wmsm— I Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Joachim U. Knebel § Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH <<
o CD B Energy Data for Germany | Nuclear Energy Policy in Germany Nuclear Energy Research in Germany o; N> ! Recent Results on Pb-Bi Technologies at FZK 0 ! 01 j
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technlk und Umwelt Energy lilata for Germany (1)
Availability of power units (www.strom.de) > Total average load factor: 4750 h out of possible 8760 h
Base load; > Nuclear power plants: 7599 h > Brown coal plants: 7100 h > Run-of-river: 5994 h
Medium and peak load: > Black coal: 4645 h > Stored-water: 2470 h > Natural gas: 2260 h
Wind: 1336 h NPP Philippsburg
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
19 operating nuclear power plants: net capacity of 21.4 GWe,
"—J -^ " > Electricity production in 2001: :^L3 r;^ I? - 171 TWh being 1/3 of total r r\i; l electricity production
Average time availability: 91.7%
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IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt ikjar Eneircfy Policy in ISc
Introduction of third phase of environmental tax in 01/2001 > characteristic 3 person household
VSO > increase by 5% in total costs from 2000 to 2001 > taxes are about 40% of total costs [DM] 1998 1999 2000 2001 Price of electricity 73.50 66.10 48.70 49.00 Renewable Energies Law 0.45 0.55 1.30 1.80 Force-Heat Coupling Law 0.00 0.00 0.75 1.80 Environmental tax 0.00 4.40 7.30 8.75 Local tax 10.20 10.20 10.20 10.20 Consumption tax 13.50 13.00 10.90 11.50 Total 97.65 94.25 79.00 83.00
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Restart of nuclear transports
> After three years of interruption, Federal Radiation Protection Authority (BfS) gives permission for nuclear transports from NPP Neckarwestheim to BNFL Sellafield in February 2001. > March 2001: Castor transport reaches Repository Gorleben. > Many transports from NPP to reprocessing plants in La Hague and Sellafield are following. > There are minor public protests.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt Mucdksatir I: in«ray l! solicy iro ^mnatt
> New Radiation Protection Ordinance enforced in 08/2001
> Max yearly dose is dramatically reduced (public: from 1.5mSv to 1.0mSv; nuclear personnel: SOmSv to 20mSv) > Radiation protection controls exposure to natural radiation as well (flying personnel has to be recorded if 1mSv is reached, being equal to 10 transatlantic flights; 20mSv is maximum) > Comparison: natural average radiation dose in Germany is 2.4mSv/y
f-- -•. , i NPP Neckarwestheim
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umweit
> Agreement concerning the opt-out of nuclear energy > June 14, 2000: Preliminary agreement between the German Federal Government and the German Utilities concerning the opt-out of nuclear energy production & > June 11, 2001: Final treaty signed, changes in Atomic Law (AtG) -* formulated
Issues: > On the basis of 32 calender years of operation time, each NPP has a guaranteed amount of electricitiy to produce. As this amount is reached, the plant has to be shut down. Electricity can be transferred between plants. > In total all German plants will produce another 2623 TWh from January 1, 2000 (production in 2001: 171 TWh).
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt Nlociear t::.n«rtjy Policy in Germairiy (4)
> Federal Government guarantees the undisturbed operation of the existing plants (including: restart of nuclear transports, erection of interim storage capacities at the plant sites). > Federal Government accepts the high safety standard and the W underlying safety philosophy (including: regular safety «s inspections). > Construction and operation of new plants is forbidden. > From 2005 on reprocessing of spent fuel is forbidden. There is only direct disposal after intermediate storage. Gorleben Moratorium: Further exploitation is interrupted for at least 3 years but no longer than 10 years, although there are no findings which indicate that Gorleben is not suited as a final repository.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Status:
> New Atomic Law (AtG) is enforced by Parliament on December 14, 2001, and by Federal Council on February 1, 2002. 0% > Objective of Atomic Law is changed from ,,support of nuclear energy" to ,,fix opt-out of nuclear energy by law".
