Status and Prospects of New & in KOREA

November 25, 2013, Chile

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY, KOREA

Youn-Jea Kim CHILE ↔ KOREA

30 Hour

 Republic of Korea  Chile . Population : 48,955,203 . Population : 17,216,945 . Area : 99,720 km2 . Area : 756,102 km2 . Language : Korean . Language : Español . GDP (person) : $23,679 . GDP (person) : $15,453 . Capital : Seoul . Capital : Santiago CHILE ↔ KOREA

Korea Free Trade Agreement Chile

Tendency of import and export US$ million

Import Export Total

2004. 04 SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY

SINCE 1996 ESTABLISHED, 1398, SKKU CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY

COLLABORATING FUTURE WORKS INTRODUCTION

Greenhouse gas

Source : EIA, AEO 2013

The exhaustion of natural resources & Global warming Fossil fuel Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution •GHG(Green House Gas) emission

•1997, Kyoto Protocol

New & Renewable Energy Development INTRODUCTION

Major Renewable Energy Development

Tidal power Solar thermal Hydro power

Geothermal power Biomass

 Renewable energy is plentiful, and the technologies are improving all the time. There are many ways to use renewable energy. Most of us already use renewable energy in our daily lives. INTRODUCTION

1600 Geothermal Etc 1400

Solar thermal

1200 Solar energy (PV + solar thermal)

1000

800 Wind power 600 Biomass

Energy consumption [EJ/a] consumption Energy Hydro power 400 Nuclear 200

Oil 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100 INTRODUCTION

Global New Investment in Renewable Energy

Developed VS Developing countries, 2012, Global new investment in renewable energy and total growth on 2011, $BN by region, 2012, $BN

Asia & Oceania

Source : Bloomberg New Energy Finance

 Total values include estimates for  New investment volume adjusts undisclosed deals. New investment volume for re-invested equity. Total values adjusts for re-invested equity. Includes include estimates for undisclosed estimates for small distributed capacity, deals. corporate and government R&D. Developed volumes are based on OECD countries excluding Mexico, Chile and Turkey. INTRODUCTION

Global New Investment in Renewable Energy by Region, 2004-2012, $BN

Source : Bloomberg New Energy Finance

 China shows the steepest and the most constant growth in investment : 2004 ($2.6 billion)  2012 ($66.6 billion)

 The America excluding the US and Brazil shows a steadily rising line : 2004 ($1.4 billion)  2012 ($9.5 billion) via a temporary peak at 11.5 billion in 2010 INTRODUCTION

Chile 20/20 PROJECT

Renewable energy Energy efficiency Carbon emission 20% 20% 20%

Renewable energy generation 684.33MW [4%]

Total 1,7144MW [96%]

Source : Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency, KOTRA RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power

Annual global energy consumption by humans

Source : National petrleum council Photovoltaic The global solar flux [kWh/m2/y]

Solar thermal

Source : (top) Breyer and Schmidt, 2010 RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power

Compound Annual Growth Rate, CAGR of PV System

Key areas with high marketability, technological feasibility and urgency

Technology level Technologies Global market Domestic production (Max=100%)

Rapid growth of global Photovoltaic $20 billion $140 million 83% markets Wind Power $37.5 billion $400 million 79% Development of related domestic industries LED $14 billion $1.16 billion 65%

⇨ Early development Power IT $13 billion $70 million 85%

Large potential of Hydrogen Fuel Cells $3.2 billion - 66% global markets urgency of securing IGCC $8.6 billion - 56% technological CTL/GTL $28.5 billion - 50% competitiveness Energy Storage $0.5 billion - 60% ⇨ Next generation development CCS - - 65% RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power, KOREA

 PV Dissemination RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power, KOREA

 Distribution of VLS-PV Plants

• The number of PV plant reaches to 997

• The cumulative PV generation is

287GWh by 2009 (132 million) RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power, KOREA

 Major Companies RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar energy, CHILE

 Climate in the Atakama Desert  Ideal conditions for solar energy.  The highest solar radiations in the world.  Up-to 9.28 kWh/m2

 Solar power demand in the Chile.  Widespread cuts of hydroelectric generation by the drought in resent year.  High dependence in fossil fuel energy in the northern region  Continuous expanding of the mining industry in northern region.  Vast disused area in the northern region. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power, Trend of Research

 KOREA PV Vision

3 Activate Private Sector Investment

1.3 GW installation Industry, National Lab, University Key Tech. ownership 2 Leading Tech. and cost Role Play

Common center operation Next Gen Tech Share standard test unit 50 MW installation 1 International Cooperation

