phosphate, hydride, allydiphenylphosphonium hydroxide, allydiphe diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphinic acid, diphe nylphosphonium chloride, dimethylphosphoramidous nylethoxyphospine, diphenylmethoxyphospine, diphenyl dichloride, hexamethylphosphoramide, hexamethylphos propoxyphospine, diphenylisopropoxyphospine, diphenyl phorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide, hexam butoxyphospine, diphenyl-Sec-butoxyphospine, diphenyl ethylphospophorimidic triamide, trimethylphosphine, trim tert-butoxyphospine, diphenyl-iso-butoxyphospine, ethylphospate, trimethylphosphite, triethylylphosphite, dicyclohexylethoxyphospine, dicyclohexylmethoxyphoS tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tri-butyl-phos pine, dicyclohexylpropoxyphospine, dicyclohexylisopro phite, tri-iso-butylphosphite, tri-Sec-butylphosphite, tri-tert poxyphospine, dicyclohexylbutoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl butylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, dimethylphosphite, Sec-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl-lert-butoxyphospine, diethylphosphite, diropylphosphite, diisopropylphosphite, dicyclohexyl-iso-butoxyphospine, dicyclopentylethoxy dibutylphosphite, diisobutylphosphite, di-Sec-butylphos phospine, dicyclopentyl-methoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl phite, di-tert-butylphosphite, diphenyl-phosphite, ditneth propoxyphospine, dicyclopen-tylisopropoxyphospine, dicy ylethylphosphine, dimethylethylphosphate, dimethyleth clopentylbutoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl-Sec ylphosphite, diethylmethylphosphite, butoxyphospine, dicyclopentyl-tert-butoxyphospine, dipropylmethylphosphite, diisopropylmethylphosphite, di dicyclopentyl-iso-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl butyl-methylphosphite, di-iso-butylmethylphosphite, )ethoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-methoxyphospine, di-Sec-butylmethylphosphite, di-tert-butylmethylphosphite, dicyclohexyl(ethyl)propoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl diphenylmethyl phosphite, dimethylphosphonate, dieth )isopropoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl)butoxyphospine, ylphosphonate, dipropylphosphonate, diisopropyl-phospho dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-sec-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl nate, di-butyl-phosphonate, di-iso-butylphosphonate, (ethyl)-tert-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-iso-bu di-Sec-butylphosphonate, di-tert-butylphosphonate, diphe toxyphospine, phenyldiethoxyphospine(dieth nylphosphonate, dimethylmethylphosphonate, dimethyleth ylpheaylphosphonite), phenyldimethoxyphospine, ylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, dipropylmeth phenyldipropoxyphospine, phenyldiisopropoxyphospine, ylphosphonate, diisopropylmethylphosphonate, di-butyl phenylibutoxyphospine, phenyldi-Sec-butoxyphospine, methylphosphonate, di-iso-butylmethylphosphonate, di-Sec phenyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, phenyldiisobutoxyphospine, butylmethylphosphonate, di-tert-butylmethylphosphonate, cyclohexyldiethoxyphospine, cyclohexyldimethoxyphoS diphenylmethyl phosphonate, diethylethylphosphonate, pine, cyclohexyldipropoxyphospine, cyclohexyldiisopro dipropylethylphosphonate, diisopropylethylphosphonate, poxyphospine, cyclohexyldibutoxyphospine, eyelokeXyldi di-butyl-ethylphosphonate, di-iso-butylethylphosphonate, Sec-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, di-Sec-butylethylphosphonate, di-tert-butylethylphospho cyclohexyldi-iso-butoxyphospine, cyclopen-tyldiethoxy nate, diphenylethylphosphonate, dimethylcarbophospho phospine, cyclopentyldimethoxyphospine, cyclopentyl nate, diethylcarbophosphonate, dipropylcarbophosphonate, dipropoxyphospine, cyclopentyldiisopropoxy-phospine, diisopropylcarbophosphonate, di-butyl-phosphonate, di-iso cyclopentyldibutoxyphospine, cyclopentyldi-Sec-butoxy butylcarbophosphonate, di-Sec-butylcarbophosphonate, di phospine, cyclopentyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, cyclopentyl tert-butylcarbophosphonate, diphenylcarbophosphonate, diso-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)diethoxyphospine, dimethylmethylcarbophosphonate, dimethylethylcar-bo cyclohexyl-(ethyl)dimethoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl phosphonate, diethylmethylcarbophosphonate, dipropylm US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 40 ethylcarbophosphonate, diisopropylmethylcarbophoS phate, dibutylphosphate, diisobutylphosphate, di-Sec-bu phonate, di-butyl-methylcarbophosphonate, di-iso tylphosphate, di-tert-butylphosphate, diphenylmethylphos butylmethylcarbophosphonate, di-Sec phate, diphenylethylphdsphate, diphenylpropylphosphate, butylmethylcarbophosphonate, di-tert-butylmethyl diphenylisopropylphosphate, dimethylethylphosphate, carbophosphonate, diphenylmethyl phosphonate, diethylmethylphosphate, dipropylmethylphosphate, diiso diethylethylcarbophosphonate, dipropylethylcarbophospho propylmethylphosphate, di-butyl-methylphosphate, di-iso nate, diisopropylethylcarbophosphonate, di-butyl-ethylcar butylmethylphosphate, di-Sec-butylmethylphosphate, bophosphonate, di-iso-butylethylcarbophosphonate, di-Sec di-tert-butylmethylphosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate, butylethylcarbophosphonate, di-tert triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide, tripropy butylethylcarbophosphonate, diphenylethyl phosphonate, lphosphoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphos dimethylphospite, dimethylphosphite, trimethyl phospho phoramide, tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-Sec-butylphos noacetate, trimethyl 2-phosphonoacrylate, trimethyl phoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, phosphonoformate, trioctylphosphine oxide, triphenyl triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide phospate, triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide, (CH3O)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropoxy triphenylphosphine-copper hydride, triphenylphosphine phosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibu hydrobromide, triphenylphosphine dibromide, triph toxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide, enylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphine Selenide, triph di-Sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusa enylphosphine Sulfide, tripiperidinophosphine oxide, tris(2- mide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide ethylhexyl)phosphate, tris(dimethylamino)phosphine, (CH3O)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphos tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane phosphate, tris(trimeth phoramide, diisopropyiphosphoramide, dibutyl-phosphora ylsilyl)phosphate, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, tri(toly mide, diisobutylphosphoramide, di-Sec-butylphosphora )phosphines (e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphine, tri(m-toly)phos mide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide, phine, tri(p-toly)phosphine), tri(toly)phosphite (e.g. tri(o- dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphora toly)phosphite, tri(m-toly)phosphitfe, tri(p-toly)phosphite), mide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropylmeth tri(toly)phosphate, tri(toly)hydrophosphate, tri(toly)phos ylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide, di-iso phonic acid (CH3C6H4)3P(OH)2), bis(2-ethylhexel)phos butylmethylphosphoramide, di-Sec phite, diallyphenylphosphine, dibenzylphosphite, diben butylmethylphosphoramide, di-tert Zylphosphate, dibutylphosphite, dimethyl butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl methylphosphonate, dimethyl methylphosphine, dimethyl phosphoramide, triethylcarbophosphate, trimethylcarbo methylphosphonite, dimethyl-phenylphosphine, dimeth phosphate, tripropylcarbophosphate, triisopropylcarbophos ylphenylphosphonite, dimethylphenyl-phosphite, dimeth phate, tri-butyl-phosphate, tri-iso-butylcarbophosphate, tri ylphosphinic acid, dimethyl(trimethylsilyl-methyl)phospho Sec-butylcarbophosphate, tri-tert-butylcarbophosphate, nate, dimethyl trimethylsilyl phosphite, dimethyl triphenylcarbophosphate, dimethylcarbophosphate, diethyl trimethylsilyl phosphonate, ethyldiphenyl-phosphonite, carbophosphate, dipropylcarbophosphate, diisopropylcarbo diphenyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, manganese (II) phosphate, dibutylcarbophosphate, diisobutylcarbophos hydrogen phosphite, disodium fluorophosphate, disodium phate, di-Sec-butylcarbophosphate, di-tert fluorophosphite, disodiumhydrogenphosphite, triSodium butylcarbophosphate, diphenylcarbophosphate, phosphate, trisodium phosphite, dipotassium fluorophoS dimethylethylcarbophosphate, diethylmethylcarbophos phate, dipotassium fluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, phate, dipropylmethylcarbophosphate, diisopropylmethyl tripotassium phosphite, ethyldiphenylphosphine, ethyl carbophosphate, di-butylmethylcarbophosphate, di-iso-bu diphenylphosphini.te, ethyldiphenylphosphonate, methyl tylmethylcarbophosphate, di-Sec diphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphinite, methyl butylmethylcarbophosphate, di-tert-butylmethylcarbo diphenylphosphonate, phenylphosphine, phenylphosphonic phosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate, acid, phenylphospate phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid, dimethylvinylphosphate, diethylvinylphosphate, dipropylvii phosphorus trichloride, phoSurea, phosphorus trisulfide, nylphosphate, diisopropylvinylphosphate, dibutylvii tributyl phosphate, tributylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphos nylphosphate, diisobutylvinylphosphate, di-Sec-butylvii phine, tributylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphite, tris(2,4- nylphosphate, di-tert-butylvinylphosphate, di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, tris (nonlphehyl)phosphite, diphenylvinylphosphate, triisobutylphosphine, triisode phosphorous acid triphenylester with propane 1,3-diol, cylphosphite, triisopro-pylphosphite, dibenzyldiethylphos tris(2.2.2-trifluoroethyl)phosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl)phos phoramidite, dibenzyl-diisopropylphosphoramidite, diben phite, tris(1-chloroethyl)phosphite, trichlorophosphite, Zylphosphite, dibenzylphosphate, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, isooctyldiphenylphosphite, diisode tritolylphosphate, tritolyphophine, tritolyphosphite, tricy cylphenylphosphite, triethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate, trim clohexylphosphine, aliminum phosphate, 1,2-bis(di-phe ethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate, triethylphosphonoacetate, tri nylphosphino)propane, trioctylphosphine oxide, trioctyl methyl-phosphonoacetate, trimethyl 2-phosphonobutyrate, phosphine, dichloromethylphosphine, triethyl 2-phosphonobutyrate, trimethylphosphonoformate, dichlorophosphineoxide (C12PO), ethyldichlorophosphite, triethylphosphonoformate, trimethylphosponopropionate, tetraethylpyrophosphite, benzyldiethylphosphite, benzyldi trimethylphosponopropionate, tricyclohexylphosphite, tri ethoxyphosphorus, cyclohexyldiethoxyphosphorus, diben cyclohexylphophine, triethylphosphine, triethylphosphite, Zyldiisopropylphosphoramite (dissopropyl-phosphorarami trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphate, trimethylphosphate, dous acid dibenyl ester), di-tert-butyl tripropylphosphate, triisopropylphosphate, tributyl-phos diisopropylphosphoramidite, tert-butyl tetraiSopropyl-phos phate, triisobutylphosphate, tri-Sec-butylphosphate, tri-tert phorodiamidite, (+)-1-amino-cis-3-phosphonocyclopentan butylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, dimethylphosphate, ecarboxlic acid, diallyl diisopropyl-phosphoramide, tert diethylphosphate, dipropylphosphate, diisopropylphos butyl tetraisopropylphosphorodiamite, (1-amino-butyl)- US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 phosponic acid, 6-amino-1-hexyl phosphate, phosphorus pentafluoride, phosphorus Oxybromide, phos 1-aminoethylphosponic acid, 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phorus pentaselenide, phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus Ses phosphate, 2-aminoethylphosponic acid, methyl N,N,N'- quioxide, phosphorus tri(tetra-)selenide, phosphorus thio tetraiSopropylphosphordiamidite, hexamethyl-phosphora chloride, phosphorus thiocyanate, hypophosphorus acid, mide (CH3)2N3PO, hexamethylphosphortriamidite metaphosphorus acid, orthophosphorus acid, pyrophospho (CH3)2N3P, diethyl 4-aminobenzylphosphonate, diethyl rus acid, phosphine, phosphorus nitride, phosphorus Ses 4-aminobenzylphosphite, diethylbenzylphosphonate, dieth quisulfide, including analogues, homologues, isomers and ylbenzylphosphite, tetraethylbenzylphosphonate, diethyl derivatives thereof. The corresponding compounds of (pyrrolidinomethyl)phosphonate, diethyloxyphosphinyl iso arsenic, antimony and bismuth are contemplated. cyanate, 6-amino-1-hexylphosphate, diethyloxyphinyl iso 0347. Non-limiting antimony derivative compounds cyanate, diethylcyanomethylphosphonate, dieth include: alkyl antimony compounds, trialkyl compounds, ylveinylphosphonate, dioctylphenylphosphonate, cyclomatic/ring System compounds, including, trimethylan ethylphenylphosphinate, ethylphenylphosphonic acid, timony, triethylantimony, tripropylantimony, triisopropylan methyl-phosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphos timony, tributylantimony, triisobutylantimony, tri-tert-buty phonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic lantimony, tri-Sec-butylantimony, tri-phenylantimony, acid, Sec-butylphosphonic acid, tert-butylphosphonic acid, phenylantimony, tri(methylphenyl)antimony, triphenylanti isobutylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, phe mony oxide, tri(methylphenol)antimony, antimony ethox nylphosphoric acid, phenylphosphinic acid, methylphenyl ide, pentamethylantimony, phenyldimethylantimony, phe phosphinate, methylphenylphosphine, aminomethylphos nylstibinic acid, tetramethyldistibyl, tributylstibene, phonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, hypophosphorus acid, triethylantimony, triethylantimony chloride, trimethylanti Sodium hypophosphate, Sodium dihydrogenphosphate, fluo mony, triphenylantimony, triphenylantimony dichlorlde, rophosphoric acid, ammonium hydrogenphosphate, ammo triphenylantimony Sulfide, including analogue, homologue, nium hydrogen-phosphite, ammonium hydrogenphosphine, isomers and derivative thereof. lithiumdihydrogen-phosphate, triphenylphosphineselenide, phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pen 0348. Non-limiting arsenic derivative compounds tasulfide, metaphosphoric acid, phenylphosphate disodium include: alkyl arsenic compounds, dialkyl compounds, Salt, nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid, ethylenephos cyclomatic/ring System compounds including, diethylarSine, phite, ammonium Salt benzylphosphite, potassium hexafluo dimethylarSine, diphenylarSine, ethylarSine, methylarSine, rophosphate, diethyltrimethylsilylphosphite, diethyl(trichlo OXOphenylarSine, triethylarSine, triethylarSine, tripropylars roethyl)phos-ponate, dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, ine, triisopropylarSine, tributylarSine, triisobutylarSine, tri tris(trimethylsilyl)phosponate, 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospo tert-butylarSine, tri-Sec-butylarSine, tri-phenylarSine, pheny lane, 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide, dimethylm larSine, tri(methylphenyl)arsine, triphenylarsine oxide, ethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, dimethyleth tri(methylphenol)arsine, phenylarsenic acid, phenylcyclotet ylphosphonate, diethylethylphosphonate, ramethylenearSine, arsenobenzene, cacodylic acid, cacodyl ethylmethylphosphonate, 2-carboxyehtylphosphonic acid, oxide, cacodyl amide, carbasone, arSanilic acid, ethanear 2.2.2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyldichlorophosphite, biS'(2- Sonic acid, methanearSonic acid, nitarSone, benzenearSonic chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride, butyldichlorophos acid, propyl arSonic acid, dimethylchlor-arsine, dimethylcy phite, butylphosphonic dichloride, tert-butylphosphonic anoarsine, diphenylarSinic acid, diphenylchloro-arsine, dichloride, tert-butyldichlorophosphine, ethylarSonic acid, methylarSine, methyldichloroarsine, phe trimethylphosphonoformate, trimethylpropionamide, tri nylarSine, phenyldimethylafsine, tetraethyldiarsine, tetram methylpropionanilide, diethylchlorophosphate, diethylchlo ethylbiarsine, tribenzylarSine, trimethylarSine, triethylars rophosphite, chlorodiethylphosphine, diethylphosphoramid ine, tributyl arsine, tri-isobutyl arsine, triphenyl arsine, ous dichloride, diethylthiophosphate, Sodiutn Salt including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative diethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphoramidate, dimeth thereof. See Organo Arsenial Compounds, Raiziss, Gavron, ylphosphoramidate, tetramethylphoSophorodiatnidic chlo American Chemical Society (1923) and related/subsequent ride, tetramethylphosphonium chloride, diethylcyanophoS editions, Volumes or Supplements, incorporated by refer phate, diethylcyanophosphonate, diethyl ence. Corresponding compounds of phosporus, antimony, cyanomethylphosphonate, diethoxyphosphinyl isocyanate, bismuth are also contemplated herein and incorporated by O,O'-diethylmethylphosphonothioate, diethylmethylphos reference. phonate, diethyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate, dimethyltri 0349 Non-limiting bismuth derivative compounds methylsilyl-phosphite, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidzolium include: alkyl bismuth compounds, dialkyl compounds, hexaflurophosphite, diethylcyanmethylphosphonate, phos cyclomatic/ring System compounds including, triphenylbis phorus napthenate, methylphenylphospholene, methylphe muth, triphenylbismuth carbonate, diphenylbismuthine, nyl-phosolenedichloride, (aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid methylbismuthine, triethylbismthine, trimethylbismthine, (e.g. (4-aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid), cyclophosphamide, pinacolylmethylphosphonate, diethyl(ethylthio-meth triphenylbismuthine, tri-n-propylbismuth, including ana yl)phosphonate, 2-furyl tetramethylphosphorodiamidite, logue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof. diisopropylcyanomethylphosphate, 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxy 0350 Non-limiting potassium derivative compounds of ethyl)-cyanuric acid, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, this invention include: potassium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, phos potassium acetamide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, phorus anyhydride, phospham, phosphonium chloride, oxamic acid, P-aminoSalicylic acid potassium Salt, potas phosphoniumsulfide, phosphoniumsulfate, phosphoramide, sium Salt 5-nitroorotic acid, potassium D-gluconate, potas phor-phoramidite, metaphosphoramide, phosphorus chlorid sium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K3Fe(CN)6), potassium diphe e(di) nitride, phosphorus cyanide, phosphorus trifluoride, nylphosphide, potassiumetherate, potassium acetate, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 42 potassium acetate acid, potassium Salt acetic acid, potassi tadienylpotassium, methylcyclopentadienylpotassium, umbenzamide, potassium azide, potassium antimonide, cyclohexylpotassium, potassium heptyl, potassiumdodecyl, potassium orthoarsenate, potassium orthoarsenite, potas potassium tetradecyl, potassium hexadecyl, potassium octa sium meta-arsenite, potassium diborane, potassium pentabo decyl, phenylpotassium, potassium o-tolyl, potassium rate, potassium dihydroxy diborane, potassium borohydride, m-tolyl, potassium p-tolyl, potassium-p-chlorophenyl, potassium anilide, potassium cadium iodide, potassium potassium p-bromophenyl, potassium potassium o-anisyl, chloride, potassium calcium chloride, potassium carbide, potassium m-anisyl, potassium p-anisyl, potassium diethoX potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potas yphenyl, potassium dimethoxyphenol, potassium m-cumyl, sium carbonate, potassium alkyl carbonates (alkyl potassium potassium p-ethoxyphenyl, potassium m-dimethylami carbonates), potassium methyl carbonate, potassium ethyl nophenyl, potassium 9-flourene, potassium a-napthyl, potas carbonate, potassium propyl carbonate, potassium isopropyl sium b-napthyl, potassium p-phenylphenyl, potassium carbonate, potassium carbonyl, potassium cobalt (II) cya 9-phenylanthryl, potassium 9-anthryl, potassium 9-meth nide, potassium cobalt (III) cyanide, potassium cobaltini ylphenanthryl, potassium pyridyl, potassium 2-pyridyl, trite, potassium cynomanganate (II), potassium cynomanga potassium 3-pyridyl, potassium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, potas nate (III), potassium citrate, potassium ferricyanide, sium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl, potassiumdibenzofuryl, potas potassium ferrocyanide, potassium hydride, potassium Sium3-quinoyl, potassium 2-lepidyl, potassium triphenylm hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium permanganate, ethyl, potassium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, potassium 2,4,6- potassium methionate, potassium napthenate, potassium triisopropylphenyl, potassium 2,3,5,6-tetraiSopropylphenyl, nitride, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitro potassium tetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedipotassium, toluene phenoxide, potassium nitrobenzene (e.g. potassium-p-ni dipotassium, diphenylethylenedipotassium, p.otassium trobenzene)potassium oleate, potassium oxalate, potassium amylethynyl, potassiumphenylethynyl, potassium methoxy oxalatoferrate (II), potassium oxalatoferrate (III), potassium bromophenyl, potassium phenylisopropyl, potassium monoxide, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, potassium tetraphenylboron, potassium tetramethylboron, potassium mono-Orthophosphate, potassium hypophosphite, potassium a-thienyl, potassium m-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethy prthophosphite, potassium hydroxoplumbate, potassium nylpotassium, 3-furylpotassium, phenylisopropylpotassium, rhodium cyanide, potassium Selenj.de, potassium Selenite, dibenzofuranylpotassium, potassium dimethyl-benzyl, potassium Selenocynate, potassium Selenocyanoplatinate, potassium Selenocyanate, potassium trimethylsilanolate, potassium disilicate, potassium metasilicate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium benzoate, potassium tert-bu sodium carbonate, potassium sodium ferricyanide, potas tyl carbonate, potassium azide, di-potassiumcyanamide, sium hydroxoStannate, potassium disulfide, potassium hydro potassium cyanide, potassium dicyanamide, cyclohexanebu Sulfide, potassium pentasulfide, potassium tetrasulfide, tyric acid potassium Salt, cyclohexane acid potassium Salt, potassium trisulfide, potassium telluride, potassium thio cyclopentadientylpotassium, potassium tri-tert-butoxyalu arsenate, potassium thioarsenite, potassium trithiocarbonate, minum hydride, potassium triethylborohydride, potassium potassium thiocyanate, potassium amide, potassium Salt trimethylborohydride, potassium tripropylborohydride, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, dipotassium fluorophosphate, potassium triisopropylborohydride, Opotassium tributyl dipotassium fluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripo borohydride, potassium triisobutylborohydride, potassium tassium phosphite, potassium perchlorate, propanoic acid tri-sec-butylborohydride, potassium tri-tert-butylborohy potassium Salt, potassium formate, potassium cyanate, dride, potassium trisiamylborohydride, potassium chlorate, potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), potassium hypophos potassium tert-butoxide, potassium Sec-butoxide, iso-butox phite, potassium hexaflurorsilicate, potassium nitroprusSide, ide, potassium antimonate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium phenoxide, Shell Chemical’s “SparkAid or potassium' bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, tripotassium, phos Spark Ade, potassium phosphate (dibasic, monobasic, triba phite, potassium Selenocyanate, potassium tri-Sec, -butyl sic), potassium Salicylate, potassium Selenide, potassium borohydr/ide, potassium triethylsilanolate, potassium thio tetracyanonickelate (II), potassium tetrafluoroborate, potas cyanate, potassium acetylide, potassium chlorate, potassium sium Xanthogenate, potassium-p-aminobenzoate, potassium Salicylate, potassium di-potassium tetracarbonylferrate, copper ferrocynanide, potassium cupric ferrocyanide, potas potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium triethylborohydride, sium hexafluorophosphate, potassium heXanitricobaltate III, po?tassium triacetoxyborohydride, potassium triphenylbo potassium naphthenate, potassium-B-naphthoxide.potas rane, potassium hydroxide, potassium diphenylphosphide, sium polysulfide, potassium-Sodium phosphate, potassium potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium tri Stearate, potassium Sulfide, potassium Sulfite, potassium sec-butylborohydride, tri-tert-butylborohydride, potassium Sulfate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium Xanthate, potas triethylborohydride, potassium triphenylborohydride, potas sium fluorosilicate, N-potassiumethylene-diamine, Oxalic sium trisiamylborohydride, potassium metavanadate, potas acid dipotassium Salt, potassium beta-hydropyruvic acid, sium cyclohexanebutyrate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, potassium 1,1-dimethylurea, potassium 1,1-diethylurea, pptassium thiocyanate, potassium Selenocyanate, potassium potassium 1,1-diepropylurea, potassium Xanthate, potassium cyanate, potassium floride, potassium hexafluoroanti ethylxanthate, potassium methylxanthate, potassium Salt monate, potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium thiophenol, potassiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxlde, potas hexafluoroarsenate.Zinc Selenide, Zinc ride, dibutylditelluride, diisobutylditelluride, di-tert-butyldi Selenite, Zinc flouride, Zinc chloride, Zinc cyanide, Zinc floride, Zinc chloride, Zinc undecylenate, Zinc nitrate, Zinc telluride, di-sec-butylditelluride, di-phenylditel-luride, acrylate, Zinc methacrylate, methyl Zinc chloride, isobutylz including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative inc chloride, Zinc Stearate, Zinc dimethyldiethiocarbamate, thereof. di-n-propylzinc, di-o-tolyzinc, isobutylzinc chloride, meth 0354) Non-limiting iron derivative compounds include: ylzinc chloride, Zinc methacrlate, Zinc acrylate, Zinc hexa cyclopentadienyl)methylcyclopentadienyl iron, ferrocene, flourosilicate, Zinc nitrate, Zinc hydroxide, Zinc unde methylferrocene, and butadiene iron tricarbonyl, butadiene cylenate, Zinc Selenite, Zinc cyanide, isobutylzinc chloride, iron tricarbonyl, dicyclopentadienyl iron and dicyclopenta methyl Zinc chloride, L(+)lactic acid hemizinc, including dienyl iron compounds, ferrocene, methyl ferrocenes, deca analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. methylferrocene bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron), Corresponding magnesium compounds are contemplated. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 45

