Bodø New Airport … New Smart and Green City?

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PLAN Issue 5 November 2017

Urban Planning in the High North

Recycling Sites, Reinventing Cities

Bringing Nature into the City

ISSN 2414-3464 Welcome to BODØ

Bodø Kommune is the governing authority of Bodø. Sitting Multiple research & development projects are already in just above the Arctic Circle, it is the gateway to Norway’s progress, both on national and international cooperation true north and is currently home to approximately 50,000 levels. Will Bodø be the world’s first city to house a zero citizens. It is also the northern terminus of Norway’s emission neighbourhood of 20.000 inhabitants? Publishing organisation Photography railway system. International Society of City and Regional Planners Andreas P. Lorentzen: 56, 76, Bodø is a vibrant city on the edge of nature. The northern (ISOCARP) Per-Inge Johnsen: 3, 9, 11, 16 (lower), 17, 18 (middle), 27, Our airport sees approximately 1.8 million passengers lights dominate the winter season, while the midnight sun Urban Planning Advisory Team (UPAT) Programme 62, 63 per year. The city is currently on the brink of significant captivates the summer. In Bodø’s surroundings you’ll find P.O. Box 983 Martin Dubbeling: 16 (upper), 21, 24 (middle, lower), 25 development with the construction of a new airport, which the worlds strongest tidal current; Saltstraumen. In the 2501 CZ The Hague (bottom), 39 (upper) will liberate an area equivalent to 800 football fields for city centre there is the award-winning concert hall and The Netherlands Paul Lecroart: 19 (centre left), 25 (upper right), 53, 54 www.isocarp.org Elizabeth Reynolds: 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22 (lower), 24 further urban development. Bodø then has a once in a library – famous for their amazing architecture. (upper and middle), 46 (lower), 69 (bottom left) generation opportunity to design and build the world’s most northerly smart city, with a sustainable AV public We welcome you to Bodø Organisers Ernst Furuhatt: Cover, 19 (upper centre), 22 (upper), 29 International Society of City and Regional Planners Nordic Architecture: 23 (lower), 35 (lower) transport system fully integrated across several modes. – the small and vibrant city in the north! (ISOCARP), Bodø Kommune, Nordland County Council, Kent Even Grundstad: 36 Habitat Professionals Forum (HPF) Rune Nilsen: 37, 72, 73 Daniel Vorndran: 68 Editor David Grandorge: 69 (top, bottom right) Midnight sun Sofia Morgado Elaine Schwartz: 42 Andrea Marthinsen: 41 (top), 42 (bottom), 43 Editorial committee Sampo Siklo: 41 (bottom) Martin Dubbeling, Mercedes Beaudoin, Elizabeth Reynolds Mercedes Beaudoin: 42 (top), 46 (bottom), 64 Juan Alvaro Alayo: 39 (bottom) Design and Layout VisitOslo.com: 46 (upper) Martina van Lierop, Elizabeth Reynolds, Sara Gya GoLisbon.com: 67

All other photos were supplied by the respective Saltstraumen, the world’s strongest tidal current Stormen library and concert hall organisations or authors of the text, or a reference to the author has been made.

Illustrations Paul Lecroart and Arunava Sarkar: 56 - 61 All other illustrations were supplied by the respective organisations or authors of the text.

© 2017 ISOCARP ISSN 2414-3464 Plans for a new airport - and a new city From city to nature Photo: Terje Rakke Terje Photo: All copyrights, commercial rights, design rights, trademarks or other elements considered intellectual property that are published in this report are reserved by the International Society of City and Regional Planners. You are permitted to use the contents of this report online, offline and social media and other publication channels for non-commercial purposes with clear reference to International Society of City and Regional Planners as its main source. You are not permitted to modify, compile, adapt, or use any part of this report in any way for commercial purposes without a written agreement from International Society of City and Regional Planners. For more information please contact [email protected]. Nilsen Rune Photo:

www.visitbodo.com Editor’s note

Sofia Morgado, Editor

As wise as an ences from other European cities, known by the way Editors’ note challenges were addressed successfully, provided an should be, we international zest that suited well the (also international) cannot help but character of Bodø (Bilbao, Paris and Lyon, Lisbon were express genu- presented by UPAT team members, Juan Alvaro Alayo, ine amazement Paul Lecroart and Sofia Morgado respectively). at what each of the UPATs’ Diverse in backgrounds, approach and results, the members expe- UPAT Team members expressed themselves accord- rienced in such ingly, and through different lenses. From a strategic a short, yet di- and phased planning perspective (A pathway towards versified and New Airport - Next Bodø, by Arunava Sarkar and Paul plentiful, stay in Lecroart) to specific exploration of how public space Bodø, Norway. And that is the reason why this edition could be improved (Bringing Bodø to life, by Andrea of PLAN seeks to reflect such a wide span of experi- Mathieson and Mercedes Beaudoin), the indispensable ences and contributions both by the team’s members, involvement of people was also considered (Pop-up and also the kindest hostesses, whilst institutional, that planning, by Mercedes Beaudoin and Frode Traeen). one could ever dream of. The mission drew extensive Last, but not least environmental concerns, especially attention from the media, with newspapers and televi- in such a quasi-pristine landscape were also taken into sion providing a great chance to discuss pivotal issues consideration (A sustainable city with an abundance of around the future of a city, and the ways it could make water & energy, by Faye Beaman). sustainable and responsible decisions. As cities can only be such when lively and welcoming, Interviews, by Martin Dubbeling, with representatives a considerable range of leisure activities are manda- of different stakeholders, from the Mayor and County tory for a complete portrait of Bodø. The most repre- Council President, to the Commander of Airforce Base sentative include: Hiking around Bodø, by Andreas P. Bodø, frame the complexities Bodø is facing before Lorentzen, Column: Biking in the High North, by Dan- such a challenging future. The views of the Rector of iel Bjarmann-Simonsen and Local beers and ales in Nord University, and an interview with the Head of Ur- Nordland, by Kristoffer Larsen Seivåg. The world class ban Planning at Bodø Kommune showcase opportu- Stormen Library and Concert Hall, could not but to be nities the territory and socioeconomic fabric offer, and included as well as an outstanding architectural inter- might competitively develop. These views pair with the vention, a vivid urban facility and extraordinary infra- article on the Character and Urban Quality of Bodø, by structure in the context of music and recording. Jonas Bjørklund and Mats Marthinussen. Inside you will find some great articles and eye catching In a different manner, contributing guests and UPAT pictures by several authors (including our resourceful team members introduced contextual dimensions, ei- Team Leader, Elizabeth Reynolds), inviting you to visit ther directly related to the city (Nilsen/Jakobsen) or Bodø in the near future. the Norwegian City Planning (Jensen/Felberg). Refer-

Plan Bodø 3 03 11 Editor’s note Introductory 14 Sofia Morgado remarks Impressions of the Martin Dubbeling team Sofia Morgado and Elizabeth Reynolds 06 12

INTRODUCTION Contributors Bodø : Facts & Figures

16 20 36 PLAN New Airport - Smart Destination Bodø Bodø The future of Bodø Visit Bodø and Martin Dubbeling Airport Bodø Municipality and Avinor Morten Alexander Mossin

18 24 38 A snapshot Air Force Base Bodø From Bilbao to Martin Dubbeling Bodø of 28 Juan Alvaro Alayo Bodø Urban Planning in the

PERSPECTIVES Arctic - An interview with Annelise Bolland Martin Dubbeling

40 62 26 High North Empowering Pop-up Potential Cuisine people. for a Smart- LOCALITY Elizabeth Reynolds Powering Bodø innovation Mercedes Beaudoin Professor Bjørn Olsen

4 30 53 Character and Recycling Sites, 75 Urban quality of Reinventing Cities: Hiking Around Bodø Experiences in Bodø Mats Marthinussen and Paris, Lyon, and Andreas P. Lorentzen Jonas Bjørklund of Bodø Kommune other cities Paul Lecroart

41 50 Bringing Bodø back A Sustainable City 56 to life with Abundant A pathway Mercedes Beaudoin and Water and Energy towards “New Andrea Marthinsen Faye Beaman City - New Airport“ Paul Lecroart and Arunava Sarkar

48 73 Urban Planning 66 Biking in the in Norway Lessons from High North An interview with Prof. Lisbon? Daniel Bjarmann-Simonsen Rolf H. Jensen and Knut Sofia Morgado Felberg Martin Dubbeling

68 70 77 Culture in a Cold Beers of Nordland A Smart City Kristoffer Larsen Seivåg Climate North of The Elizabeth Reynolds Arctic Circle Karoline Nilssen

Plan Bodø 5 Contributors

Faye Beaman Faye is a civil engineer and Associate at Arup Group. Faye specialises in water engineering and provides technical input to infrastructure projects daily. She has worked internationally over the past ten years on projects from the United Kingdom to Australia, with a recent interest in shaping cities.

Daniel Bjarmann-Simonsen Daniel is the head of the ‘New Airport - Smart City’ development at Bodø Mu- Martin Dubbeling nicipality. Daniel has studied organisa- Martin is a senior consultant active in tional management, communication the fields of urban planning and de- management, political science, labour sign, landscape architecture, and the law, and history. He has a background environment in the Netherlands and in politics, journalism, publishing, and abroad. Presently he is the ISOCARP public administration. Daniel consid- President-Elect and he was Vice Pres- ers himself a potato - he can be used ident Urban Planning Advisory Teams for everything. (UPATs), reseponsible for this UPAT workshop. Martin has organised UPAT workshops in Singapore, Perm, Shantou, Nanjing, the West Bank, Gaza, and most recently in Wuhan and Bodø.

Jonas Bjørklund Jonas is an architect and urban planner at the Municipality of Bodø. He received a Masters in Architecture from Bergen School of Architecture in 2008 and a Bachelors in Art History from University of Bergen in 2001. Jonas is the chairman of Bodø Housing- and City Planning Association. Currently, he is working on zoning and master planning Bodø’s city centre.

6 Contributors

Paul Lecroart Paul is a senior urban planner at the Urban Planning Agency for the Par- is Region, advising different levels of government on spatial strategies, landscape and public-space projects, as well as major urban transforma- tions. Paul has employed his planning experience in New York, Cali, Liver- Mats Marthinussen pool, Tehran, Erevan, Moscow, Rabat, Mats is an urban planner at Bodø Mu- Johannesburg, Tripoli, Vitoria, Chang- nicipality. Mats completed a degree zhou, and Montréal. in urban and regional planning from Norwegian University of Life Sciences in 2014. His current concentration is zoning and master planning Bodø.

Sofia Morgado Sofia is an architect and a senior scholar at the Faculty of Architecture, Andrea Marthinsen University of Lisbon. Since 1997, Andrea is a graduate of the Norwe- Sofia lectures urban design studi- gian University of Science and Tech- os, contemporary urbanism, and nology. Andrea is currently working in metropolitan studies. She is actively Ramboll’s Architecture and Planning involved in both international and team, and used her skills to work with national networks and research. As Mercedes on the urban design con- such, she has also been the Chair of cepts to bring some of Bodø’s public the Scientific Committee of ISOCARP. spaces back to life through improved links to green and blue resources.

Plan Bodø 7 Mercedes Beaudoin Mercedes received her MSc in Urban and Regional Planning from the Uni- versity of Central Florida. Mercedes has worked as Research Analyst at the Met- ropolitan Research Centre at the Univer- sity of Utah and also in the public sector. Currently she lives in Odense, Denmark where she has worked in the Municipal urban planning department. She is an ISOCARP Young Planning Profession- al and participated in workshops in the Netherlands, Poland, and China.

Frode Traeen Frode is founder of Traeen Manage- Arunava Sarkar ment AS, a company that helps or- Arunava is an architect specialising in ganisations reach goals beyond their urban development projects. Based out expectations. The company’s ambi- of Dubai, he has worked on greenfield tion is to make a significant contribu- townships, urban regeneration projects, tion towards a sustainable future, with TOD hubs, retail destinations, and in- focus on innovation of management- stitutional campuses in India, the Unit- and planning systems. Frode is both ed Kingdom, and the Gulf Cooperation a board member in the Norwegian Council. Arunava’s work focuses on the Forum for Municipal Planning and an relationship between on settlement struc- Associate Professor at the University ture, built form, and energy. His passions of Bergen. include sketching, cartography, and urban exploration.

Karoline Nilssen Karoline is currently Marketing Direc- tor for Hundholmen Byutvikling, a local property developer, but in her previous role with Bodø Kommune promoted their Smart City initiative. Along with Kristoffer and Daniel, Karoline provided invaluable contextual information on development in Bodø and worked pro-actively as an extension to the ISOCARP / HPF team.

Kristoffer Larsen Seivåg Kristoffer is a spatial planner in the Juan Alvaro Alayo municipality of Bodø, Norway. Krist- Juan is and architect and urbanist. offer addresses spatial planning is- Juan has worked in the Planning sues at the zoning plan and master Group of Arup in London, where plan levels. Currently, he is the pro- he was the Development Planning ject leader of the municipal master Director of Bilbao Ría 2000. In this plan for the ‘New Airport - Smart position, Juan was responsible for City’ in Bodø. planning new development opportunities and integrating key transport infrastructures within dense urban environments. Nowadays, he works as an independent consultant and provides advice on international strategic urban projects.

8 Andreas P. Lorentzen Andreas is a Technical resource Ge- ologist, currently studying for a Mas- Elizabeth Reynolds ter’s degree in Urban Planning at the Elizabeth is a Chartered Urban Plan- Norwegian University of Science and ner and Director of Urben, an East Technology. In addition to bringing London studio focused on planning, a unique professional perspective to design, and problem solving for ur- the team, Andreas’ skills with pho- ban environments. Originally from tography and computer generated Melbourne in Australia, Elizabeth illustration were a great asset in com- loves exploring art and architecture municating the team’s ideas. in new cities. She is currently writing a book titled Underground Urbanism about the overlooked but important places beneath our cities.

The HPF/ISOCARP UPAT team visiting Air Force Base Bodø 26th May 2017.

From left to right: Lieutenant Colonel Henning Hansen Homb (Commander Air Force Base Bodø), Juan Alvaro Alayo, Rolf Kåre Jensen (CEO Bodø Kom- mune), Kristoffer Larsen Seivåg (Bodø Kommune), Andrea Marthinsen, Martin Dubbeling (ISOCARP Vice President UPATs), Mercedes Beaudoin, Frode Traeen, Faye Beaman, Ida Pinnerød (Mayor Bodø Kommune), Paul Lecroart, Andreas P. Lorentzen, Stephan Skjelvan (Bodø Kommune), Annelise Bolland (Bodø Kom- mune), Karoline Nilssen (Bodø Kommune), Daniel Bjarmann-Simonsen (Bodø Kommune), Sofia Morgado (Rapporteur), Elizabeth Reynolds (Team Leader), Arunava Sarkar.

Plan Bodø 9 International Society of City and Regional Planners

600 members in 80 countries worldwide

Founded in 1965 and focused on the Next Generation of Planners

Network opportunities for international planning professionals, academics and practitioners

Workshops, seminars, congresses and training programs

Collaborations with UNESCO, UN-Habitat and UNDP

Our motto is ‘Knowledge for Better Cities’

10Meet and join us at www.isocarp.org! Introductory remarks

Martin Dubbeling, Vice President UPATs

The city of Bodø is the administration The Urban Planning Advisory Team The results of the UPAT team visiting centre and largest city in the County of (UPAT) programme is a service that Bodø between 28th of May and 03rd Nordland, with 50,000 citizens. Bodø ISOCARP, the International Society of of June 2017 are reflected in this Plan is experiencing a rapid growth in the City and Regional Planners, provides Magazine. Previous editions of PLAN population and is now transforming to cities and regions worldwide. Since Magazine described the results of oth- into a modern Norwegian city. Bodø 2004 ISOCARP has organised 26 er UPAT workshops in the Middle East is the location of an important and UPAT workshops in countries including and China. combined Air Force Base and a busy Singapore and several cities in Chi- and regional civilian airport. In the na, Mexico and USA, the Middle East I thank the Bodø UPAT Team and rep- next 10 years Air Force Base Bodø will as well as Russia, Spain, Austria, the resentatives of the Bodø Kommune be partially dismantled and its military Netherlands, Switzerland and recently for their efforts in the preparing and services will be moved to Trondheim. in Norway. UPAT teams are made up hosting the workshop and for their The civilian airport will be completely of between around seven planning and contributions in the production of this renewed and expanded to enable fu- design professionals who are brought Magazine. ture growth of both the airport, and its together from around the world for many related activities, as well as for an intensive week of devising creative Bodø’s future urban development. solutions and strategic advice in response to specific urban challenges. The Municipality of Bodø has addressed up these changes and devel- The teams comprise a Team Leader opments to develop the “New Airport and a Team Rapporteur, plus two to - Next City - Smart Bodø” concept. The four senior planners, two young plan- Municipality realized that replacing ning professionals and the Vice Pres- and rebuilding the Bodø Airport is a ident UPATs – all with a broad range once in a century opportunity that any of skills and experiences. The strength city should embrace, making adven- of ISOCARP’s approach lies in the turous steps to (almost) reinvent Bodø diversity of each team, with a context and prepare the city for a new future. A and perspective that is entirely exclu- joint team of HPF (Habitat Profession- sive to a certain location and point als Forum) & ISOCARP has assisted in time. Bringing together ISOCARP the city of Bodø in the visioning and members and local professionals cre- implementation process for the future ates an alchemy that leads to creative urban development of Bodø and pro- and robust urban strategies. Over the vided professional assessment of the course of their visit to the host city, the Smart Bodø concept. team will have undertaken field inves- tigations, spoken to local counterparts This joint Urban Planning and Advisory and community stakeholders, hosted Team (UPAT) assess how the new air- design sessions and presented their port and the future expansion of Bodø interim findings. Following the UPAT could be connected and integrated in workshop professional publications the best possible way with the existing conclude the research and suggested city. urban response then presents the final results at a dedicated seminar at the ISOCARP annual congress.