Year: 2004-2006 2007-2012 2013-2020

Industrial Tech. Future Tech. R&D World

Top 3 Infra-Structure Activate market RENEWABLE ENERGY : Solar power, Trend of Research

Real-time analysis of low-concentration photovoltaic PV Engineer Education Program in SKKU systems: A review towards development of sustainable energy technology, 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGY :

Rance Annapolis Kislaya Jiangxia France Canada Russia China

Max. tidal 13.5 8.7 3.9 8.39

Industry 240 20 0.4 3.2 capacity Annual energy 544 50 1.2 6. production The Year of 1966 1984 1968 1980 completion

 Tidal Power is the power of electricity generation achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water mass due to tides. Two types of tidal energy can be extracted: kinetic energy of currents between ebbing and surging tides and potential energy from the difference in height between high and low tides.

 All coastal areas experience high and low tide. If the difference between high and low tides is more than 16 feet, The differences can be used to produce electricity. There are approximately 40 sites on earth where tidal differences are sufficient. Tidal energy is more reliable than wave energy because it based on the moon and we can predict them. It is intermittent, generating energy for only 6-12 hours in each 24 hour period, so demand for energy will not always be in line with supply. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Tidal power

 Benefits of tidal power generation include  Predictable source of clean energy  No dependence on foreign fuel sources  Flood protection  Transport links for road and/or rail  Better shipping and boating conditions behind the barrier

 Disadvantages include  The timing of the tides doesn’t often correlate with peak demand times(less of a problem if there are good energy storage options available )  Existing ecosystems behind the barrage tend to be heavily altered  Enhance flood risk on the seaward side  Shipping would have to navigate locks  Industrial discharges behind the barrage are less likely to be dispersed out to sea RENEWABLE ENERGY : Tidal power, KOREA

Tide Spring Station Area embank range capacity [km2] ment [m] [GMh] [km] Sihwa 7.8 56.5 12.67 552 Ganghwa 8.97 84.9 8.34 1,556 Incheon 7.3 106 16.9 2,414 Sihwa

Ganghwa

Incheon RENEWABLE ENERGY : Tidal power, CHILE

Potential region Energy potential Chacao, Magallanes 164.9GW

Coastline of Chile Expect possibility 4,270km of development

Source : CNE, Garrad Hassan & Partners Limited Development potential

Capacity of generate Annual energy [MW] production [GWH] Chacao tidal power 150~200 500~1000 generation Sihwa tidal power 254 552 generation RENEWABLE ENERGY : Tidal power, Trend of Research

Impact of different operating modes Operational planning of an Evaluation of vertical axis turbine for a on the tidal independent micro-grid characteristics for tidal current power and flood inundation in the containing tidal power generators, power plant based on in situ Severn Estuary, UK, 2010 SOFCs, and photovoltaics), 2013 experiment, 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGY : Wind power

Wind turbines are systems that harness the kinetic energy of the wind for

useful power. Wind flows over the rotor of a wind turbine, causing it to rotate

on a shaft. The resulting shaft power can be used for mechanical work, like

pumping water, or to turn a generator to produce electrical power. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Wind power

 Wind power

• No pollution, No fuel energy

• Job creation

• Economically feasible

• Utility value of territory

Source : Summary of Anthropogenic Causes of Bird Mortality RENEWABLE ENERGY : Wind power, KOREA

Source : WWEA, World Wind Energy Association, 2012 Annual Report

Wind turbine generation manufacturers, Korea

Manufacturers function

Hyosung 750kW, 2MW

Union 750kW, 2MW Hyundai 5/3.6MW

Doosan 3MW Samsung 2.5MW

Hanjin 1.5MW RENEWABLE ENERGY : Wind power, CHILE

Global installed wind power capacity [MW], Regional distribution

Source : GWEC, Global Wind Report 2010 Denmark Tuno ocean complex

Denmark Middelgrunden ocean complex RENEWABLE ENERGY : Wind power, Trend of Research

Wind tunnel testing of a horizontal Validation of a CFD model of Development of a 20 kW wind turbine axis wind turbine rotor and wind turbine wakes with simulator with similarities to a 3 MW comparison with simulations from terrain effects, 2013 wind turbine, 2013 two Blade Element Momentum codes, 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGY :

Energy Potential Investment cost cost future energy US$/kW [US$/kWh] cost US$/[kWh] Biomass 1–5 1–5 250-750

Wind 0.5–5 0.5-5 200-2000

Solar 5–13 3-10 1100-1700

Geothermal 3–20 2-10 500-1700 Source : IGA, 2013

 Hydrothermal resources at high temperatures (300 to 700oF) can be used to make electricity. These high-temperature resources may come from either dry steam wells or hot water wells. We can use these resources by drilling wells into the Earth and piping the steam or hot water to the surface. Geothermal wells are one to two miles deep.