See Zinc, The Science and Technology of the Metal, Its 0362. Other non-limiting nitrogen compounds include Alloys & Compounds, Mattewson, N.Y., Reinhold (1959), monethylanile, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methy incorporated by reference. lamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, 0358 Non-limiting examples of transition metal deriva o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dim tive compounds, e.g. metals of Scandium, titanium, Vana ethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, dium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and their Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl respective chemical groups, include transition metal alkyl, hydrazine, tetranitromethane, hydrozide Xylidine, 2,3-Xyli aryl, alkyloxy, aryloxy, and/or ring System type compounds. dine, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, Multiple alkyl, alkyloxy radicals per metal are contemplate. ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, Cyclomatic transition metal compounds are expressly con nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic templated. See Organometallic Chemistry of Transition acid, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imides, Metals, 2 Ed, Crabtree, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1994), nitrates, dinitrate compounds alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, incorporated herein by reference. nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, 0359 Non-limiting examples of manganese compounds nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides, nitroSyls, imi include benzyleyelopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 1.2- des, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl dipropyl 3-cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbo nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, nyl, 1.2-diphenylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, 3-propenylienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 2-tolyindenyl man hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, ganese tricarbonyl, fluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylhydrazine, Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsym 2.3.4.7-propy flourentyl manganese tricarbonyl, 3-naphth metrical dimethylhydrazine, Xylidine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammo ylfluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl; 4.5.6.7-tetrahydroinde nia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammo nyl manganese tricarbonyl, 3-3ethenyl-4,7-dihydroindenyl nium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, manganese tricarbonyl, 2-ethyl3(a-phenylethenyl)4,5,6, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic 7tetrahydroindenyl manganese tricarbonyl, 3-(a-cyclo acid, alkyl nitrate, optionally Selected from the group con hexylenthenyl)-4,7-dihydroindenyl manganese tricarbonyl, Sisting of methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethyl nitrate, n-pro 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrofluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl pyl nitrate, iso-propyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate nitrates, and the like. A preferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. A more pre nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imi ferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl is methyl cyclo des, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methy pentadienyl manganese (MMT). lamines, amides, nitroSyls, imides, monethylanile, aniline, 0360. Non-limiting examples of acceptable substitutes ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethy include the alkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalk laniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethy enyl, aryl and alkenyl groups. The above compounds can be lamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, generally prepared by methods that are known in the art. monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, Symmetrical dim Corresponding compounds of technetium and rhenium. (See ethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, Xyli Canadian Patent #1073207) are contemplated. dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, (ammonium azide, ammonium perchlo 0361 Non-limiting nitrogen derivative compounds rate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, include: 2-methoxybenzylamine, 2-methoxybenzylamine, dicyanogen,-hydrocyanic acid, tetranitrpmethane, 2-(4-methoxyben-Zylamino)pyridine, nitroanline, 1-nitroan nitromethane, nitroethane, or nitropropane and mixture. line, 2-nitroanline, 3-nitroanline, 4-nitroanline, nitroanisole, Aryl, cycloalkyl, and aryl nitrates including organo nitrates, 1-nitroanisole, 2-nitroanisole, 3-nitroanisole, 4-nitroanisole, Such as nitrobenzenes, dinitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes/; dini aniline, 2-anilinoethanol, anisamide, anisonitrile, acetoni trotoluenes, 2-ethylhexylnitrate, derivates, homologues and trile, nitromethane, nitroethane, picoline, 1-picoline, 2-pi coline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, tetramethylammoniumhy analogues are comtemplated herein. droxide, dimethylolurea, 1,1-dibutylurea, 0363 Non-limiting titanium derivative compounds tetraethylammoniumhydroxide, N.N,N',N'-tetra-methyleth include: titanium diisopropoxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate), ylenediamine, toluic hydazide, toluidine, m-tol-uidine, titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-eth o-toluidine, p-toluidine, tolunitrile, o-tolunitrile, p-toluni yleXOXide, titanium isopropoxide, tetraethylorthotitanate, trile, triazacyclononane, triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, triazine, 1,3, including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives 5-triazine, tributylamine, triethanolamine, trimethanola thereof. mine, tripropanolamine, trimethoxypyrimidine, 2,4,6- 0364 Non-limiting zirconium derivative compounds trimethoxypyrimidine, tetramethylammonium, include: Zirconium carbide, Zirconium propoxide, Zirconium trimethylpyrazine, urea, urazole, guanidine nitrate, guandine ethoxide, decamethylzirconocene, decamethylzirconocene acetatic acid, thiophenol, Sodium Salt thiophenol, thiourea, cumidine, diphenylamine, m-Xylidine, monmelthylanine, dichloride, bis-cyclopentadieriyl Zirconium, including ana toluidine, amylaminobenzene, ethylaminobenzene, ami logues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. nophenyl, methyl-o-toluidine, n-butylaminobenzene, n-pro 0365 Non-limiting molybdenum derivative compounds pylaminobenzene, monoethylaniline, mon-n-propylaniline, include: molybdenumcarbonyl, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, ethyldiphenylamine, mono-n-butylaniline, diethylamine, di tripyridine tricarbonylmolybdenum, molybdenumoxytetra n-propylaniline, mono-isoamylaniline, diethylaniline, dim chloride/cyclopentadienyl molybdenum carbonyls, includ ethylaniline, ethylamine, triethylamine, triphenylamine, iso ing but not limited to benzenemolybdenumtricarbonyl, bicy propylnitrite, ammonia, including analogues, homologues, cloheptadienemolybdenum tetracarbonyl, cycloheptatrien isomers and derivatives thereof. molybdenum tricarbonyl, bis US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 46 cyclopentadienylbimolybdenum pentacarbonyl, improvements in heat releases, burning Velocity, thermal mesitylenemolybdenum tricarbonyl, tropeniummolybde efficiency, emission reductions, power generation, and the num tricarbonyl fluoroborate, cyclopentadienylmolybde like. num tricarbonyl dimer, methylcyclopentadienylmolyb 0371. It is contemplated said non-metals will employed denum tricarbonyl dimer, anisole molybdenum tricarbonyl, invarying proportions within the compound or combination mesitylene molybdenum tricarbonyl, including analogue, compounds to achieve Synergistic improvements in heat homologue, isomers and derivative thereof. See U.S. Pat. releases, burning Velocity, thermal efficiency, emissions, Nos. 3,272,606, and 3,718,444, incorporated by reference. power generation, and the like. For example, hexameth Corresponding chromium and tungsten compounds are con ylphosphoric triamide, N,N,N',N'-hexamethylsilanediamine, templated in the practice of this invention. bis (diethylamono)-dimethylsilane may be added as a co 0366 Non-limiting copper derivative compounds metallic or as a Secondary co-combustion agent to the include: alkyl copper compounds, bis(ethylenediamine)cop co-combustion agents Set forth above. Concentrations will per(II) hydroxide, copper carbonate, cyclopentadienyltrieth be minor, but Sufficient to further improve vapor phase ylphosphine copper, diazoaminobenzene (ous), copper combustion (e.g. further enhancing fuel ecomony or power, acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper aminoacetate, cop etc.). per ethylacetate, copper ferrocyanide, copper potassium ferrocyanide, copper nathenate, copper nitrate, copper phos 0372 Ranges vary depending upon the specific metallic, phide, copper phthalate, including analogue, homologue, fuels, fuel weight, regulations, advance applications, ther modynamics, and the extent combustion Systems are modi isomers and derivative thereof. See Copper, The Science and fied to enhance the accelerated low temperature high energy Technology of the Metal, Its Alloys & Compounds, Butts, nature of Applicant's invention. Thus, metallic concentra N.Y., Reinhold (1954), incorporated by reference. tions that maximize combustion Velocity and/or the vapor 0367. Other contemplated organometallic compounds are phase combustion object of this invention are expressly metal-locenes, non-limiting example compounds include, contemplated. ferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelocene, titanocene diahloride, 0373). However, it is contemplated that Applicant's fuel Zirconocene dichloride, uranocene, decamethylferrocene, also be absent any metal or non-metal. That is, Applicant's decamethylsilicocene, decamethylgermaniumocene, decam invention, by accelerating burning Velocity and/or increas ethylstannocene, decamethylphosocene, decamethylos ing latent heat of vaporization, and/or reducing combustion rhocene, decamethylruthenocene, decamethyl-Zirconocene, temperatures by fuel Substituent tailoring, chemical and/or including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative mechanical means, as Set forth herein or in the afforemen thereof. tioned PCT Applications, said fuel can be employed absent 0368. It is to be noted the above list is not exhaustive. The either an ECS oxygenate or a metallic or non-metallic. metals and their derivative compounds of this invention 0374. In accordance with this invention, Applicant's fuels include every metal, metalloid, and/or non-metal (herein will contain that amount of at least non-lead metallic, which “metal” or “metallic”) capable of acheiving vapor phase constitutes a combustion improving amount consistent with combustion, individually or incombination with Applicant's the fuel composition, Stoichiometry, combustion System, Said ECS oxygenates. efficiencies, fuel economy and power desired, as well as 0369 Applicant's invention contemplates wide variation legal and/or environmental considerations. in metal Substitution and mixing practice. Thus, it is expressly contemplated the non-lead organo-tnetallies, non 0375. It is expressly contemplated that Applicant's metal lead inorganic metallics, and/or their related high heat licS be incorporated into liquid fuel Systems by means of releasing compounds, including those Set forth above may mutual Solvents, mutual disperSents/Solvents, colloidal be mixed in varying proportions, and/or Substituted and/or media, Suspension media, or other known means, or being replaced by any non-lead metallic or non-metallic (organic Separately injected. Metallic's, which are Solid at ambiant or inorganic atom, molecule or compound, including those temperatures may be introduced into the combustor/com containing nitrogen, Sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, bustion chamber by liquidification or gasification means. argon, krpton, Xenon, or radon atoms) accomplishing the 0376. It is preferred the metallics of this invention be object of this invention. relatively inexpensive to manufacture on a mass production 0370 Metal derivative compounds and combinations basis. may be entirely or may contain in part or whole non-metal 0377 The metal, metalloid, NLEC and combustion cata atoms, e.g. nitrogen, Sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, lysts concentration amounts are to be optimized, Such that argon, krpton, Xenon, or radon, etc., So long as primary Vapor phase combustion results. Thus, the metal and its object of vapor phase combustion is, accomplished. It is optimum concentration amount, is an amount that results in contemplated Applicant's metals are Substitutents in the Vapor phase combustion, which is evidenced by improved fuel, itself, which may also contain certain non-metals, and thermal efficiency, fuel economy emissions, power, etc. In their derivative compounds, including but not limited to the practice of this invention, the ratio of oxygenated ECS. nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, argon, compound by weight to elemental metal, metalloid, NLEC krpton, Xenon, or radon, in combination with dialkyl car and combustion catalystby weight in the composition is bonates. These non-metals, and their derivative compound, equal to or less than 10,000:1 (parts) to equal or greater than may be employed with or without any other contemplated 1:1. Other ratios include from 1,000,000:1 to 100,000:1; metals. It is further contemplated to Substitute or mix these 100,000:1" to.50,000:1, 50,000:1 to 25,000:1; 25,000:1 to non-tnetallics with non-metallics, with metallics, or to mix 15,000:1; 15,000:1 to 12,000:1, 12,000:1 to 11,000:1, metallics with metallics, etc., to achieve Synergistic 11,000:1 to 1/0,000:1, 9,000:1, 8,000:1, 7,000:1, 6,000;1, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 47

