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The Origins of the Cold War in the Middle East: the Turkish Case

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The Origins of the Cold War in the Middle East: the Turkish Case THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE TURKISH CASE A Master’s Thesis by HÜSEYİN ÇAKAL Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara September 2006 iii iv To My Wife, Zeliş v THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE TURKISH CASE The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by HÜSEYİN ÇAKAL In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2006 vi I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss Thesis Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Edward Kohn Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director vii ABSTRACT THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: THE TURKISH CASE ÇAKAL, HÜSEYİN M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss September, 2006 This thesis aims to analyze the “contribution” of Turkey to the origins of the Cold War in the Middle East. The main argument of this thesis, in this context, is that the immediate post war environment in the middle east did not resemble something different from the years-old strategic environment in the middle east, main characteristic of which is continuous great power rivalry for hegemony over the region. At this juncture Turkey’s contribution happened to be a catalyst in the deterioration of the pragmatist wartime partnership between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. Turkish policy makers stressed the power and inevitability of Russian attack in the event of lack of British and American opposition. During the period concerned, in the Middle East, the danger to the security of the free world did arise not so much from the threat of direct Soviet military aggression. It mainly aroused from continuation of the unfavorable historical trends. Therefore, imperial rivalries and dynastic ambitions suffice to explain most part of the postwar situation in the Middle East and thereby gave enough clue for the origins of the Cold War in that part of the world. Keywords: Turkey, the Middle East, Origins, Cold War, Rivalry. iii ÖZET SOĞUK SAVAŞIN ORTADOĞU’DAKİ ÇIKIŞ KAYNAKLARI: TÜRKİYE OLAYI ÇAKAL, HÜSEYİN Yüksek Lisans, Uluslarası İlişkiler Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Eylül, 2006 Bu tez Soğuk Savaşın Ortadoğu’da çıkış kökenlerine Türkiye’nin katkısını analiz etmektir. Tezin temel savı, savaş sonrası Ortadoğu’daki uluslarası ortamın tarihsel büyük güç çekişmesinin devamı niteliğinde olduğu ve Türkiye’nin bu bağlamda katkısının büyük güçlerin savaş sırasında kurdukları pragmatist ilişkinin bozulmasında katalizör görevini yerine getirdiğidir. Türk politikacıları devamlı olarak savaş sonrası Sovyet gücünü ve Amerika ve İngiltere’nin bu güce karşı durmaması halinde Sovyet saldırısının kaçınılmaz olduğunu her ortamda vurgulamaya çalışmışlardır. Ancak, belirtilen dönemde Ortadoğu’da güvenlik tehdidi Sovyet askeri saldırısından çok tarihsel çıkar çatışmalarının devamından ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden emperyalist çıkar çatışmaları ve bu çıkar çatışmalarından dolayı ortaya çıkan tehlikeli rekabet savaş sonrası Ortadoğu’da ortaya çıkan durumu açıklamak için yeterli olabilmekte ve bu bölgede Soğuk Savaşın kökenleri konusunda yeterli ipucu sağlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Ortadoğu, Köken, Soğuk Savaş, Rekabet. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the end of a project like this, it is always a pleasant duty to thank those who lent their support. Many people helped in many ways to make this thesis. Professor Nur Bilge Criss deserves to be mentioned first because I owe special debt to her. She led me to history of the Middle East, guided my work there, and showed me how history ought to be done. In this thesis, she read early drafts with promptness and pointed out problems of both style and substance and forced me to reconsider some early sections. Her clarity of expression and conception has proved in this instance, as always, unrivaled and essential. A number of friends and colleagues read parts or all of the manuscript in its sundry stages. Barış Yüncüler, PhD Candidate at Bilkent University, generous with his time, deserves a special word of thanks. He provided criticism and attended to my prose with a sharp eye and even sharper pencil. Ertuğrul Tulun, my colleague, also took his own work to obtain valuable material for me. As a final word, I am very indebted to General Command of Gendarmerie and Bilkent University, though none is responsible for the views that follow, for giving me such an unprecedented opportunity to pursue my career. I am also grateful to the academic staff of Bilkent University for sharing their unique knowledge throughout my two-year academic tenure in and out of class. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................iii ÖZET ......................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................1 CHAPTER II: SOURCES OF GREAT POWER RIVALRY IN THE MIDDLE EAST .............................................................................................13 2.1 Interpretations of Great Power Rivalry in the Middle East ……....….…....13 2.2 The Position of Great Britain …….………..................................................19 2.3 The U.S.A. in the Middle East .....................................................................35 2.4 The USSR in the Middle East ......................................................................44 CHAPTER III: TURKEY’S POSITION IN THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR.............................................................................................55 3.1 Turkish-Russian Relations prior to Post-War Crisis .......................................63 3.1.1 A Period of Peaceful Interregnum …......…….…………………...…..65 3.1.2 The Situation during the War ............................................................71 3.1.3 Conclusion .........................................................................................87 3.2 The Postwar Crisis ...........................................................................................92 3.2.1 The Soviet Denunciation of the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Neutrality and Nonaggression .............................................................................92 3.2.1.1 The Soviet Note of March 19, 1945 ………………………...93 3.2.1.2 The Soviet Demands of June 7 ………...……......…………...101 3.2.1.3 The Sarper-Molotov Conversations of June 18 ......................104 3.2.1.4 The Soviet “War of Nerves” ................................................106 vi 3.2.1.5 Turkish and British efforts to Involve the United States in the Crisis .....................................................................................115 3.3. Great Power Debate over the Question of the Straits ..............................118 3.3.1 Diplomatic Prelude ………………...................................................120 3.3.2 The Straits at Yalta Conference …………………...……….........….127 3.3.3 The Straits at Potsdam …………………......………….........………...129 3.3.4 Post-Potsdam Period ………………….........………………………..133 3.3.5 The Soviet Notes of August and September, 1946 …............…...….136 3.3.6 Development of American Position ............................................................138 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION ….............................................................................141 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................148 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CIA : Central Intelligence Agency FRUS : Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization SWNCC : State-War-Navy-Coordinating Committee (US) UN : United Nations US : United States USA : United States of America USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WWI : World War One WWII : World War Two viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION "The term -Middle East- is a geopolitical invention - void of any scientific basis." 1 Before launching into the main current of the thesis, a question exists in relation to terminology, which is inescapable for a project involving the arbitrary term, “Middle East.” Although the scope of this thesis does not necessarily deal with as vast a topic as the postwar developments of the Middle East in great detail, it is, however, highly relevant to define clearly what the term “Middle East” means, given the centrality of this terminology to the subject discussed. Naturally this is not a simple question to investigate
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