Plan Bodø 11 ø Facts & Figures

1823000 Population Number of passengers travelling to/from Bodø per annum by AIR 51022

Bodø, located just north of the Arctic Circle, is the

largest urban area and city in Nordland county,

c and the second-largest in North Norway.

r c

l ø e 400000 Number of passengers travelling to/from Bodø per July annum by SEA Winter Darkness 13.6°c 2nd June - 10th July December Average 15th - 29th 4.6°c Temperature 250000 January Number of passengers -2.1°c Midnight Sun travelling to/from Bodø per annum by BUS/COACH Most Important Trades

220000 Oslo Number of passengers travelling to/from Bodø per Education and annum by RAIL Health/Social Commerce/Various public administration Defence Tourism Transport Sector other services

Natural Wonders Agricultural Saltstraumen, the strongest tidal current in the 61 world, 400m cubic metres of water passes through the strait over six hours

Other Land 711 228 Managed Forests Highest mountain: Lur elltind 1,284 m. ASL

12 Land Distribution Largest island: Landegode (30 km2) ø Facts & Figures

1823000 Population Number of passengers travelling to/from Bodø per annum by AIR 51022

Bodø, located just north of the Arctic Circle, is the

largest urban area and city in Nordland county,

c and the second-largest in North Norway.

r c

220000 Oslo Number of passengers travelling to/from Bodø per Education and annum by RAIL Health/Social Commerce/Various public administration Defence Tourism Transport Sector other services

Natural Wonders Agricultural Saltstraumen, the strongest tidal current in the 61 world, 400m cubic metres of water passes through the strait over six hours

Other Land 711 228 Managed Forests Highest mountain: Lur elltind 1,284 m. ASL

Land Distribution Largest island: Landegode (30 km2) Plan Bodø 13 Impressions of the team

Sofia Morgado & Elizabeth Reynolds

From the sea approach over islands of snow-capped peaks, to the 15 minute-walk from the airport, through a picturesque neighbourhood to the centre of town, many of our Urban Plan- ning Advisory Team members found Bodø very different to other cities they have worked in, lived in, or visited.

For residents of larger cities, the ambi- ent noise level was strikingly low and the city felt peaceful, punctuated occasionally by the roar of a jet from the airbase that shares the airport runway. Once in the centre of the city, shops and services are accessible, taking only a few moments to reach on foot. Yet when the weather turns (as it fre- Planning begins at breakfast and continues well into the midnight sun... quently does) to strong wind and rain, it can discourage walking even a short distance.

We were fortunate to visit Bodø in early summer, but a storm on the first evening gave a taste of winter life. Ur- ban design has a role to play in coun- teracting the effects of winter, when the nights are long and piles of snow line the streets. New advances in lighting technology offer the potential to provide brighter, more energy efficient LED lights in a range of programmable colours to create a more positive atmosphere, to improve perceptions of mood and compensate for a biological need for light. Lighting could take the shape of urban art with seamless technologies embedded to provide news, amusement, dynamics and shelter.

Our ideas to introduce more bike lanes found support from local com- muters, but more important were ideas to make bike lanes more comfortable in winter. Ideas such as wind breaks

14 and de-icing for cycle lanes were dis- certainly overcome many hardships, It is attributes like these that will help cussed as possible ways to reduce the making them proud people who are the city manage growing pains such challenges associated with cycling in reliant upon their own abilities. We as the transition associated with relo- winter. Lighting and other public realm thoroughly enjoyed meeting and work- cation of the airbase. These qualities, improvements could help make the ing alongside the people of Bodø, who and the efforts by Bodø Kommune to city centre of Bodø more cosy and we found to be innovative, ambitious, reshape the future of their city, help set multifunctional, creating a new Arctic collaborative, down to earth and open the scene for more ISOCARP members street typology. to new ideas. One of our team mates to visit Bodø for the 2018 Congress, commented that it was a land of the which should act as an excellent plat- The people of Bodø are used to the midnight sun and full of loving people, form for the continued exchange of challenges of living in a beautiful but a kind city where the Mayor welcomed ideas on how to build on the strengths sometimes harsh natural environment. and enjoyed dinner with us. of this small, but special city. Previous generations of residents have

Plan Bodø 15 New Airport - Smart Bodø A double interview with Ida Pinnerød and Tomas Norvoll

Martin Dubbeling and Morten Alexander Mossin

Ida Pinnerød, Mayor of Bodø, and Tomas Norvoll, County Council President of Nordland, welcomed the joined team of Habitat Professionals Forum and ISOCARP. In their speeches to the UPAT team they both talked about their motives and mission to work for and to invest in the future of a Smart Bodø.

What are your thoughts and concerns when building for the future 1 in an Arctic setting? Mayor Ida Pinnerød: In the Arctic, we share common, and unique, positions and possibilities for further development. Even though we keep on being tested by harsh living conditions and climate change, our part of the world still remains as the most peaceful part of the globe as what we call the High North arena of hope. We have a great responsibility for the future of our Arc- tic region. When we build the communities of the future, we must do it in a smart way. How we live, move and meet each other will prove even more important when facing the big challenges in regards to climate change. We must think smart and innovative when we develop the pre-existing strategic natural advantages we have, and create new jobs in for example industry, energy and seafood.

However, we must also be smart when we develop the future for our elderly, such as implementing the use of welfare technology and adapted housing. In addition, to create a learning environment to help our children become even smarter than us, we need to ex- ploit new technology and knowledge to the fullest extent.

16 In Bodø, thinking smart in everything all the urban agendas and by looking tion from all over the world. That is why we do is one of our most important ap- at Bodø the last week one could think we are here today. The project will in- proaches when progressing into the fu- that city planners are the new oil. Ur- fluence Bodø’s development for many ture and that is why we develop Bodø ban Areas of all sizes will be engines years, but also the region. Therefore, based on the smart city concept. of the economy, which boost growth, I look forward to the conclusions and create jobs for their citizens and en- recommendations of the joined UPAT What are your hance their competitiveness in a glo- team of Habitat Professionals Forum thoughts balized economy. At present, 73% of and ISOCARP. all jobs and 80% of people aged 25- on the current What would you 64 with a tertiary education are based developments in European cities, towns and suburbs. say is your role and 2taking place in Bodø? 73% is a lot. In order to address the responsibility County Council President Tomas Nor- increasingly complex challenges of as Mayor sustainable urbanization it is important voll: Let me start by once again thank- of Bodø in this ing the UPAT-team and ISOSCARP for that Bodø cooperate with regional and 4 process? choosing to come to Bodø and giving national authorities, civil society, businesses and knowledge institutions. And us their expert views on Bodø’s poten- Mayor Ida Pinnerød: My most impor- that is exactly what Bodø is doing in tial, and also congratulate Bodø on a tant mission as mayor is to create good their new city project. job well done so far. I must honestly lives and societies for the people living say that the spirit of the Bodø society Do you have any in my municipality. However, our re- makes me proud. The successful In- sponsibility as politicians goes beyond suggestionsons dian real estate developer Kushal Pal that of individuals. We also have the Singh said “In urbanization, you think how Bodø should great responsibility to take care of our big because you are thinking decades use this newly communities. How can we manage the ahead.” Looking at both the scale and gained international Arctic in line with the expectations of the ambitions of the new Bodø city 3 the people, while also responding to attention? project we can certainly say that Bodø the expectations of the global society? County Council President Tomas Nor- is thinking big. Last year was the year These are some of the questions we voll: Bodø is the regional capital of for urban agendas. In May, the EU have asked the UPAT team, and I look Nordland. It is therefore important that adopted their Urban Agenda for the forward to receive your advice for our Bodø serve as an engine of prosperi- EU, and in September world leaders city. Also, I hope this week has inspired ty and a centre for cultural and social adopted the New Urban Agenda. Last, the UPAT team in gaining a good start well being for their surroundings. Bodø but not least, in Nordland we adopted for global dialogue for smart develop- is slowly growing, but an unstoppable a regional plan for our 10 cities. ment in the Arctic. In the end, it is all development takes place. Both public about our common dream for the Arc- services and private enterprises will ex- In Norway, there is an on-going de- tic, the people living here, caring for perience growth in the years to come. bate of what will be the next big driv- the nature, and our Arctic fellowship. er in our economy after the oil. With Our new city project has drawn atten-

Plan Bodø 17 A snapshot of Bodø

One asset of the city is its compactness with easy access to mountains, Lofoten islands and waterfront: this must preserved Historic events have produced an interesting mix of architecture

There are lots of natural resources, including tourist attractions waiting to be tapped, but not destroyed by over-development

Bodø has a beautiful and bountiful setting, but a harsh climate the people living there must have some secrets Sincere hospitality, for survival! good food & music made us feel welcome

18 The local community were willing to engage with the project and share their ideas Historic events have produced an interesting mix of architecture There is an emerging pioneer spirit in the north of Norway that makes many things possible

The airport isn’t just close to the city, it is a part of it

The city lacks the critical mass typically needed to have a good cultural life and vibrant public spaces, Bodø has a beautiful and but there are niche areas of bountiful setting, but a harsh interest including a street art climate the people living trail, popular concert hall there must have some secrets and music festivals such as for survival! Parkenfestivalen

Many parts of the city centre turn their back to the harbour and could benefit from improved street design for pedestrians

Plan Bodø 19 The Future of Bodø Airport

Avinor

Bodø Airport is situated immediately used by civilian aircraft. This makes This plan included the decision to close north of the Arctic Circle, and is the the airport accessible for most large down Air Force Base before 2022. In fifth largest airport in Norway. In passenger and cargo aircraft, and is the first round these discussions, the 2016 the airport had 1.8 million important in its role as a regional air Ministry decided Avinor take over the passengers and 44,000 civil aircraft traffic hub in the north of Europe. At responsibility for rescue and firefighting movements. The airport has delivered this moment, the airport connects 15 services as well airside operations, economic profits from its operations local, regional, and national airports which were tasks that of the Air Force since 2011 and generated 222 million within Norway as well as several since 1952. Avinor assumed the Norwegian kroner (28,233,502 USD; international charter destinations. responsibility for these services in 2016. 23,955,118 EURO) in revenue in In parallel, a process had been set in 2016. A total of 1,300 staff work at New Air Defence Strategy, New motion by the local authorities to look the Bodø Airport when all services and into potential future uses of the large Possibilities bases are counted. land area the Air Force would vacate. Studies to look into different options The airport has been located in Bodø, Since 1969 a number of different were commissioned. These concluded the second largest city of the region, committees have looked into aircraft that relocating the civilian airport to for more than 60 years. The airport noise problems and options for the Air Force Base would have a very occupies almost 1,400 acres, which is relocating the airport. The Norwegian positive cost-benefit ratio. The main close to three times the size of Monaco. Royal Air Force has operated an air benefit was that the relocation would Bodø Airport is located only 1,000m base at the airport since 1952. In reduce transport distances for citizens from the city centre. There are very few, 2012, the Norwegian Parliament (the because of the development of new if any, airports of similar size anywhere Storting) adopted a new long-term areas for businesses and housing in the world that are located this close plan for the Norwegian Armed Forces. closer to the city centre. to a large community.

The first landing strip in Bodø was View from the current passenger originally built as a base for the British terminal towards the airbase and Air Force via a community effort of mountains volunteers in May of 1940. Later, the runway was moved to a more suitable location, as well as being lengthened. The first commercial passenger operation took place on the day of the official opening, 12 May 1952, by a Dakota DC-3 from Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). Initially, the civil air traffic was modest. In 1960 only 30,000 passengers made their journey through the airport. In 1984 the number of passengers increased to 690,000 and in 1994 the number passed 1 million for the first time. In 2017, more than 1.8 million passengers will use Bodø airport.

Today, the airport boasts a 3,842m long runway of which 2,974m can be

20 A New Airport for Bodø nal and external resources. The project director and his staff will have the overall responsibility to manage the project The preliminary studies concluded that to reach the targets set by the Avinor moving the airport 900 meters to the governing board. The project director south would allow for the development will also be responsible for external of a “new” Bodø on the land area now communications with airlines, airport being occupied by the exciting airport service companies, local authorities, and associated civil and military facil- and neighbours, as well as internal ities. It was acknowledged that an at- communications. tractive compact city close to the centre as well as the airport, would stimulate Even though some important mile- further development of the city and the stones have been reached on the path region. The decision to relocate the toward a new airport, many challenges airport, following the withdrawal of the remain. Some challenges include pre- Air Defence Force, would create a fa- paring the land where the new airport vourable situation for the development will be built by removing or decon- of the Bodø community. The collective taminating extensive pollution in the value of the project for the Bodø com- ground from the long-term air base munity was considered very positive, activity, as well as decommissioning or and fulfilled the public criteria for de- removing air base infrastructure. Fur- velopment of cities in Norway. thermore, the community zoning plan regulations and impact assessment is For Avinor and the aviation communi- needed to ensure that all costs and im- ty, a modern and efficient new airport portant issues are included in the final is expected to meet all regulatory re- project plan. The future conditions for quirements, reduce aircraft noise im- a number of aviation businesses in the pact, and offer excellent operational Jets preparing to take airport today must also be considered. conditions for aircraft operations. The off while passenger Following the Parliament’s decision, proposed runway is proposed to in- planes come in to land Avinor has been tasked by the Ministry clude 2,600 meters of paved surface to present a final and complete plan in both directions. for the airport development including assets from increased value of the land costs and timeline before mid-2019. On behalf of the Ministry, Avinor has areas, and an external funding source. The final plan will subsequently be carried out further review of the pre- subject to the Parliament’s approval requisites for establishing a new airport A new airport in Bodø was proposed on the project targets. including investment cost, timeline, to the Norwegian Parliament during and the portion of Avinor’s contribu- the first half of 2017 as part of the An Incubator for Airport tion to financing the project. The cost National Transport Plan for the 2018– of a new airport was estimated be- 2029 period. The Parliament adopted Innovation tween 4.5 - 5.0 billion NOK (2016 the proposal and agreed to the State values; 571 - 635 million USD). Av- participating in financing the project Avinor consider the New City - New inor’s contribution to the financing together with local authorities and Airport project to be unique with the was estimated at a level of 1.5 billion Avinor. The Parliament declared it will potential to be at the forefront of new NOK (190 million USD). These costs include a construction of a new air- technology, innovation, and research are considered uncertain, as further port in Bodø in the National Transport on an international scale. Aviation is, studies will determine the final project Plan for the period 2018-2029 with a in itself, a huge global industry and in- costs. Avinor estimates that the new public funding of 2.2 billion NOK to terlinks with a yet larger number of as- airport can be operational sometime cover the “external funding” require- sociated business areas. Being part of between 2024-2026. ment. The decision is contingent upon this industrial community can result in passing an extensive quality review of innovation facilitated and developed The land area that will be available for the plans that leaves no significant un- by the new airport project which would development as a result of moving the resolved issues, as well as the airport then gain international attention and airport is estimated to increase in value being acquiring an operating license thereby spurring further opportunities due to its attractiveness. The Ministry by the relevant authority. for local businesses and other involved has assessed that this will contribute parties. considerably to financing the new air- Avinor will have the overall respon- port. The Norwegian Defence Estates sibility for the development and con- Air traffic control (ATC) at the new air- Agency has developed a collective struction of the new airport. A project port will be using the latest technolo- state property strategy for the land are- director will lead the project and set up gies and be operated, not from a tradi- as. Their study shows a possible model an appropriate organisation with inter- tional control tower, but from a remote for sharing the funding between Avinor,

Plan Bodø 21 About Avinor Avinor is responsible for the 45 state- owned airports and air navigation services for both civilians and the military in Norway. This network links Norway together - and links Norway to the world. Avinor is a driving force in environmental aviation work and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Norwegian aviation. The company has a leading role in developing and delivering biofuel for aircrafts. Every year Avinor contributes to safe and efficient travel for around 50 million passengers. Avinor employs more than 3,000 people who are responsible for planning, developing, and operating airports and air navigation services in Norway. Avinor is funded by aviation fees and commercial sales at the airports.

Avinor’s strategic plan for 2014-2020 View of the city as you come in defines four overarching objectives for to land at Bodø Airport operations: • Society: Avinor shall help to strengthen the competitiveness of the location equipped for remote ATC ser- country and the region, and at the vices to operate the new Bodø airport same time take active responsibility as well as other airports in Norway. This new remote tower will be located for the environmental and social at the current airport. consequences of its operations. • Customers: Avinor shall deliver Avinor is also involved in the develop- excellent services with a high level ment of autonomous vehicles for snow removal, automated passenger logis- of safety, operational stability, and tics, and remote surveillance of tech- efficiency. nical facilities and security-controlled • Finance: Avinor shall secure a areas. For the new airport, Avinor will satisfactory return on invested capital, make use of such new technologies and innovative solutions that can offer and safeguard the organisation’s efficient operations, reduce environ- investment and financing capacity mental and climate impact, and re- through a balanced capital structure. duce capital investments while improv- • People, learning & Development: ing passenger experiences. Avinor shall be a strong, cohesive and Building the new airport is in line with customer-focused group. the strategic objectives of Avinor and supported by the Norwegian Parlia- Safety has the highest priority in Avinor. ment. The project will contribute significantly to further development for the In 2016, 50.8 million passengers travelled city of Bodø as well as the region for from Avinor’s airports, an increase of 1.6% many decades to come. over 2015. International traffic rose by Avinor have recently delivered a 2.6% compared with the previous year, new terminal at Oslo Airport, which while domestic traffic increased by 1.2%. they also own and manage

22 Aerial view of Air Base Bodø

Concept for a new Bodø airport

Plan Bodø 23 Air Force Base Bodø

An interview with Henning Hansen Homb

Martin Dubbeling

Lieutenant Colonel Henning helicopters. Now it consists of one Hansen Homb is the Com- fighter squadron, flying F-16s, and a detachment of SAR helicopters. There- mander of the Air Force Base fore, the extent of daily military air op- Bodø. He personally gave the erations is now much smaller than it joined team of Habitat Profes- used to be. Still, at least every second sionals Forum and ISOCARP year we host large air exercises, flying up to 30-35 fighter aircraft twice a day a tour of the Air Force Base in out of AFB Bodø, usually for a 2-week the middle of the Arctic Chal- period. lenge Exercise in which 12 NATO Countries participated. We have an excellent cooperation with the civilian air traffic controllers. Their organization consists of highly experi- Military planes and enced personnel. The cooperation has fighter jets and civilian been at such an excellent level for dec- aviation are using the ades. Even though the number of civil- same airstrip in Bodø. ian flights is high during rush hours, we have never experienced any problems, 1 During exercises and such as delays on civilian flights due to operations it can be military activity. quite busy. Is Bodø a complicated airport? Air Force Base Bodø Bodø airport and Air Force Base (AFB) will be moved Bodø have existed since the 1950s. to Trondheim During all these years, the same run- and partially way has been used for both civilian and military aviation, while the opera- 2 dismantled. tional areas (taxiways, stands, hangars Is this the end of military use etc.) have been separate. Until 2016 of the airport or will Bodø the armed forces had the responsibility still have a partially military to run the airport. However, due to the reorganization of the Royal Norwegian function in the future? Air Force, with a forthcoming closing By the end of 2021 all fighter aircraft of AFB Bodø by the end of 2021, the activity will come to an end in Bodø. responsibility was handed over to the At that time, the F-35 is to fully re- civilian aviation authorities (AVINOR) place the F-16 in the inventory of the in 2016. RNoAF. The F-35 will operate from a main base at Ørland outside Trond- AFB Bodø used to be the largest mili- heim, with a forward operating base at tary airbase in the RNoAF (Royal Nor- Evenes, between Harstad and Narvik wegian Air Force). During the Cold north of the Lofoten islands. War it housed two fighter squadrons, a transport aircraft squadron, and both Still, the SAR helicopter detachment, transport and Search and Rescue (SAR) operated by the RNoAF, will have its

24 base in Bodø. Whether or not the ited value as military heritage. What armed forces are to keep any infra- many consider a valuable installation structure at the new airport in Bodø for museum purposes is a mountain for military purposes, such as support facility that during the Cold War used for allied reinforcements, is a question to house one of the fighter squadrons. that has to be addressed to the Ministry This mountain facility (named “Anlegg of Defence. However, my impression is 96”), comprising approximately 8.000 that this matter is still being discussed. m2, was supposed to withstand a nu- clear attack. As the leading officer, you know the air force base quite It had its own power supply and water well. It was built in supply, technical facilities for mainte- the Cold War nance of the fighter aircraft, and ability to store 20+ fighter aircraft inside the and contains a lot facility. 331 Squadron left the facility in of buildings and 1996, and since then it has not been structures. Do you maintained. Today, it is only used for 3 see parts of this as storage purposes, and needs extensive repair and maintenance work before it military heritage? What could be used for museum purposes. would you recommend Additionally, it could be of interest to to keep intact for future keep an alert facility, which is located generations? nearby “Anlegg 96”. This is a smaller installation, comprising two 1st The military airbase in Bodø consists generation aircraft shelters (also built of a lot of buildings and structures, in the 1950s), and a small residence such as large hangars, smaller shel- for the pilots and flight technicians ters (which usually house one fighter who were on watch as Quick Reaction aircraft each), operational bunkers, Alert (QRA), which mission was to be fuel installations etc. Most of this in- on a 15 minute alert 24/7. The 331 frastructure was built as early as the Squadron, operating F-16s in Bodø 1950s, to house the [at that time] new today, still has the QRA role on behalf air force base, in the context of Cold of NATO until the F-35 takes over this War between NATO and the War- role, planned for Jan 1st, 2022, man- saw pact countries. From my point of ning a 15 minute alert from quarters at view, most of this has a strongly lim- AFB Bodø.

