Bibliographies

Introductory Note

THESE have been divided into two sections: A listing works in English and B listing those in other languages. Each is in turn subdivided roughly by the character of subject matter: 1. GENERAL 2. POUTICAL AND 3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC 4. CULTURE AND THE CHURCH Sources, both in translation and the original texts, are listed in the appropriate sections. Obviously limitations of space prevent these bibliographies from being anything other than selective, although the attempt has been made to make that in English reasonably comprehensive. In making the choice of material for inclusion greater weight has been given to primary rather than secondary sources, for obvious reasons. Each section is further subdivided chronologically, or as between Umayyad Al-Andalus and the Christian states. Some additional bibliography on detailed points will be found in the references.

Abbreviations

L. V. Leges Visigothorum, the Codes of Reccesuinth and Ervig, in K. Zeumer (ed.) M.G.H., Leges I (Hanover and Leipzig, 1902) M. G.H. Monumenta Gennaniae Historica, divided by series: A.A. Auctores Antiquissimi Leges S.R. G. Scrip/ores Rerum Germanicarum S.S. Scriptores P.L. Patr%gia Latina, ed. J.P. Migne V:S. Visigothic : New Approaches, E. James (ed.) (Oxford, 1980)

A. WORKS IN ENGLISH

1. GENERAL

A comprehensive bibliography of works in all languages relating to the Visigothic period may be found in A. Ferreiro, The in and Spain, A.D. 418-711: a Bibliography (Leiden, 1988). No comparable bibliography exists for the other periods considered in this book. Of the general treatments of the in the that of J.F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca, 1975) remains the best. The old and out-dated sections on the peninsula in the various volumes of the CamiJridge Me• dieval History will be replaced by the pertinent chapters of the New CamiJridge Medieval History. Volume II has a chapter on Spain in the eighth and ninth centuries and volume III one on the period c. 900-1050, both by the author of this book. H. Livermore, The Origins of spain and (London, 1971) covers the fourth to ninth centuries but suffers from an idiosyncratic reliance on some spurious sources: the chronicles forged by Roman de la Higuera in the sixteenth century. P. Linehan, History and Historians of Medieval Spain (Oxford, 1993), which covers the sixth to thirteenth centuries is required

266 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 267

reading for any serious study of this period; both for its discussion of all of the major sources and for its author's trenchant views and wit.

2. POLITICAL AND LEGAL HISTORY

(a) The Later Roman and the Fifth Century For the complex events of the period c. 406 to 425, that market the end of Roman rule over most of the , the fragments of the history of Olympiodorus can be found translated in R.C. Blockley (ed.), The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later vol. II (Liverpool, 1983). For Zosimus, the sixth-century pagan historian whose work, despite its uneven quality, is a major source for events of the period up to 411, the best text is that edited by F. Paschoud (see B2(a». For an English translation see J.J. Buchanan and H.T. Davis, Zosimus, Historia Nova (San Antonio, Texas, 1967). The most important source for events in Spain later in the fifth century, the chronicle written c. 469 by Hydatius, is available in both a critical Latin text and English translation in R.W. Burgess (ed.), The 'Chronicle' of Hydatius and the 'Consularia Constantinopolitana' (Oxford, 1993), which also has a study of the work by the editor. This can be usefully supplemented by the relevant section of S. Muhlberger, The Fifth• Century Chroniclers: Prosper, Hydatius and the Gallic Chronicler of 452 (Liverpool, 1990), pp. 193-312. Late and its adaptation and abridgement under the Visigothic king Alaric II in 506 can be found in C. Pharr (tr.), The Theodosian Code (New York, 1969). For the establishment of Roman rule in Spain and an account of Hispano-Roman society up to the fourth century A.D. see L.A. Curchin, Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation (London, 1991). SJ. Keay, Roman Spain (London, 1988) provides a useful account of recent archaeological work, and an overview of social and cultural develop• ments up to the fifth century, as well as a listing of sites that may be visited. The articles of E.A. Thompson on the end of Roman Spain and on the Suevic kingdom have been collected in his Romans and Barbarians: the Decline of the Western Empire (Wisconsin, 1982). This also includes some of the author's consideration of aspects of earlier Visigothic history. On which see also his The Visigoths in the Age of Ulfila (Oxford, 1966). A chal• lenging reinterpretation of the processes of establishing the Visigoths in Gaul appears as part of W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418-584: the Techniques of Accomm<>• dation (Princeton, 1980), especially ch. IV, but the argument of the book needs to be seen as a whole.

(b) The Visigothic Period E.A. Thompson's The in Spain (Oxford, 1969) was the first major treatment of the history of Visigothic Spain in English. It did not take much account of contemporary Spanish scholarship on the period, and was criticised in consequence. Nor are many of its principal theses accepted here. However, it remains an important source of informa• tion and argument. The growth in interest outside of the Iberian peninsula in early medieval Spanish history has led to the appearance of several of the main sources in English translation. The chronicle of John of Biclar, which covers the years 567 to 590, is one of the items included in K.B. Wolf (tr.), Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain (Liverpool, 1990), which also offers a good translation of Isidore of 's History of the Goths, which will now be more accessible than that of G. Donini and G.B. Ford (tr.), 's History of the Goths, and Suevi (Leiden, 1970). There is also a useful introduction given to each of the texts. For interpretations of the events is Spain leading to the conversion to Catholicism of king Reccared and his Gothic subjects in 587-89, including the rebellion of , see J.N. Hillgarth, ' and Chronicles: Propaganda in Sixth Century Spain', Historia, 16 (1966), pp. 482-508 and R. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585' in V.S., pp. 189-219. This latter now needs to be seen in the light of the same author's contribution to the volume of papers 268 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

commemorating the l400th anniversary of the Third Council of Toledo (see section B4(b) below). The article by J.N. Hillgarth is also to be found, together with three others on cultural relations between Visigothic Spain and Ireland and a survey of the historiographical output of the in his collection of articles entitled Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and the Irish (London, 1985). P.D. King, 'King Chindasvind and the first Territorial Law-Code of the Visigothic Kingdom' in V.S., pp. 131-57 argues that Reccesuinth's code of 654 was preceded by a now lost one promulgated by his father. The same author's Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom (Cambridge, 1972) offers a major assessment of the contents of the extant code known as the Forum Iudicum or Lex Visigothorum, and has a particularly good chapter on the family. On this body of Visigothic law see also F.S. Lear, 'The Public Law of the Visigothic Code', Speculum,26 (1951), pp. 1-24 and the same author's Treason in Roman and Germanic Law (Austin, Texas, 1965), chs 4-6. On the later stages of the Visigothic kingdom there are a number of articles that take bishop Julian of Toledo (680-90) as their focus. See in particular F.X. Murphy, 'Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain', Speculum, 27 (1952), pp. 1-21 and R. Collins, Julian of Toledo and the Educa• tion of Kings' in the same author's Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (A1dershot, 1992). This is a substantial revision of the earlier Julian of Toledo and the royal succession' in P.H. Sawyer and I.N. Wood (eds), Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977), pp. 30-49.

(c) The Umayyad State For the events of the eighth century and an introduction to the problems of the source materials see R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797 (Oxford, 1989). best con• sulted in the revised edition (Oxford, 1994). The principal contemporary Latin source for the first half of the century, the Chronicle of 754 is translated in K.B. Wolf, Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain (see A2(b) above). A selection from the Arab sources can be found in C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (eds/trs). Christians and in Spain vol. 3 (Warminster, 1992). Only a few of the texts are available in complete translation or in longer excerpts. These are all fairly elderly. They include J.H. Jones (tr.). Ibn Abd al-Hakem: History of the Conquest of Spain (Gottingen, 1858) and much of the work of A1-Maqqari in a rearranged format in P. de Gayangos (tr.), The History of the Mohammedan in Spain (2 vols, London, 1840-43); selections from other works are included in the appendices to these volumes. For a survey of Arab historical writing see D.M. Dunlop, Arab civilization to AD 1500 (London and , 1971), chs 3 and 5, and for an account of the early development of Islamic historiography the best intro• duction is A.A. Duri, The Rise of Historical Writing Among the (Princeton, 1983). Entries on many individuals and topics, not least 'history' (Tarikh) , can be found in the volumes of the Encyclopaedia of (1st ed., 4 vols, Leiden 1913-42; now being replaced by the continuing publication since 1960 of a totally revised 2nd edition). For the career of MuQ.ammad and the early spread of Islam there exists a substantial literature in English. Most scholars of this period are now to be found in one of two camps: those who accept much that is contained in the Arabic accounts more or less at face value, and those who reject much of the early Islamic tradition and seek to offer a radically revised view of most of these developments. Amongst the former should be included W.M. Watt, whose Mu!lammad at (Oxford, 1953) and Mu!lammad at Medina (Oxford, 1955) offer the most substantial accounts of the career of the prophet. The most extreme example of the opposite tendency is P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism, the Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977). A shorter and more balanced assessment is that of M. Cook, Mu!lammad (Oxford, 1983). Other challenging revisionist theses will be found in P. Crone, Slaves on Horses (Cambridge, 1980), whose arguments are vital to the understanding of the conflicts in the Near East in the , which had important consequences for Spain, and M. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma (Cambridge, 1981). On BIBLIOGRAPHIES 269

Islamic law J. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, 1950) remains the best introduction. A knowledge of events in North Mrica is an important adjunct to any study of Al• Andalus. The best surveys can be found in M. Brett, 'The Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in North Mrica' and 'The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Mrica'. both in J.D. Fage (ed.). The Cambridge History of vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 490-555 and 589-636. Comparable periods are treated in vol. 2 of the UNESCO , but this suffers from excesses of ideological posturing. For the fall of the and the complex events of the early tenth century see P.c. Scales. The Fall of the Caliphate of Cin-doba: and Andalusis in Conflict (Leiden. 1994). and DJ. Wasserstein. The Caliphate in the West (Oxford. 1993). The latter is rather more specialised and restricted in its subject matter than its title would suggest. Also of note is DJ. Wasserstein. The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain. 1002-1086 (Princeton. 1985).

(d) The Christian Realms There is very little in English on the Asturian and Leonese ; though the publication of volumes II and III of the New Cambridge Medieval History will partly correct this lack. The Leonese and Navarrese kingdoms in the mid-tenth century are the subject ofR. Collins. 'Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth Century Leon and ' inJ.C. Parsons (ed.), Medieval Queenship (New York, 1993). pp. 79-92. For the practical application of law in the Christian states see R. Collins, 'Sicut lex Gothorum continet: Law and Charters in Ninth- and Tenth-Century Leon and '. English Historical Re• view. 100 (1985). pp. 489-512; reprinted with an additional note in the same author's Law. Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (Aldershot. 1992). as is R. Collins. 'Visigothic law and regional custom in disputes in early medieval Spain', originally published in W. Davies and P. Fouracre (eds). The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Eurape (Cambridge, 1986). pp. 85-104 and '252-7. For the kingdom of or of Navarre the only account is to be found in R. Collins. The Basques (Oxford. 1986). pp. 99-179. An excellent if short introduction to in this period is offered in R. Fletcher. St. James's Catapult (Oxford. 1984), pp. 1-28. On Catalonia and there is a useful introduction in the first chapter of T.N. Bisson, The Medieval (Oxford. 1986). The formative period of Catalan political independence is studied in R. Collins, ' and Wifred the Hairy' in M. Gibson andJ. Nelson (eds). Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom (Oxford. 1981; reprinted with revisions Aldershot. 1990).

3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

(a) Later Roman Empire and the Fifth Century To the books by SJ. Keay and LA. Curchin listed in A2(a) above. which both have chapters on the social structures and on the economy of Roman Spain. should be added the relevant sections of J. Percival. The Roman Villa (London. 1976) and R. Chevalier. Roman Roads (London, 1976). See also SJ. Keay. 'The Conventus Tarraconensis in the third century AD: Crisis or Change?' in A. King and M. Henig (eds) , The Roman West in the Third Century (Oxford. 1981). pp. 451-86 and B. Jones. 'The Roman mines at Rio Tinto'. Journal of Roman Studies. 70 (1980), pp. 146-65.

(b) The Visigothic Period For a rare illumination of aspects of episcopal leadership. corporate activities and chari• table foundations in one town of Visigothic Spain see the hagiographic text known as the Vitas PatrumEmeretensium; translated with text and commentary inJ.N. Garvin (ed.). The 'Vitas Patrum Emeretensium' (Washington. 1946). For some of the uses that can be 270 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

made of this material see R Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585' in V.S., pp. 189-219. Some features of rural life emerge from Braulio of 's Life of St. Aemilian, translated by e.W. Barlow in The Fathers of the Church, vol. 63 (Washington, 1969), pp. 113-39. One important social class is discussed in D. Claude, 'Freedmen in the Visigothic Kingdom', V.S., pp. 159-88. The coinage of the kingdom is catalogued and studied in G.C. Miles, The Coinage of the Visigoths of Spain, Leovigild to Achila II (New York, 1952), and the fineness of the metal content is assessed and discussed in P. Grierson, 'Visigothic Metrology', Numismatic Chronicle, 6th series 13 (1953), pp. 74-87. However, by far the best considerations of the function and circulation of this coinage will be found in D.M. Metcalf, 'Some geographical aspects of early medieval monetary circulation in the Iberian peninsula', in M. Gomes Marques and M. Crusafont i Sabater (eds), Problems of Medieval Coinage in the Iberian Area, vol. 2 (Aviles, 1986), pp. 307-24, and idem, 'For what purposes were Suevic and Visigothic Tremisses used?', in M. Gomes Marques and D.M. Metcalf (eds), Problems of Medieval Coinage in the Iberian Area, vol. 3 (Santarem, 1988), pp. 15-34.

(c) The Umayyad State T.F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the (Princeton, 1979) makes a number of valuable contributions in this area, especially on the eastern Mediterranean origin of some of the distinctive features of the economy and social organisation of Umayyad Spain. See also A.M. Watson, 'The Arab Agricultural Revolution and its Dif• fusion, 711-1100',joumal ofEconomic History, 34 (1974), pp. 8-35. S.M. Imamuddin, Some aspects of the Socio-Economic and Cultural History of Muslim Spain (Leiden, 1965) is not entirely reliable and is less relevant than it sounds. For the coinage of the Spanish Umayyads see the catalogue and analysis in G.e. Miles, The Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain (2 vols New York, 1950).

(d) The Christian Realms Several of the articles collected and translated in P. Bonnassie, From Slavery to Feudalism in South-Westem Europe (Cambridge and , 1991) relate to the Iberian peninsula, and deal with social change in both the Visigothic period and in tenth century Catalonia. Stimulating as some of the arguments are, they are not always well founded in a critical analysis of the sources. Catalonia also features in A.R Lewis, The Development of Southem French and Catalan Society, 718-1050 (Austin, Texas, 1965), and the opening pages of P.H. Freedman, The Diocese of Vic (New Brunswick, 1983) relate to this important episcopal centre in the ninth and tenth centuries. See also RW. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953), pp. 115-20.

4. CULTURE AND THE CHURCH

(a) Later Roman Empire and the Fifth Century M.C. Diaz y Diaz, 'Early in Lugo', Classical Folia, 32 (1978), pp. 243-59 raises some important questions about the early diffusion of Christianity in northern Spain. Translations of the works of Prudentius (c. 400) will be found, with the texts, in HJ. Thompson (ed.), Prudentius (2 vols, Loeb classical Library, 1949). See also for a study of his Peristephanon: A.-M. Palmer, Prudentius on the Martyrs (Oxford, 1989). There is a stimulating, if not definitive, assessment of the life and teachings of the early Spanish church's most notable heretic in H. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila (Oxford, 1976).

(b) The Visigothic Period Many of the translated articles of the leading Spanish historian of the culture ofVisigothic Spain have been collected in M.e. Diaz y Diaz, Vie chretienne et culture dans l'Espagne du VI' au X' siecles (Aldershot, 1992). Despite the title, this contains five items in English, including 'Literary a

and 'Notes for a chronology of the Pasionario Hispanico'. S. McKenna, Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the FaU of the Visigothic Kingdom (Washington, 1938) and A.K. Ziegler, Church and State in Visigothic Spain (Washington, 1930) now seem rather dated, though retaining some good sections. J.N. Hillgarth's papers on Visigothic sub• jects have been usefully collected together in his Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and the Irish (London, 1985), which includes 'Popular Religion in Visigothic Spain' and 'Historio• graphy in Visigothic Spain', as well as the items mentioned in A2(b) above. Turning to the leading figures of the Spanish church in this period, Leander of Seville's sermon addressed to the assembled for the Third Council of Toledo is translated by C.W. Barlow in Fathers of the Church, vol. 62: Iberian Fathers (Washington, 1969), as is his Ruk for Nuns. The volume also contains translations of the works of Martin of and Paschasius of Dumio. Its companion, volume 63 of the series, provides translations, also by C.W. Barlow, of Braulio of Zaragoza's letter collection and his Life of Aemilian, as well as the monastic rules of Frucutuosus of Braga. In a multi-volume international edition with accompanying translation of the books of the of Isidore of Seville, one has so far appeared in English: P.K. Marshall (ed./tr.), Isidorus Hispaknsis, Etymologiae II (Paris, 1983). G.B. Ford (ed./tr.), The Letters of St. Isidore of Sevilk (Amsterdam, 1970) is useful, but all of the longer letters in the collection are forgeries. On one of them see R.E. Reynolds, 'The Isidoran Epistula ad Leudefredum', V.S., pp. 251-72, for the dis• proving of its authenticity. J.N. Hillgarth, 'The Position of Isidorian Studies: a Critical Review of the Literature, 1936-1975', Studi Medievali, 24 (1983), pp. 817-905 is a valu• able guide, expanding a review first made in 1961, but now needs bringing further up to date. On see J. Fontaine, 'King Sisebut's Vita Desiderii and the Political Function of Visigothic Hagiography', V.S., pp. 93-130, and on Braulio there remains only C.H. Lynch, Saint Braulio of Saragossa (Washington, 1938). For Eugenius II see C. Codoi\er Merino, 'The Poetry of Eugenius of Toledo', Papers of the Liverpool Latin Semi• nar,3 (1981), and for Jldefonsus, A. Braegelmann, The Life and Writings of llilefonsus of Tokdo (Washington, 1942). On Julian see the articles by Collins and Murphy (A2(b», and also the introduction to J.N. Hillgarth's edition of his works, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina vol. 115: Sancti Juliani Opera. vol. I (Turnholt, 1976). Articles on Julian in English by Hillgarth will be found in his volume of collected essays, Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and the Irish (A2(b». A new look at Valerius of Bierzo is attempted in R. Collins, 'The "autobiographical" works of Valerius of Bierzo: their structure and pur• pose', in A. Gonzalez Blanco (ed.), Los Visigodos: Antigiiedad y Cristianismo III (Murcia, 1986); this is best read in the corrected version in this author's volume of collected papers, Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (Aldershot, 1992). The texts themselves may be read in the translations provided in C.M. Aherne, Valerius of Bieno (Washington, 1946). For Visigothic 'pactual' monasticism see Cj. Bishko, Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300 (London, 1984), which reprints many of his articles on Visigothic monastic history and adds a substantial new article, 'The Pactual Tradition in Visigothic Monasticism'. For the Jews in Visigothic Spain there is a general survey in S. Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul (Cambridge, Mass. 1937). Attempts to interpret the nature and action of royal actions against the Jewish community have inciudedJ. Adams, 'Ideology and the Requirements of "Citizenship" in Visigothic Spain: the Case of the Judaei', Societas, 2 (1972), pp. 317-32, and B. Bachrach, 'A reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy', American Historical Review, 78 (1973), pp. 11-34. Recently, a more balanced approach has been achieved in N. Roth, Jews, Visigoths and in Medieval Spain (Leiden, 1994), pp. 1-40.

