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PROGRAMI DISERTACION Kandidati: Nereida Dalanaj

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PROGRAMI DISERTACION Kandidati: Nereida Dalanaj UNIVERSITETI I TIRANËS FAKULTETI I SHKENCAVE TË NATYRËS DEPARTAMENTI I KIMISË INDUSTRIALE PROGRAMI TEKNOLOGJIA DHE MIKROBIOLOGJIA USHQIMORE & VLERËSIMI I SIGURISË DHE CILËSISË USHQIMORE DISERTACION Kandidati: Nereida Dalanaj Tema: “Studim i Taksonomisë së Mikroorganizmave të Habitateve Natyrorë Specifikë dhe Ndikimi i Marëdhënieve Antagoniste Mikrobiale në Reduktimin e Ngarkesave Mykore në Bimë” Udhëheqës shkencor: Prof.Dr. Rozana Troja Mbrohet më dt ....../....../........... para jurisë: 1. Kryetar............................................................. 2. Anëtar (oponent)............................................. 3. Anëtar (oponent)............................................. 4. Anëtar ............................................................. 5. Anëtar ............................................................. FALENDERIME Dëshiroj t’i shpreh falenderime të sinqerta udhëheqëses time Prof.Dr. Rozana Troja për të gjithë eksperiencën, ndihmën e pakursyer e të vazhduar që më ka ofruar gjatë këtyre viteve të studimit. Gjithashtu e falenderoj për mundësinë e krijuar që në kuadrin e një projekti bilateral, një nga fazat e studimit ta kryej pranë Universitetit të Perugia-s, Itali. Një falenderim shkon edhe për Prof.Dr. Donika Prifti për ndihmën e saj të vazhdueshme në punën eskperimentale të studimit. Gjithashtu, falenderoj Prof.Dr. Spiro Drushku për ndihmën e pakursyer administrative gjatë punës. Falenderoj edhe kolegët e departamentit për suportin që më kanë dhënë gjatë kësaj periudhe. Një falenderim i veçantë shkon për Prof. Dr. Bruno Biavati, Prof. As. Diana Di Gioia Dr. Francesca Gaggia, Dr. Loredana Baffoni, Dr.Antonio Prodi, Dr. Paola Nipoti, si edhe për profesorët, teknikët e laboratorit e doktorantët të tjerë në Departamentin e Shkencave Agrare, Fakulteti Agrar, pranë Univeristetit të Bologna-s, Itali. Në kuadër të Projektit “Erasmus Mundus” në këtë universitet u mundësua të realizoj një nga fazat eksperimentale të punimit. Ju jam shumë mirënjohese për të gjithë mbështetjen, përkushtimin, punën e palodhur të kryer së bashku, por edhe për besimin e treguar ndaj meje dhe punës time. Puna pranë tyre do të mbetet si një nga ekpseriencat më të frytshme dhe më mbreslënëse profesionale të deritanishme. Dedikim prindërve të mi si edhe bashkëshortit tim, bashkëudhëtarëve të rëndësishëm të kësaj experience, mbështetja e të cilëve ka qënë vendimtare në mbylljen e kësaj faze profesionale të jetës time. i PASQYRA E LËNDËS FALENDERIME .................................................................................................................. i LISTA E TABELAVE ........................................................................................................ vi LISTA E GRAFIKËVE .................................................................................................. viiii LISTA E FIGURAVE.......................................................................................................... x PËRKUFIZIME .................................................................................................................xii LISTA E SHKURTIMEVE ............................................................................................. xiii HYRJE .............................................................................................................................. xiv KAPITULLI - Marëdhëniet bimë-mikroorganizma, simbioza dhe antagonizmi ....... 1 1.1. Filoplani, habitat për zhvillimin e mikroorganizmave .............................................. 1 1.1.1. Origjina e mikroorganizmave që popullojnë filosferën ...................................... 3 1.1.2. Ndikimi i përbërjes së gjethes në kolonizimim nga mikroorganizmat ............... 3 1.1.3. Substancat ushqyese në pjesë anatomike të bimëve ........................................... 4 1.2. Mundësia e izolimit të myqeve e majave në filosferë ............................................... 5 1.3. Jetesa e bimëve dhe mikroorganizmave në kushtet e temperaturave të ulëta................. ................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Bimët e përshtatura ndaj të ftohtit ....................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Mikroorganizmat që adaptohen në temperatura të ulëta .................................... 6 1.3.3. Strategjitë e adaptimit ndaj temperaturave të ulëta ............................................ 7 1.4. Identifikimi i mikroorganizmave me metoda të biologjisë molekulare .................... 8 1.4.1. Aspekte teorike të metodave PCR- aplikimi në mikrobiologji .......................... 