Plan Bodø 25 Air Force Base (AFB) Bodø Empowering people. Powering innovation: Nord University and Smart Bodø

Professor Bjørn Olsen, Rector of Nord University

New airport – New city is Bodø’s an- new, green, high-tech, zero-emission The challenge of retaining and edu- swer to the challenges of sustaining city is worth nothing without the popu- cating young people is an issue that and reinforcing economic and human lation and industry to sustain it. Nord University and Smart Bodø can development in our region. The fate of solve together, for the mutual benefit of Bodø, the region, and Nord University Young people are the future of our the institution, the city and the region. are inherently bound. We face many institution and our region. They repre- For instance, investment in Smart Bodø of the same challenges, and we can sent our future leaders, labour power, raises the city’s profile nationally and benefit from shared opportunities. brainpower, innovators, entrepreneurs internationally, increasing the city’s at- and families. However, “brain-drain” tractiveness as a destination for study. One such challenge is the flight of and low education levels in Nordland This enables the university to recruit young people from the region. How persist, with the gap between national more widely. Current figures show that do we retain Bodø’s brainpower and and regional levels widening steadily. three of four graduates settle in the recruit bright young minds? Innovation region after finishing their studies at and creating capital are other areas in Nord University. Some of these grad- which we can turn challenges into op- uates will form the future labour force portunities for our mutual benefit. We do find […] that the in the region’s hospitals, schools and “ government, while others will go on to university effect seems to Overall, Nord University’s engage- roles in business and industry. ment in the Smart Bodø project really be related to increasing the embodies our vision of providing local supply of skilled graduates Nord University aims to ensure that solutions to global challenges. This is who raise productivity in the graduates enter the community with an a great opportunity: to challenge our “ education that enables them to tack- firms they work in. We also own creative power; to pursue a sym- le local challenges in innovative ways biosis of research, education, innova- find that universities boost and produce universal solutions to tion and development and, ultimately, innovation. global issues. Where better to release to realise our shared vision for a sus- Nord University graduates, than into tainable future. the innovation-receptive arena of the (Valero, Anna and John Van Reenen (2016). The new Smart City? more universities in a country, the faster its economic Brainpower in Bodø growth. LSE Business Review.) Creating Capital Bodø is home to Nord University’s From 2001 to 2017, the overall pop- main campus, which is situated 12km ulations of Nordland and Nord-Trøn- Good access to raw materials and from the city centre. The student pop- delag increased, while the young adult low levels of innovation have histori- ulation in Bodø is currently just over population (18 years) decreased sig- cally defined our regional industries. 6,000, of which international students nificantly. Projections show that this Nordland is rich in natural resources, comprise around 10 percent. trend will have a significant, negative with access to oceans, mountains, The challenges that Nordland and impact on the young adult population arable soil, forest and people. Agri- Bodø face - regional urbanization, an in Nordland and Nord-Trøndelag by culture and fisheries have formed a ageing population, low levels of edu- 2030. The university recruits regionally part of the educational and economic cation, few expert jobs, and a gender to a large degree. The flight of young landscape in Nordland since the late imbalance that favours men – are also adults from the region represents a 1800s. Today, however, there persist relevant for Nord University. One im- threat to the university’s robustness. low levels of local conversion and in- portant aspect is the recruitment and Retention of young adults is also one vestment by which the value of these retention of bright young minds. Our prerequisite for the long-term success natural resources is realized for the of Smart Bodø. benefit of the region. Nord University

26 aims to create productive partnerships edge-based business development. Certainly, involving the university in with business and industry and contrib- The university also possesses broad the Smart Bodø project constitutes a ute new knowledge in order to change national and international networks, big step to closing any cultural gap this pattern. The university has three which represent sources of both pro- between city and university. New and strategic focus areas that define this ductive partnerships and funding. strengthened partnerships between mission – health, welfare and educa- Nord University is also gearing for bet- university, city and business and in- tion, innovation and entrepreneurship, ter cooperation with business and industry will also be important. However, and blue-green growth. Smart Bodø dustry. New strategic measures include would the university also benefit from creates a new arena for exploring in- the development of the Council for closing the physical gap? Should the novative approaches – a massive field Cooperation with Business and Indus- university form the hub of the new city? laboratory if you will – at the same as try (Råd for samarbeid med næringsliv- These questions remain unanswered. city development creates demand for et in Norwegian), and a regional value What is clear is that Smart Bodø pre- new knowledge and technology. It is creation forum. sents an important and exciting op- important that the Smart Bodø pro- portunity for Nord University, both in ject utilizes the university’s knowledge The significance of the university’s terms of research and development base in order to aid innovation, and continued growth should not be un- potential, and in terms of beneficial ultimately ensure conversion of raw derestimated. Nord University is not regional growth. materials into capital at the local lev- only a partner in the Smart Bodø pro- el. Bodø Kommune has highlighted ject – it is a prerequisite. However, the that “the most obvious growth poten- fact remains that the university itself lies References: 1 tial lies in knowledge-based work, in well outside the new city’s limits. Thir- Handlingsplan til Strategisk Næringsplan 2017 – 2021 (Action plan for business and industry development of the marine sector and ty years ago, Bodø established a new strategy 2017-2021) in tourism.”1 That Bodø Kommune “city centre”, in Mørkved, where the 2Ibid has also identified “co-creation in co- university is currently located. 3Ibid operation with universities, research communities and local government”2 At that time, the focus was on creat- is positive. Bodø Kommune has also ing a learning and teaching environ- Nord University identified that a part of the Smart City ment where students, educators and Nord University was project comprises promoting Nord researchers would work and live in established on January 1 2016 as Norway’s “blue university”3. The close proximity to one and other. This university, which has robust research proximity and the compact nature of after restructuring in Norway’s communities within aquaculture and campus Bodø has been one of its hall- higher education sector. It is biosciences, would clearly benefit from marks. The question that arises with Norway’s youngest university. this form of reinforcement. the advent of Smart Bodø is the signifi- Nord University manages nine cance of the physical distance between In turn, the university can contribute the New City – Smart Bodø, and the study locations in northern expertise in areas such as logistics, en- university in Mørkved. There is also the and central Norway, from vironment and climate research, soci- question of whether the distance is only Vesterålen in the north to etal security and emergency planning, physical, but whether it is also cultural. Stjørdal in the south. Today, the resource management, and knowl- university has a total of 12,000 students and 1,200 staff.

Pictured below: Dr. Reid Hole, Vice Rector of Nord University

Plan Bodø 27 Urban Planning in the Arctic - An interview with Annelise Bolland

Martin Dubbeling

Bodø is a relatively small The city lies within the arctic circle, but I am hesitant to call Bodø an arctic city with big challenges city as we far from the area where it in the next decades. is snowing all year round and where Replacing a regional drifting icebergs can sink our ships. 1 airport, a port and There are no polar bears here either! Bodø is a green and compact city with building a new city brings active, easy going and happy people. opportunities and requires We do our very best to plan and build capacity and experience. an infrastructure that enables them to How are you going to walk and to bike to work and to school and that gives them easy access to the manage this? natural environment of Bodø. By attracting the right people. We have You mentioned the sharp recently employed two new urban planners, so we are now a team of twelve, differences between the and soon we will employ three more. short summers and We have big and complicated projects harsh winters. Do you ahead of us. The sooner we have our think that planning team complete and in operation, the better. We focus on young planners, as a Nordic city like they come from university full with clev- 3Bodø is different than in er ideas and new thinking. This is what other cities in more moderate we need now. In an early stage we give climates? them responsibilities so that they can develop themselves quickly. Here on the coast in the High North we are exposed to the elements and fast changing circumstances. The weather can dramatically change within a Bodø has the distinct couple of hours, from a clear day to character of an Arctic a snow blizzard. That is why we fo- Port City with open cus on planning a compact city with The Head of the Urban Plan- connections to the all services in close proximity. On the ning Department of Bodø has other hand we need to make sure that ocean that is situated a background in environmen- we maintain ample open and green between islands, fjords, tal and agricultural sciences. spaces for recreation in summer and mountains, forests and winter, near and in residential areas. Before starting as an urban 2 In the last few years we have really lakes. Does this reflect planner in Bodø she worked started to notice that climate is chang- the main identity and for the Nordland County. Since ing. Winters are becoming slightly less quality of Bodø? 2011 Annelise Bolland has cold, with less permanent snow, but with more rain. Instead of solid snow leading the fast growing plan- Not completely. Bodø is indeed a city in the middle of nature with sharp and ice we have more icy slurry in the ning department. differences between the short, bright streets in winter. This may change the summers and very cold, harsh winters. way we design our public space.

28 Society and the economy Bodø wants to become a In 2014 the Stormen Library are gradually changing leading Smart City and Concert Hall were into more open, that uses internet opened and in 2016 responsive, technology for the Bodø was selected and interactive benefit of its citizens. as the most attractive systems. 5Will it also change the 6town in Norway. Do you see 4 Does this change the way that citizens use the city a direct relation planning of cities or the way and urban spaces? between investing in culture that cities are planned? and becoming an appealing and competitive city? First of all, the pace at which urban de- The concept of smart cities is much velopments take place has increased broader than the use of technology Ten years ago Bodø had the image of considerably. Not so long ago we only. It is first of all doing the right an ugly and boring harbour city with a could develop land use plans for hous- things for the citizens and making our downtown area where almost nothing ing, offices and industries and wait for cities green and inclusive for children happened. The city made some brave parties to step in and develop what and the elderly. It is our task to create decisions to change this. We started needed to be built. Nowadays there an environment in which people are to improve public spaces, build hous- is much more focus on liveability, ur- happy. If internet technology can con- es and apartments, hotels, and the ban quality and quality of life in much tribute to this, we should not hesitate library and concert hall in the centre. more mixed urban environments. This to make use of it. Like most Norwe- At the same time we restricted build- enables us to have more interaction gian cities, Bodø still has a long way ing in the surrounding mountains and and engagement with our inhabitants, to go when it comes to implementing in important open green spaces. The investors, entrepreneurs and the own- clean energy technologies. We have combination of these policies turned ers and operators of shops, restaurants an abundance of hydropower, but we out to be a much bigger success then and hotels. We as planners are there could and should do much more in re- we ever dreamed to expect. The library to help them to solve problems while ducing energy consumption and diver- has been adopted as the new living having an eye on the greater picture, sifying our sustainable energy sources room of Bodø with 450.000 visitors which is a strong and liveable city for a with solar and tidal power. We are each year - which is not bad for a city vital community. situated in the arctic circle, yet we still of 52.000 inhabitants. Our music fes- have the most light hours of the coun- tivals and concerts attract many visitors try. Also, I believe that Bodø could be from outside Bodø and even from far a testing ground for many initiatives in outside the region. This certainly leaves smart and sustainable technologies. I a mark and contributes to a better and am particularly interested to see how more favourable image of Bodø. self-driving vehicles operate in winter circumstances.

Bodø’s new waterfront Library and Concert Hall

Plan Bodø 29 Character and urban quality of Bodø

Mats Marthinussen and Jonas Bjørklund of Bodø Kommune

1816 - The town that settled bold trade and connectivity, and brought The population of this fledgling town tourists and opportunities. was around 6000 people. Then the and open second world war came, and this The break water is arguably one of the “Bodø one” was flattened by German The town that settled bold and open, is most important building projects in the bombers, demolishing 80% of the the title and first phrase of the Bodø an- history of Bodø, and is still loved by the structures in a largely evacuated town. them. This is certainly true, and it took locals, especially as a place to stroll all of Bodøs first decade to shore up and to experience the elements. Rebuilding began quickly, with the first enough momentum to grow into any- new houses arriving during the war as thing resembling a town. In the first 50 Bodø 1.0 help from neighbouring Sweden. To- years nothing seemed to stick, and the day, this area of housing, which still re- town was nearly abandoned until the Bodø continued to grow during the fol- mains, is famously known as the Swed- fisheries brought a measure of wealth lowing decades. Boosted by the Stock- ish Quarter. The around 100 units and ensured a permanent urban pop- fish trade and cannery, it slowly crept were placed outside of the fire zone, ulation. The small town was laid out up from the shore to the foot of the on green fields, and served as the first with a square grid and blocks of small plains. planned town expansion. wooden houses, hugging the coastline dependent on fishery and trade. Surrounded by marshes and farmland, It also included multi-family units, and it was a compact little town, made of a relative high density. However, at the Around the turn of the century, the bright coloured wooden houses in a end of the war there was a dire need massive breakwater was built, forming narrow street grid, with larger struc- for housing, not just in Bodø but in the inner harbour. The project includ- tures like the warehouses along Sjøga- some 20 places all around Norway. A ed the quay for coastal steamers and ta, the hospital, the prominent church, national committee of planners started passenger vessels, which boosted the schools and commercial buildings. working on the scheme called BSR, or regulation of the burned places.

The Breakwater and inner harbor around 1935

30 Bodø before (top) and after (bottom) the bombing ...

Plan Bodø 31 Rebuilding architecture, the typical reconstruction mostly to the east but also to the north. building was clean-cut volumes made Mørkved was chosen as site for the of plastered masonry, and very low on The plans for rebuilding were carried university some 10km from town cen- ornaments and detail. The plaster had out as soon as possible, but hampered tre, and developed into a suburb at the different primary colours and slate cov- by shortages of materials. The BSR end of the strip of built-up area to the ered roofs. The monumental buildings town plan derived from the pre-ex- east. The expansion slowly ground to like the Town hall, the cathedral, the isting town plans, but widened the a halt in the 2000s, as new develop- post and telegraph building, the bank, blocks by 20 %, adjusted the position ments tended towards densification of the Grand Hotel and so forth were all of the main streets and opened vistas existing areas. built during this reconstruction phase. to the majestic surrounding mountains In the early 1960s the town leaders through the main axes. As for the As the main housing development took heralded the reconstruction was offi- buildings, the plan devised an increase place along the corridors to the east cially over. of one floor, for a total of 3 stories in and north, town centre was primarily a the most central districts. The plan was commercial hub and held most of the made elastic for gradually growth, and Sprawl workplaces. The SAS hotel built in the also increased the potential commer- 70s close to inner harbour rose above the town with its 13 stories. Most of the cial floor area by 40 %. A new issue shortly emerged. The new retail was located in the centre, and NATO airbase seized the lion’s share the shorelines held industry, mostly The urban centre was to be built in of the peninsula, and the plans of related to fishery and other maritime non-flammable materials, while the extending the harbour in the north- activities. The north east harbour de- outer districts allowed for wooden east meant the town had little room veloped as a large landfill project, houses, mainly row-houses and single to grow. There was a prevailing no- and joined with the terminus for the family units. The housing association tion that the town was “full” and the railroad. During all these years, the built mainly multi-family units, provid- planners looked for new areas for airport and especially the airbase had ing housing and better amenities for a expansion. The options were limited a significant presence in town centre. growing population. The typical urban though, as the sea, the farmland, the The noise from the fighters was ever building on the other hand, was zoned mountains and the airport restrictions present, but somehow accepted as a for retail on ground floor, offices or offered few alternatives. Bodø merged background ambience, the soundtrack dwellings on first floor and additional with the neighbouring municipalities of Bodø. dwellings on second floor. As for the and started to grow rapidly outwards,

BSR Masterplan for Bodø, 1944 Bodø before 1950 (top) and Bodø around 2000 (bottom)

Plan Bodø 33

BSR Masterplan for Bodø, 1944 The Malls and the Glasshouse

During the nineties and 2000s the big box- retail area was established just north of the centre. This included one of the largest shopping malls in northern Norway, and posed a threat for the inner centre retail. This was obviously debated, but none the less it strengthened Bodø’s position as the regional shopping destination. During this period many of the shopkeepers moved their business from the traditional street locations to the malls, causing some concern for the town dwellers and property holders.

