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and Willie Gallacher, encouraged by labour unrest, had hopes of a Communist revolution. “We had known only working- class revolt. Now we could talk about working-class power” Greater state intervention in industry during the war made people more aware of labour issues. Revolution or not, workers had been promised shorter hours, higher pay and a better standard of living. Collective action became the tool whereby ordinary working people had influence, and the tripling of the electorate enabled greater engagement with politics. The government’s failure to deliver The Scottish National War Memorial under on their promises meant there was construction in the 1920s a sharp rise in industrial unrest, and strikes increased dramatically, with 85 million working days lost in 1921. Arguably, the most significant strike in Scotland took place in early 1919, when the leaders of the Clyde Workers’ Committee rejected a nationally negotiated agreement on working hours. The committee instigated a demonstration for a 40-hour week, arguing this would help to make work available for demobilised soldiers. On 31 January, up to 100,000 strikers gathered in Glasgow’s George Square, and a violent confrontation with police ensued. Fearing that unrest might become revolution, the government ordered tanks and English troops to restore order to the streets of Glasgow. Visitors to the exhibition can see photographs of what came to be known as ‘Bloody Friday’, alongside trade Continues overleaf> remained as Prime Minister, the election marked the start of the Liberal party’s fall into decline, from which both the Unionist (Conservative) and Labour parties would benefit. A series of elections in the mid-1920s saw a resurgent Labour Party winning an increasing share of the vote in parts of Scotland. Other voices were making themselves heard across the political spectrum. There was pressure for home rule for Scotland, and even some nascent fascist groups who sought RIGHT: ‘Bloody confrontation with those on the Friday’ brought left. Individuals like John Maclean unrest to Glasgow WINTER 2018 | DISCOVER | 19 A BETTER WORLD? From previous page> union records and news-sheets Legion became a lifeline for many produced by strikers. unable to find work. “We got work, we had to… within As well as becoming a symbol of that few days, most of us are again remembrance, the poppy played in the cage, ready to descend an important role in raising funds once again to the wet and sweat and providing employment for and blackness, and glad to be ex-servicemen, particularly those able to do it” who were left with permanent The major economic downturn disabilities. The Lady Haig within a year of the Armistice, Poppy Factory was established coupled with demobilisation, in Edinburgh in 1926, with “two placed enormous pressure on the workers, a pair of scissors and a labour market, resulting in high piece of paper”, but it soon grew. unemployment in the 1920s. Parts Women were not immune to of Scotland suffered particularly employment difficulties in the badly, not least because of a aftermath of the war. During reliance on heavy industry, which the war, the government, in had previously enjoyed a wartime negotiation with trade unions, boom. Organisations like the introduced measures to increase newly-establishedyy Royal British factoryyp production. This paved p ABOVE: Equal pay the way for women and the family to take on skilled roles traditionally filled by men. Having thus formed the lifeblood of munitions and other wartime industries, women – particularly those in engineering roles – found themselves pushed out of work in 1919 through the Restoration of Pre-war Practices Act. “The conditions existing at many of these places are beyond description and are a standing disgrace to the city” Scotland had long suffered a shortage of habitable homes in both urban and rural areas, and conditions worsened during the war. The 1919 Housing and Town Planning Act promised government subsidies to help finance the construction of 500,000 houses across the UK, within three years. However, as the 1920s dawned, the economy rapidly weakened and funding was cut. Less than half of the promised properties were built. Items on display give an insight into the LEFT: Flanders poppy wreath squalor many faced, even as the catalogue decade drew to a close. 