(c) The Umayyad State For outline treatments of the culture of Islamic Spain see the general books listed above (A2 (c) ). Two catalogues of recent exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum in New York 272 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

provide both up-to-date surveys and specialised descriptions of a large number of key works of art from the early Islamic periods. They are by far the best introduction to this area: J.D. Dodds (ed.), Al-Andalus; the Art of Islamic Spain (New York, 1992), and J.P. O'Neill (ed.), The Art of Medieval Spain, AD 500-1200 (New York, 1993); the latter also includes a short but useful section on the Visigothic period. For the architecture of Islamic Spain, which is extensively treated in the first of these catalogues see also M. Barrucand and A. Bednorz, in (, 1992).J. Beckwith, Caskets from COrdoba (London, 1960) provides an illustrated study of the late tenth century ivory caskets produced as luxury gifts for members of the Umayyad house and others. On the Christian population under Arab rule, E.P. Colbert, The Martyrs of COrdoba (Washington, 1962) remains a valuable study of the sources. N. Daniel, The Arabs and Medieval Europe (London and Beirut, 1975), ch. 2, is less than sympathetic to the martyr movement in mid ninth century Cordoba. On its principal apologist, Eulogius, there is now a good short study in K.B. Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain (Cambridge, 1988). On Eulogius's biographer Alvar recourse still has to be made to C.M. Sage, Paul Albar of COrdoba (Washington, 1943). For an aspect of the literary activity of this group of men see R. Collins, 'Poetry in Ninth Century Spain', Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar, 4 (1983), pp. 181-95, reprinted in his Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain. The whole episode is very revealingly set in a wider 'international' context inJ.L. Nelson, 'The , the Martyrology of Usuard and the Martyrs of Cordoba', Studies in Church History, 30 (1993), pp. 67-80.

(d) The Christian Realms There is an excellent account of the origins and development of the Adoptionist con• troversy in J.C. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993). See also, from the Frankish perspective, D. Bullough, 'Alcuin and the Kingdom of Heaven', in U.-R. Blumenthal (ed.), Carolingian Essays (Washington, 1983), pp. 1-69. On the question of language in this period see the stimulating work of R.P. Wright, Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian (Liverpool, 1982). For the art and architecture of the Asturian kingdom and of the counties of Catalo• nia, see the relevant sections of the Metropolitan Museum catalogue The Art of Medieval Spain (A4(c». There is also a good general account, but now in need of some revision, in P. de Palol and M. Hirmer, Early Medieval Art in Spain (London, 1960). The illustra• tions remain among the best available. Some of the problems of interpreting the royal churches of the are analysed in R. Collins, 'Doubts and certainties on the churches of early medieval Spain', in D. Lomax and D. Mackenzie (eds), God and Man in Medieval Spain (Warminster, 1989), pp. 1-18. Aspects of the literary culture of the tenth century Leonese kingdom are touched on in R. Collins, 'Poetry in Ninth Century Spain' (A4(c».

B. WORKS IN OTHER LANGUAGES

I. GENERAL

There exist a number of multi-volume series concerned with the history of Spain. Of these the most massive, and also the oldest, the Historia de Espalia that was initiated and edited by R. Menendez Pidal, is in the process of rejuvenating itself. Completely new editions of volumes II and III, dealing with Roman and Visigothic Spain respectively, have been published in the last decade. Volumes IV and V continue to represent Span• ish translations of E. Levi-Proven~al's Histoire de l'Espagne musulmanne, first published in 1950/1 (B2(c». Volume VI isJ. Perez de Urbel and R. del Arce, Espalia cristiana, 711- BIBLIOGRAPHIES 273

1038: comienws de /a (, 1956), and is in urgent need of replacement. It has been supplemented by volume VII pt. I, C. Sanchez-Albornoz, EI Reino astur-leones, 722-1037 (Madrid, 1980), which, however has no footnotes, and for bibliography merely offers a list of some of its author's other works! Rather smaller in compass is the series Histmia de Espmia edited by M. Tunon de Lara. Its volume II is J J. Sayas Abengochea and L.A. Garcia Moreno, Romanismo y Germanismo: el despertar de los pueblos hispanicos (siglos N-X) (, 1982), and volume III is R. Arie, Espmia musulmana (siglos VIII• XV) (Barcelona, 1982), which covers the whole period of Muslim presence in the penin• sula. Yet another Histmia de Espmia series is that published by the Editorial Gredos in Madrid. It has a volume (number 3 in the series) on Roman Spain in the form of A. Montenegro, J.M. Blazquez Martinez and J.M. Solana Sainz, Espana romana (Madrid, 1986), and for the Visigothic period its volume 4 isJ. Orlandis, Epoca visigoda (409-711) (Madrid, 1987). It is worth noting, however, that this latter is merely a reprint of a general history of the Visigothic period published by the author in 1977 with no signifi• cant changes. For more up-ta-date treatment of the subjects by Orlandis see the section below (B2(b) ). The period following the Arab conquest is treated, perhaps rather too briefly, in V.A. Alvarez Palanzuela and L. Suarez Fernandez, La Espmia musulmana y los inicios de los reinos cristianos (711-1157) (Madrid, 1991). A multi-volume history of the church in Spain has also been published, entitled Histmia de /a Iglesia en Espmia and under the general editorship of R. Garcia-Villoslada. The first volume, by M. Sotomayor and T. Gonzalez, covers the Roman and Visigothic periods, with rather more interesting things to say on the former than on the latter, and the second volume, written in two parts by a variety of authors led by J. Fernandez Conde, covers the whole of the eighth to fourteenth centuries. For a shorter synthesis of the history of , the classic treatment is that of L.G. de Valdeavellano, Histmia de Espmia, pt I (2 vols Madrid, 1968) which, however, is starting to show its age. Shorter but better is L. Vones, Geschichte der Iberischen Halbinsel im Millelalter, 711-1480 (Sigmaringen, 1993).

2 POLITICAL AND LEGAL HISTORY

(a) Latn' Roman Emf)ire and Fifth Cent",)" For the text of the standard edition is C. Zangemeister (ed.), P. Orosius, Histmiarum advn"Sum Paganos Libri VII (Hildesheim, 1967). The best edition of Hydatius is now that by R. Burgess, described above (A2(a) ), but there is also A. Tranoy, Hydace, Cronique (2 vols Paris, 1974). The best edition of Zosimus is that ofF. Paschoud, Znsime, Histoin: Nouvel1c (5 vols Paris, 1971-86). The fragmentary 'Chronicle of Zaragoza' is edited by T. Mommsen in M.G.H. A.A., vol. XI (Berlin, 1894), pp. 222-3. For the history of Late Roman Spain the best guide is J. Arce, El ,i/timo s!glo de la E:"spmia romana: 284-409 (Madrid, 1982); see also the saIne author's collection of articles, Espaiia entre el munda anlzguo )' el munda medieval (Madrid, 1988). There are a number of articles relevant to fourth to seventh century Spain to be found in A. Gonzalez Blanco and J.M. Blazquez Martinez (eds), Cristianismo)" aculturaci6n en liempos del impnio romano (Murcia, 1990). On the Visigothic kingdom centred on there is A.M. Jimenez Garnica, Origenes y desarrollo del Reino visigodo de Tolosa (, 1983). On its most important ruler see still K.F. Stroheker, Eurich, Konig der Westgolen (Stuttgart, 1937). For the Suevic kingdom, the most recent work will be found in the articles of EA. Thompson mentioned above (A2(a», but W. Reinhart, Historia general del reino hispanico de los Suevos (Madrid, 1952) retains its value.

(b) The Visigothic Period There are a number of general histories of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. Amongst the best of these are J. Orlandis, Hisloria del reino visigodo espanol (Madrid, 1988) and L.A. Garcia Moreno, Hislmia de ESfJmia visigoda (Madrid, 1989). Jose Orlandis has also 274 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

recently published two volumes of essays on aspects of Visigothic society and on some of the leading figures in the history of this period. These appear as La vida en Espana en tiempo de los Godos (Madrid, 1991) and Semblanzas visigodas (Madrid, 1992) respec• tively. Some of the same author's articles are usefully collected in his y Zaragoza en laAntigiiedad Tardia (Zaragoza, 1984). Others will be found in his La iglesia en laEspana visigOtica y medieval (Pamplona, 1976) and his Estudios soiJre instituciones mondsticas medievales (Pamplona, 1971). There is a valuable collection of conference papers collected in A. Gonzalez Blanco (ed.), Los Visigodos: historia y civilizacion (Murcia, 1986). S. Teillet, Des Goths a la nation gothique (Paris, 1984) looks at the development of the ideological underpinning of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain in its final chapters. Relevan t here too is the concluding section on Isidore of M. Reydellet, La royaute dans la literature latine de Sidoine Apollinaire a Isidore de Seville (Paris, 1981). For Isidore's historical writings re• course can still be made to T. Mommsen's editions of the Historia Gothorum and the Chronicle in M.G.H. A.A., vol. XI, pp. 267-303 and 424-81, but there is a modern critical edition of the former in J. Rodriguez Alonso, Las Historias de los Godos, los Suevos Y los Vtindalos de Isidoro de Sevilla (Leon, 1985). The same volume of M.G.H. A.A. also contains the text of the chronicle ofJohn of Biclar (pp. 211-20); also to be found inJ. Campos, Juan de Ric/aro, Obispo de Gerona (Madrid, 1960). The M.C.H. edition of Julian of To• ledo's Historia Wambae is conveniently reprinted inJ.N. Hillgarth (ed.), SanctiJuliani Opera pars lin Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, vol. 115 (Turn holt, 1976). For the most recent thinking about the Third Council of Toledo of 589 and the events that led to it see the proceedings of the conference held to mark its 1400th anniversary: El Concilio III de Toledo: XIV Centenario, 589-1989 (Toledo, 1991). An interesting regional study may be found in A. Besga Marroquin, La situacion politica de los pueblos del norte de Espana en la epoca visigoda (Bilbao, 1983). On Visigothic law, the volumes of the Anuario de Historia de Dereeho Espanol are nor• mally worth perusing. One of the few monographs on it will be found in C. Petit, Fiadores y jianzas en dereeho romanovisigodo (Seville, 1983). R. Gibert, 'Enseii.anza del deretho en Hispania durante los siglos VI a XI, Ius Romanum Medii Aevi, pars 1, 5b (Milan, 1967) examines the scanty evidence relating to the study of law in the Visigothic kingdom and the succeeding cen turies. The three volumes of Estudios Visigotieos (Cuadernos del1nstituto Juridieo Espaiio~ vols 5, 12 and 16: , 1956/1960/1962) contain much of interest. The second volume comprises an edition, with Spanish translation, of the Code of Eurie (Codex Euricanus), accompanied by a substantial commentary. The code known as the Forum Iudicum or Lex Visigothorum is to be found edited by K. Zeumer in M.C.H. Leges vol. 1 (Hanover and Leipzig, 1902), together with another edition of Codex Euricanus.

(c) The Umayyad State For the origins of historiography in AI-Andalus it is helpful to combine the insights of R. Brunschvig, 'Ibn Abdal'hakam et la conquete de I'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes: etude critique', Annales de I1nstitut des Etudes Orientales, 6 (1942-7), pp. 108-55 with those of M. Makki, 'Egipto y los origenes de la historiografia arabe espaiiola', Revista del Instituto egipcio de Estudios Iskimicos, 5 (1957), pp. 157-248. For the text and a Spanish translation of the eleventh to thirteenth century Akhbar Majmua there is E. Lafuente y Alcantara (ed.), Ajbar Machmua (Madrid, 1867). For another collection of traditions (of limited reliability) relating to the conquest, together with later material, there is J. Gonzalez (tr.) , Fatha-l-Andaluci: historia de la conquista de Espana (, 1889). The most impor• tant Arab narrative source, the Muqtabis of Ibn l:Iayyan, only survives in fragmentary sections. For these see M. Makki (ed.), Kitiib al-Muqtabis vol. II (Cairo, 1971) for the years 852-64; M.M. Antuii.a (ed.), Ibn Haiyan, Al-Muktabis, tome troisieme: ehronique du regne du Calife Umaiyade 'Abd Allah a Cordoue (Paris, 1937) for the years 888-912; P. Chalmeta, F. Corriente and M. Subh (eds) , Ibn l:Iayyan, Al-Muq/abis V. (Madrid, 1979), and A.A. AI-Hajji (ed.), Al-Muqtabis fi-Akhbar Balad al-Andalus (Beirut, 1965). There is a BIBLIOGRAPHIES 275

Spanish translation of this fifth book, covering the years 912-942 in MJ. and F. Corriente (tr.), Cr6nica del Califa 'Abdarmhman III An-Nasir entre los anos 912 y 942 (Zaragoza, 1981), and of the fragment covering most of the years 971-975 in E. Garda Gomez (tr.), Anales palalinos del Califa de COrdoba Al-lfakam II, POT 'Isa ibn Ahmad Al-Rtiz! (Madrid, 1967). The relevant sections of the geographical work of Ibn Ijawqal are translated in MJ. Romani Suay, Ibn Hawkal: Configuraci6n del mundo (, 1971). For , whose work written around the year 1300, makes up some of the gaps in that of Ibn l:Iayyan see R. Dozy (ed.), Kitiih AI-Bayan AI-Mughrib par Ibn Idhiir! Ai• Marrakushi, vol. II (Leiden, 1951); there is an old French translation of this in E. Fagnan, AI-Bayano'I-Mogrib, vol. 2 (Algiers, 1904). A similarly elderly translation exists of the sections of the Iraqi historian Ibn al-Athir's work, written c. 1231, that is relevant to Spain and North Mrica: E. Fagnan, Ibn al-Alhir: Annales du et de l'Espagne (Algiers, 1901). The two mid-eighth century Latin chronicles are edited in]. Gil, Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorum (2 vols Madrid, 1973), pp. 7-54. The more important of them, the Chronicle of 754, is also edited with Spanish translation in ].E. Lopez Pereira, Cr6nica Moztirabe de 754 (Zaragoza, 1980). This is accompanied by a study: ].E. Lopez Pereira, Esludio critico sobre la Cronica Moztirabe de 754 (Zaragoza, 1980). On the earlier Chronicle of 741 see C.E. Dubler, 'Sobre la cronica arabigo-bizantina de 741 y la influencia bizantina en la peninsula iberica', AI-Andalus, 11 (1946), pp. 283-349. The classic political history of Spain under the Umayyad is E. Levi-Provenyal, Histoire de l'Espagne musulmanne, vols 1 and 2 (Leiden and Paris, 1950), which replaces all earlier surveys. See also the appropriate volumes in the general series of histories of Spain mentioned above (Bl).

(d) The Christian Realms Extraordinarily, a German, a French and a Spanish critical edition of the late ninth/ early tenth century Asturian chronicles have all been published in the course of the last decade. Of the three that ofJ. Gil,J.L. Moralejo and].I. Ruiz de la Peiia, Cronicas asturianas (, 1985) provides the best text. There is even more substantial apparatus, as well as the texts of later versions, in J. Prelog, Die Chronik Alfons' III (Frankfurt/Bern/ Cirencester, 1980), and, although the text is over classicised, there are copious notes in Y. Bonnaz, Chroniques asluriennes (fin 1Xe siecle) (Paris, 1987). For the tenth centu!]' Leonese kingdom and the Chronicle of Sampiro, recourse has to be made to]. Perez de Urbel, Sampiro, su cronica y la monarquia leonesa en el siglo X (Madrid, 1952); for the use of it in the twelfth century see also]. Perez de Urbel and A. Gonzalez Ruiz-Zorrilla (eds), Histaria Silense (Madrid, 1959). The fullest study of the Asturian kingdom remains that of C. Sanchez-Albornoz, Los Origenes de la nacion espanola: el &ino de Asturias (3 vols Oviedo, 1972-5), which is made up of reprints of some of his older articles and some new material. There is a good single volume survey of the history of the kingdom in P. Garda Torai'io, Histaria de el &ino de Asturias (Oviedo, 1986). The older but still highly salutory study of L. Barrau• Dihigo, first published as an article in Revue Hispanique in 1921, is made available in a Spanish translation in Histaria politica del reino asluriano (718-910) (Oviedo, 1989). Several of the articles in the collection first published in 1949 as Estudios sobre la monarquia aslwiana (reprinted Oviedo, 1971) remain of value. The only full-length study of an individual Asturian king is still A. Cotarelo, Hisloria critica de la vida de Alfonso III el Magno (Madrid, 1933). For the Leonese there exist a series of studies of the reigns of all its rulers from Ramiro II (931-51) to Sancho I (956-66). J. Rodriguez, Ramiro II, rty de Leon (Madrid, 1972); idem, OrdonolII (Leon, 1982), and idem, Sancholy Ord01ioIV(Leon, 1987). Various volumes of the series Coleccion fuentes y estudios de histaria leonesa are devoted to articles on Leonese history, under the section title Leon y su hisloria. On the County of 276 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Castille there is still little to replace the dated and highly partisan work of j, Perez de Urbel, Histaria del Condado de Castilla (3 vols Madrid, 1945). Much more is now hap• pening in the re-evaluation of the history of Galicia in these centuries. See in particular C. Balil'ias, Defensores e traditores: un modelo de relacion entre poder montirquico e oligarquia na Galicia altomedieval (718-1037) (, 1988), and idem, Do Mito ti Realidade: a definicion social e territarial de Galicia na Alta !dade Media (Santiago, 1992); also A. Isla Frez, La sociedad gallega en la alta edad media (Madrid, 1992). Sources for the history of the kingdom of Pamplona are scanty. The principal con• temporar), record takes the form of a series of genealogies, probably composed for the court at Najera in the time of Sancho the Great. These are edited in J.M. Lacarra, 'Textos navarros del Codice de Roda', EstudlOS de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragon, vol. I (Zaragoza, 1945), pp. 193-275. Some Arab texts relate to the kingdom, including sections of the fifth book of the MuqtabisofIbn I:Iayyan (B2(c». For other parts of Ibn I:Iayyan's work that refer to Navarre see E. Li'vi-Provenpl and E. Garcia Gomez, 'Textos ineditos del Muktabis de Ibn I:Iayyan sobre los origenes del Reino de Pamplona', Al• Andalus, 19 (1954), pp. 295-315. For some of the conflicting views on the origin and early history of this kingdom see J. Perez de Urbel, 'Lo viejo y 10 nuevo sobre el origen del Reino de Pamplona', ibid. 19 (1954), pp. 1-42, and the studies ofC. Sanchez-Albornoz conveniently collected in his Vascos y Navarros en su primera histaria (Madrid, 1976). The most substantial history of the kingdom is that of J.M. Lacarra, Histaria politica del RRino de Navarra desde su incorporacion a Castilla (3 vols Pamplona, 1972/3), of which the first volume deals with the period covered here. For the adjacent County of Aragon see A. Ubieto Arteta, Origenes de Aragon (Zaragoza, 1989), part of a multi-volume series by this author entitled Histaria de Aragon. Some of his articles relating to the history of this period are usefully collected in his Trabajos de investigacion (Valencia, 1972). Apart from Frankish sources covering the early ninth century, there are no con• temporary narrative accounts of the in this period, and thus the chronological framework is not always easy to elucidate. The best treatment of it will be found in j,M. Salrach, El prods de formacio nacional de Catalunya (segles VIII-IX) (2 vols 1978), and the older account of R. d'Abadal i de Vinyals, Els primers comtes (Barcelona, 1958) remains important. There is a helpful over-view in J. Font i Rius, Procfs d'independencia de Catalunya (ss VIII-IX) (Barcelona, 1989), with translations into English, French and Spanish. The relevant sections of some of the Arab sources are translated in J.M. Millas Vallicrosa, 'Els textos de historiadors musulmans referents a la Catalunya carolingia', Quaderns d'Estudi, 14 (1922), pp. 125-61. A number of the ar• ticles of the foremost Catalan historian of this period are collected in R. d'Abadal, Dels "islgots als Catalans (2 vols 2nd ed. Barcelona, 1974). For under Arab rule see A. Virgili i Colet, 'La qiiestio de Tarraquna abans de la conquesta catalana', Quaderns d'H,storia Tan'acollense, 4 (1984), pp. 7-37.

~. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

(a) Later Roman Empire and the Fifth Century There exists an enormous bibliography of works relating to the society and economy of Roman Spain and to recent archaeological investigations relevant to these topics. Useful short syntheses will be found in the chapters of A. Montenegro Duque, J.M. Blazquez and J.M. Solana Sainz, ESjJa1ia Romana (Madrid, 1986), and the new volume II of the Menendez Pidal, Historia de Espana (Bl), which also provide detailed bibliographical guidance. For the material evidence of early Christianity in the Iberian peninsula there is a useful survey, but now rather dated, in P. de Palol, Arqueologia ais/iana de la Espazia romana (Madrid and Valladolid, 1967). See also the papers in P. de Palol (ed.),ll Reuni6 d '{l1'queologia jJaieocristiana hisj){J1lica (Barcelona, 1982). BIBLIOGRAPHIES 277

(b) The VlSigothie Period Most of the recent general histories of the peninsula in this period (Bl) have sections relevant to these areas. The L,ves of the Fathers of Merida, the most substantial historiographical work produced in the Visigothic kingdom, which is a source of great value on the history of one of its major towns, has at last been given a new and critical edition that takes account of all the extant manuscripts: A. Maya Sanchez (ed.), Vitas Sanetorum Patrum Emeretensium, which is vol. 116 of the Corpus Christianornm Series Latina (Turnholt, 1992). For a helpful short study of one special component of Visigothic society see O. Perez Sanchez, El ejercito en la soeiedad visigoda (, 1989). For good regional studies there are a number of items relating to the south-east of the peninsula. Amongst these should be noted F.S. Ventura, Hispania meridional entre Roma y el Islam: economia), soeiedad (, 1990), and the articles in Begastri (Murcia, 1984) and A. Gonzalez Blanco (ed.), Del Conventus Carthaginiensis a la Chora de Tudmir (Murcia, 1985), being volumes 1 and 2 respectively of the occasional series Antigiiedad y Cristianismo. On the Visigothic settlement in the peninsula there has been a re-examination of one of the classic cemeteries in G. Ripoll, La Necropolis visigoda de El Carpio de Tajo (Toledo) (Madrid, 1985). There are substantial sections on the Visigothic period in each of the volumes of proceedings of the conferences on medieval : Aetas del I Congresso de Arqueologia Medieval Espmiola (5 vols , 1986); Arqueologia Medieval Espmiola, II Congresso (3 vols, Madrid, 1987); III Congresso de Arqueologia Medieval Espanola (2 vols, Oviedo, 1989), with more to come. A special issue was devoted to Visigothic pottery in Boletin de Arqueologia Medieval, 3 (1989). A late Visigothic village site near Lerida promises to offer one of the most interesting of all archaeological perspectives on this period. The site report awaits publication, but there is a taste in P. de Palol, El Bovalar (Seras; SeKria) (Lerida, 1989).

(c) The Umayyad State A recent study of the conquest is that of J. Vallve, Nuevas ideas sOUre la eonquista arabe de EsjJaria: toponimia y onomastiea (Madrid, 1989). Stimulating but slightly ideosyncratic is the same author's 'Espalla en el siglo VlII: ejercito y sociedad', Al-Andalus, 43 (1978), pp. 51-112. In general this journal and its successor Al-Quantara should be followed for much of the recent work on the early Islamic period in Spain. For artistic and archaeo• logical topics there is also the Cuadernos de Madinat al-Zahra. P. Guichard, Tnbus arabes et u"'beres en Al-Andalus (Paris, 1973), with a Spanish translation Al-Andalus (Barcelona, 1976) remains an important study of the Arab settlement and the role of the Berbers; although perhaps not critical enough of the Arab sources. A substantial general survey will be found in M.C. Hernandez, El Islam de Al-Andalus: historia y estructura de su realidad social (Madrid, 1992). On the administrative divisions of Al-Andalus see A. Arjona Castro, Andalucia musulmana: estructura politlca-administrativa (2nd ed., Cordoba, 1982), and J. Vallve, la division territorial de la Esparia musulmana (Madrid, 1986). There are a series of genealogical and biographical studies in the six volumes of Estudios onomastico-biograficos de Al-Andalus, by various editors (Madrid, 1988-94). For an attempt at a demographic survey of AI-Andalus in the late Umayyad period see M.L. Avila, La sociedad hispana• musulmana alfinal del Califato (Madrid, 1985). The as a naval power is studied in J. Lirola Odgado, El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la ppoca del Califato Omeya (Granada, 1993). For towns and town life the classic work is that of L. Torres Balbas, whose numerous articles are brought together in the seven volumes of his OUra Dispersa (Madrid, 1981-3). His systematic study is Ciudades Hispano-musulmanas (2nd ed. Madrid, 1985). The proceedings of a conference on Islamic towns, including several items relevant to Spain, will be found in La Ciudad islamica (Zaragoza, 1991). Regional studies and treatments of individual settlements are now numerous. Amongst those to be noted on Toledo and its region areJ. Porres, Historia de TulaYiula (71I-I085) (Toledo, 1985), C. Delgado, Toledo isltimico (Toledo, 1987), and the symposium Toledo 278 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Hispanoarabe (Toledo, 1986). On Almeria see L. Cara Barrionuevo, La Almeria isltimica y su alcazaba (Almeria, 1990), and the articles in P. Cressier et alii, Estudios de arqueologia medieval en Almeria (Maracena, 1992). For other centres in the south-east see ].B. Vilar, Orihuela musulmana (Murcia, 1976); F.J. Aguirre and M Jimenez Mata, Introduccion al Jab! islamico (Jaen, 1979), and P. Cano Avila, Alcalti la Real en los autores musulmanes (Jaen, 1990). On Granada see the first part of R.G. Peinado Santaella and ].E. LOpez de Coca Castaner, Historia de Granada, vol. II (Granada, 1987). In a similar multi-volume series on the history ofa city there is]. Bosch Vila, La Sevilla isltimica (712-1248) (Seville, 1984). There exists another series of volumes concerned with the frontier zones be• tween Al-Andalus and the Christian north. Particularly valuable in this respect are the monograph by E. Manzano Moreno, La frontera de Al-Andalus en epoca de los Orneyas (Madrid, 1991) and the studies collected in P. Senac (ed.), La Marche Superieure d'Al• Andalus et ['Occident chretien (Madrid, 1991). For the in the valley, as well as this collection edited by Senac there is M.J. Viguera, AragOn musulmana (Zaragoza, 1988), and many of the articles in a special number of the periodical Turiaso, vol. 7 (1987). On the Central March and the fortress of Madrid see the collection of articles in Madrid del siglo IX al XI (Madrid, 1990). On rural fortresses, especially in the Alpujarra and in the Levante see the excellent book by A. Bazzana, P. Cressier and P. Guichard, Les Chateaux ruraux d'AI-Andalus (Madrid, 1988). On a more intimate scale still, recent excavation of urban sites has made possible the study of Arab houses in the Umayyad and later periods. See, amongst other things, the papers in P. Cressier (ed.), La Casa Hispano-musulmana (Granada, 1990).

(d) The Christian Realms The charters of the kingdom of the Asturias are printed with commentaries in A.C. Floriano (ed.), Diplomatica espa1iola del periodo astur (2 vols, Oviedo, 1949-51). For the Leonese monarchy, the most substantial collection, that of the cathedral of Leon will now be found in the first three volumes of Coleccion documental del Archivo de la Catedral de Leon: vol. 1 (775-952), ed. E. Saez (Leon, 1987); vol. 2 (953-985), eds E. Saez and C. Saez (Leon, 1990); vol. 3 (986-1031), ed. ].M. Ruiz Asencio (Leon, 1987). Other significant collections of documents include M. Yanez Cifuentes (ed.), El Monasterio de Santiago de Leon (Leon, 1972),].M. Minguez (ed.), Coleccion diplomatica del Monasterio de SahagUn (siglos IX y X) (Leon, 1976), and G. del Ser Quijano (ed.), Coleccion diplomatica de Santa Maria de Otero de las DUl!1ias (854-1037) (Salamanca, 1994). The major Galician collection, that of Celanova, still remains unpublished, but its two rivals Sobrado and Samos have been more fortunate. For the latter see M.L. Alvarez (ed.), El Tumbo de San Julian deSamos (siglos VIII-XIIl) (Santiago de Compostela, 1986), while Sobrado has both an edition of its charters in P. Loscertales de Garcia de Valdeavellano (ed.), Tumbos del Monasterio de Sobrado de los Monjes (2 vols, Madrid, 1976) and is the subject of an excellent study: M. del C. Pallares Mendez, El Monasterio de Sobrado: un ejemplo del protagonismo montistico en la Galicia medieval (La Coruna, 1979). For the development of a great Galician ecclesiastical estate see J. Barreiro Somoza, El senorio de la iglesia de Santiago de Composteia (La CorUlia; 1987). The most substantial studies of the Asturian and early Leonese economy and social structures were those of C. Sanchez-Albornoz. The majority of these are convenien t1y collected in his Viejos y nuevos estudios sobre instituciones medievates espanolas (3 vols, Madrid, 1976-9). Few charters have survived from the earliest stages of the kingdom of Pamplona. For what there is see A.J. Martin Duque (ed.), Documentacion medieval de Leire (siglos IX a XI!) (Pamplona, 1983), and M. Cantanera Montenegro (ed.), Colecccion documental de Santa Maria la Real de Najera (siglos X-XIV) (San Sebastian, 1991). For Aragon there are useful collections of documents, though with a significant number of forgeries and interpola• tions, in A. Ubieto (ed.), Cartulario de Siresa (Valencia, 1960); idem (ed.), Cartulano de Sanjuan de la Pl!1ia (Valencia, 1962), and idem (ed.), Car/ulano de Albelda (Zaragoza, 1981). BIBLIOGRAPHIES 279

See also A. Ubieto Arteta, Historia de Aragon: la formacion territorial (Zaragoza, 1981). For the Rioja the few extant original texts will be found in I. Rodriguez de Lama (ed.), Coleccion diplomatica medieval de , uol. II (923-1168) (Logroi\o, 1976). On the frontier between Pamplona and Castille stands the of San Millan de la Cogolla, whose charters were first edited in L. Serrano, Carlulario de San Millan (Madrid, 1930), and subsequently in A. Ubieto (ed.), Carlulario de San Millan de la Cogolla (Valencia, 1976). Cantabria has been made the subject of two useful studies:].A. Garcia de Cortazar and C. Diez Herrera, La formacion de la soeiedad hispano-cristiana del Cantabrico al EiJro en los siglos VIII a XI (Santander, 1982), and C. Diez Herrera, La Formacion de la sociedadfeudal en Canatabria (Santander, 1990). On the Basque regions see, amongst much else, E. Barrena Osoro, La Formacion histOriea de Guipuzcoa (San Sebastian, 1989), and the col• lection of conference papers in La Formacion de Alaua (2 vols Vitoria, 1985). The earliest of Alava are edited and discussed in G. Martinez Diez, Alaua medieval (2 vols, Vitoria, 1974). The enormous wealth of Catalonia in charter evidence still remains largely untapped. some of the texts were published in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, notably in the appendices to P. de Marca, (Paris, 1688), edited by S. Baluze, and]. de Villanueva, Viage literario a las iglesias de Espana (16 vols, Valencia, 1803-51). Since then some of the documents have been lost and some published. One core collection in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragon in Barcelona has been published in F. Udina Martorell, El Archiuo condal de Barcelona en los siglos IX-X (Barcelona, 1951). Known Frankish royal diplomas to churches and individuals in the March have been edited in R. d'Abadal, Catalunya earolingia pt. II (2 vols, Barcelona, 1926 and 1950), and the local documentation of the Pyrenean counties of Pallars and Ribagorp in ibid. pt. III (Barcelona, 1955). The important, if relatively small, holdings of the bishopric of Seu d'Urgell have been published by C. Baraut up to the year 1100 in Urgellia, vols 1-8 (1979-86/7). The pre-eleventh century documentation of the nearby see of Vic can be found in E.Junyent (ed.), Diplomatari de la Catedral de Vic, seglts IX-X (3 vols Vic., 1980). A study and edition of Catalan wills is provided in A.M. Udina i Abello, La suecessio testada a la Catalunya altomedieval (Barcelona, 1984). The most significant study of the society and economy of Catalonia in the tenth and eleventh centuries remains that of P. Bonnassie, La Catalogne du milieu de X' a lafin du XI' sieeles (2 vols, Toulouse, 1975/ 6), with a Catalan translation as Catalunya mil anys enrera (2 vols, Barcelona, 1979). For the history of the city of Barcelona see F. Udina Martorell and ].M. Garrut, Barcelona, dos mil mios de historia (Barcelona, 1963).

4. CULTURE AND THE CHURCH

(a) The Later Roman Empire and the Fifth Century C. Garcia Rodriguez, El culto de los santos en la Espmia romana y uisigoda (Madrid, 1966) very usefully categorises, with extensive references, the cults of the saints venerated in the peninsula. The only substantial study of the church in the Suevic kingdom is that of K. Schaferdiek, Die Kirche in den ReJehen der Westgoten und Sueven his mr EYriehtung der wfStgotisehen katholisehen Staatskirche (Berlin, 1967). An excellent illustrated survey of paleochristian and Visigothic art in the peninsula will be found in H. Schlunk and T. Hauschild, Hispania Antigua (Mainz, 1978).

(b) The Visigothic Period The important corpus of Latin texts carved on slates, found at various sites in the north• west of the peninsula have been meticulously studied and edited by I. Velazquez Soriano, Las Pizal1"US uisigodas: edidon critica), estudio (Murcia, 1989). The texts of the ecclesiastical councils of the Visigothic kingdom can be found most conveniently in]. Vives (ed.), Condlios uisigoticos e hispano-romanos (Barcelona and Madrid, 1963), but this has to give 280 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

way to the continuing critical edition of the whole Hispana corpus: G. Martinez Diez and F. Rodriguez (eds) La coleccion canonica hispana (5 parts in 6 vol., including preliminary study. Madrid, 1966-92). A final volume in this series should appear soon. A representative selection of some of the work on the leading figures of the Spanish church in the Visigothic period is all that can be offered here, but reference can be made to the substantial bibliography of A. Ferreiro (AI). Leander's only monastic work is edited in]. Velazquez, Leandro de Sevilla: de la instruccion de las Virgenes (Madrid, 1979). The outstanding study of Isidore remains that of]. Fontaine Isidore de Seville et la culture classique dans l'Espagne wisigothique (2 vols, Paris, 1959), with a new third volume of retractationes, notes and new bibliography (Paris, 1983). Some new editions of Isidore's works have appeared, including C. Chaparro Gomez (ed.), Isidorus Hispalensis, de Ortu et Obitu Patrum (Paris, 1985). Others of his writings are still only available in F. Arevalo's late eighteenth century edition, which is reprinted in PL. vols. LXXXI-LXXXIV. For the Etymologiae the edition of W.M. Lindsay, Isidori Etymologiae sive Origenes (2 vols Ox• ford, 1911) remains standard. A multi-volume new edition being published in Paris has so far only managed to cover four of the twenty books: numbers II, IX, XII, and XVII. Isidore's De Natura Rerum can be found with a substantial study in]. Fontaine, Isidore de Seville, Trait'; de la Nature (Bordeaux, 1960). The Regula and an edition of the Sententiae will be found in]. Campos and I. Roca (eds), Santos Padres Espanoles II (Madrid, 1971). The De Viris Illustribus will be found in e. Codoner Merino (ed.), El 'De Viris Illustribus' de Isidoro de Sevilla (Salamanca, 1964). A number of interesting articles on Isidore will be found in the papers of the commemorative conference, M.e. Diaz y Diaz (ed.), Isidoriana (Leon, 1961). Some of M.C. Diaz y Diaz's own more significant articles, not just related to Isidore, are helpfully collected together in his De Isidoro al siglo Xl (Barcelona, 1976). The letters of king Sisebut, together with his Vita Desiderii, and the collection of legal formulae of Visigothic origin but compiled in the Asturian kingdom, are all edited in ]. Gil (ed.), Miscellanea Wisigothica (Seville, 1972). Braulio's letter collection may be found in L. Riesco Terrero (ed.), Epistolario de San Braulio (Seville, 1975), though his Vita Aemiliani is only to be read in the rare edition of L. Vazquez de Parga, Sancti Braulionis, Vita S. Aemiliani (Madrid, 1943). The poetic works of bishop Eugenius of Toledo are edited by F. Vollmer in M.G.H. A.A. vol. XIV (Berlin, 1905), but there is an interesting study and version of the psuedo-Eugenian corpus of poems in N. Messina, Pseudo-Eugenio di Toledo: speculum per un nobile visigoto (Santiago de Compos tela, 1984). I1defonsus's De Viris lllustribus appears in C. Codoiler Merino (ed.), El 'De Vlris lllustribus' de lldefonso de Toledo (Salamanca, 1972). On this work see the article by]. Fontaine in Anales Toledanos, 2 (1971), pp. 97-118. On the extant church buildings of the Visigothic period there has been much work done. The fullest excavation report, which also served to locate the building firmly in this period, is L. Caballero Zoreda and].1. Latorre Macarron, La iglesia y el monastn'io visigodo de Santa Maria de Me/que. (Madrid, 1980). On the only clearly dated church, there is P. de Palol, La Basilica de San Juan de Banos (Palencia, 1988). On two of the other better known of these churches see M.A. Mateos Rodriguez, San Pedro de La Nave (Zamora, 1980), and S.A. Ordax and].A. Abasolo Alvarez, La ermita de Santa Maria, Quintanilla de las Vinas (, 1982). On a recently identified building of this time there is S.A. Ordax, 'La basilica hispanovisigoda de Alcuescar (Caceres)" Norba, 2 (1981), pp. 7-22, and L. Caballero, 'Santa Lucia del Trampal, Alcuescar', Informacion Cultural, 75 (1989), pp. 12-19. For an introduction to monasticism in the Visigothic period see A. Mundo, 'II Monachismo nella peninsola iberica fino al secolo VII', Setimane di studio sull'alto medioevo, 4 (Spoleto, 1957), and some of the studies in the collections of articles by]. Orlandis (B2(b)). The most substantial treatment of the subject is that of A. Linage Conde, Los origenes del monacato benedictino en la peninsula ibmca (3 vols Leon, 1973). For some of the BIBLIOGRAPHIES 281

