THE COSMONAUT TRAINING CENTRE: BIRTH AND GROWTH ...... 1 Finding a Location ...... 1 TsPK's first buildings ...... 1 The simulator building ...... 2 Early EVA training ...... 4 Gymnasium ...... 4 Struggle for power ...... 4 TsPK gets renamed ...... 6 The centre expands...... 6 Reorganisation ...... 9 Boiler installations ...... 10 Profilactorium ...... 12 Centrifuge TsF-18 ...... 13 Engineering and Simulator Building ...... 16 Administration Building ...... 16 Hydrolaboratory ...... 17 The Buran program ...... 20 Another restructuring...... 22 Monuments, memorials and statues in TsPK ...... 22 References ...... 27

SIMULATORS ...... 29 The First Simulators ...... 29 The difficult 1960s ...... 30 Early Soyuz and the lunar programme ...... 31 viii Table of Contents

Soyuz and Salyut...... 34 TKS/Almaz ...... 37 ASTP ...... 39 Post-ASTP ...... 40 Buran...... 41 Soyuz modifications ...... 42 A new player in the field ...... 44 The Mir Programme ...... 44 The International Space Station ...... 47 Other simulators and means of training ...... 50 Parabolic flights ...... 50 Earth Observation ...... 52 EVA Training Facilities...... 52 Simulating Spacewalking ...... 52 Hydrolab (underwater EVA training) Facility...... 53 Vykhod 1 (EVA 1-g/zero-g) facility ...... 56 Vykhod 2 (EVA 1-g/zero-g) facility ...... 56 Russian EVA Training Development (1964-2004) ...... 57 International EVA Training and Operations ...... 62 Russian STS EVA training and operations ...... 63 French Spationaut Salyut EVA training ...... 63 EuroMir EVA training ...... 63 American Orlan training and operations...... 63 US Astronaut Mir/Orlan EVA training ...... 65 ISS Russian Segment EVA training ...... 66 JAXA candidate EVA training ...... 67 Manned Manoeuvring Units ...... 67 References ...... 70

OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FACILITIES ...... 73 Russia ...... 73 Energiya...... 73 TsUP Mission Control ± Moscow ...... 74 IMBP...... 75 Khrunichev ...... 79 OKB-52 ...... 79 Zvezda ...... 79 Chkalovskiy Air Base...... 82 Interkosmos facilities ...... 82 Baykonur cosmodrome...... 82 Europe...... 84 EAC ± Cologne ...... 84 United States of America...... 86 JSC ± Houston, Texas ...... 86 KSC ± Florida ...... 86 Table of Contents ix

Canada ...... 87 Japan...... 89 Tsukuba Training Centre ...... 89 Cosmonaut training goes international...... 90 References ...... 90

SURVIVAL TRAINING ...... 91 The Role of the Third Directorate ...... 91 Winter Survival Training ...... 93 Desert Training and the Heat Chamber ...... 96 Mountain Training...... 97 Swamp Training...... 98 Sea Recovery Training ...... 98 Parachute Jumping...... 100 References ...... 104

THE COSMONAUT GROUP OF THE RGNII TsPK ...... 119 The First Selection...... 120 The First Female Selection ...... 125 Women Cosmonauts Arrive at Star City ...... 125 Medical Selection of Cosmonauts ...... 126 New Cosmonauts ...... 129 Command Structure Revised ...... 135 New Pilots and a New Direction ...... 138 Forced Retirements ...... 138 Russian Cosmonauts Selected...... 139 References ...... 145

THE COSMONAUT GROUP OF RKK ENERGIYA...... 147 Engineers in Space...... 147 Formal Structure Established at Energiya...... 149 A New Chief Designer ...... 152 Russian Engineers and More Changes ...... 154 References ...... 159

OTHER SOVIET AND RUSSIAN COSMONAUT SELECTIONS ...... 161 The Cosmonaut Group of the Academy of Sciences ...... 162 The Cosmonaut Group of the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems . 163 The Role of Doctors in the Manned Programme ...... 164 Ground Simulators...... 165 Medical Cosmonauts Selected...... 166 Russia's Medical Cosmonauts ...... 169 The Cosmonaut Group of Mashinostroyenia ...... 170 The Selected Team ...... 171 TKS Crews ...... 171 x Table of Contents