Meanwhile, in the town centre, our famous glass house was put up over the central part of Main Street, span- ning two blocks in length. As a public realm it is open 24 hours a day, and accommodates some 70 shops and restaurants. The glass house was and still is vital for the town life, providing shelter for the occasional wind and the elements all year round.

In the last ten years, the planning focus has shifted gradually from expansion and towards revitalizing and redeveloping the centre. A zoning plan from 2008 allowed for three new plots for high-rise buildings, dramatically changing the townscape. One of these Interior of the Glasshouse plots has been built - holding the tallest building in northern Norway - the 17 story Scandic Havet Hotel. Two more high-rises are being planned with the A third and important decision was to New City - New Airport same height, which corresponds to the open up for new housing projects in restriction area surrounding the air- the inner centre, which was previous- In 2012 the Bodø community was de- port. ly reserved for commerce and retail. livered the devastating message that From 2014 until today over 1000 new the airforce base was to be moved to One other very important event was units have been built or planned, with the Trondheim area to the south. This the decision to build a new library and the potential to double the number of meant that hundreds of jobs would concert hall on the two remaining plots inhabitants in the inner centre. This disappear, and it was a major setback after the bombing, which were being will certainly add to the vibrancy of the for the aviation cluster. However, think- used as parking lots. The result as town life, and make the town active ing positively, it was recognised that it we know it is Stormen, a world class and diverse, and is serving as a coun- could also bring new opportunities. concert hall and a celebrated library, terweight to the sprawl of the former pulling half a million visitors last year. decades. While celebrating our 200 The air force base occupies roughly The architecture is a subtle tribute to years anniversary, Bodø was awarded the same area as the entire town cen- the clear and spartan features of the the prestigious prize “Norwegian city tre, but is divided from it by the airfield. reconstruction architecture, and the of the year” from the government in Additionally, the current noise and project includes the refurbishment of 2016, in part due to the above men- land use restrictions from the airport adjoining urban spaces. This in turn tioned factors, but also because of the makes it hard to utilize the area for any has led to an increase in restaurants new city – new airport project. meaningful urban purposes. However, and bars, shopping and town life. it was known that the old airstrip has been crumbling for years, and is in dire need of repair - even to function ade- quately as a civilian airport.

34 Therefore a plan was formulated to re-establish the airport approximately 900 meters to the south, in the area previously occupied by the airforce base, and then to start a new urban development on the former airport area, which is directly on the edge of the existing town centre.

This plan, known as ‘New City - New Airport’, has recently been granted state funding in the form of a decision to build the new airport, and the planning of the potential new urban district is in the early stages.

This brings us to where we are today – a small, but confident arctic town with the tools and opportunities to shape its own future.

Stormen Library, DRDH architects, 2014

Future Possibilities?Plan Bodø 35 Destination Bodø

Visit Bodø and Bodø Municipality

You will not find a more impressive en- Municipal Strategy innovation, and competitiveness. Bodø trance than the one you see through Municipality will, on the other hand, the plane window while landing in Globally, there are new trends that are carry out major urban development Bodø. Fjords, mountains, glaciers, a affecting local development. The rate projects that provide opportunities for stunning coastline, and crystal-clear of change is fast and Bodø has all the business development and exciting es- waters as far as the eye can see. The prerequisites for following and meeting tablishments. scenic region has a lot to offer, and those trends. there are several fantastic places These are some of the possibilities around the city that offer unique op- Through active city business devel- that Bodø Municipality will build on to portunities for business travellers. opment, Bodø has good traditions of meet an increasing national and in- closely interacting between all relevant ternational competition for local busi- In Bodø you will find wondrous arctic environments in Bodø. Over time, our ness development. The projects “New experiences, magical surroundings methods for partnership among busi- City-New Airport” and “Smart City” and mouth-watering culinary delights, ness, public management, develop- not only represents new opportunities, the boundless natural resources that ment, and politics have given great but also brands Bodø as an especially surround the city help to create unfor- results and growth. Therefore, Bodø attractive municipality for establishing gettable adventures for all who visit. will build on local cultural methods for businesses. co-creation. There are examples where Bodø offers a vibrant city on the edge co-creation has given concrete results; The ambition for Bodø’s Strategic Busi- of the great outdoors that is graced the project “New City-New Airport” is ness plan 2017-2027 is high. We want with the dazzling midnight sun in sum- one such success story. all business development in Bodø to mer and the enchanting northern lights be solidified on a foundation of smart in winter. Throughout the year, the city Bodø municipality is an active facili- solutions, forward-thinking technolo- hosts music festivals and concerts, as tator for businesses and development gies, and green sustainable choices well as a lively city centre with restau- environments that realize their poten- and solutions. rants, shops, central harbour fronts tial for increased employment and that lead to memorable excursions. value creation. The companies them- Bodø is the county capital of Nordland, selves will have to take responsibility as well as a centre in a dynamic and for their own business development, value-creating region called Salten.

36 Bodø Harbour & Waterfront Nordland County’s economy works achieve significant employment growth largest glacier in Northern Scandina- well despite weak business cycles in in both private and public sectors in via. Located in the beautiful National Europe and a decline in the Norwe- years to come. However, development Park, it includes underground caves, gian petroleum industry. According will not occur on its own. Continued marble formations, steep peaks, and to Index Nordland 2016, Nordland’s cooperation and innovative goals will waterfalls. economy is likely to strengthen in the be required to further heighten both coming years. the city of Bodø and its surrounding The old Kjerringøy trading post is a region. stunning landscape, and is one of By 2015, there were nearly 28,000 Norway’s most important cultural her- employed people in Bodø, of which Destination Bodø itage monuments from the 19th cen- 57% were in the private sector. There is tury. This living history museum gives a high degree of employment oppor- Getting to Bodø is easy and there are you a unique insight into the coastal tunities in Bodø and Nordland, but the several options. You can travel here culture of Northern Norway. main challenge is access to new em- by air from the north, south, east, or ployees and relevant expertise. Urban- west. The airport is located only one Not far from the city centre, you’ll find isation and relocation to the cities are kilometre away from the city centre, the Norwegian Aviation Museum. It is northern European trends, which are and is just a ten minutes’ walk. You Scandinavia’s largest and one of the also driving forces of development in can also arrive on the northbound or most modern in Europe. Furthermore, Bodø. With increased growth, Bodø is southbound Hurtigruten (the Norwe- the Salten Region is home to the larg- dependent on employees relocating to gian Costal Voyage) and continue your est colony of European Sea Eagles in the city, not only from other countries journey by water in the beautiful region the world. but also young people with high edu- of Nordland by express boat or ferry. cations from other parts of the country. You can drive here along the pictur- All the biggest hotel chains are repre- esque Kystriksveien (the Costal Route) sented in the city centre, but Bodø also Through a number of on-going de- which is Norway’s longest National offers smaller, more intimate boutique velopment projects, there are oppor- Tourist Route called Helgelandskysten. hotels. One can enjoy local delicacies tunities within almost every industry in You can also arrive by train via the at the many restaurants located in the Bodø to create a future-oriented mu- Saltfjellet mountain range where you city centre. You can dine on a beauti- nicipality with exciting jobs and unique cross the Arctic Circle. Our own Po- ful beach with white table cloths with recruitment opportunities. In 2016, lar Express has its final stop in Bodø, the best local food imaginable or in a Bodø won the prize as being Norway’s which is the railway terminal in North- lavvo tent under the open sky and a Most Attractive City by the Ministry of ern Norway. bonfire. At the National Aviation Mu- Local Government and Modernisa- seum, the stage is set for an unforget- tion. Bodø aspires to become one of Here you’ll find some of Norway’s and table evening of eating options. Don’t the smartest cities in Europe, and is ac- Europe’s most famous attractions: forget to try to the tastings on a private tively working to gain status as one of Experience the world’s strongest mael- island just a short ferry ride from the Europe’s 100 lighthouse towns. There strom - Saltstraumen. During a 6-hour city centre where the biggest seafood is also an on-going process to become period, this maelstrom pushes 400 buffet awaits you. the European Capitals of Culture. million cubicm of seawater through a 150-metre-wide and 31-metre-deep The people living north of the Arctic Cir- Bodø is a resource-strong region, es- channel, which creates whirlpools up cle are very friendly and open-minded. pecially in regard to ocean space, to tenm in diameter and fivem in depth You will find it easy to communicate tourism, and minerals. Ideas from the when the current is at its strongest. with the locals, especially since English new smart city approach are expected is spoken as a second language. to increase new opportunities for jobs. A couple of hours drive from Bodø, you will find the Svartisen Glacier – the Bodø will need several requirements to

European Sea Eagle off the coast of Bodø

Plan Bodø 37 From Bilbao to Bodø

Juan Alvaro Alayo

When I tell people that there are more the events in Bilbao, but it had the po- things in common between Bodø and Bilbao Waterfront before the construc- tential to make a big hole in the iden- tion of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao than meet the eye, they tend to tity, the social fabric and the economy struggle. To be fair, it is not that easy of the City. What is important is that, to see the similarities, because many after the initial shocks, both cities de- of them are taking place in different cided they were going to make an op- decades. portunity out of a crisis. They reacted to the external events and took control Take for instance the more noticeable of their future in their own hands. This one, which is that both cities invested may sound like an almost logical and similar amounts of money, over 100 typical reaction, but it is not. In fact, it is million Euros, in cultural infrastructur- quite rare, there are many more cities al assets that have had an impact well around the world not really facing their beyond their price tag, have put both respective crises, and just muddling cities on the cultural map and are very along, than cities that have used them much loved by their citizens and visi- as opportunities for transformation. tors. We are talking, of course, about the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao And why is that? Because to be able and the Stormen complex in Bodø, the to turn a crisis into an opportunity, one first one opened in 1997 and the sec- must be ready to look at oneself criti- ond one in 2014, nearly two decades cally, as if through the eyes of some- later. one else. And after that, accept that real change is needed. But change But whilst these great works of archi- tends to be tough and uncomfortable In the case of Bilbao, the crisis was tecture stand out in their respective and we avoid it as much as we can. mainly caused by the sudden Industri- urban settings, close to the water and Which is why it is more frequent to find al decline of the late 70s, that many difficult to miss, there are other simi- an accommodating attitude, in which other cities faced in Europe and Amer- larities that are not necessarily visible, people, and cities, gradually adapt to ica, which impacted very heavily on but potentially more fundamental in a deteriorated situation. the economy of the region. But the so- the development path of both cities. cio-economic impact was compound- This article aims to point out some of On this point I would like share three ed by other events that significantly these parallels between the two cities experiences and take-aways from Bil- complicated the situation: with Fran- and to draw some experiences from bao: co´s death in 1975 Spain underwent Bilbao, which has already undergone a delicate process of transition from a successful urban transformation, in dictatorship to democracy that took 1 - The importance of a shared case they can be of help to Bodø. years to settle, this coincided with the vision most virulent period of terrorist activity Crisis as an opportunity by ETA and, if that were not enough, How did Bilbao manage to implement in 1983 Bilbao suffered devastating In my view, the more significant coin- such significant City change? The text- floods. cidence between the two cities is that book explanation would be that Bil- when they found themselves in the bao undertook a detailed and critical The crisis in Bodø was of a different middle of an existential crisis, they de- diagnosis, drew up a comprehensive kind. The decision to relocate the Air cided to turn it into an opportunity to strategic plan and followed it through Force base away from the City, in a few transform themselves. with sustained investment and effort for years, may not have been as brutal as more than two decades.

38 But while all these were necessary steps, they were not enough. The successful undertaking of something as large, long-term and complex as a City Transformation project needs something else. It needs to have a shared vision. Because it is that shared vision what will generate the conviction and determination that are necessary to achieve something like that.

As behavioural economists have found, committing to doing things jointly is an important tool to overcome the resist- ance to change and the temptation to continue doing things the same way - and this is something that Bodø, in The Guggenheim Museum common with Bilbao, is also pursuing. With engagement from all sectors of land allows long term planning and 3 - Celebrate the Waterfront society, it is creating a shared vision a controlled phasing of the develop- with the power to enthuse not only lo- ment. It also means that any uplift in There could be an additional common cals, but also those of us fortunate to added land value that is generated by point between Bilbao and Bodø, depend- take some small part in the process. the planning of these liberated lands ing how Bodø decides to plan its future can be captured by the public sector, urban development. One of the most 2 - The role of public land rather than private land owners, for re- attractive and appreciated features of the use to the benefit of the city. In the Bilbao transformation is that, after dec- Another important similarity between case of these large-scale schemes that ades of giving it’s back to the river, with Bodø and Bilbao is the significant role can be significant. the banks occupied by industry and heavy of public lands in facilitating the trans- infrastructure, the demise of industrial formation. In the case of Bilbao, large This could be seen in Bilbao with “BIL- plants and the relocation of the port ac- amounts of land previously used by BAO Ría 2000”, the publicly owned tivities to the external harbour allowed for state owned industry or infrastructure urban regeneration company respon- the waterfront to be recovered as a central were left idle or underutilised after the sible for transforming some of the key part of the city. The Guggenheim Museum crisis. In the case of Bodø, the remov- areas of Bilbao, which in a period of takes full advantage of this, with its loca- al of the Air Base will liberate a large around 20 years invested in public in- tion right by the water edge. tract of land, right next to the Town frastructure over one billion Euros that Centre and the relocated airport. This had been generated by the change in Will Bodø take advantage of the amazing releasing of large amounts of public land use of the redeveloped lands. waterfront it already has?

The Guggenheim Museum at Bilbao Waterfront

Plan Bodø 39 High North Cuisine

Elizabeth Reynolds

In recent years, many global hospitality trends have been Building on this grass roots movement, the Nordic Council (of strongly influenced by Scandinavia. From the restrained and Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway) launched natural aesthetic of Scandinavian furniture; or the concept of the New Nordic Food Programme in 2004 with a ten-point Hygge (a special feeling or moment that is cosy or charm- manifesto to strengthen the environmental and cultural re- ing), attention has been placed on the cultural, aesthetic and sources of Nordic countries through food. natural resources of Scandinavian countries and new Nordic cuisine is an important part of this cultural influence. Pre- We were fortunate enough to try some excellent local Nordic dominantly originating from Denmark, New Nordic cuisine cuisine during our visit to Bodo. Restaurants including Bjork, is typified by locally grown, seasonal produce prepared in a Hundholmen Brygghus, Bryggerikaia, and NYT seemed part way that celebrates the individual elements and is environ- of this enthusiasm and renewed sense of pride in local pro- mentally sustainable. Nowhere was this more evident than duce. Here we provide the recipe for Tørrfisk Fiskesuppe, a with the international critical acclaim for the multi-award win- local dish we hope you can recreate at home. ning NOMA restaurant in Copenhagen; even its name is a portmanteau of the two Danish words "nordisk" (Nordic) and "mad" (food).

Recipe for Stockfish Stew

Stockfish (or Tørrfisk in Norwegian) is a well-known local delicacy, and proud export from the Lofoten Islands. Essentially Stockfish is an air-dried cod, but in Bodø, Lofoten and the surrounding area it is often served as a fish stew (fiskesuppe) – perfect for warming up on a winter evening.

Preparation The preparation of this recipe begins quite some-time before the kitchen! Be- tween February and May each year, cod from the waters around Lofoten is dehydrated on open air wooden racks (or “stocks”). The fish is then dried indoor for a further 12 months, retaining its nutrition and protein, but removing excess moisture. The fish are then sorted and packed before being sent to fishmongers and restaurants not just in Norway, but as far away as Brasil!

Once you have brought your dried Stockfish, it is often necessary to rehydrate the portions by soaking in cold water for 2 -3 days (changing the water each day). Once softened the fish can be cut into portions, and the skin removed. Instructions Heat butter in a 6-qt. saucepan over me- Ingredients dium-high heat. Add garlic, celery, onions, • 6 tbsp. unsalted butter • 3 cups fish stock peppers, and leeks, and season with salt • 4 cloves garlic, chopped • 2 cups milk and pepper. Cook, stirring, until soft, 8-10 • 2 stalks celery, chopped • 1 cup heavy cream minutes. Add carrots, parsnips, celeriac, • 1 small onion, chopped • 1 1/2 tbsp. Worcestershire sauce potatoes, stock, milk, cream, and Worces- • 1 green bell pepper, seeded and chopped • 2 lb. boneless, skinless cod fillet, cut tershire; bring to a boil. Reduce heat to me- • 1 small leek, sliced 1/4" thick into 2" pieces dium, and cook, stirring occasionally, until • salt and black pepper, to taste • 1/3 cup dill, chopped, plus more for vegetables are tender, about 25 minutes. • 2 medium carrots, sliced 1/4" thick garnish Add cod, and continue to cook, stirring gen- • 1 large parsnip, peeled and chopped • 1/4 cup parsley leaves, chopped tly, until fish is cooked through, 6-8 minutes. • 1 small celeriac, peeled and chopped • Juice of 1 lemon Stir in dill, parsley, lemon juice, and salt and • 4 medium new potatoes, peeled and cut into 1" pieces • Crusty bread, for serving pepper. Serve with bread.

Recipe and information courtesy of the Norwegian Seafood Council (https://cod.fromnorway.com/norwegian-cod/stockfish/), and article by Christopher Hall in Saveur magazine (https://www.saveur.com/article/Travels/Saveur-100-Norway) 40 Bringing Bodø to Life

Mercedes Beaudoin and Andrea Marthinsen

Looking back on our time spent in population. Bodø has such a popu- During our stay in Bodø, we conducted Bodø we enjoyed ourselves immense- lation and is surrounded by vivacious an impromptu public gathering where ly. The people were friendly and fun, natural beauty, yet, it is difficult to no- we interacted with the citizens, city the food scene was bursting with in- tice either considering the core urban planners, and other community stake- novation and creativity, and the na- landscape reads as dull. In fact, it is holders. We wanted to know how they ture is a dream. The city itself, how- mostly designed in shades of gray and describe or identify Bodø, how they ever, is hard to write about. To help is largely void of human interaction. used the city, and what they thought us discern mixed feelings about Bodø, To put our initial impressions into the were important elements to consider Jane Jacobs’ Downtown is for People words of Jane Jacobs, “here is no hint when planning the future of Bodø. The (Fortune Classic, 1958) was re-read. of individuality or whim or surprise, no results were clear: they wanted to im- Throughout this article, Jacobs’ quotes hint that here is a city with a tradition prove their quality life. While the quali- are used to paint a picture of Bodø’s and flavor all its own.” Of course, after ty of life is relatively good in Bodø, and missed opportunities and its potential. a week of observations, presentations, the city has many natural and man- and analyses, we had no doubt Bodø made assets, it is difficult to navigate Cities are clusters of knowledge, cul- has enormous potential to change that them in the city’s current conditions. ture, and social activity. To make a city image and find their flavor in the years Indeed, it seems the citizens are es- vibrant, it takes a determined, vibrant to come. tranged from these assets.