social and economic aspects see P. Diaz Martinez, Formas economicas), sociales en el monacato visigodo (Salamanca, 1987), which also has a useful bibliography. For the Life of the foremost monastic founder of the Visigothic period see M.e. Diaz y Diaz (ed.), La Vida de San Fructuoso de Braga (Braga, 1974). The works of Valerius of Bierzo are to be found in R. Fernandez Pousa (ed.), San Valerio: o&ras (Madrid, 1942). For one text of his recension of the narrative of the pilgrimage of Egeria see P. Davos, 'Une nouvelle Egerie', Analecta BoUandiana, 101 (1983), pp. 43-70. For the Jews in Visigothic Spain there is a good treatment in part of B. Blumenkranz, Juifs et Chretiens dans Ie monde occidental, 430-1096 (Paris, 1960), and see also B. Saitta, 'I Giudei nella Spagna visigota' in his Studi Visigotici (Catania, 1983), pp. 59-170, and L. Garda Iglesias, LosJudios en la Espana antigua (Madrid, 1978). Finally, for the cultural legacy of the Visigothic period, especially on areas beyond the , there is an interesting volume of conference papers: J. Fontaine and e. Pellistrandi (eds), L'Eumpe, hiritib-e de l'Espagne wisigothique (Madrid, 1992).

(c) The Umayyad Period The best general account of the intellectual culture of Al-Andalus remains that of J. Vernet, La cultura hispanoarabe en Oriente y Occidente (Barcelona, 1978). For the tenth century caliphate see E. Cabrera (ed.), Abdarrhahman 111 y su epoca (Cordoba, 1991). For the Jews under Umayyad rule there is an excellent study of the learned group patron• ised by in C. del Valle Rodriguez, La escuela he&rea de Cordoba (Madrid, 1981). See also J. Pelaez del Rosal (ed.), De A&rahlin a , vol. 3: Los Judios en Cordoba (55. X-Xl1l) (Cordoba, 1985) and the articles in F. Maillo Salgado (ed.), Espalla, A I-A ndalus, Sajarad: sintesis y nuevas perspectivas (Salamanca, 1990). The texts of the works of all of the Mozarabic writers - Elipandus, Eulogius, Alvar, Samson and the other lesser figures - will be found in J. Gil (ed.), Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorum (2 vols Madrid, 1973), to which should be added the bilingual Arab and Latin text edited in e. Pellat, Le Calendrier de Cordue (Leiden, 1961). This contains a combination of liturgical, astronomical and agricultural information, and dates to the tenth century. The principal study of the remains that of F J. Simonet, Historia de los Mozarabes de Espalla (Madrid, 1903; reprinted in 4 vols, Madrid, 1983). On their churches and lllonasteries in the north of the peninsula see M. COlnez-Moreno. Las iglesias mozarabes (2 vols Madrid, 1919; reprinted as one vol. Granada, 1975). For their art and architecture there is an excellent survey in J. Fontaine, L'art mozarabe (La Pierre• Qui-Vire, 1977). See also M. Mentre, La peinture mozarabe (Paris, 1984), and for a study of their role in Al-Andalus see D. Millet-Gerard, Chrftiens mozarabes et culture islamique dans l'Espagne des V11l'-lX!siecles (Paris, 1984). For their contacts with see J. Fontaine, 'Mozarabie hispanique et monde carolingien', Anuario de EstudlOS Medievales, 13 (1983), pp. 17-46.

(d) The Christian Realms Beatus's Commentary on the Apocal)pse is now best consulted in E. Romero-Pose (ed.), Sancti Beati a Liebana Cornrnentarius in Apocal)psin (2 vols Rome, 1985). A conference held to commemorate the writing of the work led to the publication of Actas del Sirnposio para el estudio de los codices del 'Commentario alApocalipsis' de Beato de Lilbana (3 vols Madrid, 1978). On the architecture of the Asturian kingdom see J. Fontaine, L'art prlrornan hispanique (La Pierre-Qui-Vire, 1973), and for the mid-ninth century structures on Monte Naranco in particular there is now S. Noack-Haley and A. Arbeiter, Asturische Konigsbauten des 9. Jahrhunderts (Mainz, 1994). On the frescoes to be seen in some of the churches see H. Schlunk and M. Berenguer, La pintura mural asturiana de los siglos IX Y X (Oviedo, 1991). On the language of the Asturian chronicles see the excellent article by R. Wright, 'Textos asturianos de los siglos IX y X: ~Latin barbaro 0 romance escrito?', Lletres Asturianes, 41 (1991), pp. 21-34. For the literary culture of the Leonese kingdom the 282 BIBLIOGRAPHIES best guide is M.C. Diaz y Diaz, Codices visigtiticos en la monarquia leonesa (Leon, 1983). On the manuscripts associated with the Rioja, which was normally part of the kingdom of Pamplona see M.e. Diaz y Diaz, Libros y /ibrerias en La Rioja altomedieval (Logroiio, 1979), and, from more of an artistic point of view, S. Silva y Verastegui, lconografta del siglo X en el Reino de Pamplona-Ntijera (Pamplona, 1984). There are three useful studies of Oliba, the leading figure in the intellectual life of early Catalonia: R. d'Abadal, L'abat Oliba i seva epoca (Barcelona, 1948); E. Junyent, Commemoraciti millenil1ia del naixment de /'abat• bisbe Oliba: esMs biogriijic (Montserrat, 1971), and A.M. A1bareda, L 'abat Oliba: assaig biogriijic (Montserrat, 1972). On his monastery of Ripoll and its art see E. Junyent, EI monastiT romanic de Santa Maria de Ripoll (Barcelona, 1975). References

INTRODUr.TION

1. Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae XXXI, vol. III, ed. J.c. Rolfe (Loeb Library, 1939) pp. 376-505 (Latin with English translation), for the relations between the Romans and the Visigoths, the battle of Adrianople, and the rise of the Huns. 2. H. Wolfram, History of the Goths (Berkeley, 1988) pp. 117-71; P. Heather, Goths and Romans 332-489 (Oxford, 1991) pp. 71-224. 3. E.A. Thompson, The Goths in the time of Uljila (Oxford, 1966) chs 4 and 5. 4. J. Arce, EI ultimo siglo de la Espana romana: 284-409 (Madrid, 1982); SJ. Keay, Roman Spain (London, 1988) pp. 172-201. 5. See the collected studies in Les Empereurs Romains d'Espagne (Paris, 1965); S. Williams and G. Friell, Theodosius; the Empire at Bay (London, 1994). 6. J.F. Matthews, 'A Pious Supporter of Theodosius I: Maternus Cynegius and his Family', Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. XVIII (1967) pp. 438-46. 7. A. Montenegro Duque, J.M. Blazquez Martinez, and J.M. Solana Sainz, Espana Romana (Madrid, 1986) chs 16 and 17. 8. R. Thouvenot, Essai sur la province romaine de Bftique (Paris, 1940) for the south; for Galicia, see Tranoy (n. 12 below). 9. Epistle to the Romans xv. 24, 28. 10. J.M. Blazquez, 'The Possible African Origin of Iberian Christianity', Classical Folia XXIII (1969) pp. 3-31. Cf. contra: Histaria de la Iglesia de Espmia I (Bl) part I, ch. 4. 11. H. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila (Oxford, 1976), also A. d'Ales, P>iscillien et l'Espagne Chrftienne Ii la fin du IVe Siecle (Paris, 1936). 12. See most recently, A. Tranoy, La Galice Romaine (Paris, 1981). 13. R. Collins, The Basques (Oxford, 1986) pp. 8-12. 14. Strabo, Gfographielll, ed. F. Lasserre (Paris: Ed. Bude, 1966) vol. II; see MJ. Perex Agorreta, Los (Buriada, 1986).

I. THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW ORDER

1. Augustine, De Civitate Dei I passim, ed. C. Tauchnitz, (Leipzig, 1877) pp. 3-38. 2. A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 3 vols (Oxford, 1964) pp. 756-7, 774-5, 777-8; R. Thouvenot, 'Salvian and the Ruin of the Roman Empire', Antiquity, VIII (1934) pp. 315-27. 3. S. Mazzarino, The End of the Ancient W01"id (Eng. tr. London, 1966) chs 1 and 4. 4. Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems and Letters, 2 vols, ed. and tr. W.B. Anderson (Loeb Library, 1936); see especially his description of the court of the Visigothic king Theoderic II, ep. 1.2, vol. I, pp. 334-45. 5. Orosius (Bibliog. A2(a» prologue, pp. 3-5. 6. J.F. Matthews, 'Olympiodorus of Thebes and the History of the West (AD407-25)', Joumal of Roman Studies, LX (1970), pp. 79-97. 7. Orosius (Bibliog. A2(a» VII. 40, pp. 356-7; Zosimus (A2(a» v.27, p. 222; Olpnpiodorus (A2(a», fragment 12, ed. Blockley, p. 170. 8. Orosius (A2(a» VII. 40, p. 356; Zosimus v. 43, VI.l and 5. 9. Orosius (A2(a» VII. 40, p. 357; Hydatius 42, ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), p. 80. On Hydatius see S. Muhlberger, The Fifth-Century Chroniclers (A2(a», pp. 193-266. 10. Orosius (A2(a» VII. 42, p. 359; Olympiodorus (A2(a», frag. 16, p. 176; , Historiarum Lim Decem II. 9, ed. B. Krusch and W. Levison, M.G.H., S.R.G. I (new edition, Hanover, 1951), tr. O.M. Dalton (Oxford, 1927) vol. II, p. 52.

283 284 REFERENCES

11. Olympiodorus (A2(a)), frag. 30, p. 192; Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a)), p. 82. 12. Orosius (A2(a)) VII. 40, p. 357; E.A. Thompson, The End of Roman Spain' (A2(a) ), pt. I, pp. 18-28. 13. Orosius VII. 42, p. 359. 14. Olympiodorus (A2(a)), frags 24-26, pp. 186-90. 15. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a)), pp. 86-8; Chronica Gallica 107, ed. Mommsen, M.e.H, A.A. IX, p. 658. 16. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), p. 90. 17. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a)), pp. 94-106. 18. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), p. 90. 19. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), pp. 90-9. 20. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a)), p. 98. 21. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), pp. 96-8. 22. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), p. 104. 23. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), p. 106. 24. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a)), pp. 110-22. 25. Hydatius ed. Burgess (A2(a) ), pp. 108-10. 26. Chronica Galliea A DXl651-2, ed. T. Mommsen, M.e.H, A.A. IX (Berlin, 1892), pp.664-5. 27. See the discussion in W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans AD418-584: The Tech• niques of Accommodation (Princeton, 1980). Also see the articles in H. Wolfram and A. Schwarcz (eds), Anerkennung und Integration (Vienna, 1988). 28. J. Vives, Inscripciones Cristianas de fa Espatia Romana y Visigoda (Barcelona, 1989) no. 363, pp. 126-7. 29. E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini AntiquioTeS, no. 626 (Paris B.N. lat. 12161), editions by K. Zeumer and A. d'Ors (B2(b)). 30. L. \c II.i.5; 31. A. d'Ors, El C6digo de Eunco (Rome and Madrid, 1960) pp. 47-281; see also R. Collins, Theodebert I, Rex Magnus Francorum' in P. Wormald, D. Bullough, and R. Collins (eds), Ideal and Reality in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1983). 32. Isidore, He. 51 (A2(b)), p. 24; (B2(b)), p. 288. 33. R. Gibert, 'C6digo de Leovigildo I-V', Preleecion del curso 1968/9; ctitedra de histona del dereclw espatiol (Granada, 1968). 34. Codex Euncanus (B2(b)) 277 and 305, ed. Zeumer, pp. 5 and 16. 35. Cf. C.P. Wormald, 'Lex Soij'ta and VnlJUm Regis' in P.H. Sawyer and LN. Wood (eds), Early Mediroal KingshljJ, (Leeds, 1977) p. 129. The reference in Sidonius's Epistle VlII.iii is surely a tapas. 36. Isidore, H.e. 35 (A2(b)), p. 17; (B2(b)), p. 281. 37. Cf. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Long-Hazred Kings (London, 1962) pp. 179-81. 38. Lex Gundobada constitutio 1.3, cd. L.R. de Salis, M. G.H., Leges 1I.i (Hanover, 1892). 39. A. d'Ors, El C6digo de Eurico (B2(b) ), pp. 2-12. 40. W. Ashburner, The Farmer's Law',Joumal of Hellenic Studies, XXXII (1912) pp. 87- 95; Greek Text ibid. xxx (1910) pp. 97-108. 41. Codex Euricanus (B2(b)) 335, ed. Zeumer, p. 27. 42. Edictum Theodorici Regis, ed. J. Ba\~era in Fontes Iuris Romani Anteiustiniani II (Florence, 1986) pp. 684-710. A controversial attempt to attribute it to the Visigothic king Theoderic II is found in G. Vismara, 'EI Edictum Theodorici', Estudios Visigoticos J (Rome and Madrid, 1956) pp. 49-89. 43. A.H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 3 vols (Oxford, 1964) p. 473. 44. MJ. Hunter, The Gothic Bible' in Cambridge History of the Bible, II (Cambridge, 1969) pp. 338-62, 525-6. 45. Acta edited by C. de Clercq in COl/JUS Ch!istianomm Snies Latina, (XLVIII (Turn holt, 1963) pp. 189-228. REFERENCES 285

2. THE IMPOSITION OF IJNITY

1. Gregol)' of Tours, HlSlorimum Lilni Decem, 11.37, tr. O.M. Dalton (Oxford, 1927) vol. II, pp. 77-8; see also Cassiodorus, Variae III. 1-4, ed. T. Mommsen, M. e.H, A.A. XII, pp. 78-S1 for Ostrogothic attempts at mediation. 2. Jordanes, Gelica, ed. T. Mommsen, M.C.H, A.A. v.i (Berlin, IS82), tr. C.C. Mierow, The Gothic HislO1J ofJordanes, 2nd edn (Princeton, 1915): Isidore, He. 36 ed. Rodriguez Alonso (B2(b», p. 230. 3. Isidore, H.e. 37-8, ed. Rodriguez Alonso (B2(b», pp. 232, 234. 4. Jordanes LVIII (n. 2 above), tr. Mierow, p. 137. 5. Isidore, He. 39 (B2(b», p. 236; Arcipreste de Talavera, Vida de San Isidoro, ed. J. Madoz (Madrid, 1962) ch. 1, p. 70. 6. Gregory of Tours (11. 1 above) liLlO, tr. Dalton, pp. 92-3; Isidore, He. 40 (B2(b», p.238. 7. Chronicomm Caesamugllstanomm Reliqlliae, ed. T. Mommsen, M.C.H., A.A. XI (Berlin, 1894) pp. 222-3. R. Collins, 'Isidore, Maximus, and the Hitoria Gothomm' (forthcoming). S. Ibid. p. 222. 9. Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Ces/ae XXVII. v.6, cd. J.c. Rolfe (Loeb Library, 1939) vol. III, p. 32; H. Wolfram, 'Athanaric the Visigoth: Monarchy or Judgeship. A study in Comparative Histol)", Journal of Mediroal History, I (1975) pp. 259-27S. 10. Sidonius Apollinaris, Panegyric on Avitus (Carmen VII), line 505, ed. W.B. Anderson, (Loeb Libral)', 1936) vol. I, p. 160. Is avus here exact? 11. Procopius, HlStOJ), of the Wars, v. xii. 50-4, cd. H.B. Dewing (Loeb Library, 1919), vol. III, pp. 130-3. 12. Isidore, He. 42 (B2(b», p. 242. 13. Isidore, He. 43 (B2(b», p. 244; Lex Theudi Regis, l.V., pp. 467-9. (B2(b». 14. Isidore, He. 44 (B2(b», pp. 244, 246: Jordanes LVIII (n. 2 above), tr. p. 13S. 15. Isidore, He. 45 (B2(b», pp. 246,248. 16. E.A. Thompson, The Goths l1t SjJain, (A2(b», pp. 320-3, gives the arguments. 17. P. Grierson, 'Una Ceca Bizantina en Espaiia', Nwnario HisjJanico, IV (1955) pp. 305-14. IS. Jordanes LVIIl (n. 2 ahove), tr Mierow, p. 138. 19. Fredegar, ChroniclR IV. 42, ed. ].M. Wallace-Hadrill, (London, 1960), p. 35;]. Nelson, 'Queens as Jezebels: the Careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History' in D. Baker (ed.), Mediroal Women, (Oxford, 1978) pp. 31-77. 20. Isidore, He. 48 (B2(b», pp. 250, 252; John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b», p. 213. 21. VP.E. (A3(b», v. v. 2-vi. 2, pp. 200-9. For convenience references will be made here to the Garvin edition, which contains the only translation of this work. For the Latin text the edition by Maya Sanchez (B3(b» should be used. 22. J. Vives, Concilios (B2 (b) ), pp. 53-64. 23. Isidore, D. VI. XXXI (B2(b», pp. 151-2. 24. Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronica, ed. T. Mommsen, M.C.H, A.A. XI, pp. 184- 206. 25. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b», pp. 155, 157, 161, 162. 26. VP.E. (A3(b», pp. 20S-10. 27. Gregory of Tours, His/ones (sec n. 1 above) V.37, tr. pp. 208-9, and De Mimc"lis Saneti Marli", Lll, P.L. LXXI, ce. 923-5. 28. John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b», pp. 212-5. 29. Ibid. p. 215; K. Raddatz, 'Studicn zu Recopolis I: Die Archaologischen Befunde', Mmhider Mztteilungm, v (1964), pp. 213-33. 30. John of Bielar, Chronzcle (B2(b», p. 215. 31. Gregol)' of Tours, His/ones (sec n. 1 above), v. 38, tr. p. 209. 32. John of Bielar, Ch1'Onicle (B2(b», p. 216. 286 REFERENCES

33. See the arguments ofRJ,H. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585', V.S., pp. 215- 8. (A2(b». 34. He is treated as a martyr in the De Vana Saeculi Sapientia of Valerius of Bierzo, ed. RF. Pousa, San Valerio: OiJras (Madrid, 1942) pp. 145-57. 35. G.C. Miles, Coinage of the Visigoths (A3(b», pp. 182-98. 36. Gregory of Tours, Histories (see n. 1 above), V1.43, tr. p. 275; John of Bielar, Chronici£ (B2(b», p. 216, also Isidore H.e. 91 (A2(b», p. 42. 37. Epistulae Austrasicae27, 28, 43-5, ed. W. Gundlach, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, CXVlI (Turnholt, 1957), pp. 450-7, 465-7. 38. Gregory the Great, Dialogues III. xxxi, ed. A de Vogue, Sources Chritiennes, 260 (Paris, 1979) pp. 384-91. 39. John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b», pp. 216-7. 40. J.N. Hillgarth, 'Coins and Chronieles' (A2(b». 41. V.P.E. (A3(b» v. iv. 1-8, pp. 198-201. 42. Isidore, D.V.I. xxx (B4(b», p. 151. 43. John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b) ), p. 216. 44. Isidore, D.V.I. XXVIII and xxx (B4(b», pp. 149-51. 45. RJ,H. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585', V.S. (A2(b». 46. R Collins, '~Donde estaban los Arrianos en e1 ano 589?', El Concilio III cle Toledo, XIV Centenario (Toledo, 1991) pp. 211-22. 47. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b», p. 160. 48. V.P.E. v. xi. 15 (A3(b», pp. 242-3. 49. IUd. v. xii. 2-5, pp. 244-7. 50. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 154-5. 51. John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b». pp. 219-20.