8 1.4.2. Sekuencimi i ADN-së ......................................................................................... 8 1.4.3. Kuantifikimi i ADN-së së amplifikuar ............................................................ 10 1.4.4. Optimizimi i metodave PCR............................................................................. 11 1.4.5. Elektroforeza .................................................................................................... 11 1.4.5.1. Elektroforeza në xhel agarozi ........................................................................ 12 1.4.5.2. Ndarja e strukturave të fragmenteve të ADN-së ............................................. 13 1.4.5.2.1. Aspekte teorike të metodës DGGE ............................................................. 13 1.5. Sëmundjet në bimë-aspekte teorike......................................................................... 14 1.5.1. Gjinia Fusarium dhe fuzariozat ........................................................................ 14 1.5.1.1. Sëmundja FHB ( Fusarium Head Blight) nga F. graminearum .................... 15 1.5.2. Prodhimi i mykotoksinave nga specie të gjinisë Fusarium ............................ 177 ii 1.5.3. Gjini të tjera të myqeve pathogjene të bimëve ................................................ 19 1.5.3.1. Rhizoctonia spp.- pathogjen i bimëve........................................................... 19 1.5.3.2. Slerotinia homoeocarpa- patogjen i barit të fushave .................................... 20 1.6. Mundësitë e kontrollit të sëmundjeve në bimë- koncepti “Biokontroll” ................ 21 1.6.1. Biokontrolli dhe manaxhimi i sëmundjeve në bimë ( koncepti IPM) .............. 21 1.6.2. Rëndësia e përdorimit të biopesticideve ........................................................... 21 1.6.3. Avantazhet e përdorimit të biopesticideve ....................................................... 22 1.6.3.1. Biopecticidet me bazë mikroorganizmat ....................................................... 23 1.7. Strategjitë e kontrollit kimik dhe biologjik të fuzariozave ...................................... 21 1.8. Disa nga gjinitë bakteriale më të përdorura në biokontroll ..................................... 24 1.8.1. Gjinia Lactobacillus ......................................................................................... 24 1.8.2. Gjinia Bacillus ................................................................................................. 24 1.8.2.1. Specia bakteriale Bacillus subtilis si agjent biokontrolli .............................. 24 1.8.2.2. Baillus amyloliquefaciens si agjent biokontrolli në sëmundjet në bimë ....... 26 KAPITULLI II- Vlerësim i diversitetit të specieve mykore në bimësinë së zonave malore 2.1. Përmbledhje ............................................................................................................. 28 2.2. Hyrje... ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Ndërveprimi bimë-myqe (epifitë e endofitë) .................................................... 29 2.2.2. Rëndësia e kërkimit në fushën e endofitëve ................................................... 30 2.2.3. Izolimi i mikroorganizmave epifitë dhe endofitë ............................................ 30 2.2.4. Roli dhe rëndësia e myqeve endofitë ................................................................ 30 2.2.5. Ekosistemet mesdhetarë dhe diversiteti mikrobiologjik ................................... 31 2.3. MATERIALE DHE METODA .............................................................................. 32 2.3.1. Marrja e mostrave të bimëve në malet Dajt dhe Koritnik ............................... 32 2.4. REZULTATE DHE DISKUTIME.......................................................................... 34 2.4.1. Ngarkesa mykore në bimësinë e malit të Dajtit .................................................. 34 2.4.2. Ngarkesa mykore në bimësinë e malit Koritnik .................................................. 37 KAPITULLI III-Identifikimi i kulturave të majave të izoluara nga bimësi e malit të Dajtit në kushte të temperaturave të ulëta dhe rëndësia e tyre bioteknologjike .. 41 3.1. Përmbledhje ............................................................................................................. 41 3.2 Hyrje............ ............................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1. Majatë– përkufizimi dhe ndarja klasore ............................................................... 42 3.2.2. Sipërfaqet e bimëve si habitat i rritjes së majave ............................................. 42 iii 3.2.3. Metodat e gjurmimit dhe izolimit të majave nga habitate bimore ................... 44 3.2.3.1. Identifikimi i majave të filoplanit ...............................................................
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