20 | DISCOVERDISCOVER | WINTERWINTER 2018 LEFT: Housing will be Grieve’s letter of 11 November squalor in the 1920s 1918 to his friend and former ABOVE: MacDiarmid’s Scottish Chapbook teacher, George Ogilvie, in which he declared “my plans for after the war are all cut and dried – I am ready and eager for a time of systematic production”. True to his word, Grieve became a powerhouse of creativity during this period, and the Scottish Renaissance gathered pace. Grieve developed his literary version of Scots, culminating in the epic poem A Drunk man looks at the ABOVE: thistle in 1926, a work infused with Resettlement of discussion of politics and Scottish the Highlands identity. Many of those who engaged with Grieve’s vision were In rural areas, many soldiers advantage of government schemes also drawn to Scottish nationalism. returned believing land had been encouraging them to move to the In Scotland, the years after the promised to them as reward for British colonies. First World War were marked loyal wartime service. The Land “Carry on - swim into the BELOW: Many Scots by grief and hope, promises and Settlement (Scotland) Act of 1919 Scottish Renaissance” left post-war Britain disappointments, yet also creativity provided funds for the compulsory The wartime experiences of and political awakening, and above purchase of private lands to be some made them all,al collective effort. Visitors may granted as small holdings to question what they wellw reflect on the struggles and crofters. When this was slow to had been fighting achievementsac of that period, materialise, some took action. for. Creative young anda on the topics that still The Highlands had a history of land Scots began to work resonatere 100 years on. reform activism dating from the together to shape a 1880s, and so were well prepared fresh new identity. A Better World? Scotland to deploy acts of defiance, such as Individually, none aftera the First World War runs land raids. were more active fromf 16 November 2018 to 27 A lack of work and decent than Christopher AprilA 2019 at George IV Bridge, housing led increasing numbers Grieve (better known Edinburgh. You can also view of people to seek new lives away as Hugh MacDiarmid) some of the exhibition material from Scotland, and in the 1920s in forging in our interactive digital emigration reached a new high. a new cultural resource. Visit www.nls.uk/ Many headed to England, or took landscape. On display exhibitions for details. WINTER 2018 | DISCOVER | 21 COLLECTIONS A survey of DISCOVERY 22 | DISCOVER | WINTER 2018 A closer look at the National Library’s photographic archive reveals a collection rich with treasures from Scotland’s social and cultural history e recently carried alongside other major collections held out a comprehensive elsewhere in Scotland. Our collection survey of the documents more than 170 years of Library’s photographic social, cultural, and technological collections in history and reflects Scotland’s influence Wa project funded by the Professor on the development of photography at T Graham Brown Trust. Between June home and abroad. 2017 and September 2018, we worked our The photographs date from the early way through 1,010 individual collections, 1840s to the present day, with one containing around 381,100 photographic image even dating back to 1835. images, most of which are held in our There are examples of many of the archive and manuscript collections. photographic processes and formats that The survey confirmed that we have been developed since 1839, when hold a photographic collection of the invention of photography was first Left: Photographic great historic significance to rank announced to the world. Conservator, Ioannis Vasallos at work in the stacks Continues overleaf> WINTER 2018 | DISCOVER | 23 COLLECTIONS HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE SURVEY ○ A large collection of 19th- From previous page> century photographically illustrated books and albums, The joint acquisition, earlier this starting with Sun Pictures in year, of the MacKinnon photographic Scotland (1845) by William collection by the Library and National Henry Fox Talbot Galleries of Scotland (see Discover ○ Significant holdings of work Issue 38, summer 2018), arrived too by important photographers late to be included in this survey, but in Scotland and England (1850s this is another significant addition to to early 1900s) such as Thomas our collections. Annan, George Washington We have identified many exciting Wilson and Francis Frith opportunities for these collections to ○ Photographs by early female be further researched and shown to explorers such as Isabella Bird the public. However, the survey also and Fanny Bullock Workman flagged up the need for conservation ○ Portraits of Scottish families treatment for some of the photographs. early, experimental techniques, and from the 19th and early While the collections are generally in early 20th-century colour photographs. 20th centuries reasonable condition, there has been This includes fading and discolouration ○ Significant mountaineering some deterioration, particularly of the of images, mould growth within the and polar exploration more unstable types of photographic layers of gelatine on photographic prints photographs material, such as items created using and negatives, surface dirt, and ‘glass ○ Photographs from the disease’ – a type of deterioration of the Edinburgh Festivals from glass used to house early photographs. 1947 onwards Our collection Some items are also stored in unsuitable ○ Extensive collections containers, making them challenging for representing the activities reflects Scotland’s readers to access. of Scots abroad, such as We are now working to develop a plan travellers, explorers, settlers, influence on of action for the photographic collections.
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