5,000:1, 4,000:1, 1,000:1,900:1, 500:1, 300:1, 200:1, 150:1, fuels (e.g. natural gas) by Separate means, including separate 100:1, 90:1, 8.0:1, 75:1, 70:1, 60:1, 50:1, 40:1, 30:1, 20:1, injection, liquidification or gasification, colloidal media, 10:1, 5:1 to 3:1, or interval ratio contained therein (e.g. 50:1 Suspension media. Metallics may be introduced into the to 3-0.1) and also 1:1 to 1:20, or any other ratio that combustor in an atomized, vaporized, or gasified form, maximizes vapor phase combustion. Other acceptable con Separately and/or in combination with the other ingredients centrations in a fuel composition for said ingredients (indi of the invention. vidually or in combination) include from 1 to 3000 ppm, 1 0383. In solid fuel applications, the metallic may be to 2000 ppm 1 to 1000 ppm, 1 to 500 ppm, 1 to 400 ppm, introduced as a Solid. In hybrid applications, it may be 1 to 250 ppm, 1 to 100 ppm, 1 to 50 ppm, 1 to 10 ppm or introduced as either as Solid, liquid or gas, together with the any other concentrations which maximizes combustion, and balance of the inventions ingredients. Most preferably, the is contempated in the claims below. metallic is employed as a propellant or co-propellant, or 0378 Metallic salts may be employed in fuels at 0.01 to jointly together with a propellant. Hydrogen content of the 4000.0 parts metallic per million fuel, 1.0 to 150 ppm metallic and/or metallic containing fuel should be maxi metallic being contemplated, with concentrations equal or mized, to the extent possible. less than 50.0, 40.0, 30.0, 20.0, 16.0, 10.0, 5.0 ppm metallic also contemplated. Other Salt concentrations will vary from 0384 Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many 0.10 to 75.0 ppm metal per million, from 30.0 to 2000.0 per variations and modifications of the invention disclosed million, from 25 to 750 parts metallic or salt per million fuel. herein may be made without departing from the Spirit and In the application of Applicant's invention elemental metal Scope thereof. concentrations from 3.0 to 500.0 ppm metal are expressly EXAMPLES BELOW INCLUDEBY contemplated and desirable. Concentrations outside these INCORPORATION THE COMBUSTION ranges are contemplated. CATALYSTS SET FORTH HEREIN 0379 It has been found that higher oxygen weight con centrations in fuel compositions, particularly with higher 0385 1. A fuel composition comprising: concentrations of enhanced combustion properties, permit 0386 i. a non-leaded element, or an organic or higher acceptable metallic concentrations. Higher average inorganic compound containing Said element, being fuel densities are also associated with higher acceptable Selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, metallic concentrations and higher exhaust Velocities, and 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from are preferred. Engine combustion thermal dynamics and iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, Stoichiometry dictate upper metallic limits. nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mix 0380. As noted above, elemental metallic concentrations ture thereof, Said element or its organic or inorganic will vary Substantially. Non-limiting examples include compound being present in combustible form (Non elemental metallic concentrations equal to or greater than Lead Element Compound “NILEC); and; /64, /32, /16, 3/32, /s, 5/32, 3/16, 4, 5/16, ys, 7/16, /3, 5/8, 34, 78, 1, 0387 ii. a dialkyl carbonic acid ester (dialkyl car 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, bonate) iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST: 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0 grams/gal. In advance aviation, rocket and/or propellant and 0388 2. A fuel composition comprising: other applications, elemental metal concentrations can be on 0389) i. at least one non-leaded element, or an the order of 10 to 25, 20 to 40, 20. to 50, 20 to 100, even 50 organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele to 1000, or more, grams/gal, especially in hypergolic con ment, Said element being Selected from the group of ditions. Concentrations both above and below these ranges elements Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, are contemplated. All combustion improving or Stoichio Ca, Sc., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, metric amounts of elemental metal are contemplated, which Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, maximize combustion So long as the resultant fuels burning Sn, I, or CS and mixture thereof, wherein Said Velocity increases compared to fuel absent metallic. element or its organic or inorganic compound being 0381 Thus, those metallic concentrations that maximize present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element combustion velocity and/or other objects of this invention Compound “NLEC’); and are expressly contemplated. Ranges will vary depending 0390 ii. a compound selected from a glycol, or a upon the Specific metallic, its concentration, concentration glycol ether, optionally containing at least one Sub and type of ECS oxygenates, the concentration and nature of Stituent Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dieth hydrocarbon fuel composition, including its density, the ylene, dialkyloxy, methylene, ethylene, polyalkyl, intended application, relevant thermodynamics, extent com polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, car bustion Systems are modified to enhance the accelerated low boethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, temperature high energy nature of Applicant's invention, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxy environmental regulation, and the like. lyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, methylenedioxy or 0382 Metallics used in the fuel compositions of the nitrosyl radical, and mixtures thereof; iii. a COM present invention should be fuel Soluble generally having BUSTION CATALYST melting and boiling ranges compatible with liquid hydro 0391) 3. An improved fuel economy composition for carbons, or be incorporated into liquid fuel Systems by Spark-ignited internal combustion engine, comprising: means of mutual Solvents, dispersants, or other means, as required. Alternatively, the metallics may be introduced into 0392 i. a nonleaded gasoline base comprised of the combustor/combustion chamber of liquide or gaseous hydrocarbons, ii. a cyclopentadienyl manganese tri US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 48