3. A CHURCH TRIUMPHANT

1. Nanctus: v.P.E. III (A3(b». pp. 154-61; Donatus: , D. V'/' (B4(b», pp. 121-2. 2. RJ,H. Collins, 'Fulgentius von Ruspe', Theologische Realenzyklopiidie XI, pp. 723-7. 3. Isidore, D. V'/' XIV, (B4(b) ), p. 142; J. Fontaine, Isidore de Siuille (B4 (b) ), pp. 857- 9. 4. Isidore, D. V'/' VIII, XIX, xxv, (B4(b) ), pp. 138-9, 144, 147; Fontaine, op. cit. pp. 857- 9. 5. e.g. the Contra Varimadum, ed. B. Schwank, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, xc (Turn holt, 1961) pp. 1-134, and vii-x. 6. As indicated by the numerous citations throughout the whole corpus of extant Visigothic Latin texts. 7. R Gregoire, Les Homiliaires du Moyen Age (Rome, 1966) pp. 161-85 and Appendix 2. 8. L.A. Garcia Moreno, Prosopograjia del reino visigodo cle Toledo (Salamanca, 1974) nos. 178 and 192. J. Fontaine, 'Qui a chasse de Carthaginoise Severianus et les siens? Obser• vations sur l'histoire familiale d'Isidore de Seville', in Estudios en Homenaje a Don Claudio Sanchez-Albomoz (Buenos Aires, 1983), vol. I, pp. 349-400. 9. IUd. no. 179. 10. IUd. no. 245; Ildefonsus, D. V. I. VI (B4(b», pp. 125-6. 11. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), p. 222. 12. C.H. Lynch and P. Galindo, San Braulio (B4(b». pp. 356-61 (text). 13. Etymologiae, ed. Lindsay (B4(b», III. 29 (no page refs). 14. Differentiae I. 6, P.L. LXXXIII, c. 10. 15. A. Reise (ed.). Anthologia Latina (Leipzig, 1906) no. 483; J. Fontaine, Isidore de seville: Traite de la Nature (Bordeaux, 1960). REFERENCES 287

16. Isidore, Ep. XI (A4(b», pp. 56-7. 17. Redemptus, Liber de Transitu S. lsidori, PL LXXXI, cc. 30-2. 18. J,M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (A2(b) ), p. 124. 19. Isidore He. 61 (B2(b», pp. 272, 274; 62, pp. 28-9. 20. Vita et Passio Sancti Desiderii, ed. J, Gil, MisceUanea Wisigothica (Seville, 1972) pp. 53-68. 21. Ep. VIII, ed. J, Gil, ibid., pp. 19-27. 22. Fredegar, Chronicle lV. 33, ed. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (London, 1960) pp. 21-2. 23. Isidore, He. 61 (B2(b», p. 272, 274. 24. Isidore, D. VI. XXXIII (B4 (b) ), p. 153. 25. L. Vazquez de Parga (ed.), Vita S. Aemiliani (Madrid, 1943) p. 3. 26. Ildefonsus, D. VI. (B4(b»; Julian, Elogium lidefonsi, PL. XCVI, ce. 43-4; Felix, Encomium Juliani, ibid. cc. 445-52. 27. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 403-9. 28. R. Collins, 'Julian of Toledo and the Education of Kings' in idem, Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (Aldershot, 1992) item III. 29. Ferotin (ed.), Liber Ordinum, cc. 149-56 (B4(b) ), some of which is translated by J.N. Hillgarth, The Conversion of Western Europe (Englewood Cliffs NJ., 1969) pp. 90-2. 30. RJ.H. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585' VS. (A2(b) ), pp. 213-14; C. Garcia Rodriguez, El Culto de los Santos (B4(b) ), pp. 246-53. 31. Braulio, Epp. 31-2 (A4(b) ), pp. 71-4; (B4(b», pp. 132-5. 32. Taio, Epistle and Sententiae, PL LXXX, cc. 723-990. 33. Ildefonsus, D.VI. XIII (B4(b»), pp. 132-5. 34. J. Madoz, Le Symbole du XIeme Concile de Totede (Louvain, 1938). 35. Ildefonsus, D. V.l. XIII (B4(b», p. 134; the Hymn: C. Blume, Analecta Hymnica, XXVII (Leipzig, 1897) pp. 125-7. C.H. Lynch, Saint Braulio (A4(b», pp. 236-40. 36. Ildefonsus, ibid. 37. C. CodOller Merino, El 'De Vim IUustribus' de lidefonso de Toledo (B4(b) ), pp. 46-58. 38. L.A. Garcia Moreno, Prosopograjia, nos 250 and 584. 39. Ildefonsus, De Virginitate Perpetua Sanctae Mariae I, ed. V. Blanco Garcia (B4(b) ), p.49. 40. For example the Missa de Nativitate (Alia) in the Liber Sacramentorum (B4(b) ), c. 54. 41. Ed. cit. (n. 39 above), pp. 12-23. 42. Prognosticum, ed. J.N. Hillgarth (B4(b) ), pp. XXV-XXXVI. 43. See the 'rehabilitation' by F.X. Murphy, 'Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom' (A2(b». 44. F.X. Murphy, 'Julian of Toledo and the condemnation of Monotheletism' (A4(b». 45. For a poem attributed to Bishop Sisbert, Lamentum Poenitentiae, ed. K. Strecker, M.C.H, Poetae lV (Berlin, 1923), pp. 770-83. 46. G.c. Miles, Coinage of the Visigoths (A3(b»), p. 405. Vives, Concilios (B4(b», pp. 507-15. 47. Chronica Muzarabica 44, ed. J. Gil (B2(c»), p. 32. 48. Ildefonsus, D. VI. III (B4(b»), pp. 120-2. For Eutropius at III Toledo, John of Bielar, Chronicle (B2(b», p. 219. 49. Vita Caesarii I. v. 42, P.L. LXVII, c. 1021; RJ.H. Collins, 'Caesarius von Aries' in Theologische Realenz),klopiidie, VII, pp. 531-6. . 50. L.A. MonrealJimeno, Eremitorios rupestres altomedievales (Bilbao, 1989); A. Azkarate Garai-Olaun, Arqueologia cristiana de La Antigiiedad Tardia en Alava, Guiptizcoa), Vizcaya (Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1988). 51. Acta Sanctorum Ianuarii I (Antwerp, 1643) pp. 738-43. 52. Venantius Fortunatus, Opera Poetica, lV. xi, ed. F. Leo, MC.H A.A. lV. i (Berlin, 1881) p. 87. For Asan as a source of bishops, seeJ.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (n. 18 above), p. 127. 288 REFERENCES

53. M.e. Diaz y Diaz, 'Early Christianity in Lugo', ClasszcalFolia, XXXII (1978) pp. 243- 59. 54. CJ. Bishko, The Pactual Tradition in Hispanic Monasticism' in Idem, Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History (London, 1984) item 1. 55. Fructuosus, Rule for the Monastery of Compludo, tr. e.W. Barlow (A4(b) ), pp. 157- 8, 168. 56. Ibid. p. 169. 57. R.F. Pousa, San Valerio: Obras (Madrid, 1942) pp. 1-18. R. Collins, 'The "Auto• biographical" Works of Valerius of Bierzo: their Structure and Purpose', in idem, Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Mediroal Spain (Aldershot, 1992) item IV.

4 THE SEVE:-.'TH-CENTURY KINGDOM

I. V.P.E. (A3(b», pp. 1-6. 2. M. Almagro Guia de Mmda, 6th ed. (Valencia, 1974). 3. 1. Richmond, The First Years of Emerita Augusta', ArchaeologicalJoumal, 87 (1930). 4. M.-H. Quet, La Mosaique Cosmologique de Mmda (Paris, 1981) which, however, argues for a second-century date. 5. For the inscription see note 28 to ch. I; the mosaic is illustrated in R. Bianchi Bandinelli, Rome, the Late Empire (Eng. tr. London, 1971) plate 186, p. 195. 6. Esparia Sagrada, XIII (Madrid, 1756), ch. 8. 7. VP.E. IV. ii. 1-18 (A3(b) ), pp. 162-9. 8. J.M. Alvarez Martinez, El puente romano de Mmda (, 1983) demonstrates that older ideas of the merchants coming by river are untenable, as the Guadiana is not navigable. 9. P. Fabre, SainI Paulin de Nole el l'Amitie Chretienne (Paris, 1949) p. 36; Augustine, Epistle 125, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, XLIV (Vienna, 1904) pp. 3-7. 10. RJ.H. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585', Vs. (A2(b». For xenodochiain Gaul see T. Sternberg, Orientalzum More Secutus (Munster, 1991). 11. Laurence was in origin a Spaniard from Huesca, but his cult began in Rome, of which Church he was traditionally a deacon. 12. VP.E. IV. x. 3-7 (A3(b»), pp. 186-9. 13. VP.E. v. iii. 11-12, p. 197. 14. VP.E. v. ii. 3-4, pp. 191, 192. 15. J. de C. Serra Riifols, La Villa Romana de fa Dehesa de La Cocosa (Badajoz, 1952). 16. M.e. Diaz y Diaz (ed.), Vita Fructuosi, 2, (B4(b», p. 82. 17. LN. Wood, The Ecclesiastical Politics of Merovingian Clermont', in P. Wormald (ed.), Ideal and Reality in the Earl)' Middle Ages (Oxford, 1983). 18. HJ. Thomson (ed. and tr.), Peristephanon, III (Loeb Library, 1953) pp. 142-57. 19. A. Fabrega Grau (ed.), Passionario Hispanico (2 vols, Madrid and Barcelona, 1955) vol. I, p. 255-60. 20. e. Garcia Rodriguez, El Cullo de los Santos (B4(b» pp. 284-303. 21. For a comprehensive record of the material remains of Visigothic Merida see M. Cruz Villalon, Mmda visigoda: fa escultura arquitectonica y liturgica (Badajoz, 1985). 22. P.Jaffe, RegestaPontificumRomanorum, (Leipzig, 1885), no. 891. Gregory of Tours, Histaries, II. 23 (see note 1 of ch. 2 above), tr. p. 61. 23. VP.E. v. xiv. 1-3 (A3(b», pp. 254-5. 24. RJ.H. Collins, 'Merida and Toledo, 550-585' V.S. (A2(b», pp. 199-200. 25. VP.E. III. 9 (A3(b», pp. 158-9. 26. A. Canellas Lopez, Diplomatiea Hispano-Visigoda (Zaragoza, 1979) nos 119, 178, 192, and 229. 27. VP.E. III. 11-15 (A3(b», pp. 158-61. REFERENCES 289

28. Ars Hispaniae, II (Madrid, 1947), pp. 249-59. 29. Hydatius, Chronicle (B2(a) ), 213, 222, pp. 166, 170. 30. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, Ruina y Extincion del Municipio Romana en Espana (Buenos Aires, 1943). 31. L. Vazquez de Parga (ed.), Vita Aemiliani, 26, (Madrid, 1943) p. 34. 32. A. Barbero and M. Vigil, So/;re los origenes Sociales de la Reconquista (Barcelona, 1974) pp. 188-90. See also R. Collins, 'Christianity and the Basques', in idem, Law, Cuitul'e and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (Aldershot, 1992) item IX. 33. x Toledo Canon 2, ;">'1 Toledo Canon 10: Vives, Concilios (B4 (b) ), pp. 310,509- 12. 34. R. Collins, The Basques (Oxford, 1986), pp. 71-98. 35. Fredegar, Chronicle, IV. 73, ed. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (London, 1960) pp. 61-2. 36. Julian, Historia Wambae, 27-9, ed. Levison (B4(b», pp. 241-4. 37. Epistulae Bulgaranis Comitis, ed. J. Gil, Miscellanea Wisigothica (Seville, 1972) pp. 30-44. 38. Desiderii Episcopi Cadurcensis, Epistolae, II. 8, ed. W. Arndt, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, CXVII (Turnholt, 1957) pp. 331-2. 39. L. V. II. i. 8 (B2(b», pp. 53-7; VI Toledo c. xii, Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), p. 241. 40. C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy (London, 1981) pp. 31-2. 41. Histmia Wambae, 3 (B2(b», pp. 219-20. 42. Taio of Zaragoza, Epistola ad Quiricum, P.L. LXXX, c. 727. 43. Fredegar, Chronicle, IV. 82, ed. Wallace-Hadrill (London, 1960) pp. 69-70. 44. J. Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 226-48, esp. v Tol. c. vi, p. 229 and VI Toledo Canon xiv, p. 242. 45. L. V. I!. i. 6 (B2(b) ), pp. 48-52; Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), p. 290. 46. Braulio, Ep. 37 (A4(b) ), pp. 83-5, (B4(b» p. 148. 47. V Toledo Canons ii, iv, v, VI Toledo Canons xii, xvii, xviii, cf. XII Toledo Canon iii, all in Vives, Concilios (B4(b»; see also L. V. II. i. 6 (B2(b», p. 52. 48. E.A. Thompson, The Goths in Spain (A2(b», p. 205. 49. G. Martinez Diez, La Coleccion Canonica Hispana (Madrid, 1966) pp. 306-25. 50. Isidore, Ep. 10 (A4(b», section 4, pp. 52-5. 51. G.c. Miles, Coinage of the Visigoths (A3(b», p. 32l. 52. XII Toledo canon I, Vives, Concilios (B4(b», pp. 385-7. 53. J. Vives, Concilios pp. 465-71. 54. Isidore, Etymologiae (B4(b) ) IX. iii. 1-5; Sententiae, III. xlix-Ii; IV Toledo' Canon lxxv, Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 217-21. 55. Historia Wambae 2 (B2(b», p. 218. 56. C.P. Wormald, 'Lex Scripta and Verbum Regis' in P.H. Sawyer and LN. Wood (eds), Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977) p. 130. 57. P.D. King, 'King Chindasvind and the First Territorial Law Code' V.s. (A2(b», pp. 131-57. 58. L. V. (B2(b», p. XIX ~ Manuscript Rl, see Codices Latini Antiquiores, III (seventh century). 59. C.L.A. nos 556, 617, 703a, 793, 950, 1059, 1064, 1199, 1324, 1362, 1395, 1576, 1637, 1752. 60. Leon Cathedral manuscript 15 (C.L.A. 1637), see Z. Garcia Villada, Cattilogo de los codices), documentos de la Catedral de Leon (Madrid, 1919) pp. 43-50. 61. P.D. King, op. cit. p. 136. 62. T. Mommsen (ed.), Codex Theodosianus, v. viii with Interpretatio (1904) pp. 224-5. 63. VIII Toledo Decretum, Vives, Concilios (B4(b», p. 294. 64. Ibid. p. 295. 65. L. V. I!. i. 8 (B2(b», p. 54; on the breaking of the oath (VII Toledo Canon 1, Vives, Can alios, pp. 249-53) see VIII Toledo Canon ii, ibid. pp. 268-77. 290 REFERENCES

66. Eugenius, Carmen xxv (B4(b», pp. 250-l. 67. Edict of Rothari, 2, tr. K. Fischer Drew, The Lombard Laws (Philadelphia, 1973) p.53. 68. XII Toledo Canon vii, Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 394-5, and Ervig's Tome, ibid. p.383. 69. Chronicle of Sampiro: - Silos version (B2(d», p. 344. 70. F. Cantera and J.M. Millas Vallicrosa, Las Inscripciones hebrtiicas de Espmla (Madrid, 1956). 71. L. Garcia Iglesias, Los .Judios en la Espana Antigua (Madrid, 1978) pp. 95-9. 72. Isidore, H.e. 60 (A2(b», pp. 27-8; IV Toledo Canon lvii, Vives, Concilios (B4(b», pp. 21O-1l. 73. Ibid. pp. 210-14. 74. VI Toledo Canon iii, VIII Toledo Canon xii, ibid. pp. 236-7, 285. 75. Cf. B. Albert, 'Un nouvel examen de la politique antijuive wisigothique', Revue des Etudes .Juives, cxxxv (1976) pp. 4 -29. 76. L.v. XII. ii. 12-14 (B2(b», pp. 417-23. 77. L. V. XII. ii. 1-11, ibid. pp. 411-17. 78. IX Toledo Canon xvii, Vives, Concilios (B4 (b) ), pp. 305-6. 79. L. V. XII. iii. (B2(b», pp. 429-56. 80. E.A. Thompson, The Goths in Spain (A2(b) ), pp. 232-3. 8l. X'VI Toledo Canon I, Vives, Concilios (B4(b», pp. 497-8. 82. Ibid. pp. 523-7, 534-6. 83. J. Gil (ed.), Miscellanea Wisigothica (Seville, 1972) pp. 48-9. 84. F. Dahn (ed.), Die Konige der Germanen, VII (1885) pp. 650-3. 85. L. V. XII. ii. 17 (B2(b) ), pp. 425-6. 86. P.L. LXXXIII, cc. 449-538. 87. Epistle 3, J. Madoz (ed.), Liciniano de Cartagena y sus cartas (Madrid, 1948) pp. 125-9. 88. L.V. XII. ii. 16 (B2(b», p. 424. 89. v Toledo Canon I, VI Toledo Canon ii, XVII Toledo Canon vi. Vives, Concilios (B4(b) ), pp. 226-7, 235-6, 532, rising from annual to monthly observance. 90. A. Sharf, Byzantine.JewFY (London, 1971) pp. 42-60; Fredegar, Chronicle IV. 65, ed. Wallace-Hadrill (London, 1960) p. 54. 9l. Cf. N. Bonwetsch (ed.), Doctrina Iacobi Nuper Baptizati (Berlin, 1910). 92. As in Jerusalem after its fall to the Persians in 614: Antiochus Strategos, Account of the Sack of Jerusalem, trs. F.C. Conybeare, English Historical Review, xxv (1910) pp. 502-17. 93. L. V. XII. ii. 18 (B2(b», pp. 426-7. 94. J. Vallve, 'Espalla en el Siglo VIII: ejercito y sociedad', Al-Andalus, XLIII (1978) pp. 51-112. 95. E.A. Thompson, The Goths in SPain (A2(b», pp. 271-4. 96. L.v. IX. i. 9, 16-18 (B2(b», pp. 356-8, 361-3. 97. L. V. VI. i. 3 (B2(b», pp. 250-1; E.A. Thompson, The Goths in Spain (A2(b) ), p. 259.

