Etude Des Relations Chêne-Liège / Platypus Cylindrus

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Etude Des Relations Chêne-Liège / Platypus Cylindrus République Tunisienne Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources et de la Recherche Scientifique Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Institution de la Recherche et de Université de Carthage l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques Spécialité : Phytiatrie Etude des relations chêne-liège / Platypus cylindrus (Fabricius, 1792 ) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Platypodinae) / champignons associés dans les subéraies tunisiennes Présentée par : Amani BELLAHIRECH Soutenue publiquement le 15 Juillet 2016 devant le Jury composé de : Pr. Mohamed Nejib REJEB : Président Pr. Mohamed Lahbib BEN JAMAA : Directeur de thèse Pr. Bouzid NASRAOUI : Rapporteur Pr. Mohamed Lahbib DHOUIBI : Rapporteur Pr. Kaouthar GRISSA-LEBDI : Examinateur Dr. Edmundo SOUSA : Invité Année Universitaire : 2015-2016 DEDICACES Je dédie cette thèse A l’âme de mon cher père Hédi qui m’a quitté beaucoup trop tôt. Je n’oublierai jamais ses sacrifices et ses encouragements. Puisse DIEU Le Tout Puissant lui accorde sa Clémence, sa Miséricorde et l’accueille dans son paradis A ma chère mère Souad qui ne cesse de me soutenir dans les moments les plus difficiles. Que DIEU lui préserve santé et longue vie et qu’elle trouve dans ce travail le fruit de ses sacrifices A mon cher mari Naoufel qui m’a toujours encouragé et qui a toujours été compréhensif A mes chers frères Hamdi et Helmi qui m’ont toujours encouragés A tous mes oncles, tantes, cousins et cousines. Je ferai toujours de mon mieux pour mériter votre fierté. Et à toute personne qui m’a aidée tout au long de ce travail. i Remerciements Je voudrais adresser mes plus vifs remerciements et exprimer toute ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude à tous ceux, très nombreux, qui ont contribué par un apport scientifique, technique ou humain à la réalisation de cette thèse. Je souhaiterai tout d‟abord remercier les membres du jury qui ont accepté d‟évaluer ce travail de thèse. Merci au Pr. Mohamed Nejib Rejeb d‟avoir accepté la présidence du jury, cela signifie énormément pour moi. Qu‟il trouve ici mes profonds respects. Merci au Pr. Mohamed Lahbib Dhouibi et au Pr. Bouzid Nasraoui d‟avoir rapporté cette thèse et apporté leur éclairage sur les problématiques présentées. Je tiens également à remercier le Pr. Kaouther Lebdi Grissa qui a accepté de juger ce travail en tant qu'examinatrice. Je lui adresse mes sentiments les plus respectueux, et je remercie Dr. Edmundo Sousa d‟avoir accepté de faire partie de mon Jury. Je tiens à exprimer mes plus profonds sentiments de gratitude, particulièrement, à mon directeur de thèse Dr. Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamâa, Professeur à l‟Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF) et Directeur du Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Forestières (LGVRF), pour la qualité d‟encadrement et l'aide compétente apportées, pour sa patience, son encouragement et son soutien pour réaliser ce travail de recherche. Son œil critique et ses conseils m'ont été très précieux pour structurer ma thèse. Je le remercie aussi pour sa gentillesse et sa qualité humaine. Mes remerciements sont également adressés à tous les membres du Laboratoire de la Recherche forestière à l‟Institut National d‟Investigation Agronomique et Vétérinaire (INIAV, IP) à Lisbonne (Oeiras) pour l‟accueil chaleureux et l‟agréable ambiance de travail. Qu‟ils trouvent ici ma profonde reconnaissance. Je remercie Dr. Edmundo Sousa pour la convention de coopération bilatérale qu‟il a élaborée avec notre laboratoire et qui m‟a permise de réaliser de nombreux séjours scientifiques, aussi enrichissants qu‟agréables, au sein de l‟unité forestière de l‟INIAV. Je les remercie également pour leurs conseils et recommandations. Je souhaite également exprimer ma gratitude envers Dr. Maria Lurdes Inácio, qui a contribué à l‟encadrement de ce travail (étude des champignons associés à Platypus cylindrus) avec qui j‟ai beaucoup appris. Je la remercie pour son accueil, sa disponibilité, et pour avoir répondu à mes questions ou pour me relire même pendant les ii périodes difficiles de ses expérimentations. Je la remercie pour sa vigilance scientifique, ainsi que sa patience dans la correction de mes écrits. Je remercie aussi Dr. Luis Bonifácio, pour les échanges et discussions scientifiques constructifs et intéressants et pour sa rigueur, notamment pour l‟énorme travail d‟analyses statistiques de ma thèse. J‟exprime de même ma reconnaissance à Dr. Filomena Nóbrega pour son accueil dans son laboratoire et sa grande contribution pour la réalisation des analyses moléculaires aussi bien de mes insectes que de mes champignons. Je remercie aussi Dr. Pedro Naves pour m‟avoir aidée à identifier mes insectes et Dr. Joana Henriques pour sa participation