carbonyl antiknock compound having a manganese 0398 iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST concentration greater than 0.008256 gr/liter Mn and 0399 5. An unleaded hydrocarbon gasoline composition less than 0.2642 gr/liter Mn in the fuel composition; having a minimum latent heat of vaporization (“LHV) of 0393 iii. a combustion burning velocity increasing 860 BTU/gallon (a 60° F comprising: and/or combustion temperature reducing amount an 04.00 i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or oxygenate additive Selected from the group consist automobile gasoline ranges ing of carbon monoxide, methylene dimethyl ether, 04.01 ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an carbonic acid dimethyl ester, carbonic acid diethyl organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele ester, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl ter ment, Said element being Selected from the group of tiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, tertiary amyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol, tertiary butanol, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlo and mixture thereof; rine and tin and mixture thereof, Said element or its organic or inorganic compound being present in 0394) iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound 0395. 4. A hydrocarbon aviation or automobile gasoline “NLEC’); and iii. At least one Enhanced Combus tion Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combus composition characterized as having a minimum laminar tion temperature and/or increasing, burning Velodity, flame burning Velocity of 46 cm/sec (compared to methanol Said compound having a minimum burning Velocity 57.2 cm/sec) comprising: (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec 0396 i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic automobile gasoline ranges, acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, 0397) ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, ment, Said element being Selected from the group of glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlo hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, rine and tin and mixture thereof, Said element or its nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli organic or inorganic compound being present in dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com “NLEC’); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion pound optionally containing at least one Substituent Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, temperature and/or increasing burning Velocity, Said polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde compound having a latent heat of vaporization hyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbo (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol' at its boiling nyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof. (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, 0402 iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, 0403. An automotive gasoline having a maximum T-90 carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, distillation fraction boiling at 174° C. (345 F) or an di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, aviation gasoline having a maximum end boiling point of glycol. ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, 165° C. (328°F), comprising: nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, 0404 v. An unleaded hydrocarbon base, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, 0405 vi. at least one non-leaded element, or an nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth ment, Said element being Selected from the group of roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, pound optionally containing at least one phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlo Substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, rine and tin and mixture thereof, Said element or its dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, organic or inorganic compound being present in acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, car combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound bonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, “NLEC’); and vii. at least one Enhanced Combus formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, meth tion Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combus oxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures tion temperature and/or increasing burning Velocity, thereof, (under the proviso any mixture has an aver Said compound having a latent heat of vaporization age LHV of at least 21 kJ mol and a BV of at least (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol at its boiling 40 cm/sec); temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 49

measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec 04.09 V. wherein the constituents of the fuel com (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic position and their respective amounts are tailored acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, Such that fuel compositions having the following aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, maximum T-90 distillation fraction temperatures and carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, maximum boiling point end temperatures respec di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, tively are obtained: glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, 0410 O#1 diesel, #1 gas turbine fuel oil, or #1 nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, fuel oil with a maximum T-90 distillation fraction hydrazines, nitroSyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, temperature of 288 C.; nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli- 0411 #2 diesel, #2 gas turbine fuel oil, or #2 dine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth- fuel oil with a maximum T-9,0' distillation fraction roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, d peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com temperature of 338 C.; or pound optionally containing at least one Substituent 0412 a a jet turbine fuel oil with a maximum Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, end boiling point temperature of 300° C. polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde hyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbo- 0413 7. A Rocket fuel composition having a minimum nyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco- specific impulse of not less than 200 I Sec., comprising: lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, viii. a 0414 i. at least one non-leaded element, or an COMBUSTION CATALYST organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele ment, Said element being Selected from the group of 0406 6. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition com- elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, prising: 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth, 0407 i. a hydrocarbon base, germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, Said 0408 ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an element or its organic or inorganic, compound being organic or inorganic compound containing said ele present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element ment, Said element being Selected from the group of Compound “NLEC), optionally having heats of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, combustion of 9000 Kcal/mol; and 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlo 0415 ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Struc rine and tin and mixture thereof, Said element or its ture (“ECS) compound reducing combustion tem organic or inorganic compound being present in perature and/or increasing burning Velocity, Said combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound compound having a latent heat of vaporization “NLEC’); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol' at its boiling Structure (“ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as temperature and/or increasing burning Velocity, Said measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec compound having a latent heat of vaporization (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol' at its boiling acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli pound optionally containing at least one Substituent dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com hyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbo pound optionally containing at least one Substituent nyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, hyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbo nyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco 0416) iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or 0417 iv. optionally a propellant, methylenetiioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST 0418 V. optionally an oxidizer, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 50

0419 8. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition com- measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec prising: (“BV"), selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic 0420) i. a hydrocarbon, acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic 0421 ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbon organic or inorganic compound containing Said ele ates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic ment, Said element being Selected from the group of acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-ni germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, trates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, Said nitroSyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro element or its organic or inorganic compound being ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xylidine, present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, Compound “NLEC’); and iii. at least one Enhanced orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, perOX Combustion Structure (“ECS) compound reducing ides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said compound combustion temperature and/or increasing burning optionally containing at least one Substituent Velocity, Said compound having a latent heat of Selected from al-kyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, at its boiling temperature, and a minimum burning aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, Velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, 40 cm/sec (“BV"), selected from the group consist formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, ing of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, alde methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures hydic acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, car thereof, under the proviso any mixture has an bonic esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, average LHV of at least 21 kJ mol' and a BV of di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, for at least 40 cm/sec. mic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, 0427) iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, 0428 b. atomizing said fuel whereby resultant par amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imi ticles have an average size not exceeding 70/im des, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xylidine, 2,3-Xylidine, (microns) are formed; ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, 0429 c. introducing said atomized fuel into an oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroper engine or combustor, and oxides, and phenols, Said compound optionally con taining at least one Substituent Selected from alkyl, 0430 d. combusting said fuel. 10. Use of a combi alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalky nation of loxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, 0431) i. at least one non-leaded element or deriva carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, tive organic or inorganic compound containing Said ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, non-lead element, Selected from the group consisting hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radi of 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and cal, and mixtures thereof, also Selected from the group co, iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, 0422) iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST fluorine, chlorine and tin and their mixture, wherein 0423 9. A method for improving combustion thermal Said/element or derivative compound is in combus efficiency of a fuel, comprising: tible form (Non-Lead Element Compound “NILEC); 0424 a. mixing a fuel comprised of: and 0432 ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Struc 0425 i. at least one element other than lead or an ture (“ECS) compound reducing combustion tem organic or inorganic compound containing Said perature and/or increasing burning Velocity, Said element, Said element being Selected from the compound having a latent heat of vaporization group of elements of groupS 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol at its boiling 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and also selected from the temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as group co, iodine, bismuth, germanium, phospho measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec rus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and (“BV), Selected from the group consisting of acetic tin and mixtures thereof, Said element or the acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, derivative organic or inorganic compound being aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, Compound “NLEC’); and di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, 0426 ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Struc glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, ture (“ECS) compound reducing combustion tem nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, perature and/or increasing burning Velocity, Said nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, compound having a latent heat of vaporization hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol' at its boiling nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, Xyli temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, oth US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 51

roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, fuel oil Grade 6 fuel oil, heavy marine diesel fuel, heavy peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said com railroad diesel fuel oil, distillate oil, distillate fuels, residual pound optionally containing at least one Substituent type oils, cycle oils, light cycle oils, light cycle gas oils, Selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, heavy cycle oils, heavy gas cycle oils, heating oils, vacuum polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, alde oils, burner oils, furnace oils, coal liquids, middle distillate hyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbo coal fuels, powdered coals, coal, tar Sand fuels, Shale oil nyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyco fuels, hydrazines, ammonia, acetylene, and mixtures thereof. lyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or 0441 16. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, iii. a wherein said composition contains 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen COMBUSTION CATALYST by weight, 0433 iv. as fuel additive to improve thermal effi 0442 a. optionally a rocket propellant selected from ciency of a fuel combusted in an engine or combus the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbon fuels, tOr. dimethyl carbonate, acetylene, aluminum borohy 0434 11. The aforementioned compositions, wherein dride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butane, butyl mer Said composition in combustion is characterized as having a captan, diborane, diesel, diethylenetriamine, ethane, luminous reaction Zone extending Some distance as com ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamihe, ethylene pared to clear fuel, absent ECS compound and NLEC. oxide, ethyl nitrate, furfuryl alcohol, gasoline, hep tene, hydrazine (including Substitutes), isopropyl 0435 12. A fuel composition of claim 9 comprising a alcohol, lithium, lithium hydride, kerosine, naptha, cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound and a napthalene, methane, methylal, methanol, methy dialkyl carbonic acid ester (dialkyl carbonate); and option lamine, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, ally a hydrocarbon. n-octane, propane, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, Sali 0436 13. A fuel composition of claim 12 comprising: cyl aldehyde, triethylamine, trimethyl trithiophos phite, turpentine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydra 0437 i. methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricar Zine, 2,3-Xylidene, lithium borohydride, bonyl compound; and monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, ethylene, pro pylene, tertiary butylcumyl peroxide, butylene, 1,2- 0438) ii. dimethyl carbonate butadiene, 1,3-butadiene, actetylene hydrocarbons, 0439 14. The compositions of claims 1-6, and 8-13, allylene, butine-1, pentine-1, hexine-1, Substituted wherein Said composition contains at least one compound hydrazineis, including methylhydrazine, Symmetri Selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin, polyacry cal dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhy late, polymethacrylate, modified polystyrene, ethylene-Vinyl drazine, hydrazine, hydrozides, ethane, propane, acetate copolymer, or ethylene-Vinyl chloride copolymer, butane, diborane, tetraborane, penta bornane, and mixture. hexaborane, decaborane, aluminum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammo 0440 15. The compositions of 5-9 and 12-14, wherein nium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammo Said hydrocarbon is Selected from the group consisting of: an nium azide, ammonium perchlorate, lithium perchlo alternative fuel, petroleum gas, liquefied petroleum gas, rate, potassium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, LPG-propane, LPG-butane, natural gas, natural gas liquids, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydro methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, propane-butane mix cyanic acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum ture, fuel methanol, fuel methanol 85, fuel ethanol, biomass borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mer fuel, vegetable ester fuel, rap Seed methyl ester fuels, captan, diborane, dimethylamine, diethylenetri Soybean fatty acid ester fuels, alkylate fuel, reformate fuel, amine, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamine, eth isooctane fuel, paraffinic fuel, kerosine, wide range boiling ylene oxide, ethylenediamine, ethyl nitrate, dimethyl fuel gas turbine fuel, gas turbine fuel No.O-GT, gas turbine Sulfide, furfuryl alcohol, heptene, hydrazine, hydro fuel No.1-GT, gas turbine fuel NO.2-GT, gas turbine fuel gen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropyl alcohol, lithium, No.S-GT, gas turbine fuel No.4-GT turbine fuel, aviation jet lithium hydride, methyl nitrate, methylacetylene, turbine fuels aviation jet turbine JP-4, aviation jet turbine methylvinyl acetylene, monoethylaniline, tetrani JP-5, aviation jet turbine JP-7, aviation jet turbine JP-8, tromethane, nitroglycerine, n-octane, propane, pro aviation jet turbine JP-9, aviation jet turbine JP-10, aviation pylene oxide, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethy jet turbine TS, aviation jet turbine Jet A-1, aviation jet turbine lamine, trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, Jet A, aviation jet turbine Jet B, military aviation gasoline, turpentine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, Xyli missile fuel, Solid and liquid rocket fuel, monopropellant, dine, 2,3-Xylidine, lithium borohydride, monometh multipropellant fuel, hypergolic fuel, gas oil fuels, gas oil ylhydrazine, pentaborane, trimethylaluminum or fuel #1, gas oil fuel #2, gas oil fuel #3, gas oil fuel #4, diesel dimethylberyllium and mixture fuel oil, diesel fuel oil Grade low Sulfur No. 1-D, diesel fuel oil Grade low Sulfur No. 2-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No. 1-D, 0443) b. optionally an oxidizer selected from the diesel fuel oil Grade No. 2-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No 4-D, group consisting of liquid oxygen, nitric acid, mixed diesel fuel, oil grade Type C-B, diesel fuel oil Type TT, nitric acid Sulfuric acid combinations, fluorine, nitro diesel fuel oil Type R-R, diesel fuel oil Type S-M, reformu gen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxide, lated diesel fuel, low sulfur hydrotreated low aromatic potassium perchlorate, perchloryl fluoride, bromine distillate fuel, toluene fuels, naphtha fuels, fuel oils, fuel oil pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, ON 7030, ozone, Grade 1, fuel oil Grade 2, fuel oil Grade 4 (light), fuel oil oxygen difluoride, RFNA (at various strengths), Grade 4, fuel oil Grade 5 (light), fuel oil Grade 5 (heavy), WFNA, tet rani tromethane, fluorine, chlorine, chlo US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 52

rine trifluoride, perchloryl fluoride, nitrosyl fluoride, C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and nitryl fluoride, N2O4, nitrogen trifluoride, difluorine a minimum flash point of 52 C.; monoxide, fluorate, or chlorine oxides and mixture. 0452 No. 4 diesel fuel having a cetane number of at 0444 17. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, least 30, a maximum Sulfur content not exceeding whereupon combustion Specific impulse is not less than 200 2.0%, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 24.0 I, Sec./250 mm°/S at 40°C. (55° C), a maximum ash content of 0445 18. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, 0.10 percent mass, and a minimum flash point of 55 whereupon combustion engine combustion wall temperature C.; does not exceed the range of 1,300° F to 2,000 F. 0453 A diesel oil having a viscosity ranging from 0446. 19. The aforementioned diesel, fuel oil, turbine oil, about 10 to 500' centistokes at 50 C., and a sulfur or aviation jet fuel compositions, wherein Said composition concentration ranging from 0.01 to 3.0% mass, contains a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) 0454. A heavy diesel, locomotive or marine fuel compound, and is a fuel composition characterized as being composition (meeting ISO DIS 8217 or BS MA 100 Standards) having a Sulfur concentration of 0.01 to 3.0% mass and a viscosity of 10 to 500 centistokes 0447 No. 1 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a mini at 50° C.; mum LHV of 75 BTU/lb, a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35%. wt. aromatic content, a 0455. A biodiesel composition containing methyl maximum T-90 temperature of 288 C., a maximum esters having a maximum sulfur content of 0.05 kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm /S at 40°C., a maxi percent mass, mum Sulfur content 0.05% mass, a maximum ash 04.56 No. 0-GT turbine fuel oil composition having content of 0.01 percent mass, and a minimum flash a maximum T-90 temperature of 288 C., a maxi point of 38° C.; mum kinematic viscosity of 2.1 mm/S at 40° C., a 0448) No. 1 diesel fuel having a minimum cetane maximum Sulfur content not exceeding 0.5% mass, a number of 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, and a mini content, a maximum T-90 temperature of 288 C., a mum flash point of 38 C.; maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm /S at 40 0457 No. 1-GT turbine fuel oil composition having C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a maximum T-90 temperature 288 C., a maximum a minimum flash point of 38 C.; Sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum 0449 A No. 1 Diesel fuel oil, wherein said compo kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm /S at 40° C., a maxi sition contains 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight mum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash and is for use as a, having at least one of the point of 38 C., a maximum pour point temperature following characteristics: a cetane number of at least of -18°C., an a maximum density of 850 kg/m at 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a 15° C.; maximum T-90 temperature of 288 F., a maximum 04.58 No. 2-GT turbine fuel oil composition having Sulfur content 0.5% mass, a minimum kinematic a maximum T-90 temperature 338 C., a maximum viscosity of 1.3 mm/S at 40°C., a maximum kine Sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum matic viscosity of 2.4 mm/S at 40°C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm/S at 40°C., a maxi ash content of 0.01 percent mass, a minimum flash mum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash point of 38 C., an API gravity of 40 to 44; A #1 point of 38 C., a maximum pour point temperature diesel fuel composition containing 0.01% to 53.0% of -6. C., and a maximum density of 876 kg/m at 15 oxygen by weight and characterized as having: a C.; cetane number of at least 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of 0459 No. 3-GT turbine fuel oil composition having 288 F., a maximum sulfur content 0.5% mass, a a minimum kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm/S at 40°C., minimum kinematic viscosity of 1.3 mm /S at 40 a maximum kinematic viscosity of 50.0 mm/S at C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm/S at 100 C., a maximum ash content of 0.03% mass, and 40°C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, a minimum flash point of 65 C.; a minimum flash point of 38 C., an API gravity of 0460) No. 4-GT turbine fuel oil composition having 40 to 44; a minimum kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm/S at 40°C., 0450 No. 2 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a maxi a maximum kinematic viscosity of 50.0 mm /S at mum T-90 temperature of 338 C., a minimum 100° C., a minimum flash point of 66 C.; cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aro 0461) No. 1 fuel oil composition having a maximum matic content, a maximum Sulfur content not exceed T-90 temperature of 288 C., a maximum sulfur ing 0.05% mass, a maximum kinematic Viscosity of content not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum kinematic 4.1 mm/S at 40°C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 viscosity of 2.1 mm /S at 40° C. for No. 1, a percent mass, and a minimum flash point of 52 C.; minimum flash point of 38 C., a maximum pour 0451 No. 2 diesel fuel having a maximum T-90 point temperature of -18 C., and a maximum den temperature of 338 C., a minimum cetane number sity of 850 kg/m at 15° C.; of 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a 0462 No. 2 fuel oil composition having a maximum maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm/S at 40 T-90 temperature 338 C., a maximum sulfur content US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 53

not exceeding 0.5%, a maximum kinematic Viscosity 0472. An aviation turbine composition having a maxi 3.4 mm /S at 40° C., a maximum pour point tem mum aromatic content of 25% Vol., a maximum mercaptain perature of -6°C., a maximum density of 876 kg/m sulfur of 0.002 weight 9%, a maximum total sulfur content of at 15 C., and a minimum flash point of 38 C.; 0.3 weight 9%, maximum olefin content of 5.0% vol., a maximum T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205 C., 0463) No. 4' (light) fuel oil composition having a a maximum final boiling temperature of 330 C., a minimum maximum kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm /S at 40° C.; flash point temperature of 38 C., API gravity 37-51, a a maximum ash content of 0.05 percent mass, a density ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m (a 15° C., a freezing maximum pour point temperature of -6. C., a mini point temperature no warmer than -40 C., a maximum mum density of 876 kg/m at 15°C., and a minimum viscosity of 8.0 mm/s, and maximum acidity of 0.015 mg flash point of 38° C.; KOH; 0464) No. 4 fuel oil composition having a minimum 0473 20. The aforementioned compositions, wherein kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm /S at 40°C., a maximum Said fuel is an aviation gasoline containing a cyclopentadi kinematic viscosity 24 mm/S at 40°C., a maximum enyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, wherein Said ash content of 0.10 percent mass, a maximum pour fuel is characterized as being a fuel Selected from the group point temperature of -6. C., and a minimum flash consisting of: point of 55° C.; 0474 a. An aviation turbine fuel composition con 0465 No. 5 (light) fuel oil composition having a taining 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and minimum kinematic viscosity 5.0 mm/S at 100° C., characterized as having: a maximum aromatic con a maximum kinematic viscosity 8.9 mm/S at 100 tent of 22% vol., a maximum mercaptain Sulfur of C., a maximum ash content of 0.15 percent mass, and 0.003 weight 9%, a maximum total Sulfur content of a minimum flash point of 55 C.; 0.3 weight %, a maximum T-10 distillation fraction 0466 No. 5 (heavy) fuel oil composition having a temperature of 205 C., a maximum final boiling kinematic viscosity 9.0 mm/S at 100° C., a maxi temperature of 300° C., a minimum flash point mum kinematic viscosity 14.9 mm/S at 100° C., a temperature of 38 C., a density ranging from 775 to maximum ash content of 0.15 percent mass, and a 840 kg/m (a 15° C., a freezing point temperature no minimum flash point of 55 C.; warmer than -40 C., a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm/s, 0467 No. 6 fuel oil composition; 0475 b. An aviation gasoline composition contain 0468. An aviation turbine composition having a ing 0.001 to 10.0 oxygen weight percent supplied by maximum aromatic content of 25% Vol., a maximum an ECS oxygenate Selected from the group consist mercaptain sulfur of 0.003 weight 9%, a maximum ing of methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl total sulfur content of 0.3 weight 9%, a maximum ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, methyl,tertiary T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205 C., a amyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, maximum final boiling temperature of 300 C., a diethyl carbonate, and mixture; the cyclopentadienyl minimum flash point temperature of 38 C., a density manganese tricarbonyl compound in concentration ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m (a 15 C., a freezing of 0.001 to 1.0 Mn/gal, wherein said fuel has a point temperature no warmer than -40 C., and a maximum 10% evaporated point of 167 F., a maxi maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm/S; mum 90% evaporated point of 275 F., a minimum Reid vapor pressure of 5.5 psi, and a maximum Reid 0469 An aviation turbine composition having a Vapor pressure of 7.0 psi, a maximum freezing point maximum T-20 distillation fraction temperature of of -76 F., and a maximum sulfur concentration of 145 C., a maximum T-90 temperature of 245 C., a density ranging from 751 to 8.02 kg/m (a 15° C., 0.05 percent weight maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa (G) 38 Ci, and a 0476 c. An aviation gasoline composition having a freezing point temperature no warmer than -50 C.; minimum combined 10%+50% evaporated tempera ture of 307 F., a minimum lean octane number of 0470 An aviation turbine composition having a 100, and a minimum heating value of 18, 700 Btu/lb, maximum total Sulfur content of 0.3 wt %, a maxi 0477 21. The aforementioned compositions, wherein mum T-50 distillation fraction temperature of 232 Said fuel is an automotive gasoline containing a cyclopen C., a maximum end point temperature of 300° C., a tadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, wherein specific gravity of 57 API, a maximum viscosity of said fuel is: 15.0 Cs (G-34.4° C., and a freezing point tempera 0478 a. An automotive gasoline composition hav ture no warmer than -50 C.; ing a maximum Sulfur concentration of 300 ppm, a 0471. An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic concentration of 25% Volume, a maximum aromatic content of 25% Vol., a maximum maximum olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5 mercaptain sulfur of 0.003 weight 9%, a maximum olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum benzene con total sulfur content of 0.3 weight 9%, a maximum centration of 1.0%, a maximum T90 temperature of T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205 C., a 330 F., a minimumT-50 temperature of 175° F., a maximum final boiling temperature of 300 C., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number of 84, at least one minimum flashpoint temperature of 38 C., a density deposit control additive Selected from the group ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m (a 15 C., a freezing consisting of combustion chamber deposit control point temperature no warmer than -40°C., a maxi additives, port fuel injector additives, intake Valve mum viscosity of 8.0 mm/s; control additives, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 54