Means and measures to train crews and ensure their work during a spaceflight ...... 173 Training Schedule of the group ...... 174 Other Cosmonaut Selections 1964-2005 ...... 176 1964: The selection for Voskhod 1 ...... 176 1965: The Journalists for Voskhod missions ...... 177 1968: Paton Institute candidates for the welding experiment ...... 177 1983: Additional doctor assigned to a Salyut 7 mission ...... 177 1989: The Journalist in Space ...... 178 1990: The Selection on behalf of Zvezda...... 179 1990: Kazakhstan Space ...... 179 1996: The Cosmonaut Corps of the Space Rocket Military Forces ...... 180 1996: TsSKB-Progress at Samara ...... 180 1997: Khrunichev State Scientific Production Centre ...... 180 1997: Representative of the President ...... 181 1997±2000: The Film Project ...... 181 Selections since 2000...... 182 References ...... 182

COSMONAUTS SELECTED TO FLY THE BURAN SHUTTLE ...... 185 The State Scientific Test Red Banner Institute named for Chkalov (GKNII VVS) ...... 185 Flight Research Institute of the Ministry of Aviation Industry LII MAP.... 188 The Group of the Branch Complex of the Test Cosmonaut Preparation (OKPKI) ...... 189 Test Flying the BTS-02 Analogue...... 190 References ...... 191

INTERNATIONAL TRAINING ...... 193 Cosmonauts Train with Astronauts 1973±1975 ...... 194 Development of a joint training programme ...... 194 Crews for ASTP/EPAS...... 195 Training for ASTP ...... 196 Do you speak American? ...... 202 Reviewing and flying the mission ...... 203 Lessons Learned from Apollo-Soyuz ...... 204 Interkosmos Training ...... 205 The Interkosmos programme ...... 205 Interkosmos cosmonaut programme ...... 206 Interkosmonaut selection and training ...... 206 The first Interkosmonaut selection ± December 1976 ...... 207 The second Interkosmonaut selection ± March 1978...... 208 Vietnam joins Interkosmos ± April 1979...... 211 Overview of Interkosmos training...... 211 Interkosmos training schedule ...... 212 Table of Contents xi

First civilian cosmonaut commanders...... 214 Lessons Learned from Interkosmos ...... 216 International Guests and Commercial Agreements...... 216 International guests ...... 216 Commercial agreements ...... 217 Soyuz seats for sale ...... 217 West European cosmonauts ...... 218 Near, Middle and Far Eastern cosmonauts ...... 227 Millionaire cosmonauts ...... 230 International Cosmonaut Training...... 231 Seizing the training...... 231 Recollections from a Spationaut...... 234 References ...... 236

JOINT PROGRAMMES ...... 251 Shuttle-Mir Programme ± A New Learning Curve...... 251 Creating a joint training programme ...... 252 Summary of Shuttle-Mir Training ...... 253 Cosmonauts on the Shuttle (Shuttle-Mir)...... 254 The first Russian Mission Specialists ...... 255 First cosmonauts selected for NASA training ...... 257 Initial Mission Specialist training flow for cosmonauts ...... 258 STS-60 Training feedback notes ...... 260 Sergey Krikalev, the first Russian Shuttlenaut (STS-60) ...... 264 Titov flies on STS-63 ...... 265 Cosmonauts on the Shuttle-Mir dockings ...... 266 Americans at TsPK ...... 274 Cosmonaut Training for Astronauts ...... 274 Astronaut Mir assignments...... 274 NASA Astronaut Mir Training ...... 279 Training as part of a Group ± Phase 1 ...... 279 Training as part of a Crew ± Phase 2 ...... 279 Mir Systems and Soyuz TM technical training ...... 282 Training in the Soyuz TM Integrated simulator ...... 283 Astronaut training for Mir Orbital Complex simulator and system mock-ups ...... 284 Astronaut training for the Mir Science Programme ...... 286 Astronaut comments on training ...... 289 Learning New Lessons from Shuttle-Mir ...... 290 International Space Station Training ...... 292 ISS Training Group created ...... 294 ISS Offices in Houston and Moscow ...... 295 ISS General Training flow ...... 298 ISS Expedition training ± an insight ...... 300 Taxis and Tourists...... 303 xii Table of Contents

Paying for the pleasure ± Space Flight Tourist Cosmonauts ...... 306 Future Cosmonaut Training for ISS...... 309 References ...... 309

ZVYOZDNYY GORODOK ± THE TOWN ...... 313 Star City is Born ...... 314 The House of Cosmonauts and the Museum ...... 317 A Monument to Gagarin ...... 321 A town is created ...... 322 References ...... 327

Appendix 1 Biographies of Key Personnel ...... 329 Appendix 2 Current Deployment of the Russian Cosmonaut Team ...... 337 Appendix 3 The Volga Stratospheric Balloon Programme ...... 341 Appendix 4 Soviet/Russian International Manned Space Flights ...... 345 Appendix 5 The Full GMVK...... 351 Appendix 6 The Cosmonaut Team 1960-2005 ...... 357 Bibliography...... 377 Index ...... 381