5. THE ARAB CONQUEST

l. R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 400-1000 (London, 1991) pp. 135-43. 2. E. Wagner, Grundziige der klassischen arabische Dichtungvol. I (Darmstadt, 1987). 3. See, inter alia. J. Wansbrough, Quranic Studies (Oxford, 1977); P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagmism (A2(c) ), pp. 3-34; P. Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Oxford, 1987). 4. See M. Whitby, 'Greek Historical Writing after Procopius: Variety and Vitality', in A. Cameron and L.I. Conrad (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Princeton, 1992) pp. 25 -80. REFERENCES 291

5. R.H. Charles (tr.), ChroniciR ofJohn (c. 690 AD) Coptic Bishop ofNikiu (London, 1916); F. Mader (tr.), Histoire d'Heraclius par [,roeque Sebeos (Paris, 1904). 6. The principal Arabic source for the life of , the Simt Rasul Allah of Ibn Ishaq (d. 768), surviving in the early ninth-century revision by Ibn Hisham (d. 833), is translated in A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad (Lahore, 1955). 7. W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953) pp. 1-29; P. Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Oxford, 1987) argues against this economic analysis. 8. Cf. P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism, p. 5 for a possible interpretation of this; on the conquest, see F.M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981). 9. M. Brett, 'The Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in ', in J.D. Fage (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. II (Cambridge, 1978) pp. 490-555. 10. W.E. Kaegi, B)'zantium and the early Islamic conquests (Cambridge, 1992) ch. 10. 11. B. Lewis, Race and Slavery in the MiddiR East (Oxford, 1990) pp. 37-42. 12. M.A. Shaban, The 'Abbasid Revolt (Cambridge, 1970); H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the (London, 1986) pp. 112-32. 13. Brett, 'Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in North Africa' (A2(c», pp. 544- 55. 14. , Histoire des Berberes, tr. M. de Slane (new ed. Paris, 1978), vol. I, p. 182 for the location of the Nafza; Ibn Idbari, Al-Bayan al-Maghlib, tr. Fagnan (B2(c», p. 8 for Tariq as a member of this tribe. 15. Ibn Abd al-Hakam, tr. Jones (A2(c) ). p. 18. 16. See the Bibliography (B2(c) ) for the texts and translations of the surviving sec• tions of his work. Another early part of it was used by U'vi-Proven~al but was not edited and has now been lost. 17. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, El 'Ajbar Machmua' y los questiones que susatli (Buenos Aires, 1944) for the early date. 18. J. Ribera (ed. and tr.). Hisoria de la conquista de Espmla de Abenalcotia el Cordobfs (Madrid, 1926). 19. For a good example see the three versions of the narrative ofIbn Hazm (d. 1064) of the battle of San Vicente in 981: , Naqt al-Arus, ed. and tr. C.F. Seybold and L. Seco de Lucena (Valencia, 1974) pp. 39-45. 20. I. Goldziher, 'On the Development of the Hadith', in his Muslim Studies, vol. 2, tr. S.M. Stern (London, 1971) pp. 13-254. 21. D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation to AD 1500 (London and Beirut, 1971) pp. 73- 9. 22. A.A. Duri, The Rise of Historical Writing among the Arabs (A2(c». 23. Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, pp. 18-25; Ajbar Machmua, ed. Lafuente, pp. 15-42; Ibn al• QUtiya; Al-Maqqari, tr. Gayangos, vol. I, pp. 250-97; Ibn al-Athir; Fath al-Andalus (B2(c». 24. E.g. Al-Maqqari's figure of 100,000 men for 's army, and Ibn 'Abd al• Hakam's 1,700 for that of Tariq: tr. Gayangos (A2(c) ) vol. I, p. 273 and tr.Jones (A2(c) ), p. 18 respectively. 25. R. Brunschvig, 'Ibn Abda'lhakam et la conquete de I'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes: etude critique', Annales de l'Institut des Etudes OrientaiRs (Algiers) vol. 6 (1942/ 7), pp. 108-55. 26. M.A. Makki, 'Egipto y los origenes de la historiografia arabe espal10la', Revista del Instituto egtpcio de Estudios Islamiws (Madrid), vol. 5 (1957), pp. 157-248. 27. On this see R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain (A2(c) ), pp. 26-41 and 52-63. 28. ChroniciR of 754,51-59, ed. Lopez Perreira (B2(c», pp. 66-79. 29. G. Miles, The Coins of the Visigoths of Spain (A3(b», pp. 444-5. Issues from Zaragoza have been proved by finds at El Bovalar: P. de Palo I, El Bovalar (B3(b», p. 28. 30. K. Zeumer (ed.), Chronica Regum Visigo(horum. in MGH Leges, vol. I (Hanover, 1902) p. 461 (MSS E2 and V2). 31. G. Miles, Coms of the Visigoths of Spain (A3(b», pp. 442-3. 292 REFERENCES

32. Chronicle of Alfonso III, 4 (Rotense version only), ed. Gil, Cronicas asturianas (B2 (d) ), p. 118. 33. Chronicle of 754, 52, 54, ed. LOpez Pereira (B2(c», pp. 68-71. 34. Collins, Arab Conquest (A2(c», pp. 39-40. 35. J. Bosch Vila, La Sevilla isUimica (B3(c», pp. 15-21. 36. E. Lafuente, EI Ajbar Machmua (B2(c) ), pp. 31-2. 37. Chronicle of 754 59, trans. Wolf (A2(c) ), p. 135. 38. E. Lafuente, EI Ajbar Machmua (B2(c», pp. 20-35. 39. For the problems in the East in the 740s see P. Crone, Slaves on Horses (Cambridge, 1980) pp. 37-48. 40. Ibn Idhari, AI-Bayan al-Maghrib, tr. Fagnan (B2(c) ). pp. 52-7; MJ. Viguera, Aragon musulmana (Zaragoza, 1988) pp. 50-5. 41. R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain (A2(c», pp. 126-40 for this argument in detail. 42. R. Collins, The Arab Conquest (A2(c». pp. 168-74. 43. Annales Regni Francorum s.a. 777, ed. F. Kurze, M.G.H. S.RG., p. 48. 44. R. Collins, The Basques (Oxford, 1986), pp. 118-23. 45. R. Collins, The Arab Conquest (A2(c», pp. 168-82 for the Umayyad expansion into the Ebro valley. 46. P. Guichard, AI-Andalus (B3(c». pp. 517-57. 47. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» v. iii, vol. II, p. 24. 48. Ibid. I. viii, vol. I, pp. 102-11. 49. Ibn Sa'id in Al-Maqqari (A2(c» III. i, vol. I, p. 201. 50. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» III. iii and iv, vol. I, pp. 232-49 (including Medina Azahira). 51. Ibid. III. ii, (A2(c». vol. I, pp. 213-31; O. Grabar, 'Formation of ' (A4(c) ). ch. 5. 52. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VI. ii, vol. II, p. 81. 53. J. Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and its Fall (English tr. London, 1927), pp. 312- 69. 54. Al-Maqqari (A2(c», vol. II, pp. 102-3; Ibn al-Athir (B2(c», pp. 177-9. 55. Al-Maqqari (A2(c», II. i, vol. I, p. 112. 56. Ibid. VI. iii, vol. II, p. 95. 57. Ibid. VI. iv, vol. II, 117-21. 58. Ibid. VI. vi, vol. II, p. 168, and Appendix C, pp. XXXIX-XLII. 59. , via Ibn Sa'id, in Al-Maqqarf (A2(c» I. viii, vol. I, p. 98. 60. Al-Maqqari (A2(c», vol. I, pp. 102-3, and n. 25, p. 397. 61. Ibid. VI. vi, vol. II, p. 175. 62. Anonymous Chronicle of 'Abd ai-Rahman III (B2(c» 2, pp. 41-5. 63. Al-Maqqari (A2(c», I. viii, vol. I, p. Ill. 64. G.C. Miles, The Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain (A3(c) ), pp. 20-2. 65. J.D. Breckenridge, The Numismatic Iconography of.lust in ian II (New York: 1959) pp. 69-77. 66. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» II. ii, vol. I, pp. 113-15. 67. Ibid. VI. ii, vol. II, pp. 107-12. 68. J. Vallve, 'Espana en el Siglo VIII ... ' (B2(c». 69. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» I. viii, vol. I, p. 110. 70. Ibn Sa'id in al-Maqqari II. i, vol. I, p. 116. 71. Ibn Hawqal (B2(c», p. 61. 72. D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings (Princeton, 1985). 73. Al-Maqqari (A2(c», p. 149. 74. Ibid. VII. i, vol. II, p. 202. 75. Ibn al Qiitiya (B2(c», p. 78 for Muhammad ibn Walid, Governor of Cordoba, a post that his father had held before him; pp. 49, 59, 70, 88, for three generations of REFERENCES 293 administrators: Isa, Hajib under 'Abd al-Rai:lman II, his son Umayya, a vizier under Muhammad I, and his grandson 'Abd al-Rai:lman, Hajib to the Amir Al-Mundhir.

6 THE UMAVYAD REGIME

1. Aimoin, De Translatione SS MM Georgii, Aurelii et Nathaliae, P.L. 1I5, ce. 942-60, in which Frankish monks used the evacuation to facilitate their departure from Cordoba. 2. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, 'Data della Batalla de Covadonga' in his Origenes de la Nacion espatiola (B2(d) ), pp. 97-135. 3. Ibn Hayy an , tr. P. de Gayangos, in his edition of Al-Maqqari (A2(c», vol. II, pp. 448-50. 4. Ibn al-Athir (B2(c», p. 151; AI-Bay an (B2(c) ), p. 102. 5. Ibn Hazm in Al-Maqqari (A2(c) ) VI. iii, p. 107; Ibn al-Athir (B2(c», pp. 168-70, 177-9. 6. For Toledo see J. Porres, Histaria de Tulaytula (711-1085) (Toledo, 1985); M. Almagro, Guia de Merida, 6th ed. (Madrid, 1965), pp. 29-33, on the Alcazaba erected by 'Abd ai-Rahman II: see also pp. 18-21. 7. Ibn al-Athir (B2(c», pp. 139-40. 8. E. Levi-Provenyal and E. Garcia Gomez, Una cronica anonima de 'Abd ai-Rahman III ai-Nasir (Madrid-Granada, 1950) pp. 91-5. 9. A. CaiiadaJuste, 'Los ', Principe de Viana, 41 (1980); pp. 5-96. 10. W. Montgomery Watt, History of Islamic Spain (A2(c», pp. 128-31; see also D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civzlisation to AD 1500 (London and Beirut, 1971), pp. 65-6 and note 195, p.283. 11. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, 'EI Tercer Rey de EspaI1a', Cuademos de Hist01ia de Espatia, 49-50 (1969) pp. 5-49. 12. Ibn al-Athir (B2(c) ), pp. 1I8-25; AI-Bayan (B2(c) ), pp. 85-8. 13. Ibn al-Athir, pp. 206-7; J. Gil (ed.), Cronicas asturianas (B2(d) ), pp. 140-1. 14. Ibn al-Athir, p. 197. 15. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VI. iii, vol. II, pp. 106-7. 16. C. Verlinden, 'Traite et Esclavage dans la Vallee de la Meuse', in Melanges Felix Rousseau (Bruxelles, 1958) pp. 673-86. 17. Ibn Hawqal (B3(c) ), p. 62. 18. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VII. i, vol. II, p. 200, and n. I, p. 482. 19. On which see F. Hernandez Gimenez, Madinat al-Zahra: arquitectura J decoraci6n (Granada, 1985). The location of 'Medina Azahira' is uncertain. 20. A.A. EI-Hajji, 'The Andalusian Diplomatic Relations with the Vikings during the Umayyad Period' Hesphis , 8 (1967) pp. 67-1I0. 21. J. Gil (ed.), Cronicas asturianas (B2(d», pp. 142-3, 148-9. 22. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VI. iv, vol. II, p. 127, Ibn al-Athir (B2(c», p. 235. 23. A.A. EI-Hajji, art. cit. p. 75. 24. P. Guichard, 'Animation Maritime et Developpement Urbain des Cotes de rEurope Orientale et du Languedoc au X' Siecle', Occident et Orient au Xe Siecle (Paris, 1979) p. 196. 25. S. Sobreques, EZs Grans Comtes de Barcelona, 3rd edn. (Barcelona, 1980) pp. 7-10. 26. Ibn al-Athir (B2(c) ), pp. 143-4, 150, 151-2. 27. Ibn Hayyan, Muqtams, V (B2(c», pp. 323--36. 28. AI-Ba)'a/! (B2(c», p. 102. 29. Ibn Hayyan in Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VII. i, vol. II, pp. 194-5. 30. See the arguments of T.F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Earl), Middle Ages (A3(c) ). 31. Ibn Hayyan in Al-Maqqari (A2(c» VI. vi, vol. II, pp. 163-43. 32. Al-Maqqari (A2(c» III. iii, vol. I, p. 237. 294 REFERENCES

33. Vita of John of Gorze, ed. W. Pertz, MGH, Scriptores, IV, c. cxxi, p. 371 f. 34. J. Vernet, La Cultum Hispanoambe en Oriente), Oecidente (Barcelona, 1978) pp. 69- 71 (with Spanish translation of the texts). 35. C. del Valle Rodriguez, La eseuela hebrea de COrdoba (Cordoba, 1981) pp. 59-85. 36. Sefer ha-Qabbalah of Abraham ibn Daud, ed. G.D. Cohen (London, 1969) VII, 73. 37. The jewish Encyclopedia, v, pp. 13-14. 38. Sefer ha-Qabbalah Epilogue, 28-30; D.M. Dunlop, The Histm), of the jewish /(hazan (New York, 1967) pp. 125-55. 39. C. del Valle Rodriguez, La esmela hebrea de COrdoba (Cordoba, 1981) pp. 86-115. 40. Sefer ha-Qabbalah, VII, 1-60, 68-79. 41. Ibid. Epilogue, 150-63. 42. Ibid. VII, 99-130, 139-67, showing that conditions were not always easy. 43. Ibid. VII, 70-1. 44. A. Miquel, 'L'Europe Occidentale dans la Relation Arabe d'Ibrahim b. Ya'qiib', Annales, 21 (1966) pp. 1048-64, with French translation. 45. B. Blumenkranz, 'Du Nouveau sur Bodo-Eleazar?', Revue des Etudes juives, 112 (1953) pp. 35-42. 46. B. Blumenkranz, 'Un Pamphlet Juif Media-Latin de Polemique Antichretienne', Revue d'Histoire et de Phiwsophie Religieuses, 34 (1954) pp. 401-13. 47. J. Gil (ed.), (B4 (c)) Corpus Scriptorum Muzambieorum, pp. 2-5, 58. 48. Ibid. pp. 135-41. 49. Chroniea Mozambiea, ibid. 47, p. 34; for the text of the treaty, FJ. Simonet, Historia de ws Mozambes de Espana (Madrid, 1903) pp. 797 ff. 50. Ibn Hawqal (B3(c)), p. 63. 51. A1-Maqqari (A2(c)) VII. ii, vol. II, pp. 217-8. 52. Ibn al-QutIya (B2(c) ), p. 61. 53. Ibid. pp. 67-70. 54. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), Apowgetius II, praef. 8, p. 553. 55. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), Elipandus Ep. I, pp. 68-78; Letter of Hadrian in P. Jaffe and W. Wattenbach, Regesta Pontifieum Romanorum (Leipzig, 1885) no. 2479. 56. J. Gil (ed.) (B4(c)), Council of Cordoba, p. 139. 57. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), Elipandus Ep. Ill, pp. 80-1. 58. J. Gil (ed.). (B4(c)), Elipandus Ep. v, pp. 94-5. 59. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), A1var Ep. IV, p. 181; Jaffe-Wattenbach no. 2479. 60. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), Elipandus Eps. IV and VI, pp. 92, 96. 61. For example the citations made by A1cuin in his Contm Haeresim Feticis, ed. G.B. Blumenshine (Vatican, 1980) pp. 55-99. 62. R. d'Abadal i de Vinyals, La Batalla del Adopcionismo en la Desintegracion de la Iglesia Visigoda (Barcelona, 1949). 63. R. Fletcher, St. james's Catapult: the Life and times of Diego Gelmirez (Oxford, 1984), pp. 197-209. 64. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), Eulogius, Memoriale Sanetorum, II. x. 25, pp. 426-7. 65. E.A. Lowe, 'An Unknown Latin Psalter on Mount Sinai', Scriptorium, 9 (1955) pp. 177-99; and 'Two Other Unknown Latin Liturgical Fragments on Mount Sinai', ibid. 19 (1965) pp. 3-29. 66. R. Menendez Pidal, Origenes del Espano!, 3rd edn. (Madrid, 1950) pp. 415-20; but compare with R.P. Wright, 'Speaking, Reading and Writing Late Latin and Early Ro• mance', Neophilowgus, 60 (1976) pp. 178-89. 67. S.M. Stern, Les Chansons Mozambs (, 1953). 68. Al-Maqqari (A2(c)) II. iii, vol. I, p. 142. 69. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)) Memoriale Sane/orum, II. i, pp. 397-401. 70. Ibid. II. ii, p. 402. 71. Ibid. I praef. 2, p. 367; J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c)), A1var, Ep. VI. 8-10, pp. 200-1. REFERENCES 295

72. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c», pp. 344-61, 665, 685-93; See R. Collins, 'Latin Poetry in Ninth Century Spain', Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar, 4 (1983). 73. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c», Memoriale Sanetorum I. XXX, p. 392. 74. Ibid. II. vii, pp. 406-8. 75. Many refs, see Gil (ed.), cit. (B4(c» index p. 722. 76. Memoriale II. viii. 1-8, 12-6, pp. 408-12, 413-5. 77. Ibid. II. viii. 9-16, pp. 412-5. 78. Alvar, Vita Eulogii 15 (A4(c», p. 340. 79. M. Gomez Moreno, Iglesias Mozarabes (Madrid, 1919) p. 141, no. 3. 80. J. Williams, Early Spanish Manuscript Illumination, (London, 1977) pp. 16-21; com- pare with J. Fontaine, L'Art Mozarabe (B4(c) ), pp. 49-60. 81. M. Durliat, Roman (La Pierre-Qui-Vire, 1975) pp. 31-51. 82. R. Collins, 'Latin Poetry in Ninth Century Spain' (A4(c». 83. Alvar, Vita Eulogii, 12 (A4(c) ), p. 337; compare with Memoriale III. i (B4 (c», pp. 439-40; Muhammad's reputation amongst the Arab historians is very high: Fath al• Andalus (B2(c» p. 81, and Al-Bayan (B2(c) ), p. 175. 84. Much of Ibn Hayyan's account of the reign of 'Abd-Allah is translated by P. de Gayangos in his version of Al-Maqqarj, vol. II, pp. 438-60 (n. 47 to Vl. iv.). 85. Ibn Hayyan Muqtabis, V (B2(c», pp. 51-160.