Map of the city centre of Bodø with suggested locations of cycle paths, enhanced pedestrian main road, and green/recreational space connected via pedestrian-oriented design elements

Plan Bodø 41 Most planners and city officials often famous Paley Park in New York City, Further down on Sjøgata, there is an- think revitalizing a city consists of im- for example, could be an inspiration other alcove that has the potential to plementing a large-scale project that for this urban nook. Paley Park’s de- bring a lot of life and joy to the cit- changes a city’s skyline. However, in sign provides a quiet oasis in the mid- izens of Bodø. Currently, a parking the case of Bodø, as in the case with dle of an urban jungle. Zion & Breene lot of payment and a food stand oc- other cities, it is the broader-used ele- Associates planned each detail of the cupy a majority of this centrally locat- ments of a city that must be considered. park to mitigate city noise and create ed area. The current design encour- Parks and streets are public spaces that a peaceful environment for people ages car use, and not much else. In are utilized daily. Jacobs believes, “the to take a break from their day-to-day Bodø’s plans, this area is supposed to street works harder than any other part routine. With a soothing water element be a green space. As seen in our col- of [a city]. It is the nervous system; it that drowns out noise, and with plenty lage-rendering, we propose incorpo- communicates the flavour, the feel, the of seating, Paley park provides a space rating grass and open space for fam- sights.” Some say it is how streets inter- for people to enjoy the heart of their ilies to play and have picnics. A water act with parks that bring true liveabili- city again. feature could provide serenity, a focal ty to a city. Thus, this article discusses point, and remind people of water’s enhancing and connecting the existing properties of downtown Bodø to bring the city back to life.

Connecting Green and Recreational Spaces

For centuries, adding green and recreational spaces into a city has been touted as a sure-fire way to give it life. All of the green in Image 1 de- picts parks and recreational areas. The opaque green are areas identified during our visit that should be considered potential recreational or leisure areas. The transparent green shapes are lack- lustre clusters of existing park space that should be enlarged, made more dynamic, and better connected to each other via greenways, vegetated landscapes, or other natural elements such as green walls and vine canopies.

Transforming Small Spaces

In Transforming Small Spaces, Jacobs states, “A sense of place is built up, in the end, from many little things too, some so small people take them for granted, and yet the lack of them takes the flavour out of the city”. As Jacobs indicates, all space in a city is precious. While walking around Bodø, our team recognized several small, neglected spaces, that could be transformed into new “third places.”

One particular spot on Sjøgata, a space you would walk by without a second glance, could be transformed into a pocket park. Pocket parks are small parks, accessible to the public and typically created on vacant irreg- Vine canopy over street in Spain ular spaces of land within a city. The

42 What is and what could be a pocket park in downtown Bodø?

Plan Bodø 43 influence throughout the city’s history. more surprising, more compact, more bike repair station. Another consider- It should be noted, we preserved the variegated, and busier than before.” ation for Bodø is to start a bike-share sea-eagle mural because it represents Cities of all sizes should provide the in- program for those who do not own a the region’s unique ecosystem and frastructure for multiple forms of trans- bike and for visitors. species, as well as its ability to add a portation—specifically, sustainable much-needed pop of color to the city. infrastructure. Bicycling may be more In addition to revitalizing the streets common in Denmark, but Norwegian in city centre with bike lanes, Bodø Encourage Cycling cities should be designed to provide should consider connect the of the city the option for those who are interest- with its natural and cultural sites for cy- ed. Having distinguished bike lanes, clists. For example, Bodø’s historic site, In the words of Jane Jacobs, “There signage, and air pumps are essential Nyholms Fort, is a must-see destina- is no magic in simply removing cars to increase daily bicycle use and to en- tion that sits across the water from city from downtown… the removal of sure public safety. Our collage design centre. Yet, the distance seems much the cars is important only because for Sjøgata, bottom right, encompass- further when one has to travel around of the great opportunities it opens… es these elements, as well as a public the harbour’s industrial sector by car. the whole point is to make the streets

A parking lot on Sjøgata and its park potential

44 Sjøgata, a central street in Bodø and its cycling potential

Nurturing Access to the Ocean tive route to work, somewhere for ex- To encourage citizens and tourists to ercise, or just as a cosy place to sit and visit and see its skyline view, we sug- chat with friends. Such a space could Not all public space in a city needs to gest the construction of a pedestrian/ also provide visitors to the city with a fit the traditional mould of a park. The bicycle bridge that connects the heart promenade to absorb Norway’s natu- city’s natural landscape can be an in- of the city to Nyholms Fort. ral beauty including the midnight sun spiration and should play a role in its in the summer and the northern lights design. Another missed opportunity in Creating such a bridge would make in the winter. Many cities around the Bodø is the lack of a multifunctional the journey just as memorable as the world have these types of promenad- recreational space that connects citi- site itself. Several case studies for such ing spaces - the Highline Park in New zens to the sea. We suggest that the a project are in Copenhagen, a city York is the often cited example, and linear green-space along the water world-renown for its cycle infrastruc- the Riverwalk in Chicago is a more re- could be transformed into a multi-use ture including pedestrian/cycle bridg- cent scheme which aims to reconnect route for residents - maybe an alterna- es. people with the water. However, in-

Plan Bodø 45 A boardwalk for all in Aker Brygge, Oslo, Norway spiration can be found much closer to Yet, with all these benefits, the city lacks signed areas would provide ecologi- home - Aker Brygge in Oslo hosts such charm and sustained liveability for all. cal, economical, and social benefits. a boardwalk that fulfils all of the above The image of Bodø Harbour, below, Bodø holds a tremendous amount of functions in addition to encouraging provides an example of Bodø’s prob- potential, and we look forward to see- shopping, dining, and entertainment. lem: one first notices the charming red ing how it grows. buildings along harbour and the styl- ized buildings peering onto the glisten- Conclusions ing water, but then you notice there is a giant empty parking lot in the forefront “Every [city] can capitalize on its own of the picture. It is the same issue that peculiar combinations of past and plagues many cities around the world: present, climate and topography, or precious city-space is being occupied accidents of growth,” Jacobs claimed. by grey, lifeless land uses. Retrofitting Bodø is a cosy city that has history, such spaces throughout Bodø into natural beauty, and an abundance of more sustainable, human-centric de- resources.

Bodø Harbour

46 The journey to The World’s Smartest City has begun

Cool planning in the green, smart city in the arctic.

The current airport and the need for A boardwalk for all in Aker Brygge, Oslo, Norway a new runway triggered one of the greatest projects of urban development in the history of Norway. The construction of a new airport will liberate an area equivalent to 800 football ﬁ elds of “blank space” for innovative and sustainable urban development. The new city will strengthen Bodø’s position as an intermodal hub for transportation, and create and test solutions for environmental and people friendly cities of the future. The journey to “The World’s Smartest City” has begun.

The 50 000 inhabitants in Bodø are surrounded by the Norwegian Sea and picturesque mountains connected to the rest of the region, Europe and the world by railway, harbour, roads and the airport.

Welcome to Bodø!

Plan Bodø 47 Urban Planning in Norway An interview with Prof. Rolf H. Jensen and Knut Felberg

Martin Dubbeling

Rolf H. Jensen, emeritus professor at the University of Trondheim, and Knut Felberg, Head of Urban Planning and Development of the city of Kris- tiansand, are long standing members of ISOCARP. As urban planners they are actively involved in planning cities and consulting in urban development in Norway. As planning professionals, they have showed great interest in the ambitions and developments Prof. Rolf H. Jensen in Bodø.

Norway is a vast country, with a little more than 5 million Prof. Rolf H. Jensen: All Norwegian All Norwegian inhabitants. Oslo, the capital city, big and small cities belong to a mu- has near 670.000 inhabitants. The regions and cities nicipality and the municipalities have three other bigger cities, Bergen, are connected their own responsibilities and are in by an impressive principle self-supporting in the way Trondheim and Stavanger have 1 they want to develop their city or cities infrastructure of around 270.000, 180.000 and and in the way they serve and support 130.000 inhabitants respectively roads, tunnels, bridges, their inhabitants. This can differ from and are situated in the southern harbours and airports. How municipality to municipality. In Norway do theses cities get this urban planning and development is part of Norway. The city of Bodø, a municipal task. But when it comes organised and financed? with around 50.000 inhabitants, to vital infrastructure of national and is one of the many smaller and regional importance, like major roads isolated cities in Norway, literally a and airports, universities and hospitals the 19 counties and specialized na- dot on the map in the High North tional agencies step in, contributes or of Norway. take full responsibility.

48 Knut Felberg

Many Norwegian Prof. Rolf H. Jensen: Many cities have Knut Felberg: In Kristiansand urban already seen that limitations on the use cities are car- planning is not a technical discipline of cars in the city are necessary due implemented by an isolated group of dominated and to safety, liveability and sustainability. people. In our planning department, need an upgrade The scale in Oslo, however, is some- everything comes together. From her- 2 to become more what unique. Oslo is growing and new itage and culture to roads and infra- residential areas are coming up in pre- attractive cities. The structure as well as social well-being vious harbour or industrial areas, close and education. When combined wise- city of Oslo started to ban to the centre. Oslo has also a good ly, everything can contribute to city cars form the city centre. Will public transport system. Generally centres that are attractive, safe, enjoy- this set an example for other speaking, however, Norwegians have able, unique, green, and meaningful an ”anti-urban” culture and prefer to cities? and provide added value to our citi- live in smaller towns like Bodø, in the zens and visitors. City centres are very suburbs and the countryside, close to important as they mirror the sole and nature. This unfortunately also makes character of its inhabitants. us car dependent.

Bodø has the Knut Felberg: Bodø is well known as develop the city all by itself. Moving, the gateway to Lofoten with a strong redeveloping and building a new air- reputation of a position in the High North as a centre port and harbour at the same time is a rising star when of tourism, transportation, education very complex and long lasting process. it comes to urban and services for the Northern part of This is very intense and can be very 3 development. The Norway. Bodø lies far away from the hectic as long-term investments and bigger Norwegian cities. Driving from radical changes in de urban fabric of city wants to do it all by Oslo, in the southern part of Norway, the city are inevitable. It requires a very themselves, attracting young to Bodø, takes me 16 hours by car. good and advanced communication planning professionals. Is this While in the same time I easily can and strong cooperation between the standard in Norway? drive from Oslo to Paris, Zurich or Mu- politicians in charge, the Bodø munic- nich. This is just to illustrate that Bodø ipal organisation as a whole and the has no other choice than to plan and inhabitants of Bodø.

Plan Bodø 49 A Sustainable City with Abundant Water and Energy

Faye Beaman

As cities grow, pressure on vital re- for ~100,000 inhabitants, which is the With resources in abundance, securi- sources such as water and energy projected growth of Bodø for the next ty of supply is not at the forefront of increases. A sustainable city is a city 50-100 years. As the population prog- mind. However, just because water that looks to ensure effective and effi- nosis for 2065 is ~90,000, any water and energy supply currently exceed cient use of its current resources, whilst related issues in Bodø are not currently demand, does excessive consumptions planning for the future and maintain- ones of security or supply. The current of resources, such as energy, promote ing and increasing current liveabili- reservoir is also protected from Bodø’s the idea of a sustainable Bodø? ty. Making cities sustainable needs a varied climate, as it is placed sub sur- much broader approach than devel- face to avoid any temperature related Resilience and Innovation oping grand projects or implementing issues. policies. Being a sustainable city is often synon- In Bodø, average water consumption ymous with being a resilient and inno- Sustainable cities encompass a broad is in the order of 193 litres per per- vative city. For Bodø, from an energy range of aims. For example a water re- son per day, which is marginally more perspective this raises questions like: silient city is well prepared to overcome than the national average in Norway, Could energy consumption be more the challenges associated with both 190 litres. When comparing to wa- efficient and electricity be put to better too little, as well as too much, water. ter consumption figures in the rest of use? and What could these better uses It protects its citizens against disasters Europe, Norway is among the highest be? For example, reducing the use of such as flooding and drought, while consumers with the UK averaging 150 electricity for the heating of Norwegian ensuring that water-related services litres. However, European figures are households could make power availa- continue undisrupted. A sustainable dwarfed in comparison to North Amer- ble for other end users such as indus- city should also utilise renewable re- ican water consumption figures with try, electric cars and power exports to sources and promote energy efficiency. the USA averaging 341 litres per per- other countries. At the same time for son per year. many residential units it would be eco- It is critical when considering sustain- nomically advantageous to make their ability that we need to create cities Renewable energy for sustainability is electricity consumption more efficient. that meet the fundamental needs of also important. As with its current water citizens, and are also liveable and re- supply, the energy supply for Bodø is Regards water, a water resilient city for silient. currently in abundance. Predominantly Bodø means ensuring a resilient and sourced from a sustainable hydro-elec- adaptive approach to climate change. Supply and Demand tric supply, the average electricity con- As the “Gateway to the Arctic’ it is par- sumption in Bodø is in the order of amount that Bodø should prepare itself ~20,000kWh per household per year. Clean usable water is an extremely for climate change. This includes en- This is not abnormal for Norway, as valuable resource that is essential to suring drainage systems can cope with the average electricity consumption of the health of a city’s citizens and econ- increases in capacity, as precipitation detached houses in Norway in 2012 omy. Within Bodø the water supply is is predicted to rise by up to 14-15% by was ~20,000kWh. Contributing to sourced from a recently renewed res- 2025 (spring, middle Norway predic- this energy usage is predominantly do- ervoir, finished approximately 10 years tions). It also means protecting existing mestic heating (radiant floors etc.) and ago. This reservoir is now located ap- coastal developments against sea level hot water heating. In contrast extreme proximately 30km from the city centre, rise, alongside ensuring that measures electricity consumers, such as Canada after it was relocated from the previous are in place to safeguard future de- and the USA, only consume just less supply lake on Junker Mountain due velopments. This comes as projected than 12,000kWh per household per to insufficient capacity and vulnerabil- sea-level changes for Norway, based year, with others such as the UK con- ity of the water source in this location. on a high-end scenario of 6°C global suming ~5,000kWh. The current reservoir can deliver water warming and an emerging collapse for

50 being a global attraction. Bodø also Temporary winter ice rink, Bristol UK sits within a county which is under- pinned by a water industry, with every tenth farmed salmon in the world coming from Nordland. Its water industry is also a big influencing factor on the local educational offering, with Bio- sciences and Aquaculture being one of five faculties at Nord University. Wa- ter has been, and will continue to be integral to Bodø’s industry, education and tourism, and the new spatial plans proposed during the UPAT workshop serve to only further echo this, focus- ing on a “New City on the Bay” versus a “New City by the Airport”. Although this brings with it challenges, notably those mentioned in relation to climate change and liveability, it provides the opportunity to connect with the ex- traordinarily beautiful landscape of sea and mountains. It also promotes smart growth, as instead of expanding the city fabric onto land that could be saved, the harbour offers opportunity for sustainability increasing the density of the inner city.

Innovation in the use of water and energy will also underpin approaches to

some areas of the Antarctic ice sheets, varies between 0.25 and 0.85m (min/ max ±0.45m). Ensuring liveability and safety of citizens in increasingly harsh conditions will also be key. Ideas were tabled at public consultation, during the UPAT visit, which included: tunnels to shield cyclists from wind and rain, homes within greenhouses to create micro climates, and sheltered shopping areas for citizens. Designing public spaces for an arctic city with an abundance of water also gives rise to opportunities including the creation of sustainable urban water features, such as rivers and pools. Some of which could be multi-functional during various seasons, such as pools in summer that are ice skating rinks in winter.

A resilient city is also a reflective one, and water in Bodø is integral to its history and culture. It is a city on the sea, with an attractive waterfront harbour and outlook, providing a desir- able place where people are drawn to live and work. It is a city where nat- urally occurring water phenomenon strengthen its tourism offering, with the Bodø Harbour world’s strongest tides at Saltstraumen

Plan Bodø 51 resilience. For example innovative asset management can prolong usage Roombeek The Brook, Enschede, The Netherlands of existing infrastructure, delaying the need for upgrades and reducing cost. For proposed projects innovative solutions are already being considered for water resources with the proposed new airport development planning to heat its runway, ensuring it is operational during all seasons. Snow and ice will be prohibited from accumulating in colder weather by a series of buried heated water pipes.

Regards alternative uses for its abundance of energy, Norway is currently the leader in deploying electric vehicles successfully in its car market. Al- most a third of cars sold in 2016 in the country were electric and Bodø’s ambition is to make all public service cars electric, helping Bodø towards its target of a zero-emission community. As well as leading the way in deploying electric vehicles, electric aircraft is becoming a reality and opens up the vision of a fossil fuel free aviation future. Norway, and specifically Bodø, could be at the forefront of this innovation, cutting carbon emissions further.

These resourceful approaches of rec- ognizing and developing alternative ways to use water and energy contribute to Bodø’s robustness and pre- paredness for an uncertain future. The smart principles of the “New Airport – Next Bodø” vision also serve to show that this city can be a vibrant urban hub and demonstrate flexibility, connectivity and critical foresight through innovative practises.

Bodø faces a number of potential challenges in the future, yet it is already being resilient through reflective and resourceful practises, and engaging in innovative and smart approaches that will only strengthen its stance as a sustainable city.

Granary Square, Kings Cross, London UK

52 Roombeek The Brook, Enschede, The Netherlands Recycling Sites, Reinventing Cities: Experiences in Paris, Lyon, and other cities

Paul Lecroart

Two of the main recommendations opportunities such as: agro-urban after 2031. The city of Metz, France from the urban planning advisory team uses, open-air leisure and events, is currently studying the potential out- (UPAT) for Bodø’s “New Airport/New business parks, or even housing de- comes of transforming a 350-hectare City” project are (1) How to use the velopments. However, because of Airforce Base that closed in 2012 into land freed by the closure of the NATO their sheer size, out-of-city location, a mix-use “active landscape” project. Airforce Base and (2) How to help open landscape and single purpose However, south of Paris, local authori- unlock the huge urban development design, these sites can be awkward to ties have approved the ‘Base’ project, potential offered by the reconversion reconvert. The city of Berlin has had which transforms an ex-Airforce base of the currently logistic-oriented Inner to accept a citizens’ referendum not into a curious combination of a large Harbour area into a mix of urban uses. to develop the Tempelhof Airport and event park with organic agriculture, a Indeed waterfront areas have a high to keep it as an open-air landscape security-defence hi-tech hub (including urban value: Not only do they provide park. In the UK, the city of Cambridge the regional drone research cluster), opportunities for reconnecting water decided last year to postpone rede- and a biotech-medical information and nature with the city, but they offer velopment of its former airport until technology centre. prime land for all sorts of urban functions and uses. Lyon Confluence Project Nautical Plaza In the last 30 years, many European cities have succeeded in taking advantage of port relocation to reclaim waterfronts that were previously cut off from the city by large infrastructure and industry.