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt in«rt|y Policy in Gornriany (t>
Berlin Energy Symposium, October 2001 > Academia and industry have started a strategic dialogue in order to jointly formulate innovative energy strategies, to define research needs and to prepare proposals for research programs.
Resulting 10 issues: > Industry, academia and politics have to face the common task to guarantee a sustainable energy supply in Germany. > Energy research is the strategic element of a good energy policy. > Research and development are supported by academia and industry. > This strategy has to be supported by the government as for long- term and high-risk aspects of research and development.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
> Highest priority is the effective and ecological usage of energy. > Renewable energies start to be economically interesting. > Although the Federal Government has decided to phase out of nuclear energy, there are important issues of safety research and waste disposal research left. > Keeping nuclear competence en > Keeping education capacities ^ > Engagement in technological projects, such as inherent safety features, waste disposal strategies (e.g. Partitioning and Transmutation), protection against terror attacks > Fusion technology is embedded in a world-wide cooperation, with Germany delivering key technologies. > Material research is an indispensable aspect for all kinds of energy techniques.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umweit r~ unlwar l^rittirgy Policy in tSonrtfiany
> The common vision of academia and industry is an energy supply for Germany, Europe and the world, which safely and ecologically satisfies In the long run the social and economical needs of a growing population.
Today, all energy options should be globally considered in order to avoid the two-fold bottle-neck of a future energy policy: the shortening of accessible resources and the limited capacity to dispose the produced wastes.
The overall objective of the energy policy has to follow the guidelines of sustainability.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26. 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Energy Report of Fed. Min. of Economy (BMWi), 11/2001 > Sub-title: ,,Sustainable Energy Policy for a Future Energy Supply" > Consideration of three different scenarios Comments: > Ambitious climate goals produce additional burden to the national economy of about 256 Billion EURO until 2020.
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe I, if
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik uncl Umwelt V.nerqy Research in Germany
Setup of Network of Nuclear Technology Competence:
> Partners: FZK, FZJ, FZR, GRS plus associated universities > Mission: > Increase efficiency of existing R&D activities in nuclear safety and repository research > Preservation of complementary competence at universities > Support federal government to fulfill legal duties
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Hermann von Helmholtz- Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) *J Mission: Do profident research in the field of natural science & medical which is of national importance and public interest Largest science organisation in Germany (24.000 employees)
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt ucloar Kiineray keseareh in Ger
Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) > Six Research Areas: (1) Health (2) Energy (a) Renewable Energies (b) Efficient Conversion of Energy (c) Fusion Technology • I (d) Nuclear Safety Research I (3) Environment (4) Structure of Matter (5) Transportation and Space (6) Key Technologies
IAEATWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26. 2002. FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt
Reactor Research 2003 - 2008 1. Reactor Safety Research End of operation of (a) Experimental investigation of severe accidents i German (b) Description of sequences of design and severe reactors i accidents (c) Application to existing reactors I i (d) Development of methods to evaluate and minimise the radiological consequences of accidents I (e) Investigation of inherent safety features I (f) Investigation of improved fuels and fuel elements r—*— ' 2. Keeping Competence and Education (g) for operation of existing reactors i (h) for decommissioning of nuclear installations 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt E ergy Resoaroh in Hii
Repository Research 2003 - 2008
• . • • _ .. . • " I• 1 1. Repository Safety (a) Scenarios to prevent and minimise nuclear waste, and to reduce the radiotoxicity potential 1 H rial (b) Characterisation of nuclear waste repository (c) Nuclear waste treatment for medium-term and ava lable long-term storage H (d) Partitioning 1 (e) Transmutation (f) Immobilisation of nuclear waste 1 (g) Isolation of nuclear waste (h) Transfer of R&D-results to construction and operation of repository 1 2. Radiation Protection (i) New measurement techniques for radiation protec- tion and decommissioning of nuclear installations 1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
IAEA TWG on FR and ADS, April 22-26, 2002, FZK Karlsruhe 19