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Policy Requirements for Diaspora Engagement: The case of

Paul Lupunga Ministry of Finance and National Planning ZAMBIA Contents

• Background Scenario –Zambia

• Status – Diaspora Engagement Policies

• Policy Opportunities and Threats for Zambia Background Scenario – Zambia

• Location: Central/Southern • Population: 12‐13 million • Poverty levels: ≈ 60 % • GDP Growth: 6‐8 % • Aid flows: 2009 ODA $300m • Remittance estimates: $70‐80m • Diaspora location: UK, USA, , , Southern African subcontinent, Global. Diaspora Engagement Policies

• Dual (Parliament, NCC, President) • Investment promotion (Development Agency) • Census (Dept. of Registration, CSO) • Land allocation facilitation (Ministry of Lands, Ministry of Local Government) • Skilled labour recruitment (Ministry of Labour) • Remittance transmission (Bank of Zambia, , private banks) • Consular assistance/ facilitation (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

Types of Diaspora Engagement Policy Capacity Building Extending Extending obligations Rights Symbolic Institution Political Investment Policies and Nation Building Incorpor- lobby promotion Building ation Inclusive rhetoric and symbols Cu S Building International networks bodies consultative and Consular concessions Special Nationality Dual Em services payments Mandatory Special Economic Zones Remittance for FDI capture** Knowledge transfer programmes lobby Expat Promoting M Conference andconventions Conference Ministerial level agency Dedicated bureaucracy M h o us ap l ni tu t r in bassy to r a e g rin l Pr t m u rn t g ed

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vo & r i g * o ts t PR n e a n d in duct i o n

Uganda Ghana Zambia Adapted from Gamlen, 2006, p.5, *In both and Zambia in 2009 Dual Nationality was still in the stages of constitutional amendment although the provision for those amendments had been agreed. **Nigeria and Ghana have developed advanced remittance tracking mechanisms, which are able to disaggregate consumption remittances from investment.

Policy Opportunity –Dual Citizenship/Remittances

Nigeria averaged at $ 800mr annum,pe from1990 2001to but increased considerably on attaining dual citizenship in 1999. Table 4. Nigeria Remittances from 2000-2006

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

US$millions 1,392 1,167 1,209 0631, 2,273 3,329 5,397*

Source: Ratha, 2007, p. Nigeria, *IFAD, 2007, p. 8 The IFAD figure may have been compiled using different methodsk, from the Ban however for the purposes of this paper it well illustrates the trend.

For Ghana following on from the adoption,average annual remittances rose from $30-

40m range to more than doubling the estimate after the dual citizenship declaration.

Ghana Remittances from 2000-2006

2000 2001 02 20 2003 2004 2005

US$millions 32 46 44 65 82 99

Source: Ratha, 2007, p. Ghana Policy Opportunities ‐ Continued

• National Population Census. • Sixth National Development Plan – Formulation. • Investment Regulatory frame and Surge. • Government / IOM collaboration. • Presidential, Cabinet level support. Diaspora Policy Potential Threats

• Inadequate data on Diaspora demographics.

• Low policy formulation coordination –which may result in policy conflict.

• Populist verses technical needs of Diaspora, pending institutional arrangement. . Thank you