We all know about Amsterdam’s IJ- Banks, Barcelona’s harbour and beachfront, Paris’s Seine River Banks, or even perhaps Lyon Confluence. But this is also happening in many smaller cities such as Saint-Nazaire (City-Port) in France or Malmö (Western Harbour) in Sweden. These major urban trans- formations are long term processes that create incremental value, can sur- vive different economic cycles, and respond to changing urban needs within the framework of a firm and innovative spatial vision.

Recycling Sites

Many cities are also facing the challenges related to recycling former Lyon Confluence Project Granary Square, Kings Cross, London UK airport sites. Being flat, open, and accessible by road, airports offer many New shared use bridge

Plan Bodø 53 Creative redevelopment in Lyon

The Lyon Confluence urban development is one of the key drivers of the city’s overall development. Fifteen years ago, this 150-hectare peninsu- lar between Rhône and Saone rivers was occupied by industrial activities, poor quality housing, and the whole- sale market. In 2003, the vision was to make it the modern extension of the city centre, adding contemporary architecture to the Lyon UNESCO World Heritage Site with new strategic functions.

On behalf of the metropolitan authority, a multi-actor public development agency (Lyon Confluence) is in charge of preparing the area masterplans with the public and stakeholders, setting up design competitions, buying the land or signing agreements with landown- ers, building the physical and social infrastructure, selling the building rights, and finally, monitoring all these changes over time. The project was divided Paris Leftbank Expressway, after pedestrianisation into two phases to focus action and avoid dispersing investment. ban R&D programs such as Concerto, concert halls, swimming pool, marina, An interesting feature in the project WWF Sustainable Districts, ‘Smarter etc.). Logistic sites for the transport of is that, like many French urban re- Together’, and ‘Lyon Living Lab’ (2016- goods by barge (Paris is the 2nd largest developments, it relies on the zone 2020). Reusing old warehouses, Hotel river port in Europe) and utilities, such d’aménagement concerté (concerted 71, the European creative hub, and as cement plants or garbage incinera- development area) framework. This the Lieu Totem of Lyon French Tech, tors, are planned to remain in the core concept means that the costs and ben- Halle au Sucre and Musée des Conflu- of the region so that they are gradu- efits of the transformation are mutual- ences have become major cultural and ally redesigned to be compatible with ised: public space development, social digital transformers of the area and the housing and other urban functions. housing, and social facilities are paid city. The Bodø Inner Harbour and Ny for by the higher end market housing Holmen offer that sort of potential too. A new trend in the Greater Paris Region and office developments. This allows is creating temporary uses that give life to build a balanced district with a mix to brownfield sites. Since 2012, an ur- Temporary Use Experiments in of uses, functions, and people. It also ban experiment called Les Grands Voi- fosters long-term attention to the struc- Paris sins is taking place on the site of the tural features of the area, rather than now disused hospital of Saint-Vincent to the buildings that may change over Since the early 1980s, the Great- de Paul. By 2022, this area is to be- time. For example, the connection to er Paris Region has transformed over come a new mix-use district with 600 the wider landscape (views corri- 1000 hectares of industrial riverfront housing units. In the meantime, the dors),the streets, public space network along the Seine. The focus of this site is an open lab for testing new uses which includes a waterfront park, an transformation is to open up the city based on emerging social, cultural, entirely new dock (“nautical plaza”), to the water with new multi-use parks and environmental needs. The former and a tramway boulevard connecting and plazas surrounded by new mix- land owner, Hospitals of Paris, granted the area with the rest of the city. use, medium-rise development. After temporary management of the area to testing temporary pedestrianisation non-profit organisations with the task The project is being designed as an (“Paris Plage”), Paris is converting the of organising initiatives and opening innovative laboratory for a smart, low expressways on the riverbanks into ac- the site to the public. Today, over 500 emission, car-free, eco-friendly district. tive landscaped promenades with lots socially vulnerable people live there These characteristics make the project of sport or leisure activity, both on land while getting help be re-included into an active part of many international ur- and on the water (e.g., floating cafés, society, and over 300 people work on

54 the site which hosts a business incubator, cafés, arts & crafts studios, community workshops, gardening classes, kid games, concerts, and summer performances. This kind of initiative may be interesting to test new uses in Bodø’s Inner Harbour area and experiment with solutions for an inclusive and “green” regeneration.

To capture this innovation spirit, planning authorities in the Paris Region have been creating new instruments to capitalise on the collaboration of the emerging milieu of creative entrepre- neurial urban activists with the traditional urban development players. In- spired by workshops conducted by IAU on the German International Architec- ture Exhibitions (IBAs) in the Ruhr and Hamburg, the Paris Metropole association of governments launched a pioneering ‘Call for Metropolitan Initia- tives’ in 2010. This has been followed by ‘Reinventing Paris,’ a call for innovative projects on 23 publicly-owned sites in Paris which was launched by Paris Leftbank Expressway, after pedestrianisation Mayor Anne Hidalgo in 2014, and Les Gands Voisins Planning Workshop on the future of St ‘Lets Invent the Metropole’ which was Vincent de Paul Credit Elena Manente (YWC) set up by the newly elected Metropole du Grand Paris President on 59 sites in the heart of the metropolitan area in 2016.

These exciting initiatives are based on the idea of matching together publicly-owned under-used sites with a wide range of innovative private and non-profit players to find fresh permanent solutions to the challenges public authorities face such as: metropolitan liveability, adapting to changing life- work patterns, regenerating out of market brownfield sites, providing fine grain mix-uses, city greening, produc- ing organic and local food or energy, social cohesion, and public participation.

All our cities are indeed experiencing a paradigm shift in which the software of a city (i.e., citizens, business participation, temporary uses, and experimental design) get combined with the hard- ware (i.e., planning and development approaches). This may offer food for thought to embed the “New City - New Airport” in the economic, social, and Les Grands Voisins. Welcoming the neighbours. Credit Les Grands Voisins DR cultural fabric of Bodø.

Plan Bodø 55 A pathway towards “New City - New Airport“ Paul Lecroart & Arunava Sarkar

The “New City - New Airport“ pro- to trigger a whole new range of devel- Bodø in its context ject ushers in a unique opportunity for opments which can potentially boost Bodø. The decision to shift the NATO Bodø’s status as the “Gateway to the Bodø enjoys a unique geographic ad- airbase unlocks around 360 hectare Arctic”. The development process is vantage which has shaped its spatial of land close to the city centre: this expected to be complex as it involves pattern and lifestyle. Set amidst a stun- is a very large area for a city the size major infrastructure components like ning, natural backdrop of mountains, of Bodø and international experience the airport, port, railways, multi-modal forests and sea, Bodø is blessed with a shows that too much available land transportation systems and potentially natural harbour with panoramic views can be a threat to a balanced accept- a new logistics hub. In order to con- all across. The city has a compact core able development, just as too little can ceptualise the strategic vision of “New with the suburbs sprawling outwards be. It will need to be managed very Airport - Next Bodø” as a key deter- towards the North and East along the carefully. The city itself is experienc- minant of the city’s future, the project highways. Bodømarka the mountain ing a steady population growth, which needs to be positioned in a wider ur- park is right in the centre, with fjords along with the airport shift is expected ban context. on both sides. Islands of Hartøya and

Airport and airbase land shown over Bodø city centre

56 the Ny Holmen give a landscape scale with fascinating views on the Bodø’ project Bodø as a key node in the to the harbour, reminiscent of cities like centre and on the wider landscape. global salmon trade. The new heavy Cape Town or Rio. At a strategic level, a focus on the freight complex and concurrent indus- Inner city Harbour in the short term trial activities will not only catalyse a As a regional centre of Nordland achieves multiple objectives of easing hi-tech business hub next to the airport County, Bodø city centre houses im- the immediate pressure of redevelop- but also allow the inner harbour land portant administrative, commercial, ing the Airport land, avoiding further to be utilised for more appropriately. transportation and logistical functions. sprawl, building upon the natural as- New innovation clusters for aeronaut- Bodø also aspires to be a regional sets of Bodø and giving back to its ics, sea resources industries and smart hub, a “Gateway to the Arctic” with people public access to a great urban tech industries or a new University ex- a unique combination of sea, air, rail waterscape. tension are amongst the many possi- and road connections, for business, bilities that can assist in creating new retail, culture, sport, tourism and qual- New City - New Airport - New economic base for the city. ity living. Bodø Kommune has recently Approach? initiated revitalization projects which Considering that the phasing out of aims to position Bodø as an attractive the military activity would be a long Due to its unique setting and urban destination with a vibrant urban life. process (legacy functions can poten- structure the future Bodø (part of) lies With these new projects the city centre tially extend beyond 2025) and the nascent in the revitalization of the In- has emerged as an attractive destina- quantum of land released to be much ner harbour which has multiple assets tion which anchors these aspirations. larger than the existing city centre, the favouring intense mix-use redevelop- New cultural projects, hospitality, re- transformation needs to be managed ment, including housing. This trans- tail, F&B opportunities and quality in phases with a vision to optimise land formation strategy will not only unlock housing has reinforced this centrality, utilisation for the present and future precious inner city land but also sup- especially around the inner harbour. needs of Bodø. port the New Airport redevelopment It is important to continue the momen- which can then potentially bring in new tum and explore further opportunities uses and future economic avenues for Phase I : 2015-2025 in the harbour, especially around Ny the city. A new logistics-cum-process- Holmen where unsuitable logistic and ing hub associated with port, airport, The first phase primarily focuses on industrial functions can make way for highway and railway connections can initiating the redevelopment of the high quality waterfront developments

Bodø in its context

Plan Bodø 57 inner city harbour, shifting the airport ate use. However a substantial amount to the south and related land man- of land will be released which needs Guiding Principles agement. The Airport Development to be for decontaminated before it Programme (I) establishes the new air- can be put to use in the next phases. port, the terminal building, temporary Opening up part of the former airbase 1. Smart Identity access roads and a small logistics port to the public as a heritage and nature to handle construction activity for the park, well connected to Bodøsjøen his- Establish Bodø as the center new port & airport. This phase will lay toric site and Bodømarka open space, of the “High North” with the foundation of a new West Harbour could initiate some new recreational, a strong focus on livability associated with the New Airport Termi- historic and ecological potential for and a creating a vibrant nal. It is envisaged to accommodate the city. both recreational and logistics activity compact city. Prioritize Inner and will be part of the new “Gateway Phase II 2025-2035 city densification around Ny of the Arctic” project. The industries in Holmen East harbor and the inner harbour (East Harbour) could The intermediate phase completes the be gradually shifted to a new harbour establish a new waterfront projects initiated in the first phase and (West Harbour) location towards the along the West harbor. gives shape to a compact city centre west of the new airport thus freeing up especially around Ny Holmen penin- Create a “Gateway to the land for housing, hospitality and mixed sula, the East Harbour and the West Arctic”. use redevelopment. A harbour-front Harbour. A new waterfront promenade promenade and an urban beach take connects these assets, linking the West place at the edge of the water. 2. Smart Growth Harbour with the cultural destinations of Ny Holmen through the city centre A long term Phasing The city centre intensification strate- and the East Harbour. The Ny Holmen strategy 2015-2050 for the gy should continue during this phase peninsula regeneration, now complete through key projects including a pos- decommissioned airport with its new hospitality, recreational sible destination hotel in Ny Holmen aimed at decontamination, and housing projects is expected to peninsula associated with a heritage reinforce the image of Bodø as an at- land preservation and park and the possibility of a cultural tractive cultural hub. The relocation of managing efficient land re-use of the dramatic former herring the main heavy ferry- and rail logistic oil factory. A quantum of new medi- use changes. Future growth activities to the West Harbour means um density housing created during this should be clustered as that the East Harbour can be redevel- phase which is expected to trigger fur- oped as an extension of the city centre self-sufficient mixed use ther regeneration of the East Harbour. opening on the water with a new park compact nodes. Urban sprawl Medium density housing develop- and marina with a possible leisure or ment within pockets of industrial land along the highway corridors cultural landmark as an anchor. The around the West Harbour should also should be contained through potential area to be redeveloped in be encouraged. This waterfront strate- Inner Harbour is around 70 hectares densification strategies. gy will potentially initiate a process to –more than the current city centre. endow Bodø with an indefinable harbour district, distinct in its setting and 3. Smart Economy In tune with the objective to improve character. Creating new growth clusters walkability in the city centre, the cruise terminal should be relocated to the for a green hi tech economy An open space strategy connecting the West Harbour, at least for the larger along with a new logistics Stormen Konserthus with the new West cruise ships, along with hotels, hous- Harbour will open up new vistas, string hub with processing zone ing, a possible marina and a major together new housing developments, augmented by airport, cultural landmark. By this time, the improve access to the water and contemporary road between the New Air- seaport, rail and highway tribute to the quality of this urban wa- port Terminal, the new Cruise Terminal connections. terfront extension. A battery powered and the City centre will have made way shuttle pod service can be established to a large avenue opening on the wa- to connect the new airport with the city 4. Smart Green Links ter, providing an exciting “Bodø Expe- centre which can potentially extend to rience” to the first-time visitor. This is Reinforcing connections with Ny Holmen at a later date. the land- and seascapes expected to improve the attractiveness of the new West Harbour and offer po- While the new airport is expected to making best use of existing tential for convention facilities. Smaller be fully operational by 2025, NATO natural assets which should ferries would continue to operate out might retain some Legacy functions oc- of the existing facility in the city centre be preserved, enhanced and cupying part of the new airport which with a potential connection to the hotel open for people to enjoy. will be out of bound for any immedi- in Ny Holmen.

58 Phase I : 2015-2025

The Airport Development Programme for recreation, open air events, urban Phase III 2035-2050 (II) firmly anchors the Sea-Air-Rail agriculture and community activities till Logistic’s Hub around the West Har- further growth clusters are envisaged Bodø’s long term future hinges upon bour. Assisted by a new highway and –Berlin’s Tempelhof Freiheit may serve the efficient utilisation of the Airport a strategic railway connection the West a reference. The Aviation Park would site. The population growth is pro- Harbour can potentially assist in pos- reinforce the key idea of bringing na- jected at a robust 1.15% and Bodø iting Bodø as the “Arctic Gateway”. A ture back to the city and open up new is expected to reach a population of Fish Processing and Distribution Cen- hiking/biking trails connecting the city 75,000 by 2065. The city centre in- tre can be established as part of this centre, waterfront promenade with the tensification project, when complete phase to enable Bodø move up the larger nature trails across Junkerfjellet. in the East and West Harbour, would value chain. A part of the decontami- The scale of the site could also offer be enough to absorb this population nated airport land can be utilised to set the possibility of testing life-scale smart growth. Any further development on up an initial Airport Smart City centre sustainable technologies. the Airport land should be guided by Hub specialising in innovative tech- a clear vision, identity and global po- nologies. While the size and nature of A “Cold War Museum 96” is proposed sitioning of Bodø. There are numer- these developments will depend on the on the eastern end of the Aviation Park ous possibilities; Bodø as a “Gateway market dynamics, they should be clus- which can make use of the striking to the Arctic”, a key logistics port, an tered around the West Harbour where landscape and link back to the Nor- established cultural and tourism hub, infrastructure and logistics would al- wegian Aviation Museum. Incidentally, a Smart city with Hi tech Knowledge ready be available. this area is rich in Iron Age archaeol- industries and innovative businesses or ogy and can be associated with the even a new university town. Irrespec- Land preservation is key during this Bodøsjøen Heritage Site. Bodin church tive of the nature of development, the phase in order to arrest sprawl around is also a cultural asset for the area. planning prerogative for the Airport the airport. The transformation process There is a potential to create a modest Development Programme (III) should should be guided by a Comprehensive tourist hub around these features and to establish a series of high intensity land management strategy starting should be explored further, combined mixed use growth nodes supported by with the establishment of a Land bank. with the water edge bike- and foot- efficient and smart mobility systems. An immediate plausible strategy would path. be to create a Temporary Aviation Park

Plan Bodø 59 Phase II : 2025-2035

As the city travels towards the south, North”. Bodø has substantial strengths mer concerts, combined with cheap a possible consolidation of the retail including existing administrative, cul- landscape improvements and pedes- functions around Stormyrveien (City tural, trading connections, specialised trian and bike signage could make the Nord) could be expected. This might industries like aquaculture/ aviation, area more sexy than today. transfer some of the future develop- natural assets, tourism and above all, mental load towards a restructured proud residents who are passionate Considering the “New Airport - Next area designed as a mix-use car-free about their strong historical/ cultural Bodø“ is in the initial stages, Bodø sub city centre with housing around associations. Unlocking the airport site Kommune can engage with the inter- and on top. This shift of gravity should offers a rare opportunity to build upon national, national and local commu- be integrated into the Airport Develop- these strengths and discover a new fu- nities to explore visioning exercises ment Programme (III). ture for Bodø. through further workshops involving focused study groups. Organizing an Bodø should judiciously utilise the Immediate action: New Bodø International WaterCity Masterplan airport land for its immediate growth Starts Today Competition for the Bodø Central-In- and sustainable future. The growth ner Harbour Area should generate pattern should strengthen identity of In order to achieve the short term enough interest to kick start the entire Bodø as a city connected to its natural objectives (before 2020) of inner city transformation process. assets. Further sprawl should be ar- densification Bodø Kommune should rested along the Eastern and Northern launch an “Inner Harbour Study” in Airport restructuring is a complex highways and especially around the order to assess the existing land use, process and specialist technical con- Stormyrveien where the Rønvikjordene land ownership, economic and social sultants should be engaged to man- ecological zone offer the key potential needs, urban potential and constraints. age the process. Development on the to bring nature back to the city. The As an immediate step, conservative land adjacent to the airport should be Aviation Park is expected to be recon- measures should be undertaken to se- closely monitored to avoid any incon- figured to accommodate growth pres- cure future redevelopment of the Inner sistency with the projected long term sures but should continue to be the Harbour involving strict control of land development patterns. critical hinge in the overall open space use and density changes, strategic pri- framework for Bodø. vate land public acquisition. The cur- A process of research and discussion rent Temporary uses in the Inner Har- on the idea of (a) new joint urban re- Further exploration is required to un- bour such as food trucks, beach-style development instrument(s) to manage derstand strategic positioning of Bodø cafés, boathouses, skate-park or sum- the global transformation process of as an attractive destination of the “High “New Airport - Next Bodø” should

60 Phase III : 2035-2050 be initiated soon. Finding the right processes, enable transformation, ini- The New Airport, New Port and New ways to bring together a wide range tiate critical projects and manage the Rail Connection combined will create of potential stakeholders (Kommune, impacts of long term transformation. a powerful driver for the development Avianor, Ministry of Defence, NATO, The interdependence between the dif- of the city. But as importantly these County, Port Authority, land owners, ferent components of the Bodø jigsaw large new infrastructures will unlock a land users, developers, local commu- puzzle (moving the airbase, building strategic potential for the city’s future nities). An independent entity should a new airport and road access, creat- growth: the Inner Harbour. Bodø’s sto- be established to access the present ing a new port, relocating logistic and ry is about the water. The Water City and future growth of Bodø, look at a industrial activities, redeveloping new project is about writing a new chapter global strategic positing, laydown the uses on freed land, etc.) will require of the story. organizational framework, regulatory careful planning.

