Table of Contents Foreword ..................................................... xiv Authors' Preface .............................................. xvii Acknowledgements .............................................. xxi List of Illustrations............................................. xxiii Prologue ....................................................xxvii THE COSMONAUT TRAINING CENTRE: BIRTH AND GROWTH ...... 1 Finding a Location .............................................. 1 TsPK's first buildings .......................................... 1 The simulator building ......................................... 2 Early EVA training ........................................... 4 Gymnasium ................................................. 4 Struggle for power ............................................ 4 TsPK gets renamed ........................................... 6 The centre expands............................................ 6 Reorganisation ................................................. 9 Boiler installations ........................................... 10 Profilactorium .............................................. 12 Centrifuge TsF-18 ........................................... 13 Engineering and Simulator Building . ............................ 16 Administration Building ....................................... 16 Hydrolaboratory ............................................ 17 The Buran program .......................................... 20 Another restructuring......................................... 22 Monuments, memorials and statues in TsPK ....................... 22 References .................................................... 27 SIMULATORS ................................................ 29 The First Simulators ............................................ 29 The difficult 1960s ........................................... 30 Early Soyuz and the lunar programme ............................ 31 viii Table of Contents Soyuz and Salyut............................................... 34 TKS/Almaz ................................................ 37 ASTP ..................................................... 39 Post-ASTP ................................................. 40 Buran..................................................... 41 Soyuz modifications .......................................... 42 A new player in the field ...................................... 44 The Mir Programme ............................................ 44 The International Space Station ................................. 47 Other simulators and means of training . ............................ 50 Parabolic flights ............................................. 50 Earth Observation ........................................... 52 EVA Training Facilities.......................................... 52 Simulating Spacewalking ...................................... 52 Hydrolab (underwater EVA training) Facility....................... 53 Vykhod 1 (EVA 1-g/zero-g) facility . ............................ 56 Vykhod 2 (EVA 1-g/zero-g) facility . ............................ 56 Russian EVA Training Development (1964-2004) ...................... 57 International EVA Training and Operations .......................... 62 Russian STS EVA training and operations ......................... 63 French Spationaut Salyut EVA training ........................... 63 EuroMir EVA training ........................................ 63 American Orlan training and operations........................... 63 US Astronaut Mir/Orlan EVA training ........................... 65 ISS Russian Segment EVA training . ............................ 66 JAXA candidate EVA training .................................. 67 Manned Manoeuvring Units ................................... 67 References .................................................... 70 OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FACILITIES ............ 73 Russia ....................................................... 73 Energiya................................................... 73 TsUP Mission Control ± Moscow . ............................ 74 IMBP..................................................... 75 Khrunichev ................................................ 79 OKB-52 ................................................... 79 Zvezda .................................................... 79 Chkalovskiy Air Base......................................... 82 Interkosmos facilities ......................................... 82 Baykonur cosmodrome........................................ 82 Europe...................................................... 84 EAC ± Cologne ............................................. 84 United States of America......................................... 86 JSC ± Houston, Texas ........................................ 86 KSC ± Florida .............................................. 86 Table of Contents ix Canada ...................................................... 87 Japan....................................................... 89 Tsukuba Training Centre ...................................... 89 Cosmonaut training goes international. ............................ 90 References .................................................... 90 SURVIVAL TRAINING ......................................... 91 The Role of the Third Directorate .................................. 91 Winter Survival Training ...................................... 93 Desert Training and the Heat Chamber ........................... 96 Mountain Training........................................... 97 Swamp Training............................................. 98 Sea Recovery Training ........................................ 98 Parachute Jumping.......................................... 100 References ................................................... 104 THE COSMONAUT GROUP OF THE RGNII TsPK ................. 119 The First Selection............................................. 120 The First Female Selection .................................... 125 Women Cosmonauts Arrive at Star City . ........................... 125 Medical Selection of Cosmonauts ................................. 126 New Cosmonauts ........................................... 129 Command Structure Revised ..................................... 135 New Pilots and a New Direction ............................... 138 Forced Retirements ......................................... 138 Russian Cosmonauts Selected.................................. 139 References ................................................... 145 THE COSMONAUT GROUP OF RKK ENERGIYA.................. 147 Engineers in Space............................................. 147 Formal Structure Established at Energiya......................... 149 A New Chief Designer ....................................... 152 Russian Engineers and More Changes ........................... 154 References ................................................... 159 OTHER SOVIET AND RUSSIAN COSMONAUT SELECTIONS ....... 161 The Cosmonaut Group of the Academy of Sciences ................... 162 The Cosmonaut Group of the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems . 163 The Role of Doctors in the Manned Programme ................... 164 Ground Simulators.......................................... 165 Medical Cosmonauts Selected.................................. 166 Russia's Medical Cosmonauts ................................. 169 The Cosmonaut Group of Mashinostroyenia ......................... 170 The Selected Team .......................................... 171 TKS Crews ............................................... 171 x Table of Contents Means and measures to train crews and ensure their work during a spaceflight ................................................ 173 Training Schedule of the group ................................ 174 Other Cosmonaut Selections 1964-2005 . ........................... 176 1964: The selection for Voskhod 1 . ........................... 176 1965: The Journalists for Voskhod missions ....................... 177 1968: Paton Institute candidates for the welding experiment ........... 177 1983: Additional doctor assigned to a Salyut 7 mission .............. 177 1989: The Journalist in Space .................................. 178 1990: The Selection on behalf of Zvezda.......................... 179 1990: Kazakhstan Space ...................................... 179 1996: The Cosmonaut Corps of the Space Rocket Military Forces ...... 180 1996: TsSKB-Progress at Samara ............................... 180 1997: Khrunichev State Scientific Production Centre ................ 180 1997: Representative of the President . ........................... 181 1997±2000: The Film Project .................................. 181 Selections since 2000......................................... 182 References ................................................... 182 COSMONAUTS SELECTED TO FLY THE BURAN SHUTTLE ........ 185 The State Scientific Test Red Banner Institute named for Chkalov (GKNII VVS) ................................................ 185 Flight Research Institute of the Ministry of Aviation Industry LII MAP.... 188 The Group of the Branch Complex of the Test Cosmonaut Preparation (OKPKI) ................................................. 189 Test Flying the BTS-02 Analogue............................... 190 References ................................................... 191 INTERNATIONAL TRAINING .................................. 193 Cosmonauts Train with Astronauts 1973±1975 ....................... 194 Development of a joint training programme ......................