0479 b. An unleaded, phosphorus free gasoline 0487. 26. The aforementioned automobile gasoline com composition fuels having a max RVP of 8.0, psi, a positions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction max of 8.0%, 20-25% vol. aromatics, a max of 1.0% boils at 132° C. (270°F). benzene, 40-300 ppm Sulfur, an 02 concentration ranging up to 3.5% 02 by weight, a max T-90 0488. 27. The aforementioned automobile compositions, temperature of 300°F. to 320 F., a T-50 temperature wherein the minimum T-50 distillation temperature is 175 of 170 F. to 220 F.; a minimum latent heat of F. vaporization of 900 BTU/gal (G) 60. F., a minimum 0489 28. The aforementioned automobile compositions, heating value of 106,000 BTU/gal (a 60° F., and a wherein the minimum T-50 distillation temperature is 180 minimum average laminar burning Velocity at ambi F. ent conditions of 48 cm/sec.; 0490 29. The aforementioned automobile compositions, 0480 c. Automotive gasoline composition having a wherein the maximum T-50 distillation temperature is 220 maximum T-90 distillation fraction temperature of F. 350 F., and a minimum T-50 distillation fraction of 150° F. 0491 30. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the maximum T-50 distillation temperature is 210 0481 d. An automotive gasoline, wherein said com F. position contains 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and having at least one of the following character 0492) 31. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel istics: a LHV of at least 860 BTU/gal, a laminar BStf oil and jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maxi at least 45 cm/sec.; and Said fuel having at least one mum T-90 distillation fraction temperature is 282 C.; of the following: a Sulfur content ranging from 0 to 300 ppm, a maximum polynuclear free aromatic 0493 32. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel concentration of 0% to 25% volume, a maximum oil and jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maxi olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5 olefins) of mum T-90 distillation fraction temperature is 273 C.; 10% Volume, a maximum benzene concentration of 0494 33. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel 1.0%, a maximum T 90 temperature of 330 F., a oil and jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maxi minimumT-50 temperature of 175 F., a minimum mum T-90 distillation fraction temperature is 294 C. octane (R+M)/2 number of 87, a deposit control additive Selected from the group consisting of com 0495 34. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel bustion chamber deposit control additives, port fuel oil and jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maxi injector additives, intake valve control additives, and mum T-90 distillation fraction temperature is 285 C. mixture; 0496 35. The aforementioned automobile and aviation 0482 e. A automotive gasoline composition con gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum taining 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and LHV of 860 BTU/gallon (a 60° F. characterized as having: a LHV of at least 860 BTU/gal, a laminar BV of at least 45 cm/sec; and 0497 36. The aforementioned automobile and aviation Said fuel having at least one of the following: a Sulfur gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum content ranging from 0 to 300 ppm, a maximum LHV of 880 BTU/gallon (a 60° F. polynuclear free aromatic concentration of 0% to 0498 37. The aforementioned automobile and aviation, 25% Volume, a maximum olefin concentration gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum. (excluding C4-C5 olefins) of 10% volume, a maxi LHV of 900 BTU/gallon (a 60° F. mum benzene concentration of 1.0%, a maximum T 90 temperature of 330 F., a minimumT-50 tempera 0499 38. The aforementioned automobile and aviation ture of 175 F., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum of 87, a deposit control additive selected from the LHV of 905 BTU/gallon (a 60° F. group consisting of combustion chamber deposit control additives, port fuel injector additives, intake 0500 39. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel Valve control additives, and mixture. oil, aviation fuel oil compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 75 Btu/lb. 0483 22. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compo sitions, wherein the maximum end boiling point is 156 C. 0501) 40. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel oil, aviation fuel oil compositions, wherein the minimum (313°F). LHV is 100 Btu/lb. 0484. 23. The aforementioned automobile gasoline com positions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction 0502 41. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compo boils at 149° C. (300 F). sitions, wherein the minimum LHV is 140 Btu/lb. 0485 24. The aforementioned automobile gasoline com 0503 42. The aforementioned aviation gasoline and auto positions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction mobile gasoline compositions, wherein the minimum LHV boils at 143° C. (290°F). is 150 Btu Ab. 0486 25. The aforementioned automobile gasoline com 0504 43. The aforementioned aviation and automobile positions, wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction gasoline compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 160 boils at 138° C. (280°F). Btu/lb. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 55

0505 44. The aforementioned aviation and automobile tylphenols and ditert-butylphenols, 60 to 80 percent 2,6- gasoline compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 170 dialkyphenols 20 to 40 percent mixture of 2,3,6- Btu/lb. trialkylphenols and 2,4,6-trialkylphenols, 35 percent min 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 65 percent max mixture of 0506 45. The aforementioned compositions, wherein methyl-, ethyl-, and dimethyl-tert-butylphenols, 60 percent Said composition contains a compound Selected from the min 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 40 percent max mixture of tert group consisting a peroxide, di-tertiary butyl peroxide, 2.5 butylphenols, 30 percent min mixture of 2,3,6-trimethylphe dimethyl 2.5 di(tertiary butyl peroxy) hexane, tertiary butyl nol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol 70 percent max mixture of cumyl peroxide, di(tertiary amyl) peroxide), an alkyl perox dimethylphenols, 55 percent min butylated ethylphenols 45 ide, an alkyl hydroperoxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, percent max butylated methyl- and dimethylphenols, 45 tertiary amyl hydroperoxide, an alkyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl percent mix 4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol, or 40 percent nitrate, iso-propyl nitrate, nitrobenzene, aniline, amine, min mixture of 6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol 15 percent max imide, and mixtures thereof. mixture of other butylated phenols, and mixture. 0507 46. The aforementioned compositions containing a 0511 50. The aforementioned compositions, wherein metal deactivator, optionally Selected from the group con Said composition contains an inhibitor, optionally Selected sisting of N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine, NiN'- from the group consisting of 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl disalicylidene-1,2-ethane diamine or N,N'-disalicylidene-1, phenol, 2, 6-detertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 2, 6-diter 2-cyclohexanediamine. tiary-butyl phenol, 75%. 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, 10-15% 0508 47. The forementioned compositions containing 2, 4, 6-tritertiary-butyl phenol, 10-15% orthy-tertiary butyl least one engine, carburetor, induction, injection System phenol, 72% min 2, .4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol, cleaning or deposit control additive, detergent or dispersant, 28% max. monemethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl phenol, optionally Selected Selected from the group consisting of a 60% min 2, 4-ditertiary-butyl phenol, 40% max, mixed, or polyether amine, polyether amide amines, polyalkenyl Suc tertiary-butyl phenol and mixture. cinimide, or polyalkenyl Succinimide, hydrocarbyl carbon ates, polybutene alcohol, polybutene chloroformate, poly 0512 51. The aforementioned automobile and aviation butene amines formulated in mineral or other carriers, gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum polyisobutylene amine reformulated in polyether carriers, laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 46 cm/sec at one-component polyether amines, polyether amines, poly ambient, conditions benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). alkenyl amines, alkenyl Succinimides, long-chain dibasic 0513 52. The aforementioned automobile and aviation acid derivative, long-chain aliphatic polyamines or long gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum chain Mannich bases, and mixture laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 48 cm/sec at 0509 48. The aforementioned compositions, wherein ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). Said composition contains at least one detergent, ashleSS 0514. 53. The aforementioned automobile and aviation detergent, alkenyl Succinic acid ester, alkenyl Succinimide of gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum an amine, methilyamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-dodecy laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 50 cm/sec at lamine, polyether amine, polyalkenyl amine, alkenyl Suc ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). cinimide, polyether amide amine, antioxidant, demulsifer, emulsifer, corrosion inhibitor, aromatic Solvent, Scavenger, 0515 54. The aforementioned automobile and aviation rust inhibitors, Surfactants, Supplemental valve, valve Seal gasoline compositions characterized as... having a minimum recession protectants, diluent oil, mutual Solvent, or metal laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 55 cm/sec at deactivator, and mixture. ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). 0510 49. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0516 55. The aforementioned automobile and aviation Said composition contains an antioxidant, optionally gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum Selected from the group consisting alkyl phenol,aromatic laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 60 cm/sec at diamines with Sterially hindered phenolic and amine groups, ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). 2.6 di-tert-butylephenol; 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylephenol; 4-me 0517 56. The aforementioned automobile and aviation thyl-2,6-di-tert-butylephenol; 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert gasoline compositions characterized as having a minimum butyl-p-creSol, phenylenediamines, mixtures of tertiary laminar Bunsen burner flame velocity of 70 cm/sec at butylated phenols, aromatic amines, N,N-diisopropylpar ambient conditions (benchmark of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec). aphenylene diamine, Seventy-five percent minimum 2,6-di tertiary-butyl phenol plus 25% maximum tertiary and trit 0518 57. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, ertiary butyl phenols, Seventy-two percent minimum 2,4- wherein Said contain an antiknock quantity of an agent dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 28% maximum Selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadienyl monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols, fifty-five nickel nitroSyl, n-methyl aniline, 2.4 pentanedione, arid percent minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus mixture. 45% maximum mixed tertiary and ditertiary butyl phenols, 0519 b 58. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimeth Said ECS compound is Selected from the group consisting ylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 75 percent min-2, 6-di C2-C12 aldehydes, C2-C12 ethers, diethers, Cl-C15 alco tert-butylphenol 25 percent max tert-butylphenols and tri hols, C2-C12 oxides, G3-C15 ketones, C3-CIS esters, tertbutylphenols, 72 percent min 6-tert-butyl-2, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, glycols, C3-C20 glycol 4-dimethylphenol 28 percent max tert-butyl-methylphenols ethers, C4-C20 carbonates, C5-C25 dicarbonates, organic/ and tert-butyl-dimethylphenols, 55 percent min 6-tert-butyl inorganic peroxides/hydroperoxides, nitrates, di-nitrates, 2, 4-dimethylphenol 45 percent max mixture of tert-bu alkylnitrates, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, amides, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 56 nitroSyls, imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, (including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers (ethylene gly isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline, col monomethyl ether), diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers nitromethane, nitropropane, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, including, diethylene glycol o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dim dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene ethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, in Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl cluding diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene hydrazine, Xylidine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, ammonium glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether), nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol dim ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ethyl ether (or diethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethers of hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and mixture. ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or dieth 0520 59. The rocket fuel composition containing a com ylene glycol monomethyl etherEthylene Glycol Monom pound Selected from the group consisting of hexine-1, ethyl Ether, (EGME), 1-Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, Substituted hydrazines, including methylhydrazine, Sym diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol dim metrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydra ethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, methylene di Zine, hydrazine, acyl hydrazine (hydrozides); ethane, pro methyl ether (also known as methylal, dimethoxy methane, pane, butane, diborane, tetraborane, penta.bornane, ethylene glycol and mixture. hexaborane, decaborane, aluminum borohydride, beryllium 0522 61. The aforementioned compositions wherein the borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium nitrate, potas ECS compound has a minimum average boiling tempera sium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium per chlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, nitro tures of no less than 32° C. (90 F). gen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, 0523 62. The aforementioned compositions wherein the hydrocyanic acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum ECS compound has a minimum average boiling tempera borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan, tures of no less than 32° C. (90 F). diborane, dimethylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethanol, ethy lamine, ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide, ethylenediamine, 0524 63. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ethyl nitrate, dimethyl Sulfide, furfuryl alcohol, heptene, ECS compound is OHC(CH2)4CHO: hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropyl alcohol, CH3CHOHCHOHCH3; (CH3)3CCHOHCH3; lithium, lithium hydride, methane, methylal, methanol, CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3; (CH3)2COOH, CH3CCCOH: methyl nitrate, methylamine, methylacetylene, methylvinyl (CH3)3CCH2COH: HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH: acetylene, monoethylaniline, tetranitromethane HOCH2CH2OH: OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO: nitromethane, nitropropane, nitroglycerine, n-octane, pro (CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; pane, propylene oxide, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethy lamine, trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpen 0525) 64. The aforementioned compositions wherein the tine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, Xylidine, 2,3- ECS compound has one or more radical (S) Selected from Xylidine, lithium borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, group consisting of OO, CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, pentaborane, monethylanile, ethylenediamine, isoethyl BF, ALALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, ONH, NH, nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, NH2, OCH, OC2H5, OCH, OCH/OH, C1, OCOO, COOH, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, C2H500C, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, or CONH2, and hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, combination. methylhydrazine, Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsym metrical dimethylhydrazine,tetranitromethane, hydrozide, 0526 65. The aforementioned compositions wherein the Xylidine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ECS compound has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization (at nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitro it evaporation pgint) of 24 jK mole' gen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, 0527 66. The aforementioned compositions wherein the hydrocyanic acid, OHC(CH2)4CHO; ECS compound has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of CH3CHOHCHOHCH3; (CH3)3CCHOHCH3; 28 K mole' CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3; (CH3)2COOH, CH3CCCOH: (CH3)3CCH2COH: HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH: 0528 67. The aforementioned compositions wherein the HOCH2CH2OH: OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO: ECS compound has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of (CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; 30 jK mole" 0529 68. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of 0521) 60. The aforementioned compositions containing a 32 jK mole' glycol, or a glycol ether Selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol monomethyl, diethylene glycol dimethyl 0530 69. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol ECS compound has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of 45 cm/sec glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, in cluding diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene 0531 70. The aforementioned compositions wherein the glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ECS compound has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of 48 cm/sec ether, glycol monomethyl ether, glycol dimethyl ether, dieth 0532 71. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ECS compound has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar diethylene glycol diethyl ether, C35-C20 glycol ethers velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of 55 cm/sec. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 57