East harbour - a commercially important place with a mix of uses, scales, and forms with limited public access

Plan Bodø 61 Pop-up Potential for a Smart-Bodø

Mercedes Beaudoin

Pop-up projects—the small-scale, tem- the municipality of Bodø to organ- soundscapes of a DJ. Participants of porary interventions of urban spaces— ize the event in less than 24 hours. “I all ages were provided coffee and ice have spread around the globe from wanted to demonstrate that a pop-up cream, as well as tables with maps of New York to Paris, and now, Bodø. event does not require a lot of time Bodø and toys to generate new ideas During the Urban Planning Advisory and planning, but can provide some- about the future of the city. Many peo- Team’s (UPAT) stay in the cosy north- thing valuable. I wanted to show how ple were interacting and participants ern city, a last-minute pop-up event informal activities, like this one, con- staying for more than an hour, casually transformed the bland pedestrian path nects people and promotes action talking about their city’s future. outside the Stormen Konserthus into a while increasing urban planning com- lively, interactive community-engage- munication within a community.” Though the concept of pop-up plan- ment spectacle. ning is still relatively new to Bodø, the The atmosphere of the corridor was general idea has quite a long history in Frode Traeen, one of the Norwegian revamped by the placements of pot- Scandinavia. In fact, one of the most members of the UPAT, partnered with ted plants, carpets, and the musical successfully employed pop-up projects

UPAT Pop-up Planning Event in front of Stormen Konserthus

62 POP-UP PLANNING BENEFITS

Children enjoying planning and ice cream at the UPAT Pop-Up Planning Event Provides local ideas for addressing local planning challenges was in Copenhagen during the 1960s. and attempting to redefine their iden- The now famous pedestrian-friendly tity (e.g., Smart City Bodø), it might Builds public support for city closed off car traffic on Strøget behove the city to consider integrating Street over the Christmas holiday sea- pop-up planning experiments into their an idea by having citizens son as an experiment. While the public planning strategy. For example, Bodø actively participate in opposed the idea before it was imple- could consider hosting a Park(ing) Day space-making process mented, the now permanently pedes- event given the city’s amount of emp- trian-only street is one of the most pop- ty parking lots. In Bodø, Park(ing) Day ular tourist attractions in the city and could become an annual event where Can increase cross- one of the longest pedestrian shopping artists, designers, and citizens trans- sectoral governance streets in Europe. form parking places into temporary public parks and help advance the di- Provides new aesthetic The original opposition for the closure alogue of how cities use public space. is a common story line in planning stimuli transformation history: people could Traeen adds, “We are approaching a not envision how such an alteration time in history when self-driven cars will An integrative approach to could be successful or how it could be tested in Bodø. This mode of trans- instigating change better their lives. Thus, this Danish portation requires less paved roads example proves pop-up planning is and less parking lots than normal cars. essentially experimentation. These Thus, very soon the city will face the Short-term commitment temporary experiments allow citizens, question ‘what to do with unnecessary and realistic expectations small businesses, and the city gov- road infrastructure?’ I believe that by ernment to personally experience how applying tactical urbanism techniques shifting the use of an urban site can we might come up with unexpected Low-risks (low cost), with affect their quality of life, the economy, answers which can change our per- possibly a high reward and the environment. ception of second use of spaces.” Develop social capital As Bodø is undergoing some short- The Park(ing) Day project began in and long-term planning issues (e.g., 2005 when an art and design studio between citizens the Air Force Base moving out of Bodø) converted a single metered parking

Plan Bodø 63 15 POP-UP PLANNING IDEAS

1. Transform parking lots into parks.

2. Plant-a-tree day.

3. Transform vacant land into community gardens.

4. Community-made mu rals on buildings, streets, footpaths, benches, rubbish bins, or electri cal boxes.

5. Food truck nights or weekends.

6. Set up weekly farmers and flea markets. Re member to invite local entrepreneurs!

7. Designate areas monthly to street theatre and speaker’s corner. Strøget Street, Copenhagen 8. Create free little libraries around the city. space into a temporary public park in ter negotiating with the city started a downtown San Francisco. Now, every non-profit that creates intersection mu- 9. Start groups to “Yarn- third Friday in September, Park(ing) rals based on the feedback of the local bomb” areas to add Day is celebrated in cities around the community. color and whimsy to the world. These cities use this type of city by knitting brightly event to identify specific community The Portland example is perfect in coloured wool. needs and values. Similar events can showing how pop-up projects effect stimulate the senses of a community citizen engagement in the planning 10. Turn alleys into public art members and create feelings of dis- process. “Pop-up projects change exhibitions and studio in covery in an otherwise familiar envi- how citizens see their role in develop- the summer. ronment. Furthermore, such events ing their communities and helps them can be organised by a cross-sectoral become more active participants of 11. Have children of all organization to include the values of everyday city life. Most of the changes ages create pop up play the citizens, the government, local made from tactical urbanism strategies grounds and dog parks. businesses, non-profits, and universi- are human scale and their engage- ties. ment in that human-scale shift makes 12. Organise a local car- people feel part of the larger planning free day. Though planners and policymakers process,” states Traeen. are continuously working to improve 13. Pop-up cooking lessons. the public realm in cities, the task can While Portland’s pop-up intersection seem daunting. The cost of making im- paintings were a bottom-up initiative, 14. Screen movies outside provements in cities can be prohibitive not all pop-up projects have to be. In (or in a public building and there is often a lack of resourc- fact, Traeen suggests, that even though in the winters). Remem es allocated for this task in municipal “pop up events are born in situations -ber the popcorn! budgets. However, many of these tac- where there is a demand for change tical urbanism interventions are organ- and the local government is acting too 15. Throw street parties! ised by citizens and cost nothing more slowly to provide it, the combination of than paint. For example, a citizen in municipal and civilian events have the Portland, Oregon wanted to add more potential to be more successful.” Fur- colour to his neighbourhood and af- thermore, in some circumstances, pop-

64 Painted intersection based on community input - Trøget Street, Copenhagen

up activities may not be sanctioned by ban planning gives cities the freedom By embracing pop-up planning, Bodø the government. Thus, it’s important to to experiment with projects, allowing could potentially discover a great tool understand each communities’ poli- innovative ideas temporarily without to make long-term changes to their cies prior to planning an event. pricey commitments. “Its important urban landscape. Traeen claims, “that that pop-up interventions are low risk applying tactical urbanism techniques Urban planners have long known that so that different stakeholders can test in Bodø could provide a huge potential the urban form is slow to adapt and interventions in the city. Thus, if it works for the city, especially as we are close evolve to community needs, but pop- in a small scale, its likely a similar in- to the Municipality 3.0 paradigm. The up urban events are one strategy to tervention could be successful on a new paradigm is characterized by the quickly respond to changing political larger scale,” Traeen says. municipalities increased involvement and social environments. Pop-up ur- with its inhabitants, to mobilize their resources towards their common goals.”

Park(ing) Day Minigolf Installation

Plan Bodø 65 Lessons from Lisbon?

Sofia Morgado

The 21st century inaugurated with a allow competitiveness internationally implementation? »« This is the time to harsh financial conjuncture. Born in speaking; (5) find ways to redesign the do so, while promoters don’t put pres- the US and later spreading into the public realm by resorting to soft mobil- sure on their own interests. We may EURO zone and beyond. Other cir- ity and not-too-invasive features such plan ahead, concentrate in fundamen- cumstances at both the geopolitical as paving for secure use, reorganise tal needs and be prepared for the right and security levels, and also the pro- parking, lighten up the city interrelating opportunity. » In 2012 the Master Plan ductive and economic systems (e.g. seamless technologies (e.g. for public for the City of Lisbon came into force 4th Industrial revolution) have also transportation) with amusement and introducing some novelties. The Plan been pulling the current century into liveability. won the 3rd Award of ISOCARP in a rather different condition than the 2013. Several others would follow, in- post-industrial effects in main harbour What is there in Lisbon that may cluding for the lower budget used with cities around the world. It will not be the highest result to the citizens. contribute to finding parallels in the tourist gaze under the post-industrial large-scale umbrella anymore (in Bodø? This new plan had finally lost the ap- the aftermath of the oil crisis, from 70’s pearance of a rigid modern land-use on, cities such as London, Hamburg, Besides being a major success in the management blueprint, favouring Rotterdam, Lisbon as well), but an ob- touristic field, Lisbon means also her- instead the identification of areas servation to everyday life spaces, in a itage, cultural values, urban modernity according to their urban qualities - local and convivial fashion. and design innovation, cosmopolitan modernistic, heritage, opportunities. and down to hearth urban lifestyles, News tools were used. The interactive Cities are now becoming fluid organ- To Portugal where the main industry collaborative platform used by profes- isms in urban fabrics that whilst main- laid on real-estate and public works, sionals and citizens is seen as unique taining their pre-existence conditions the heavy austerity measures imposed in its wide span of contents (Lisboa In- may easily adjust to new configurations by the troika (ECB, FMI, EU) since teractiva, Lxi available at: http://lxi2. in the economic and social realms. 2011 and a low-spirited political en- cm-lisboa.pt/lxi/ Câmara Municipal vironment led to a fragilised Portu- de Lisboa) What is Bodø looking for? gal. This would be mostly noticed in the difficulty to accede to elementary The Open Space System, until then a A comprehensive planning approach resources as health and education. separate virtual Ecological Network, would prove its interest as time will Larger cities would experience mass became concrete with urban farming go by. Specially if considering (1) en- drain-brain, the lowest job rate ever, reorganised, parks, gardens, simple vironment and clean energies, (2) the loss of family homes. Projects and walking space within the fabric of the pre-existing city and heritage values, public works – buildings, routes, wel- city. Cars lost importance to soft mo- the reconversion of a pivotal fighter fare facilities – just froze undone in the bility – electric vehicles, bicycle lanes, base for NATO into a different infra- landscapes as dystopian leftovers from restrictions to access to the centre - structure, probably more flexible and an unknown war. public transportation, lower emission open to the public; (3) new opportu- vehicles. Public space would be im- nities to take a leading role in a rare- By that time, the current Head of Plan- proved having as a focus sustainable fied urban area, which the Arctic is; (4) ning Department/Lisbon Council, went design for all. finding up-to-date economy sources to a presentation on the undergoing within the “smart city” approach which revision of the Master Plan to Lisbon, As a very steeped city, pavements were means activating the University and at the Faculty of Architecture, ULisboa. refurbished for a wider range of hu- amplifying its effects onto the city by Amongst many questions, a student man abilities with hand rails, subtle developing a start-up ecosystem spe- asked something like: «why do the De- differences in the rugosity of paving cialised in very particular features that partment keeps on planning without stones, public free lifts were opened any perspective of funding, thus real

66 Lessons from Lisbon?

Sofia Morgado

in building also rearranged for new Budget was acknowledged as good As time went by, in Lisbon, a slow co-working spaces and communal ac- practice in various categories by the plaiting of new plain granite or lime- tivities (e.d. Castle Hill and Mouraria). UN, OECD, Eurocities. The Start-ups stone paving helped pumping people Bringing back to the city young families begun to be implemented in former into the streets and set in which were and companies had been long sought neglected areas, with high connectiv- once symbolic places, several un- of goals, as the city had already lost ity and even heritage value (e.g. Be- der military or other restrictions, now over 40% of inhabitants and compa- ato Convent, Marvila). Painfully but revived to everyone. As income was nies headquarters to other municipali- steadily, the country re-emerged, be- scarce, the streets and gardens begun ties in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon, ing finally bailed out with success by to be revived in new ways: as if they in the 90’s. A new strategy towards the International Monetary Fund (IMF), were beaches, holiday resorts, family lowering the housing expenditure is the European Financial Stabilisation gathers. Once hidden treasures were being explored. Mechanism (EFSM), and the Europe- then offered to everyone such as the an Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). beautiful Torel Garden and Fountain, In Lisbon, public participation, even Renewed confidence brought major which became a free urban beach for though in a preliminary way, made events, such as Web summit, with im- everyone. its entrance in 2008 and invited peo- pact in economy. ple not only to discussing the city but Monumental places were brought to to living in the city as well. New Pro- Lisbon won the Startup Europe Awards life with imaginative light and laser grams like BIP ZIP or A Plaza to each 2016 (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, projections by night. Terreiro do Paço Neighbourhood became simple tools s.d.)., being acknowledged as a new (or Praça do Comércio) finally became with small budgets, that could be pro- landmark in the start-ups’ ecosys- ours to live in. Safety, hospitality, beau- moted by the community together with tems with a first reference by Startup ty did the rest in what tourism, sanctu- the Council or other stakeholders. Genome Ranking (Startup Genome, ary and ‘next city to live’ is concerned. Introduced in 2008, the Participatory 2017).

Christmas Multimedia Light Show in Comercio Square, Lisbon

Plan Bodø 67 Culture in a Cold Climate

Elizabeth Reynolds

When people from outside of Norway are asked to think of cities that are cultural destinations or feature iconic architecture, a city north of the Arctic Circle is perhaps unlikely to spring to mind. However, in Bodø we have both. The story of how it got them is an interesting one. The former Mayor of Bodø, Odd-Tore Fygle had lobbied for the creation of a “Kulturhus” in the city for many years, but the journey to real- ising it began in 2008 when an international design competition was held to prepare a culture-led masterplan for the city centre.

International Interest

A total of 93 practices from around the world entered the competition, Stormen Library with Concert Hall behind one of which was the London-based architecture practice DRDH. Practice This qualified them to join a shortlist The concert hall and library are each co-founder Daniel Rosbottom says the of six practices invited to submit pro- constructed in white concrete and fea- masterplan contest presented a choice: posals to deliver the two key elements ture large windows that create a visual to regenerate or consolidate. Regener- of the cultural masterplan - a new li- connection with the harbour and the ation suggested an iconic statement of brary and concert hall. It was their street. Stormen is very much seen as some kind on a plot on the far side subsequent winning submission to this a marker for the future of Bodø. The of the harbour, where Bodø begins second competition became the land- newly-formed Arctic Philharmonic Or- to fray. This was a popular approach mark project cultural project we see chestra is based there, and culturally, among contestants swayed by the pop- today - Stormen. it represents Norway’s commitment to ular appeal of the landmark silhouette. the wider polar region. Yet DRDH was rightly concerned that Two Buildings, One Facility any gains would be compromised by Externally, both buildings display a the longer walks to and from the site – The scheme comprises two buildings: commonality in materials, their façades forcing people to brave the cold winter a 6,300m2 library and an 11,200m2 constructed from pre-cast concrete, weathers. Consolidation on the other three-auditorium concert hall. The pro- with an aggregate of local white stone. hand – developing a defiantly urban ject took five years to realise, and while The building forms also relate, with plot at the city centre’s edge – ap- the initial reaction to the scheme was roofs and towers speaking to one an- pealed to the architect. DRDH divined mixed, any early criticism of the build- other, and with the library establishing an opportunity: to add to the grid, to ings’ style has given way to pride – with a horizon across which the Concert enhance its presence, with two inter- 20% of the city’s population attending Hall surveys the dramatic landscape dependent monumental structures ad- the opening event, and last year alone of sea and mountains. Internally how- dressing the harbour and town. This the library had visitor numbers higher ever the buildings offer quite different approach impressed the judges too, than the entire population of Bodo, characters. and DRDH were placed joint first in the which goes to show how much they competition. enjoy regularly using the facility.

68 The Concert Hall has three audito- riums compactly placed from east to west across the site. In the centre is the 920 seat main auditorium and the fly tower; with two smaller performance spaces situated below it, at lower ground level. The main auditorium offers a new typology that embodies the visual and acoustic qualities necessary for a concert hall, alongside the technical and performance characteristics of a theatre. Supporting functions wrap around and over these performance spaces. A sequence of generously pro- portioned public rooms connect the auditoria around the two sides of the building that face onto the principal streets, while back-of-house facilities wrap around the opposing sides.

In contrast, the principal spaces of the Library describe an open internal landscape, which focuses upon the main reading space with its glazed elevation to the harbour. The building includes a number of other community functions including a flexible performance space, a gallery, a multifunction room and a café. These are defined as a series of rooms that face the city streets. The building is open to both the city and the harbour, with entrances connected by an internal street. The chil- drens library, at the top of the building, is more intimate, nestled beneath an Stormen Library with Concert Hall behind inverted roof form and focused around Inside the main auditorium an external play court.

However, despite these individual iden- tities, they are also clearly a deliberate pair - ‘living rooms’ for the whole of Bodø to use and enjoy.