7. THE CHRISTIAN REALMS

1. J. Gil (ed.), (B4(c», Cronica Mozarabica 70, p. 47. 2. J. Vernet, La Cultura Hispanoarabe en Oriente y Occidente (Barcelona, 1978) p. 74. 3. A.C. Floriano, Diplomatica Espanola del periodo astur (B3(d» no. 9; also L.G. de Valdeavellano, 'La epoca del rey astur Silo y el documento del Aiio 775', in his El Feudalismo Hispanico, (Barcelona, 1981) pp. 163-96. 4. J. Gil,J.L. Moralejo and].1. Ruiz de la Pena, Cronicas asturianas (Oviedo, 1985), pp. 45-80. All citations of this chronicle in the references below will be by this edition. 5. Ibid. pp. 122-31; R. Menendez Pidal (ed.), Primera Cronica General de Espana, 568, vol. II (Madrid, 1955), pp. 322-4. 6. Cronicas asturianas (B2(d», p. 131. 7. Ibid. p. 135; Ad Sebastianum version only. 8. Ibid. pp. 136-7, 174. 9. Ibid. p. 174. 10. H. Schlunk and M. Berenguer, La pintura mural asturiana de los siglos IX Y X (B4(d) ). 11. L. Halphen (ed.), Vita Caroli Magni, 16 (Paris, 1967) pp. 44-5. 12. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, Ongenes de la nacion espmiola, II (B2(d) ), pp. 631-9, defends the authenticity of the council, but see also the critical treatment of FJ. Fernandez Conde, El Libro de los Testamentos de la Catedral de Oviedo (Rome, 1971) pp. 130-7. 13. Espmia Sagrada, 13 (Madrid, 1756) Appendix VI, p. 449; Annales Castellani Antiquiores s.a. 941, M. Gomez Moreno (ed.), Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de la Histmia, (Madrid, 1917) pp. 23- 4. 14. A. Ubieto Arteta (ed.), Carlulario de San Millan de la Cogolla, nos 9 ff. (Valencia, 1976). 15. A. Cotarelo Valledor, Historia Cntica . .. de Alfonso III (B2(d», pp. 446-50. 16. ]. Manzanares Rodriguez, LasJoyas de la Camara Sancta (Oviedo, 1972) pp. 12-20. 17. A.C. Floriano, Diplomatica .. . Astur (B3(d», no. 185. I am sceptical about the significance of the term imperium in the documents of this period. 18. T.D. Kendrick, St James in Spain, (London, 1960) ch. I. 19. J. Perez de Urbel, 'Los origenes del culto de Santiago en Espana', Hispania Sacra, 5 (1952) pp. 1-33. 296 REFERENCES

20.- J. Vives, Inscripciones (B4(b) ), no. 548, pp. 314 -5. 21. B. Dutton, La 'Vida de San Millan de la Cogolla' de Gonzalo de Bercto (London, 1967) p. xi. See the documents in Cartulario de San Millan (n. 14 above). 22. Chronicle of Sampiro (B2(d», p. 311 (Pelagian version only). 23. Ibid. pp. 320-1. 24. Compare R. Collins, 'Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy' (A2(d». 25. Chronicle of Sampiro (Silos continuation) (B2(d», p. 344. 26. G. Antolin, Catalogo de los COdices Latinos de la Real Biblioteca del Escoria/, 5 vols, (Madrid, 19lO-23) vol. I, 320-412. 27. A. Linage Conde, Los origenes del monacato benedictino en la peninsula ibl?!lca, vol. '" (Leon, 1973); Monasticon nos 1254 (Sahagim), 350 (Carracedo), 395 (Celanova), 1268 (Sarnos). 28. CJ. Bishko, 'Gall egan Pactual Monasticism in the Repopulation of Castille', Estudios Dedicados a Don Ramon Menendez Pida/, vol. II (Madrid, 1951) pp. 513-31. 29. C. Sanchez-Albornoz, 'Notas Sobre los libros leidos en el Reino de Leon hace Mil Aiios', Cuademos de Histaria de Espaiia, 1-2 (1944) pp. 222-38. 30. R. Collins, 'Latin Poetry in Ninth Century Spain' (A4(c». 31. M. Yanez Cifuentes, El Monastrno de Santiago de Leon (Leon and Barcelona, 1972) pp. 73-85 and documents. 32. Espaiia Sagrada, 35, Appendix I, document of ADlO91 , pp. 411-4. 33. Ibid. pp. 340-7. 34. Ibid. Appendix II, pp. 414-5. 35. J. Gil (ed.), (B4 (c», Eulogius, Ep. III, pp. 497-8;J.M. Lacarra, 'Textos Navarros' (B2(d», p. 238 and n. 17. 36. F. Kurze (ed.), Annales Q.D. Einhardi s.a. 778, M.G.H., S.R.G. (Hanover, 1895) p. 51. 37. J.M. Lacarra, 'Textos Navarros' (B2(d», pp. 268-9. 38. Ibn al-Athjr, (B2(c», pp. 164-5. 39. F. Kurze (ed.), Annales RegniFrancorum S.a. 806, M.G.H., S.R.G. (Hanover, 1895) p. 122; Vita Lludovici Imperatoris, 18, R. Rau (ed.), Q}tel/en zur Karolingischen Reichsgeschichtt, vol. I (Darmstadt, 1974) pp. 282-4. 40. J.M. Lacarra, 'Textos Navarros' (B2(d», p. 240. 41. Ibid. pp. 241-2. 42. Ibid. p. 229. 43. Ibn Hayyan, ed. and tr. E. Levi-Provenpl and E. Garcia Gomez, 'Textos Ineditos del Muqtabis' (B2(d», pp. 298-303. 44. Al-Maqqarj (A2(c» VI. iv, vol. II, p. 127 (year 861-2 AD) 45. M. Ilarri Zabala, La Tierra Natal de bUgo Arista (Bilbao, 1980). 46. Translatio SS. Nunilonis et Alodiae, Acta Sanctorum Octobris, IX, pp. 645-6. 47. G.C. Miles, Coinage of the Visigoths (A3(b», pp. 444-6. 48. K. Zeumer (ed.), Chronica Regum Visegothorum (in his edition of L. v'-B2(b) ) p. 461. 49. M. Rouche, L' des Wisigoths aux Arabes (Lille, 1977) pp. 101-24. 50. E. Faral (ed.), In Honorem Hludowici, 11. 102-571 (Paris, 1964) pp. 12-46. 51. Vita Lludovici ce. 8-18, R. Rau (ed.), QUe/len zur Karolingischen Reiehsgesehiehte (Darmstadt, 1974); but compare E. Levi-Proven(al, Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane (B2 (c) ), vol. I, pp. 178-85, for the perspective of the Arab sources. 52. W. Kienast, 'La pervivencia del derecho godo en el sur de francia y en cataluiia', Boletin de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, 35 (1973/4) pp. 265-95. 53. R. Collins, 'Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy' (A2(d». 54. R. d'Abadal, Els Primers Comtes Catalans (B2(d», pp. 55-72. 55. Collins op. cit.; texts in R d'Abadal, Catalunya Carolingia (B3(d». 56. M. Zimmerman, 'La Prise de Barcelone par AI-MansUr et la Naissance de I'Historiographie Catalane', Annales de Bretagne, 87 (1980) pp. 191-218. REFERENCES 297

57. Documents of the S. Benet de Bages collection in the archive of the Monastery of S. Maria de Montserrat, dated 20 March 1005 and 16 December 1016. 58. Marea Hispaniea (B3 (d) ) Appendix 60, see also 39-41. 59. R. Beer, Los Manumits del Monastir de Santa Maria de Ripol~ (Catalan translation by E. Barnils y Giol, Barcelona, 1910); A.M. Albareda, L'Abbat Oliba (B4(d», pp. 255- 80. 60. C. Baraut, 'EI Monastir de Sant Sadurni de Tavernoles i els origens del monaquisme benedicti al Comtat d'Urgell', Studia Monastiea, 22 (1980) pp. 253-9. 61. R. d'Abadal, Catalunya Carolingia (B3(d» vol. II, pt. ii, pp. 307-11. 62. R. Collins, 'Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy' (A2(d», pp. 176-7, 181. 63. Carta de Poblacio de Cardona (Manresa, 1935) - facsimile and transcription. 64. Texts relating the history of these years can be found translated in P. de Gayangos' version of Al-Maqqari (A2(c». vol. II, Appendices A-C; for a narrative outline see E. Uvi-Proven~a1, Histaire de l'Espagne Musulmane (B2(c) ). vol. II, pp. 291-341 and P.C. Scales, The Fall oj the Caliphate of COrdoba (A2(c». Lists of Rulers

A dotted line indicates a change in dynasty.

KINGS OF THE SUEVES1

Henneric by 409-441 (Hydatius, s.a. 419, 430, 433, 438, 441; Isidore H.S. 85) 438-448 (Hydatius s.a. 438, 441, 448; Isid. (Reccila) 86) Rechiarius 448-456 (Hyd. passim; Isid. (Recciarius) 87) 456-460 (Hyd. passim; Isid. (Masdra, 457-60) 88) Framtane 457 (Hyd.; Isid. (Franta) 88) Rechimund by 459-461/4 (Hyd. s.a. 459, 460, 461; Isid. (Reccimund) 88-9) FrUlllarius t:. 460-465 (Hyd. s.a. 460, 465; Isid. 89) Remismund 465-post 469 (Hyd. passim; Isid. 90, also H.G. 33) unknown c. 470 -c. 550 Charraric 550s? (Gregory' of Tours, De Miraculis S. Marlini I. xi) Ariamir 558/9-post May 561 (1st Council of Braga) ?-569/70 (Isid. 90-1; John of Bielar) 570-583 (Isid. 91; John of Bielar) 583-584 (Isid. 92; John of Bielar) 584-585 (Isid. 92; John of Bielar)

KINGS OF THE VISIGOTHS2

Alaric I 395-410 Athaulf 410-416 416 416- 419 Theoderic I 419-451 ThorisIllund 451-453 Theoderic II 453-466 466-484 Alaric II 484-507 Gesalic 507-511 Amalaric 511-531 (under the Ostrogothic king Theoderic 511-526) Theoderic () 531-548 Theodiselus 548-549 I 549-554 551-568 Liuva I 568-573 LeO\~gild 569-586 Reccared I 586-601 Liuva II 601-603 Witteric 603-610 610-611/12 Sisebut 611/12-620 Reccared II 620-21 Suinthila 621-631 Sisenand 631-636

298 LISTS OF RULERS 299

Chintila 636-639 639-642 Chindasuinth 642-653 Reccesuinth 649-672 672-680 Ervig 680-687 687-702 Wittiza 692/4-710 Roderic 710-711

Agila II 710/1-713 Ardo 713-720

THE ARAB GOVERNORS~

Musa ibn Nu~ayr 711-712 'Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 712-715 Ayub ibn I:Jabib al-Lakhmi 715 Al-I;!urr ibn 'Abd al-RaI:unan 715-718 Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani 718-721 'Abd al-Ral;Jman ibn 'Abd-Alliih al-Gafiqi 721 Anbasa ibn SuJ:.laym al-Qalbi 721-725 Udhra ibn 'Abd-Alliih al-Fihri 725-726 YaJ:.lya ibn Salama al-Qalbi 726-729 'Uthman ibn Abi Nasr 729 Hujafa ibn al-Awan al-Qaysi 729-730 Al-Haythan ibn 'Ubayd al-Kalabi 730-731 Mul)ammad ibn 'Abd-Alliih 731 'Abd al-RaJ:.lman ibn 'Abd-Alliih al-Gafiqi (again) 731-733 'Abd ai-Malik ibn Qa~an al-Fihri 733-736 Uqba ibn al-I:Jajiiji al-SalUli 736-741 'Abd ai-Malik ibn Qaran (again) 741-742 Balj ibn Bashir 742 Ta'iaba ibn Salama 742-743 Abu al-Khattar ibn Dirar al-Qalbi 743-745 Tuaba ibn Yazid 745-746 Yiisuf ibn'Abd al-RaJ:.lman al-Fihri 746-756

UMAYYAD AMIRS OF CORDOBA 4

'Abd al-RaJ:.lman I 756-788 Hisham I 788-796 Al-I:Jakam I 796-822 'Abd al-RaI:unan II 822-852 Mul)ammad I 852-886 Al-Mundhir 886-888 'Abd-Allah 888-912 'Abd al-RaI:unan III 912-929

UMAYYAD CALIPHS4

Abd al-Ra4man III 929-961 Al-I:Jakam II 961-976 300 LISTS OF RULERS

Hisham II 976--1009, 1010-1013 Mul}ammad II 1009, 1010 Sulayman 1009-1010, 1013-1016 'Abd al-Ra\:lman IV 1018 'Abd al-Ra\:lman V 1023-1024 Mul}ammad III 1024-1025 Hisham III 1027-1031

HAMMUDID CALIPHS'

'Ali an-Nasir 1016-1018 Al-Qasim al M'amun 1018-1021, 1022-1023 Yahya al-Mu'tall 1021-1022, 1025-1027

KINGS OF THE ASTURIAS'

Pelagius 718!722(?)-737 Fafila 737-739 Alfonso I 'the Catholic' 739-757 F ruela I 'the Cruel' 757-768 Aurelius 768-774 Silo 774-783 Mauregatus 783-788 Vermudo I 'the Deacon' 788-791 Alfonso II 'the Chaste' 791-842 Nepotian 842 Ramiro I 842-850 Ordono I 850-866 Alfonso III 'the Great' 866-910

KINGS OF LEON6

Garcia 910-913/14 OrdOllo II 913/14-924 II 924-925 Alfonso IV 925-930 Ramiro II 930-951 OrdOllo III 951-956 Sancho I 'the Fat' 956-958, 959-966 Ordono IV 'the Bad' 958-959 Ramiro III 966-985 Vermudo II 982-999 Alfonso V 'the Noble' 999-1027· Vermudo III 1027-1037

KINGS OF PAMPLONA7

Inigo Arista early ninth century-852(?) (Ibn Hayyan, Genealogies) Garcia Iniguez /860s (Ibn Hayyan, Genealogies) Garcia Jimenez (?) (Genealogies, Charters?) Fortun Garcez c.882-905 (Genealogies, Charters) LISTS OF RULERS 301

Sancho Garces I 905-925 Garcia Sanches I 925-971 Sancho Garces II 971-994 Garcia Sanches II 'the Tremulous' 994-1004 Sancho Garces III 'the Great' 1004-1035

COUNTS OF BARCELONA8

Bera 801-820 (Vita Lludovici 13; R.F.A. s.a. 820) Bernard 'of ' by 827-829, 835-844 (R.F.A. s.a. 827; Nithard; A.B. s.a. 844) Berenguer c.830-835 Sunifred I 844-848 William, son of Bernard by seizure, 848-849/50 (A.B. s.a. 848) Aleran 848-852 Odalric 852-c.858 Humfrid c. 858-864 Bernard 'of Gothia' 865-878 Wifred I 878-897/8 Wifred II Borrell 897/8-911/2 SUller 911/2-954 Borrell II 954-992 Ramon Borrell III 992-1019 Berenguer Ramon I 1019-1035

NOTES

1. References are given here as the chronology and history of the Suevic kingdom are both complicated and disputed. Hydatius = the ChronieJe of Hydatius (A2-a), Isidore H.S. = the Suevic section ofIsidore's History of the Goths, Vandals and Sueves (A2-b).John of BieJar's Chronicle, see (B2-b). For I Braga, see the edition by Vives (B4-b). Gregory, Miraculae S. Martini ed. W. Arndt and B. Krisch, M.C.H., S.R.M. I. 2. Following K. Zeumer, 'Die Chronologie der Westgothenk6nige des Reiches von Toledo', Neues Archiv, 27 (1902) pp. 411-44. See also the regnal lists in Zeumer's edition of Leges Visigothorum (B2-b), pp. 456-61. 3. Many disagreements exist amongst the Arab sources and between them and the near contemporary Latin Chronicle of 754. Many of the conflicts can not be resolved; so, the dates offered here have to be regarded as approximate in most cases. 4. Following c.E. Bosworth, The Islamic Dynasties (Edinburgh, 1967), p. 11. 5. Compiled on the basis of the Asturian Chronicles (B2-d) and regnal lists (see n.6). 6. See the Nomina Regum Catholicorum Legionensium, a section of the Chronicon Albeldense, in E. Florez, Espmia Sagrada, 13 (Madrid, 1756) pp. 449-50; also the text of the Chroni• cle itself, ibid. pp. 450-59 (also edition cited in B2-d); for the tenth century see the Chronicle of Sampiro (B2-d) , which ends with the reign of Ramiro III; for Vermudo II to Vermudo III dating by charters is possible (B3-d). and see E.S. 13, pp. 459-62. 7. The chronology of the ninth-century monarchy is highly controversial, but, in view of the limitations of the evidence, can never be more than conjectural. Ibn Hayyan: see E. Levi-Proven~al and E. Garcia Gomez, 'Textos Ineditos del Muqtabis de Ibn Hayyan sobre los Origenes del Reino de Pamplona' (B2-d); the tenth-century rulers can be dated by charter (B3-d); see also the genealogies in J.M. Lacarra, 'Textos Navarros del Codice de Roda' (B2-d). 302 LISTS OF RULERS