0533 72. The aforementioned compositions wherein the 0550 89. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar ECS compound contributes least 2.0% O2 by weight to the velocity (with methanol at 57.2 cm/sec) of 57 cm/sec composition. 0534) 73. The aforementioned compositions wherein the 0551 90. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound is selected from carbon monoxide, methyl ECS compound contributes least 2.5% O2 by weight to the ene di methyl ether, methylene diethyl ether, methylene di composition. propyl ether, methylene dibutyl ether, methylene diisopro pyl ether, methane hydrate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl 0552) 91. The aforementioned compositions, where said carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, gly ECS compound contributes least 3.5% O2 by weight to the col, and glycol ethers. composition. 0535 74. The aforementioned compositions wherein the 0553 92. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound is selected from C3 to Cll dialkyl carbon ECS compound contributes least 4.5% O2 by weight to the ates, C2-C8 ethers, dual or multiple-linkage ethers, glycols, composition. glycol ethers, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and mixture. 0554 93. The aforementioned compositions, where said 0536 75. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound contributes 0.01% to 53.0% 02 by weight to ECS compound is selected from dimethyl ether, diisopropyl the composition. ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, 0555 94. The aforementioned compositions, wherein ethyl tertiary amyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, and Said non-lead element or combustible compound containing diisopropyl ether. Said element is Selected from the group consisting of Li, Be, 0537) 76. The aforementioned compositions wherein the B, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, ECS compound is selected from acid dimethyl ester (dim Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, ethyl carbonate), carbonic acid diethyl ester (diethylcarbon Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, ate) and mixture. Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ti, Fr., Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, 0538 77. The aforementioned compositions wherein the Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Unq, Unp, Unh, Uns elements ECS compound is selected from of methanol, ethanol, of the Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixtures thereof, iso-propanol, tertiary butanol, iso-butanol, and mixture wherein Said element or its organic or inorganic compound thereof. being present in combustible form; 0539 78. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound is Selected from group consisting of amines, 0556 95. The aforementioned compositions, wherein Said non-lead element or or combustible compound contain amides, nitrates, di-nitrates, or nitro ethers, and mixture, ing Said element is Selected from the group consisting of Li, 0540 79. The aforementioned automotive gasoline com Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, positions where the ECS compound is ethanol. Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, 0541 80. The aforementioned automotive gasoline com Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, positions where the ECS compound is methanol. Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ti, Fr., Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Unq, Unp, Unh, Uns elements 0542 81. The aforementioned automotive gasoline com of the Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixtures thereof, positions where the ECS compound is MTBE. wherein Said element or its organic or inorganic compound 0543 82. The aforementioned automotive gasoline com being present in combustible form. positions where the ECS compound is methylal. 0557. 96. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0544 83. The aforementioned automotive gasoline com Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element positions where the ECS compound is di-tertiary butyl is Selected from the group consisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, peroxide. Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc., Ti,V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, 0545) 84. The aforementioned compositions, where said Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, and mixture thereof, wherein Said element ECS compound contributes oxygen in the range from 0.001 or its organic or inorganic compound being present in to 50.0 percent by weight of the composition. combustible form. 0546 85. The aforementioned compositions, where said 0558 97. The aforementioned compositions, wherein ECS compound contributes greater than 1.0% 02 by weight Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element to the composition. is Selected from the group consisting of Li, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc,Ti,V, Cr, and mixture thereof, wherein 0547 86. The aforementioned compositions, where said Said element or its organic or inorganic compound being ECS compound contributes least 1.5% O2 by weight to the composition. present in combustible form. 0559) 98. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0548 87. The aforementioned gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element gas turbine oil, jet aviation turbine compositions, where said is Selected from the group consisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, ECS compound contributes greater than 1.5% 02 by weight Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, to the composition. Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, 0549 88. The aforementioned compositions, where said Cd, In, Sn, I, CS and mixture thereof, wherein Said element ECS compound contributes greater than 1.5% 02 by weight or its organic or inorganic compound being present in to the composition. combustible form. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 58

0560 99. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0571 110. The aforementioned compositions wherein Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element Said compound containing Said non-lead element is manga is selected Be, F, Si, P, Cl, Ca, Sc., Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, CSC. Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements, and 0572 111. The aforementioned compositions wherein mixtures thereof, wherein Said element or its organic or Said non-lead derivative is Selected from the group consist inorganic compound being present in combustible form; ing of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethyla luminum, pentaborane, decaborane, borazole, aluminimum 0561 100. The aforementioned compositions, wherein borohydride, beryllium borohydride, dimethlylberyllium, or Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element lithium borohydride, and mixtures. is Selected from the group consisting elements of groupS 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 8 (CAS version), and 0573) 112. The aforementioned compositions wherein iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Said cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is methylcy Sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, clopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. wherein Said element or its organic or inorganic compound 0574 113. The aforementioned compositions, wherein being present in combustible form; Said nonleaded element's oxide’s heat of formation is nega 0562) 101. The aforementioned compositions, wherein tive and equal to or greater than -150,000 gr calories/mole. Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element is Selected from the group consisting of phosphorous, mag 0575) 114. The aforementioned compositions, wherein nesium, manganese, Silicon, iron, aluminum, or boron and Said nonleaded element or derivative compound thereof has mixture, wherein Said element or its organic or inorganic a minimum heating value of 5,000 Kcal/kg. compound being present in combustible form. 0576) 115. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0563. 102. The aforementioned compositions, wherein Said nonleaded element or derivative compound thereof has Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element a minimum heating value of 7,000 Kcal/kg. is Selected from the group consisting of lithium, Sodium, 0577 116. The aforementioned compositions, wherein potapsium, rhubidium, or, cesium and mixture, wherein Said Said nonleaded element or derivative compound thereof has element or its organic or inorganic compound being present a minimum heating value of 9,000 Kcal/kg, in combustible form. 0564) 103. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0578 117. The aforementioned compositions, wherein Said non-lead element or compound containing Said element Said nonleaded element is contained in an organic or inor is Selected from the group consisting of potassium, Silicon, ganic derivative compound. manganese and mixture, wherein Said element or its organic 0579 118. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, or inorganic compound being present in combustible form. where said compound containing nonleaded element is a 0565 104. The aforementioned compositions containing cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound having Mn and wherein Said composition additionally contains a a concentration amount greater than 0.008256 (/32 gr/gal) non-lead element or compound containing Said element gr/liter of Mn. Selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, 0580) 119. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element germanium, phosphorus, Silicon, nitrogen, Sulfur, fluorine/ is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep chlorine or tin and mixture thereof, wherein Said element or resenting a concentration amount no less than 0.016512 (/16 its organic or inorganic compound being present in com gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn. bustible form. 0566 105. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0581 120. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, Said non-lead element is contained in compound containing where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element one or more alkyl, dialkyl, aryl, amide, alkenyl, aralkyl, is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aldehyde, carbethoxy, resenting a concentration amount at least 0.033 (vs gr/gal) carbornethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ether, gr/liter of Mn. acetate, ketonic, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glyoxylyl, meth 0582) 121. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, oxy, methylenedioxy, glycolyl, hydroxyl, amide, nitroSyl, where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, alkenyloxyl, aralkyloxyl, is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep aralkenyloxyl, radicals or groups, or combination. resenting a concentration amount at least 0.066 (/4 gr/gal) 0567 106. The aforementioned compositions, wherein gr/liter of Mn. Said composition contains an aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, 0583. 122. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, cycloalkenyl, alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy nitrate. where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element 0568 107. The aforementioned compositions, wherein is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep Said composition contain tetranitromethane, nitromethane, resenting a concentration amount of 0.099 (ys gr/gal) gr/liter nitroethane, or nitropropane and mixture. of Mn. 0569 108. The aforementioned compositions wherein 0584) 123. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, Said compound containing Said non-lead element is Silicon where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element 0570 109. The aforementioned compositions wherein is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep Said compound containing Said non-lead element is potas resenting a concentration is at least 0.132 (% gr/gal) gr/liter sium of Mn. US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 59

0585 124. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, 0604 143. The aforementioned compositions, wherein where Said organic compound containing nonleaded element Said hydrocarbons are branch chain iso-paraffins, optionally is a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound rep Selected from cyclopentane, n-pentane, 2, 3 dimethylbutane, resenting a concentration is at least 0.165 (5/8 gr/gal) gr/liter isohexane, 3-methylpentane. of Mn. 0605 144. The aforementioned compositions, whereby 0586 125. The aforementioned fuel compositions, resultant engine-out combustion gas temperature is reduced wherein Said non-lead metal or element represents no greater and fuel economy increased compared to fuel, absent Said 10 grams of element per gallon of the composition. ECS compound. 0587 126. The aforementioned compositions having a 0606 145. The aforementioned compositions, wherein maximum sulfur content of 4,000 ppm. Said compositions contain a nitrogen based compound Selected from amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, 0588 127. The aforementioned compositions having a nitroSyls, imides, nitrates, dinitrate compounds alkyl maximum sulfur content of 3,000 ppm. nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-ni trates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitroSyls, imi 0589 128. The aforementioned compositions having a des, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methy maximum sulfur content of 1,000 ppm. lamines, amides, nitrdsyls, imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethy 0590 129. The aforementioned compositions having a laniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethy maximum sulfur content of 500 ppm. lamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, 0591) 130. The aforementioned compositions having a monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, Symmetrical dim maximum sulfur content of 100 ppm. ethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, Xyli dine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium 0592) 131. The aforementioned compositions having a nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlor maximum sulfur content of 50 ppm. ate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, 0593 132. The aforementioned compositions having a dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and mixture. maximum sulfur content of 30 ppm. 0607 146. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is an organic derivative. 0594) 133. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum Sulfur content of 10 ppm. 0608) 147. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is an alkyl or aryl derivative. 0595) 134. The aforementioned compositions having a, maximum aromatic concentration selected/from 35% Vol 0609) 148. The composition of claim 131, wherein said UC. organic nitrate is an alkyl nitrate, optionally Selected from the group consisting of methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethyl 0596) 135. The aforementioned compositions having a nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, iso-propyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl maximum aromatic concentration selected from 30% vol nitrate and mixture. UC. 0610 149. The aforementioned composition containing 0597 136. The aforementioned compositions having a additional Sulfur additive. maximum aromatic concentration Selected from 22% Vol 0611 150. The aforementioned method of claim 9, UC. wherein average atomized particle Size is 1 to 70 um 0598. 137. The aforementioned compositions having a (microns). maximum aromatic concentration Selected from 20% Vol 0.612) 151. The aforementioned method claims, wherein UC. average atomized particle size is no greater than 60 um 0599 138. The aforementioned compositions having a (microns). maximum aromatic concentration Selected from 15% Vol 0613 152. The aforementioned method claims, wherein UC. average atomized particle size is no greater than 50 um 0600 139. The aforementioned compositions, wherein (microns). Said hydrocarbons are alkylated hydrocarbons. 0.614 153. The aforementioned method claims, wherein 0601 140. The aforementioned compositions, wherein average atomized particle size is no greater than 40 um Said hydrocarbons are Selected from the group consisting of (microns). benzene, toluene, m-Xylene, ethylbenzene, O-Xylene, iso 0.615 154. The aforementioned method claims, wherein proplybenzene, n-propylbenzene, and mixture. average atomized particle size is no greater than 30 um 0602) 141. The aforementioned compositions, wherein (microns). Said hydrocarbons are olefins Selected from the group con 0616) 155. The aforementioned method claims, wherein Sisting of 2-methyl-2-butene, 2 methyl-1 butene, 1 pentene, average atomized particle size is no great.er than 20 um and mixture. (microns). 0603) 142. The aforementioned compositions, wherein 0.617 156. The aforementioned method claims, wherein, Said hydrocarbons are branch chained or a condensed ring average atomized particle size is no greater than 10 um group hydrocarbons. (microns). US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 60