 In a dry steam power plant, the steam from the geothermal reservoir is piped directly from a well to a turbine generator to make electricity. In a hot water plant, some of the hot water is turned into steam. The steam powers a turbine generator just like a dry steam plant. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used over and over again. (Bertani, 2010). RENEWABLE ENERGY : Geothermal power, KOREA

Heat content Heat Area (km2) per unit area content (J) (J/km2) Gyeonggi massif 26,670.03 2.64×1022 9.90×1017 Okcheon fold 31,870,30 3.07×1022 9.64×1017 belt Yeongnam 18,082.62 1.70×1022 9.41×1017 massif Gyeongsang 21,028.43 2.52×1022 1.20×1018 basin

Heat content (a) from surface to 1 km, (b) to 2km, (c) to 3km, (d) to 4km, and (e) to 5km. Contour map of heat production Source : Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010. in Korea. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Geothermal power, CHILE

 About 90 hot-springs areas are located within this zone.

 The most advanced exploration correspond to: Colpitas, Apacheta, Pampa Lirima and El TatioLa Torta geothermal areas.

 Exploitation concessions have been granted to “Cerro Pbbellon(50MW)” and “El Tatio-La Torta“ projects, where production wells have been drilled. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Geothermal power, CHILE

 There are more than 200 hot–springs area in this zone.

 The most advanced surface exploration studies have been done at Tinguiririca, Calabozos, Laguna del Maule, Chillan and Tolhuaca.

 Exploitation concessions have been granted to “San Gragorio(70MW)” and “Laguna del Maule” projects, where production wells have been drilled. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Geothermal power, Trend of Research

Source : Hydrothermal Power Systems, 2010.

 Dry steam: Dry steam plants draw steam directly from under the earth’s surface to a turbine that drives a generator.

 Flash steam: Flash steam plants extract geothermal water exceeding 350℉ under extremely high pressure.

 Binary cycle: Binary cycle plants operate in area with substantially lower-temperature geothermal water(225℉). RENEWABLE ENERGY : Biomass energy

Bio-gas

Wood-pallet

Bio-ethanol and diesel

 Biomass energy uses biomass as fuel which is generated by animals and plants.  Several different forms of biomass are being used.  Bio-gas  Bio-liquid fuels  Solid biofuel RENEWABLE ENERGY : Biomass energy

 Benefits of biomass energy  Renewable energy  Able to enhance production in short-term  Can be used in waste disposal  Large-effect on replacement of fossil fuels  Large-effect on reduction of greenhouse gas

 Disadvantages  Large initial facility cost  Need huge tract, water and fertilizer  Existing ecosystems can be heavily altered  By-product problems  Complicated process on collecting raw material RENEWABLE ENERGY : Biomass energy, KOREA

Proportion of the biomass energy in Korea 13.0 %

31.4 %

2010

2030

Average annual 2008 2010 2015 2020 2030 increase

Bio(1000 TOE) 518 987 2,210 4,211 10,357 14.6 %

Proportion in total 8.1 13.0 18.8 24.0 31.4 renewable energy (%)

 Biomass energy in Korea  More amounts of proportion is present in large cities such as Seoul, Busan and Inchon than other region.  According to the plan proposed by Ministry of Industry, Trade and Resourses, proportion of the biomass energy will be increased to 31.4 % by 2030.(The 3rd plan for research and usage supply of renewable energy) RENEWABLE ENERGY : Biomass energy, CHILE

Potential region Energy potential

Ⅴ~Ⅹ 9,569 MW

2017, Max. potential Expect possibility

313~469 MW of development

Possibility Possibility of development [MW]

Source : CNE, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit RENEWABLE ENERGY : Biomass energy, Trend of Research

Biogas production from rice husks Strengthening the palm oil Application of the self-heat generated from various rice mills in biomass Renewable Energy recuperation technology for energy Ebonyi State, 2013 industry in Malaysia, 2013 saving in biomass drying system, 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGY : Hydro power

 It is a machine which converts the energy of an elevated water supply into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft

 Water from an upper level to a lower level represents a hydraulic potential

 In case of impulse turbines, the penstock is connected with the nozzle and hence the whole pressure energy of water is transformed into kinetic energy in nozzle only