aux analyses moléculaires de mes échantillons d‟insectes et pour les discussions fructueuses. Je les remercie d'avoir cru en mes capacités, pour le temps et la patience qu‟ils m‟ont accordé tout au long de mes séjours en me fournissant d'excellentes conditions logistiques. Je garderai dans mon cœur leur générosité, leur compréhension et leur efficacité. J‟exprime ma gratitude au Pr. Manuela Branco, enseignante à l‟Institut Supérieur Agronomique (ISA) de Lisbonne (Portugal) pour m‟avoir aidé à mieux comprendre et exploiter les analyses statistiques de mes données. Je la remercie, également, pour sa gentillesse et disponibilité malgré ses multiples responsabilités. Je tiens aussi à remercier Pr. Mohamed Elyes Hamza, Directeur de l‟Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie (INAT), pour sa qualité humaine et sa coopération qui ont grandement facilité toutes les démarches administratives pour la réalisation de mes stages dans le cadre de ma thèse. J‟adresse mes remerciements à l‟ensemble des membres du Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Forestières (LGVRF), unité de la protection phytosanitaire des forêts à l‟INGREF pour les moyens logistiques et techniques qu‟ils ont déployé. Je remercie Mr Mabrouk Grami pour son aide sur terrain et ses conseils techniques pour la réalisation du travail énorme de relevé des données des différentes forêts, ainsi que Béchir, Ridha, Zeineb, Mahbouba, Sarra et Mohsen pour leur gentillesse et collaboration tout le long des années de thèse. J‟exprime ma gratitude au personnel de la Direction Générale des Forêts (DGF), des arrondissements régionaux des forêts de Béja, Bizerte et Jandouba ainsi que les postes forêts pour leurs coopérations techniques. iii Je remercie mes collègues Samir Dhahri, Manel Mejri, Rim Mkaouar, Olfa Ezzine et Yossra Manai pour leur sympathie et les discussions variées mais toujours fructueuses, et pour partager d‟innombrables moments de bonne humeur et de complicité. Un grand merci à ma famille, Ma mère, Mes frères et Mon mari pour leur soutien au quotidien, de m‟avoir remotivé dans les moments difficiles de la thèse, et de m‟avoir encouragée, sans quoi je n‟aurai pas pu tenir ces années. Une pensée particulière à l‟âme de mon très cher père qui n‟a cessé de compter les jours pour fêter ma réussite. Je lui dédie affectueusement cette thèse. iv Table des Matières Résumé en Arabe i Résumé en Français ii Résumé en Anglais iii Liste des figures iv Liste des tableaux viii Introduction générale 1 Chapitre 1 : Synthèse bibliographique 5 1.1. Le chêne-liège 6 1 .1. 1. Présentation 6 1.1.2. Importance du chêne-liège 6 1.1.3. Biogéographie du chêne-liège 9 1.1.4. Exigence écologique 11 1.1.5. Contraintes et menaces 12 1.2. Situation phytosanitaire du chêne-liège 13 1.2.1. Le dépérissement du chêne-liège 14 1.2.2. Maladies du chêne-liège 16 1.2.3. Les insectes ravageurs du chêne-liège 17 1.3. Platypus cylindrus comme agent du dépérissement de chêne-liège 20 1.3.1. Taxonomie et aire de répartition de Platypus cylindrus 20 1.3.2. Description de l‟insecte 21 1.3.3. Biologie de Platypus cylindrus 23 1.3.4. Importance des attaques de Platypus cylindrus 25 1.4. Relation symbiotique entre Platypus cylindrus et les champignons 27 1.4.1. Importance de la relation symbiotique 29 1.4.2. Ecologie des champignons „ambrosia‟ 31 1.4.3. Classification des champignons „ambrosia‟ 32 1.4.4. Principaux champignons „ambrosia‟ associés à Platypus cylindrus 33 1.4.5. Aspects évolutifs des associations insecte‟ ambrosia‟- champignon „ambrosia‟ 34 1.5. Moyens de lutte contre Platypus cylindrus 36 1.5.1. Lutte culturale 36 1.5.2. Lutte biotechnique 36 1.5.3. Lutte biologique 37 1.5.4. Lutte chimique 37 v Chapitre 2. Etude du comportement de Platypus cylindrus dans les subéraies 38 tunisiennes 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Matériel et Méthodes 39 2.2.1. Présentation des forêts : sites de travail 39 2.2.2. Protocole expérimental et techniques d'observation 39 2.2.3. Analyse statistique 46 2.3. Résultats 47 2.3.1. Importance des attaques de l‟insecte 47 2.3.2. Caractérisation des parcelles 48 2.3.3. Caractérisation phytosanitaire des parcelles 53 2.3.4. Caractérisation de l‟exploitation des arbres 52 2.3.5. Distribution spatiale des attaques de Platypus cylindrus en Tunisie 54 2.3.6. Emergence de Platypus cylindrus et sex-ratio 58 2.3.7. Collecte d‟autres espèces d‟insectes 60 2.4. Discussion 62 2.5. Conclusion 69 Chapitre 3. Comparaison des caractéristiques morphologiques et moléculaires 70 de Platypus cylindrus en Tunisie et au Portugal 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. Matériel et méthodes 71 3.2.1. Echantillonnage des insectes 71 3 .2.2. Caractérisation morphologique 73 3.2.3. Caractérisation moléculaire 74 3.3. Résultats 76 3.3.1. Caractérisation morphologique 76 3.3.2. Caractérisation moléculaire 78 3.4. Discussion 80 3.5. Conclusion 83 vi Chapitre 4.
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