Internal navigation Inside the library

Plan Bodø 69 A Smart City – North of The Arctic Circle

Karoline Nilssen, Bodø Kommune

The world is paying close attention as A Cold War Catalyst be large areas of land available on the the creation of a new, smarter, and peninsula. On June 20th 2017, Bodø more environmentally friendly city was given the green light from the Par- During the Cold War which followed takes place just north of the Arctic Cir- liament for the project Ny By - Ny Fly- the Warsaw Pact, Bodø’s Air Force cle. It is history that has made Bodø, plass (New City - New Airport) as part Base became a strategic NATO out- with its 50,000 inhabitants, unique. of The National Transport Plan. post in the north and was subject to The settlement reaches back to the a massive physical development. In Stone Age, but its city status was not practice, the peninsula on which Bodø Everything is Possible granted until 1816. The city’s growth is located was divided into two parts: then progressed with great success in half city, half air station. This is where the smart city concept en- the herring fishing trade during the ters the picture. When one is going to second half of the 1800s, its residents The turning point came recently when move the runway, and in practice build making the most of its waterside loca- the Norwegian Parliament decided to an entirely new city, it is imperative to tion. However, it was its proximity to close down the air station and move it find provident, sustainable, and envi- the landmass of the Soviet Union, rath- southward to Ørland located outside ronmentally friendly solutions. What er than the Ocean, which gave Bodø Trondheim. All of a sudden, there will initially started with a somewhat unilat- it’s greatest economic and population eral focus on moving the runway 2km boost. southwest has become so much more.

70 “After a while, we discovered that free- Improved Quality of Life stitution to collective housing has also ing up 3,600 acres for city develop- improved the residents’ quality of life. ment next to the existing city is some- Now residents have the opportunity to What is a smart city really? thing unique,” says project manager be part of a community, while at the In an international context, there is no Daniel Bjarmann Simonsen. “Thus, we same time have the freedom to with- definition of what a smart city is. The want this area to become a playground draw to their own apartment whenever project manager for the Smart Bodø for research, development, and inno- they want. Sørgjerdet Collective Hous- programme in Bodø, Marianne Bahr vation. And the best part is – we are ing has already come up with a long Simonsen, explains: “We are going to experiencing that local, national, and list of measures for creating a better improve the inhabitants’ quality of life international actors are on board.” life for those in need of extra care: by using technology in order to make Whether it is about space travel, in- services more efficient, and to meet telligent streetlights, driverless buses, Mobile devices for employees to help their complex needs. [The] plan [will] advanced welfare technology, or zero monitor what is happening at all times make the city more human friendly and emission, the inhabitants of Bodø, will on the premises - for example Epilepsy environmentally friendly. Bodø is al- be the project’s central focus. alarms that are triggered by seizures ready off to a good start. Within Nor- can automatically alert staff. Lifecare way, the city is held in high regard for eRoom is an electronic patient room Humans First providing smart solutions in the field of on a tablet that is used to store and welfare technology. Some of those ini- update information about the user, his “It is human needs and desires that tiatives are explained here. drive societal development, not eco- or her active measures, and relevant procedures. Improved personal safety nomical or technological issues. Tech- A Completely New Day nology would in that regard be a mean alarm for employees where the loca- for reaching a goal, not the goal itself,” tion of the person triggering the alarm Sørgjerdet Collective Housing is a co- Mayor Ida Maria Pinnerød says. is displayed on the monitor. operative housing company located in Bodø. Today, Sørgjerdet has 12 resi- Her philosophy is backed by interna- Home care services’ technological dents with both somatic and psychiat- tional expertise. The man behind the development has revolutionized the ric disorders which require close and transformation of Bilbao, architect and everyday for both employees in the comprehensive follow-up. Sørgjerdet city planner Juan Alajo, says “The best municipality and those in need of care Collective Housing has helped Bodø thing Bodø can do, is to generate a in Bodø. “Ten years ago, I would have become a leader of welfare technolo- magic that makes people want to live found myself in a nursing home,” says gies. By phasing in welfare technology, there. Everything else – and then I’m Brith Elinor Hongset (78). Now she Sørgjerdet has created “an environ- talking about economy, infrastructure, can enjoy herself in her apartment, in ment where employees are increas- all of it – is secondary.” Furthermore spite of having been through an exten- ingly able to follow each resident’s adding “my nephews and nieces, do sive surgery which required medicinal development, which also gives the not look at the world as divided by follow-up. Today, when nurse Ellen job an increased level of professional geographical borders. They go where Synnøve Pedersen visits, she can com- content,” says Department Manager they want. Bodø has to make sure plete a number of tasks which in the Stian Brennberg at Sørgjerdet Collec- enough people want to come and live past required hospitalization. tive Housing. The transition from in- here.

Plan Bodø 71 Smartphones International Interest Recognised professor

The work has also become easier As mentioned, the international interest Another sizeable international actor thanks to digital development work. for what is about to happen in Bodø is that has shown interest in Bodø’s ex- Now we have most relevant data on great. One of those who are closely citing changes is Professor Herbert a smartphone, which makes reporting following the process is Dr. Robin C. Dreiseitl. “The city has been interesting increasingly precise and efficient as it Daniels in London. He is the founder to me for a long time,” says Dreiseitl. can be done from the home of each and administrative director of Redpill Among his award-winning projects is individual user. It also makes it much Group counselling firm, which makes the reformation of Potsdamer Platz in easier for new employees to obtain an strategies for the development of cities Berlin, Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park in Sin- as good as possible overview of the and infrastructure for a living. Daniels gapore, and the culture park in Tianjin, needs of the user they are visiting at is regarded as one of the very best in China. Dreiseitl has his own branch in the time, says Pedersen. his field of work. the Rambøll Group, Studio Dreiseitl, and is a significant figure in the Live- Different models are being prepared In 2006, The Times spoke of him as able Cities Lab, which is a large initi- as Bodø sets its aim on a smart future. one of the most innovative persons in ative in the support of developing the Some of the projects and activities will the United Kingdom, and in 2013 he cities of the future. be entirely municipal. Other projects led the process of making London City will be collaborations between the mu- Airport, the airport in the middle of the Bodø as a hotspot nicipality and other actors. It is only the river Thames, smart. When Daniels imagination that limits what can be in- realised what opportunities laid with- I saw a great chance to combine a cluded in the Smart City project. The in the freed-up area of land after the completely new runway with a hub for municipality has already started dig- NATO air base, he jumped on it. boat traffic and railroad traffic. I saw italizing building proceedings, which the opportunity to create a more beau- will make it significantly easier for in- Two things about Bodø fascinate me. tiful and better part of the city, making habitants and developers to execute all One is the expansion itself and the it more attractive to people and to the the steps in the building process. challenge of making sure all the com- young. And I also saw the opportunity ponents fit together to create a city that for a destination for the Hurtigruten. Children and youth is another area is as smart as possible. The other fas- Bodø is a ”hotspot” in Norway. I am subject to heavy focus in Bodø. The cination is the opportunity Bodø has to personally very interested in what is Department of Primary and Lower commit to long-term, strategic collab- going on there. Secondary Education has implement- orations with external partners. ed programming for all students to Daniels believes that local companies For Mayor Ida Maria Pinnerød the real have an iPad in cooperation with Lego stand before the opportunity of a life- work is about to begin. She is perfect- League and establishment of Newton time in terms of becoming global sup- ly clear about this being a 100 year Rooms and rooms for science subjects. pliers of the solutions which are being perspective. “We approach the task at developed in the process of creating hand with a solid portion of awe. What A smart city is also an environmental- the new Bodø. we are doing now is going to shape ly friendly city. In this matter, Bodø has the future for several generations to come a long way. “We are going to come,” says the Mayor. become a pioneering city in terms of creating good solutions and new technologies related to emissions, consumption, recycling, and climate. We have already started measurements to find how much CO2 is released from the city and by how much we have to reduce that,” says Mayor Ida Maria Pinnerød.

Mayor Ida Maria Pinnerød

72 Biking in the High North

Daniel Bjarmann-Simonsen, Bodø Kommune

I’m not an ardent cyclist. I like cycling, but that’s all. I’ve cycled along the Rhine, through the vineyards of Alsace, along the beaches of Ill de Ré where France meets the foaming Atlantic, and in Lofoten in Norway, from Svolvær to the picturesque, ro- mantic fishing village of Henningsvær.

In Bodø, where I live, I cycle to work every day on my battery-assisted bike. The wind blows about ninety eight per cent of the year in Bodø, so when my motivation is ebbing after a long day at work it’s good to have a little extra pedal power. Mind you, when I look at my cycling habits a little closer, I might actually be more enthusiastic about cycling than I first thought. At the same time, I can honestly say that I do not possess cycling shorts, cycling shoes or any other fancy cycling gear. I have a slightly worn and deformed helmet that I bought in an Alsatian village, but otherwise I’m usually seen wearing a suit or hiking gear when I bike around this peaceful part of the world.

The freedom of the bicycle is fantastic. When you’re cycling through magnificent countryside, even bad weather doesn’t de- tract from the glorious feeling of total freedom. Bodø is framed by dramatic alpine mountains and the clear, fresh waters of the fjords. Agriculture and urban living in perfect harmony. You are your own boss, and there are hardly any limits as to where you can go. Between town and countryside, forest and fields and fjord and mountains, Bodø has everything.

And it’s all just a bike ride away. Town meets country wherever you look. Nature and city. Naturicity. In the north of Norway. But Norway and the world are also close. Hop on a boat and cycle round the spectacular islands right on Bodø’s doorstep. Hop on a plane and cycle round Europe. Hop on a train and hop off when you see a cycling paradise to behold.

In everyday life, the bicycle is primarily a means of transport. Even though we find ourselves north of the Arctic Circle, the winters are generally relatively mild, thanks to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. At the time of writing, September is turning into October, there’s brilliant sunshine and the thermometer is showing 15-20°C. This is fairly unusual for the time of year. It tends to be around 10°C. At Reipå, a coastal village just south of Bodø, 22.9°C was recorded just the other day. At the same time it was 22.6°C on the Greek island of Crete. This underscores in many ways the gravity of climate change. Although similar conditions have been experienced before, research suggests that this is related to human activity on earth.

Plan Bodø 73 Daniel out on his bicycle In Bodø, therefore, we are concerned that what we do will contribute to developing the zero-emission cities of the future. Cities are both the cause and the solution to the climate crisis. In Bodø, we have both natural and man-made advantages, which mean we can contribute with solutions for the global green shift. From Bodø to the world - it’s our business model, it’s our philosophy, it’s what we are working for every single day.

My cycling to work is of little significance compared with the climate challenges we are facing. If all the people in Bodø left their cars at home and cycled to work and Bodø became a zero-emission city, it would not make much of a difference. Bodø has too few inhabitants for that. But through our projects and efforts to become a zero-emission city, we can create prod- ucts, solutions and new knowledge for exporting to the world. In this way, we can help make the world a better place tomorrow than it is today. We can make possible tomorrow, that which is impossible today.

We still have winters here, and occasionally there is snow. We have a stud- ded bicycle tyres and cycle tracks that are cleared of snow. People in Bodø cycle all-year-round, regardless of the weather, and we will continue doing so and everyday more people are joining the movement.

If I have one wish from my daily journey to work, it is that we continue to have winters where we can cycle on snow. If my riding a bicycle to work does not make much of a difference, then so be it, but the snow in itself is a measure of whether we succeed in our common journey towards a world community that does not destroy the basis for life – for us, and for generations to come.

74 Hiking Around Bodø

Andreas P. Lorentzen

Being out in nature has always been for hiking, kayaking, skiing, hunting, The highest mountain is Rypdalstind a big part of Norwegian culture and fishing, and climbing. This article ex- (802m) which one can hike to the top. national pride. Statistics show that 70% presses where to go and what to do As this peak is one of the most visible of Norwegians have hiked in the forest around Bodø based on my experiences and available mountains near Bodø, and 54% have hiked in the mountains exploring the nearby terrain. only 30 minutes with ferry, its perfect during the last year. The people of for a weekend trip. I even took a fer- Bodø are no exception. In fact, peo- Landegode ry after work on a Friday with my tent, ple in Bodø tend to have an above sleeping bag, food, and a small back- average fondness of hiking. This might Landegode, with its steep mountains, pack and made it to the top of the not be surprising considering Bodø, is one of the most distinct islands seen summit with plenty of time to spare. situated at a 67° North, is surround- from Bodø. The island has 132 sheep It was the perfect time of year to do ed by scenic mountains, fjords, and and 42 human inhabitants. There is so, as the weather was nice and the rivers. There are more views than the also a lot of mountain hares and foxes midnight sun still meant that there was breath-taking scenery of the city that that can be seen while wandering the no chance of getting stuck in the dark. most visitors experience. For many, island. The entire trip to the top of Rypdal- Bodø is an El Dorado of opportunities stinden is around 6km, with 3km on a

Plan Bodø 75 Andreas out hiking at Landegode paved surface. The real hike starts with almost two hours to Beiarn, where Lofoten is probably one of the most a difficult a 150m ascent before you one can ski Tverrbrennstua which is beautiful and dramatic coastlines in go over 1km of swamp. From here, 2km away from the road. Saturday, the world, and might be why the de- it starts to get steep with almost a 40 I decided to start early on the slopes. signer of the Norwegian coastline won degree slope all the way up. Howev- When the sun never sets, starting early a prize in the film Hitchhiker’s Guide to er, the ascent is pleasant as it is well is something you can easily do. With the Galaxy. Even though Lofoten is on vegetated and there are no cliffs. At the sun at my back, I started the trip the other side of Trollfjorden, and not a 9pm, I reached the top and was over- to Bjellåvasstua at around 2:30pm. part of the Bodø municipality, it is real- whelmed with the view. From the top of Around 5am, the sun was so warm ly close to the city. The ferry to Lofoten Rypdalstind, one might have the best that I had to change into shorts and a only takes around 2 hours from Bodø, view of the Lofoten wall possible. On tee-shirt. Twenty-twokm later, and three and it goes several times a day. Hiking a clear day, you can see Lofoten from reapplications of sunscreen and two in Lofoten is different from Saltfjellet as the tip (Røst) to the base (Svolvær). long breaks, I reached Bjellåvasstua its mountains are steep (many of them Looking toward the other side, one around 11am. After sleeping, reading, over 45 degrees), rocky, and they have

can see Kjerringøy, Bodø, and Beiarn and eating in the sun, I decided that many cliffs that require proper climb- (Saltfjellet). Hiking downhill to return is this was not a day to just do nothing. ing equipment. often worse with steep terrain than the So, I decided to go further, to Midstua, ascent, but there were no problems on another 11km further south. This was The last time I visited Lofoten was in my journey. Once I reached the bot- one of those perfect days, where you 2015, when I visited Moskenes to sum- tom, I found a nice place to put up my cannot sit and do nothing. On Sun- mit the highest mountain, namely Her- tent and went to sleep in an instant. day, the weather changed while I skied mandalstind with a height of 1029m. The next morning I awoke as it started down the mountain. It went from clear Hermandalstind is one of the only to rain, so I headed back to Bodø for blue skies and high temperatures, to a mountains on Moskenes where you another adventure. more cloudy, light rain, colder day. can go without climbing equipment and still have a well-established trail. Saltfjellet Lofoten To conclude, I encourage everyone As there had been an abnormal As a sharp contrast to Saltfjellet’s flat to not only look at the City of Bodø, amount of snow in the mountains this areas where one can easily go hik- but also at the astonishing nature that year, I decided to go skiing in Salt- ing from one cabin to another cabin, surrounds it and use it, like we Norwe- fjellet the weekend after the UPAT. the Lofoten archipelago is known for gians do. On Friday evening, I took a bus for its steep mountains and deep fjord.

76 Beers of Nordland

Kristoffer Larsen Seivåg

Norway has a long beer tradition, doubled their brewing capacity as the Bastesen & Stokvik Bryggeri and Nor- and home brewing at family farms demand has been increasing rapidly. dgården Gårdsbryggeri (both founded has been common all the way back From Bådin’s facilities in the city centre 2016). The latter focuses on local ad- to medieval times. Old written laws of they offer a wide range of beer styles ditives such as yarrow, meadowsweet the 11th century gave orders to brew from dark to pale to heavily hopped. and elderberries, and even local malt. beer for Christmas every year. If not, Bådin brewed 51,000 litres in 2016 In the northern part of Nordland on the the farm was punished and could even and are now available all over Nor- Lofoten Islands the brewery Lofotpils is lose its property if they did not brew way. located. From the time their first beer Christmas beer several years in a row. was released in 2014 the brewery has Beer has played a big part of Norwe- Today you can find locally brewed beer grown fast, and now has a capacity of gian culture, and was brewed to every all over Nordland. In the south, you 2 million litres of beers per year. Be- special occasion such as baptism cere- find the small Hemnes Mikrobryggeri tween Lofoten and Bodø, in the mag- monies, weddings and funerals. Beers (founded 2013) idyllically located in a nificent landscape of Steigen, the small were mostly brewed with local flavour- small place called Hemnesberget. Far- Engeløya Håndbryggeri was founded ings in addition to barley malt, such as ther south you find the two newcomers in 2012. junipers, herbs and heather instead of hops.

Moving on to the 20th century the home brewing tradition had declined and the beer scene was mostly based on industrial brewing of cold ferment- ed pale lagers, as in most countries in the world. Some dark lagers such, as bock bier from the Hanseatic trading times in Northern Europe, was still brewed. After WWII Nordland county’s only brewery was Bodø Aktiebryggeri (founded 1897) with their flagship beer Nordlandspilsen. After changing the brewery’s name to Nordlandsbry- ggeriet in the 70’s and later got in the hands of the Oslo-based brewery Ringnes, it got closed down in 2000. Thirteen years then followed without stable commercial beer production anywhere in Nordland.

In the early 00’s the global beer revolution of craft breweries reached Nor- way. But it was not until 2013 the first commercial craft beer in Nordland was served. In 2012 six homebrew- ers founded the microbrewery Bådin in Bodø, and since 2013 they have

Plan Bodø 77 There are also some small brewers that offer their beer as part of an experience. Just north of Bodø, on Kjer- ringøy, the café Markens Grøde offers customers local beers accompanied to homemade buns, cheese and other local food. In the city centre of Bodø the two-storey brewpub Hund- holmen Bryggeri og Gas- tropub (opened 2016) offer their own beers to a wide range of food dishes. in 2017 Bådin brewery arranged Nordlands first ever beer festival inside their own brewery facilities, where well-known breweries from Nordic countries served their beers to local beer enthusiasts. It seems that the beer revolution in Nordland is continuing, and there has been recent interest in investing in a new brewery in the old Nord- landsbryggeriet’s brewery.

78 Welcome to BODØ

Illustrations Paul Lecroart and Arunava Sarkar: 56 - 61 All other illustrations were supplied by the respective organisations or authors of the text.

www.visitbodo.com PLAN Issue 5 November 2017

Bodø New Airport … New Smart and Green City?

Urban Planning in the High North

Recycling Sites, Reinventing Cities

Bringing Nature into the City

ISSN 2414-3464