 Reaction turbines operates with its runner submerged in water. The water before entering the turbine has pressure as well as kinetic energy. The moment on the runner is produced by both kinetic and pressure energies RENEWABLE ENERGY : Hydro power

Reaction 742.1 975.2 Crossfolw Pelton Turbine 607.6

11.3 15 Impulse 28.4 29.5 53.4

Francis Propeller Kaplan Source : NEDO, 2013

Scale Capacity of generating plant Large 100,000kW Medium 10,000kW~100,000kW

Hydropower Small 1,000kW~10,000kW generation Mini 100kW~1,000kW Micro 5kW~100kW Pico 5kW Source : Ministry Of Trade Industry & Energy, 2007

Typical efficiency curves are shown in the figure. An important point to note is that the Pelton and Kaplan turbines retain very high efficiencies when running below design flow. Most fixed-pitch propeller turbines perform poorly except above 80% of full flow. RENEWABLE ENERGY : Hydro power, KOREA

Hydro power generation Power generation ` Country quantity [TWh] proportion [%] 1 China 694 14.8 2 Brazil 403 80.2 3 Canada 376 62 4 USA 328 7.6 5 Russia 165 15.7 6 India 132 13.1

7 Norway 122 95.3 Number of Hydro generation 27 8 Japan 85 7.8 9 Venezuela 84 68 10 Sweden 67 42.2 ∙∙∙ Korea 17 8 Source : IEA, Hydropower Roadmap RENEWABLE ENERGY : Hydro power, CHILE

Mean annual precipitation

Precipitation Precipitation [mm]

Latitude

SIC SING Aysen

Capacity Energy Ratio of Development potential Ratio of Ratio of total [MW] [MW] total [MW] total energy energy [%] energy [%] [%] Hydro power 230.2 1.86 14.9 0.38 19.64 4.21 generation (ERNC)

Source : CNE data, 2011 RENEWABLE ENERGY : Hydro power, Trend of Research

[Runner type] [Draft tube]

Pelton turbine Francis turbine Kaplan turbine [Runner reverse engineering]

 Turbine Optimization  Runner Blade : blade shapes, angle etc.  Draft tube : swirl region control, prevention of surge etc.  Operating efficiency improvement : shaft power, flow rate etc. PLANT

Nuclear Waste Problems from Nuclear Power Plant

Amount of nuclear waste Unit : Bundles 518307

352909 373145 318879 336144

2009 2010 2011 2012 Storage capacity Source : Korea Hydro & Nuclear power co., LTD

The existing water pools will be completely full by 2025 in Korea.

NO solution yet Source : Korea Atomic Industrial Forum, 2012 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Possible Topics of Collaboration between Chile and Korea in Nuclear Technology

1.Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Technology 2. Nuclear Waste Reduction: Accelerator Driven System for Transmutation 3. Life Cycle Assessment for Social Acceptance 4. Applications (e.g. medical isotopes production, etc) Collaborating Future Works

Solar Energy

 Diagnosis of the Competitiveness

 Polysilicon : Economic size, Competitive power for quality, Cost leadership  Ingot & Wafer : Economic size, Competitive power for quality, Cost leadership, Secure the market  Solar battery (cell) & Module : Economic size, Competitive power for quality, Secure the market, Security of supply Collaborating Future Works

Wind Power

 Optimization Performance Turbine

 Blade shapes  CFD, experiment study  Efficiency enhancement design  Safety evaluation

Experimental study

Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD Collaborating Future Works

Wind Power

High altitude wind turbine

Bahrain World Trade Center, 225kW Expressway, wind turbine Wind turbine Collaborating Future Works

Geothermal Power  Safety Evaluation

 Drill bit design • Durability • Stability

 Secure stability of power generation

• Make the best use of activity volcano

 Optimization steam turbine • Film cooing technique • Blade shapes Collaborating Future Works

Biomass Energy

 Marine Biomass  Create an ocean farm (Seaweed, Microalgae)  Mass production & Automatic collection system  Liaison between the biomass and new material industry (medicine, chemistry, food etc.)  Sea desertification prevention Collaborating Future Works

Hydro & Tidal Power

 Optimization Performance turbine

 Blade shapes  Guide vane  Spiral casing  Draft tube

Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD

 Improvement of Performance

 Hydraulic efficiency  Shaft power  Flow rate  Head

Experimental study Collaborating Future Works

New Energy Technology

 Desalination Plant—Shortage of dinking water  Reverse Osmosis  PRO

 ThermoElectric Power Plant  Efficiency  Cost Effectiveness  Plenty of Copper Production  Strategic Energy Resources Muchas Gracias!