0618 157. The aforementioned method claims, wherein formation of oxides of Said non-lead element or derivative average atomized particle Size is no greater than 5 um compound in the Submicron range. (microns) 0633 172. The aforementioned method employing 0619. 158. The/aforementioned method claims, wherein COMBUSTION CATALYST compound wherein said mix Said atomized particle is introduced by direct injection ture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle CS. (gasoline or diesel), where by polymerization occurs at a temperature exceeding 100/125/140/150/160/165/170/175/ 0620 159. The aforementioned method claims, wherein 180° C. Said atomized particle is introduced by turbo-charged CS. 0634) 173. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST compound wherein said mix 0621 160. The aforementioned method claims, wherein ture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle Said atomized particle is introduced by direct injection (gasoline or diesel) with contrations of Sulfur exceeding Stratified charge means. 30/50/100/150/200/250/300/350/400 ppm, whereby catalyst 0622 161. The aforementioned method claims, wherein or after treatement emission Systems are not adversely Said atomized particle or vapor is introduced by a Swirl effected or disabled. CS. 0635 174. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST compound wherein said mix 0623) 162. The aforementioned method claims, wherein ture is introduced into the engine of a Tier II vehicle Said atomized particle is injected under a pressure of 3 to 15 (gasoline or diesel) whereby fuel economy is improved at pS1. least 2/5/8/10/15/20% above clear fuels absent ECS, COM 0624 163. The aforementioned method claims, wherein BUSTION CATALYST and optionally NLEC components. the atomized particle is injected under a pressurelS to 45 psi. 0636) 175. The aforementioned use, wherein: 0625 164. The aforementioned method claims, wherein 0637 a... the ECS oxygenate is selected from the Said composition is gasoline and the atomized particle is group consisting of carbon monoxide, methylene injected under pressure 1500 psi to 30,000 psi dimethyl ether, carbonic acid dimethyl ester, car 0626 165. The aforementioned method claims, wherein bonic acid diethyl ester, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl said atomized particle is introduced into an engine, com ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl bustor, or burner Selected from group consisting of Swirl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl combustors, Spherical combustors, rocket engine, Brayton ether, methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tertiary cycle engine, gas oil turbine, aviation jet turbine, diesel butanol, iso-butanol, and mixture thereof, engine, marine engine, locomotive engine, aviation gas 0638 b. in an unleaded hydrocarbon base containing engine, automotive engine, oil burner, reside burner, oil a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) furnace, oil burner, gas burner, gas furnace, internal com compound pression engine, Spark-ignited internal combustion engine, lean burn, fast burn, external combustion Stirling or Rankine 0639 c. to improve fuel economy of an internal engine, Otto cycle engine, lean burn engine, or catalyst combustion engine. System engine. 0.640) 176. The aforementioned use, wherein the 0627 166. The aforementioned method claim wherein oxgenate concentration is no less than 1.5% weight percent. Said combustor, engine or burner is operated lean. 0641) 177. The aforementioned method claims and com 0628 167. The aforementioned method, wherein said positions characterized in combustion as having a luminous combustion occurs in a turbine engine and wherein inlet gas reaction Zone. temperature does not exceeding 650 C. 1. A carboneous fuel containing triemethoxymethylsilane. 0629 168. The aforementioned method, wherein said 2. A carboneous fuel containing a combustion catalyst, mixture contains at least one compound Selected from the Selected from the group of triemethoxymethylsilane, dim group consisting of a polyolefini polyacrylate, poly ethylphosp hite, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy methacrylate, modified polystyrene, ethylene-Vinyl acetate Silane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl-Silane, copolymer, or ethylene-Vinyl chloride copolymer, and mix methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, ture. 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, Vinyl 0630) 169. The aforementioned method, whereby result tris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)Silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes, tet ant engine-out combustion gas temperature is reduced and ramethoxysilane, tetiraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, fuel economy increased compared to fuel, absent Said ECS tetraiSopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilarie, a dialkylphosphi compound. tes, dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphos phite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphos 0631 170. The aforementioned method, wherein in com phites, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, bustion Said method is characterized as resulting in a lumi tripropylphosphit-S, triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phos nous reaction Zone extending distance from the Surface of phite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethyl-phos Said non-lead element or derivative compound. phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-Orthoacetate, trimethy 0632) 171. The aforementioned method, wherein in com lorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho bustion Said method is characterized as resulting in the formate, alkyloxymethanes, tetraalkyloxymethanes, US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005

tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, tetra phite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphos propoxymethane, tetraiSopropoxy-methane, tetratert-bu phite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, toxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite, trimethylorthoac triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), etate, triethylorthoacetate, trimethylorthobutyrate, dimethyl-methylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimethylorthovalerate, trimethy potassium pryo-phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethy lorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, diethoxyethane, tet lorthoacetate, tri-methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate, ramethoxymethane, triethoxymethylmethane, tri-meth tri-methylorthoValerate, trimethylorthoformate, including oxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane, homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial thereof. acetic acid, acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, 4. The composition of claim.3, wherein the catalyst is ethyl ester (acetyloxy) acetic acid; aminooxo acetic acid, Selected from group consisting of. trimethoxymethylsilane, aminoOXO acetic acid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of triethbxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl acid, tetranitromethane, and mixture. ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein Said carboneous OXoacetic acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methy fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel. lesterhydro-Xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propylesterhydro-Xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein said acetic acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of carboneous fuel is an Enhanced Combustion Structure butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic (“ECS) compound having a latent heat of vaporization acid, 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol at its boiling butanic acid, 2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl temperature, and a minimum burning Velocity (as mea carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibu sured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec (“BV), tyl carbonate, tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, C2-C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phos ether acids, C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, phinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphos C2-C12 oxides, C3-CIS ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 phinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phoS esters, alkyl formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates, phonic acid, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 diethyl ester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, glycol ethers, C3-C20 ethyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 phosphonic acid, methyl monoethylester phosphonic acid, asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-car methyl monomethylester phosphonic acid, methyl-O, bonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, 0-dimetnylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phos hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di phoric acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phoS nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids, C3 to phate, ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, C8 hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy triethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, 0, methyl ester of acetic acid, boric acids, orthoborates, O, 0.'-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester phos hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides., acetates, ace phorous acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester tyls, methyl esters, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, phosphorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, O.O.S.- aldehydic acids, anhydrides, carbonic esters, carboxy tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2-methyl-1,2..pro lic acids, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic panediol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2-methyl-2- acids, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2..propanediol, 1,1,1", alkyl/cyclo/cycloalkyl/aryl nitrates, nitromethane, 1"-methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)-tetrakis propane, methyl nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, methylamines, ethyl propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, Xylidine, 2,3-Xylidine, ammonia, Orthoborates, oth 1,1'-methylenebis(oxy)bis 2-methyl-propane, 1-(1-meth roesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, per ylethoxy)-propane, 2,2,2'-methylidyne-tris(oxy)tris pro Oxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, Said compound pane, 1,1,1"-methylidynetris(oxy)tris(2-methyl propane, optionally containing at least one Substituent Selected 2-methyl-1-nitro propane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane, from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, hydracrylonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboet propane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-pro hoxy, car borne thoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, car pane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phe boxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, nol, and mixture. hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy, nitroSyl 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the combustion radical, and mixtures thereof. catalyst is Selected from group consisting of trimethoxym 7. The composition of claim 7, wherein said ECS oxy ethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, genate is Selected from the group consisting of methyl tetramethylsilane, dimethpxy-methyl-Vinyl-Silane, methyl tertiary butyl ethers, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-amino amyl ether, tertiary methyl ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl propyl-trimethoxysilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxy ether, dimethyl ether, DIPE, methyl ester, C1 to C6 aliphatic dimethylsilane, di-methoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2- alcohols, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylal, butyldenaminooxy)Silane, tetramethoxysilane, ethylal, and mixture. tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsi 8. The composition of claim 2, wherein said fuel contains lane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphos at least one ribn-leaded element or derivative organic or US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 62 inorganic compound (NLEC) containing Said non-lead lane, dimethylphosphite, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltri element, Selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, ethoxy-Silane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements Silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), and triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, mixture, wherein Said element or derivative compound, is Vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, combustible and optionally has a minimum heating value of dimethoxydimethylsilane, Vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-OX 4,000 Kcal/kg. y)Silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes, tetramethoxysilane, tetra 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said NLEC is a ethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsilane, tet combustible element or compound containing at least one raisobutylsilane, a dialkylphosphites, dimethyl-phosphite, element Selected from the group consisting of aluminum, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chro mium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites, trimethylphosphite, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, pal tributyl-phosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethyl ladium, rubidium, Sodium, tin, Zinc, praseodymium, rhe methyl-phos-phonate, P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-Orthoac nium, Silicon, Vanadium, Strontium, barium, radium, Scan etate, trimethylorthoValerate, trimethylorthobutyrate, trim dium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, ethylortho-formate, alkyloxymethan.es, titanium, Zirconium, hafium, praseodymium, protactinium, tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane, tetra tantalum, neodyium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, nep ethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraiSopropoxy tunium, Samarium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, methane, tetratert-butpxy-methane, potassium pryophos europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, phite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimet curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, Silver, gold, dyspro hylortho-butyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimethylorthov sium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, alerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane, erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, Selenium, diethoxyethane, tetramethpxymethane, triethoxymethyl tellurium, polonium, lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof, methane, tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane, including organic and inorganic derivatives. trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacia ace 10. The fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate tic acid, acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, ester (acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, ami methanol, ethanol, or mixture, and a compound Selected noOXO acetic acid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic from 2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl, acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, methoxyethyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(tri ester of ;>>acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, methoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1-(3-(trimethox ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl ester of ysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, oxoacetic )propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid, methylesterhy triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexam dro-Xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid, propy ethylcyclotrisilaZane, lesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester acetic acid ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of butanic hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3, acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hexamethyl disilaZane, hexamethyldisiloxane, heX 3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic amethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, acid, 2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbon tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, ate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl car etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsi bonate, tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, trieth lane, benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, ylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic diphenyl-Silanediol, dihexylsilanediol, acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phosphonic acid, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, (1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethyl ester potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethyl isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium Sec-bu ester phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic toxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, acid, methyl monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, potas monomethylester phosphonic acid, methyl-O,O-dimethyl Sium Salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate, ester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester phosphoric acid, potassium hydrogenSulfate, monopotassium acetylene dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl phosphate, eth dicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium ylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, triethyl dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, O.O.O.- chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium Salt hexoic triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous acid), potassium acetate, potassium diphenylphos acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester phos phide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium phorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, O.O.S.- phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium Salt, tiethyl ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2-methyl-1,2..pro monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, panediol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2-methyl-2- potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanof propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2..propanediol, 1,1,1", errate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, 1"-methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)-tetrakis propane, methyl potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium Sodium ferri propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, cyanide, or mixture. ethyl propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, 11. A composition comprising MMT and a compound 1,1'-methylenebis (oxy)bis 2-methyl-propane, methyl Selected from the group consisting of triemethoxymethylsi ethoxy)-propane, 2,2,2'-methylidyne-tris(oxy) tris pro US 2005/0044778A1 Mar. 3, 2005 pane, 1,1,1"-methylidynetris(oxy)tris(2-methyl propane, raisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, 2-methyl-1-nitro propane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, hydracrylonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tri propane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-pro isopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethyl-meth pane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phe ylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium pryo nol, and mixture. phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, tri 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the compound methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate, tri is Selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetra-meth homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture ylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-Vinyl-Silane, methyltriethoxysi thereof. lane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-tri methoxysilane, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, The composition of claim 2, additionally containing a diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, Vinyl glycol ether or a nitrogen containing compound. tris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane, tetra ethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraiSopropylsilane, tet