Policy Requirements for Diaspora Engagement: the Case of Zambia: Migration and Transnationalism: Opportunities and Challenges (2

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Policy Requirements for Diaspora Engagement: the Case of Zambia: Migration and Transnationalism: Opportunities and Challenges (2

Policy Requirements for Diaspora Engagement: The case of Zambia Paul Lupunga Ministry of Finance and National Planning ZAMBIA Contents • Background Scenario –Zambia • Status – Diaspora Engagement Policies • Policy Opportunities and Threats for Zambia Background Scenario – Zambia • Location: Central/Southern Africa • Population: 12‐13 million • Poverty levels: ≈ 60 % • GDP Growth: 6‐8 % • Aid flows: 2009 ODA $300m • Remittance estimates: $70‐80m • Diaspora location: UK, USA, Canada, Australia, Southern African subcontinent, Global. Diaspora Engagement Policies • Dual citizenship (Parliament, NCC, President) • Investment promotion (Development Agency) • Census (Dept. of Registration, CSO) • Land allocation facilitation (Ministry of Lands, Ministry of Local Government) • Skilled labour recruitment (Ministry of Labour) • Remittance transmission (Bank of Zambia, Stock Exchange, private banks) • Consular assistance/ facilitation (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Types of Diaspora Engagement Policy Capacity Building Extending Extending obligations Rights Symbolic Institution Political Investment Policies and Nation Building Incorpor- lobby promotion Building ation symbols and rhetoric Inclusive Cu S networks Building International Consular and consultative bodies Special concessions Dual Nationality Em services Tourism Mandatory payments Zones Economic Special capture** FDI for Remittance programmes transfer Knowledge Promoting Expat lobby M Conference andconventions agency Ministerial level bureaucracy Dedicated M h o us ap l ni tu t r in bassy to r a e g rin l Pr t m u rn t g ed o vot e m o i ff a ot in o vo & r i g * o ts t PR n e a n d in duct i o n Uganda Kenya Nigeria Ghana Zambia Adapted from Gamlen, 2006, p.5, *In both Uganda and Zambia in 2009 Dual Nationality was still in the stages of constitutional amendment although the provision for those amendments had been agreed. **Nigeria and Ghana have developed advanced remittance tracking mechanisms, which are able to disaggregate consumption remittances from investment. Policy Opportunity –Dual Citizenship/Remittances Nigeria averaged at $ 800m per annum, from1990 to 2001 but increased considerably on attaining dual citizenship in 1999. Table 4. Nigeria Remittances from 2000-2006 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 US$millions 1,392 1,167 1,209 1,063 2,273 3,329 5,397* Source: Ratha, 2007, p. Nigeria, *IFAD, 2007, p. 8 The IFAD figure may have been compiled using different methods from the Bank, however for the purposes of this paper it well illustrates the trend. For Ghana following on from the adoption, average annual remittances rose from $30- 40m range to more than doubling the estimate after the dual citizenship declaration. Ghana Remittances from 2000-2006 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 US$millions 32 46 44 65 82 99 Source: Ratha, 2007, p. Ghana Policy Opportunities ‐ Continued • National Population Census. • Sixth National Development Plan – Formulation. • Investment Regulatory frame and Surge. • Government / IOM collaboration. • Presidential, Cabinet level support. Diaspora Policy Potential Threats • Inadequate data on Diaspora demographics. • Low policy formulation coordination –which may result in policy conflict. • Populist verses technical needs of Diaspora, pending institutional arrangement. Thank you.

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