8. This follows R. d'Abadal, Els Primers Comtes Catalans (B2-d), though dates in the period 849-878 are approximate rather than secure. R.F.A. = Annales Regni Francorum; A.B. = ; for these and the Vita Lludovici see R. Rau, Quellen zur Karolingischen Reichsgeschichte, vols. I & II (Darmstadt: 1974, 1972). Genealogical Table I: The Asturian Succession

Pelagius Peter (718/22-37) I I I Froiluba = Favila Ermosinda Alfonso I 'the Catholic' Fruela (737-9) (739~) ,------+------, ------,---·-1 Silo = Adosinda Fruela I Vimara Mauregatus---• Aurelius Vermudo I (774-83) 'the Cruel' (783-88) (768-74) 'the Deacon' (757-68) (788-91) ,- I Alfonso II I Ramiro I 'the Chaste' (842-50) (791-842) I Nepotian Ordono I (842) (850-66) I Alfonso III 'the Great' (866-910)

'"o '" Genealogical Table II: The Leonese Succession, Castille and Pamplona V> ..o

Leon Pamplona Castille

Ramiro II Garda Sanches I Teresa Fernan Gonzalez (930-51) (925-71) of Castille (931-70) I I I Sancho I Elvira ; Ordoiio III ; Urraca Sancho Garces II Ramiro Garcia Fernandez Ana of 'the Fat' (951-6) (also m. (971-94) King of Count of Castille Ribagorp (956-8, Ordoiio Viguera (970-95) 959-66) IV 'the Bad' (d. 991) of Leon (958-59) I Ramiro III Vermudo II Sancho Garda ; Urraca (966-85) Garda Sanches II Ximena Count of Castille (%1' 'the Tremulous' (995-1017) (994-1004)

Alfonso V Sancho Garces III Elvira Garcia Sancha Berenguer Ximena 'the Noble' 'the Great' Count of Ramon I (m. Vermudo III (999-1027) (1004-35) Castille Count of of Leon) (1017-28) Barcelona h (1019-35) Ximena Vermudo III Sancha ; Fernando I Garcia Sanches III Ramiro I (daughter of Sancho (1027-37) (1037-65) King of Navarre King of Garda of Castille) (1035-54) Aragon (1035-63) Index

'Abbasid dynasty 166-7, 168, Agrippa 88 169, 177, 185, 191, 199, 221 Akhbar Majmua, the 152 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Musa, wali , the 15, 16, 17, 19 155-6, 157, 160 Alaric I 2, 32, 35, 36, 43, 112 'Abd-Allah, amir 172, 186, 187, Alaric II 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 219, 221, 248 41, 123, 129, 130, 158 'Abd aI-Malik al-Mu~affar 264 Alava 107, 194, 195, 228, 231, Abd aI-Malik ibn Qa~n, wali 246, 249 165, 178 Albelda, battle of 231 'Abd al-Ral}man I 166-8, Albelda, monastery of 224, 240, 169-70, 171, 174, 180, 186, 188 256 'Abd al-Ral}man II 171, 172, Alcuin 208 177, 189, 190, 191, 193,201 Aldhelm 213, 233, 243 'Abd al-Ral,lman III 169, 170, Alfonso I 226-7, 228, 230, 241, 172, 184, 192, 193, 195, 197, 243 198, 199, 203, 218, 220, 221, Alfonso II 190, 195, 228-30, 233 263 Alfonso III 98-9, 218, 224-5, 'Abd al-Ral,lman V 188 231-33, 235, 236, 237, 241 'Abd al-RaJ:lman ibn Habib 165 Alfonso IV 224, 237, 238 Abeliare, monastery of 243 Alfonso V 240, 241, 244 Abu al-Kathir 165 Alfonso VI 233, 242, 244, 264 Abu Bakr, caliph 46 Alfonso VII 233 Abu Faranik 220 Alfonso X 66 Achila see Agila II 'Ali, caliph 146, 147, 167 Adaluald, Lombard king 68 Almeria 191, 193 Adoptionism 207-10, 242 Almohad dynasty 265 Adosinda, queen 228, 243 265 Adrianople, battle of 2, 33 Alodia and Nunila, Sts 213-14, Aemilian, St 80-1, 85, 104-5, 249 235 Alvar (Paul Alvar) 73, 202, 209, Aetius 21 212, 213, 215, 218; Indiculus Mrica, North 5, 7, 12, 13, 18, luminosus 213; Vita Eulogii 19, 20, 22, 37, 38-9, 58-9, 73, 215, 249 79-80, 83, 87, 92, 98, 111, 116, Amalaric 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40 140, 147, 149-50, 160, 161, Amalasuntha 33 164-5 Ambrose, St. 242 Agali, monastery of 61, 74-5, 84 Ammiamus Marcellinus 35 Agapetus, pope 100 Amrus ibn Yusuf 189 Agatho, pope 78 'Anbasa, wali 163 Agde, Council of 31 Andalus, Al- 147, 151-80 passim Agila I 38-9, 40, 41, 44, 91 Anglo-Saxons 124, 192, 208 Agila II (Achila) 157, 158, 161 Aquitaine 2, 19, 22, 24, 33, Agiulf 23 34-5, 92, 105, 110, 161, 182, Agobard of 208 183, 252, 253, 255

305 306 INDEX

Arabia 145-6, 147-8 Bidajoz 182, 187, 219, 232 Arabs 144-51 Baetica, province of 7, 17, 20, Aragon, kingdom of 249-50, 21, 22, 2~ 4~ 4~ 61, 80, 89, 256,264 96, 117, 183 Aragon, county of 246, 247-8 Bages, S. Benet de, monastery Aragon, river 183 of 256, 257 Ardo, king 157-8, 161, 250 221 Argemir 214 Baladhuri, AJ- 154 Argimund, dux 57 Balul ibn Maqaq 189 2, 6, 23, 30-1, 38, Balj ibn Bishr 165 40-1, 42, 46-7, 50-8, 59-60, Banu Angelino, the 178 81, 95, 108-9, 114 Banu Qasi, the 178-9, 182, aristocracy 30, 32, 56-7, 97, 102 188-9, 194, 196, 219, 231, 248 Aries 18, 32 Barcelona, city of 7, 17, 19, 33, Artemia 215 34, 41, 42, 54, 75, 92, 96, 99, Asin, monastery of 81 167, 168, 184, 186, 187, 195, Ascaric, bishop 209 213, 252, 253, 254, 263 Ashburnham Pentateuch 217 Barcelona, county of 253-63 Asnar Galfndez, count 247-8 Basilla 69 Assona 248 Basques, the 8, 43, 46, 49, 66, Astorga 9, 18, 23, 83, 194, 227, 81, 102, 105, 110, 155, 168, 230, 232, 236 183-4, 212, 225, 227, 228, 232; Asturias, the 8, 9, 66, 98, 109 see also Pampion a, , kingdom of 151, 153 Beatus of Liebana 208-9, 210, Ataulph 18, 19, 36 217, 242 Athalocus, bishop of Beatus manuscripts 217 55,57 Beja 49, 193, 219 Athangild, king 38-40, 45, 46, Bembezar, battle of the river 67,92 167 Athangild, son of Hermenigild Benedict II, pope 78 46,48 Benedict VIII, pope 257 Athanagild, son of Theodemir Benedict of Aniane (Wittiza) 203 260 Atto, bishop of Vich 260 Berbers 4, 59, 88, 147, 150-1, Audeca, king 49 155, 161, 162, 164-5, 167, 169, Augustine, St 11, 14, 60, 61, 65, 173, 17~ 182, 185, 18~ 18~ 75, 77, 83, 98, 209, 213, 243 188, 190, 191, 192-3, 196, 219, 8, 88 232, 263, 264 Aurasius, bishop of Toledo 136 Bergueda, county of 259 Aurea 213 Bernard of Gothia 254 Aurelius, king 228 Bernard of Septimania 253 Ausona (Vich) , county of 252, 254 Bernard Plantevelue 254 Autun 161 Besal6, county of 254, 259 Auvergne 97 Bierzo, the 84, 85, 106 Avars, the III Bilbilis 3 (Ibn Rushd) 177 blood feud 188, 191 161 Bobastro 220, 221 Avitus 22 Bodo-Eleazar 201-2 INDEX 307

Boniface, count of Africa 20 , the 184, Borrel II, count 262 188, 229, 233, 239, 242, 243, Bovalar, El, archaeological site 251-4, 255, 258-9 160-1 Carracedo, monastery of 241 Braga 9, 14, 23, 44, 82, 84, 97, Cartagena 38, 39, 60, 70 205, 232 5, 48, 58, 147, 154 Braulio 62, 64-5, 68-70, 72, Carthaginians, the 8 74,105,115,117; LifeofSt Carthaginiensis, province of 20, Aemilian: 43, 69-70, 80-1, 84, 22, 24, 70, 79 104-5 Cassian 79 Breviary of Alaric (Lex Romana Castille, of 196, 231, 237, Visigothorum) 25, 29-30, 123, 238, 249, 250 129, 130 Castille, kingdom of 7, 83, 101, Britain 4, 12, 15, 71, 90, 192 236, 239, 241, 262-3, 264 Brunechildis 39-40, 46, 48, 67 Castille, region of 194, 196, Bulgar, count 67 231-2, 236, 244, 249 Burgos 231, 232, 244, 249 Castinus 20 , the 26, 28, 31, 32, Castrojeriz 244 33,58 Catalonia, region of 6, 7, 8, 54, Burgundy, kingdoms of 45, 123, 80, 86, 158, 160, 182-3, 187, 255 189, 194, 236, 242, 245, 247, Burgundy, region of 123, 255 250-63 Byzantium/ Cauliana, monastery of 81, 84 28, 38-9, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 60, Celanova, monastery of 241 66, 68, 70, 73, 78, 90, 91, 97, Celsus 115 107, Ill, 126, 144, 146, 147, Celtiberians 5, 6-7, 45, 98 154, 160, 174, 182, 185, 194, Censorinus 21 198, 199, 222 Cerdanya, county of 252, 254 37,39, 111, 165 Cabra 205, 207 /Charles the Great Cadiz 84 168, 184, 194, 208, 209, 229, Caesarius of Aries 59-60, 80, 246, 251, 253, 260 100 Charles Martel 251 Caesarius, patrician 68 Charles the Bald 202, 253, 254, Cairo 152 261 3, 249 Charles the Fat 254 Calatrava 191 charters 103, 216, 223, 236, Caliphate, the 191, 192, 197, 241-2, 252, 255-8, 260-1, 262 219, 221 Charraric 44, 82 Can gas de Onis 226, 228 Childebert I 34, 38 canon law 64, 65, 66, 78, 92, Childebert II 45, 46 115-18, 136 Chilperic 39 Cantabria 7, 8, 43, 44, 66, 80-1, Chindasuinth, king 72, 73, 74, 88,89, 105-6, 109, 181, 182, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 183, 225, 226, 227, 230 122, 125, 136, 139, 142, 240 Carcassonne 57 114, 115, 119, 120, 126, Cardona 262 130, 136 Carmona 186, 214 Chlotar I 38 308 INDEX

Christianity/Christians 2, 5, 8, 209, 210, 211-16, 217, 218, 12, 13, 21, 36, 137-9, 149, 169, 219, 220, 232, 242, 243, 248, 181, 184, 187, 190, 194, 200-1, 249, 259, 263-4 202, 203-19 Coria 167, 190 Chronicle of Albelda 224-5, 226 councils: general 115-21, 203, Chronicle of Alfonso III 224, 226 222, 240, 260; I Barcelona 41; Chronicle ofJohn of Nikiu 144 II Barcelona 42, 54; Cordoba Chronicle of Zaragoza 34-5, 69 (839) 205, 207; Cordoba Chronicle of 741 222 (852) 212; Egara 42-3; Elvira Chronicle of 754 79, 156-7, 160, 116; Frankfurt (794) 208, 209; 161, 162, 203, 222 Gerona 80; Lerida 41; Cilicius, bishop of Mentesa 69 Merida 118; Oviedo (possible) Cixila, bishop of Leon 243 229-30; Rome (721) 79; St Claudius, dux 57, 97 Peter's (798) 208; II Seville , battle of 234 61, 123; II Toledo 117; III Clotild 34 Toledo 41, 54-5, 56, 59, 60, Clovis 21,29,31,34 80, 90, 93, 109, 115, 116, Cluny, monastery of 241, 253, 129-30, 131; IV Toledo 61, 264 68, 116, 118, 120, 124, 131; V Code of Euric 25-9, 122, 123, 141 Toledo 114-15, 118, 119, 120; Code of Leovigild 26-7, 28, 122, VI Toledo 114-15, 118, 119, 123, 141 120, 130; VII Toledo 116, 125; Codex Aemilianensis 240 VIII Toledo 73, 115, 116, Codex Vigilanus 240 124-5, 127, 131; IX Toledo Coimbra 232 132; X Toledo 116; XI coinage 45, 48, 50, 79, 103-4, Toledo 73, 76; XII Toledo 119, 161, 174 70, 76, 78, 116, 127, 133; XIII Comes Vizcayae 246 Toledo 118; XV Toledo 78, Compludo, monastery of 84 116, 118, 119; XVI Toledo 78, Compostela, Santiago de 99, 133; XVII Toledo 116, 117, 197, 210, 233-4, 241 134-5, 140; XVIII Toledo 117; Conflent, county of 254 II Zaragoza 42, 56 counts Constans Caesar 16, 17 24, 25, 57, 97, 101-2, 105, 162, Constans II III 230, 252-4, 258-9, 261-2 Constantine I 5, 6, 88, 123, 208 Covadonga, battle of 182, 225 Constantine II 89 creeds 55, 59 Constantine III 15, 16, 17 Cugat de Valles, San, monastery Constantine IV 78 of 256 Constantine VII 199 Cuteclara, monastery of 215 Constantinople 3, 39, 42, 47, 48, Cuxi, monastery of 218, 258, 50, 59, 198, 159, 160 259 Constantius III 19, 20 Cordoba 3, 6, 7, 38, 43, 44, 48, Dagobert I 110, 118, 184 6~ 9~ 119, 155, 162, 165, 16~ 152, 165, 188, 189, 170,171,173-4,175,177,178, 203 179-80, 181, 185, 18~ 18~ Decius, emperor 94 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, defensor civitatis 176 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, Desiderius of Cahors 110 INDEX 309 Didymus 16, 37 Etherius, bishop of Osma 208, Diego, count 231 209 Diego Gelmirez, archbishop 234 Eugenius I of Toledo 72, 74, Diego Nunez 238 120 Digna, nun 214 Eugenius II of Toledo 69, 72-4, Dioc1etian 3, 94, 216 85, 105, 12~ , 12~ 213 Dioscorides 199 Eulalia, St 51-2, 71, 88, 93, Donadeus, 86 95-6, 98, 99, 100, 235 Donatists, the 207 Eulogius 211-14, 215, 216, 218, Donatus, abbot 58, 80 243, 249; Memoriale Sanctornm Dracontius 73 211, 212; Apologeticus 212 Duero, valley of the 227, 230, Euric, king 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 231, 236, 237, 244 30, 31, 34, 41, 50, 123, 141 Dumio, monastery-see of 44, 82, Eutharic 33 83 Eutropius of Valencia 80 Dunash ben Labrat 200 Evora 90 Dunash ben Tamim 200 Facundus of Hermiane 59 Ebba 33 Fafila/ Favila, king 226 Eblo, count 247 Farmers' Law, the 28 Eboric 49 Fatimids, the 199 Ebro valley 4, 6, 9, 21, 24, 43, Fatin 192 50, 69, 80, 105, 106, 110, 158, federates 18 161, 162, 167, 168, 178, 182-3, Felix of Toledo 65, 70, 75, 77, 184, 187, 188, 189, 194, 219, 79 229, 231, 242, 248, 249, 250, Felix of Urgell 208, 209 260 Felix, St, monastery of 215 Ecija 60, 186, 205, 214 Fermin Gonzalez, count 237, Edict of Theoderic 29 238-9,250 Egeria 79, 85 Fernando I, king 236, 241, 250, Egica, king 45, 79, 119, 122, 264 133-4,140, 142, , 143,240 Ferrandus of Carthage 59 Egila 206-7 Fez 263, 264 Egilona 157, 160 Fidelis, abbot of San Torribio 79,81,82, 145, 146, 152, 208 154, 155, 156, 160, 165 Fidelis, bishop of Merida 60, 90, Einhard, Life of Charlemagne 229 91-2, 95, 97, 100 Eleutherius, arcdeacon 100 Flora, martyr 215 Elipandus of Toledo 206-9, 242 Florentina 60 Elizabeth 214 Florez, Enrique 90 Elvira Garces 240 Fortlll1 Garces, king 177, 248, Elvira Ramirez 239 249 Ermemir, viscount 262 Framtane, Suevic ruler 23 Ermoldus Nigellus 252 Franks, the 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, Ermosinda 226 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 102, 108, Ervig, king 77, 78, 116, 119, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 124, 122, 124, 127, 132, 13~ 142 168, 186, 190, 194,201,206, Escolada, monastery of 217 229, 246-7, 250-4 310 INDEX

Frankish March, the 184, 194, Germany 176 250-63 Gerona, city of 41, 42, 80, 157, Fredegar, Chronicle of 68, 194, 252, 259 113-14 Gerona, county of 254, 259 Froga, count 136 Gerontius 16, 17, 18, 19 Froila (654) 113 Gesalic, king 33, 36 Froila, count 231 , straits of 9, 20, 37, 88 Fronimian, abbot 69, 70, 104 Gijon 225 Fructuosus of Braga 84-5, 97, Ginzo de Limia 14 106, 126, 141, 209; Rule of 83, Gomez ibn Antonian, count 205 84-5, 242; Life of 84 Gonzalo, Galician duke 239 Fruela I 227-8 Gosuintha 45-6, 57 Fruela II 237 Cothia 253, 254 Frumarius 23 Gothic Gospels 2, 30-1, 41 fueros 244-5, 262 Granada (Elvira) 116, 179, 193, Juzgo 244 203, 205, 219, 220 58-9, 60, Gregory of Elvira 7 209,242 Gregory of Tours 43, 44, 47, 48, Fulgentius, bishop of Ecija 60 82, 100 Gregory the Great, pope 47, 48, Gaiseric, Vandal king 20 59, 60, 62, 65, 72, 77, 87 Galicia 7,8,9, 14, 17,20,21, Gregory, bishop of Osma 69 43, 45, 49, 54, 81, 83, 84, 89, Guadalete, battle of the 155, 96, 109, 182, 226, 227, 228, 156 230, 231, 232, 233-5, 236, 237, Guadalquivir, river 4, 7, 166, 239, 240, 241-2, 243, 250 183, 186, 193, 214 Galindo Asnarez, count 247-8 Guadiana, river 4, 7, 20, 25, 91, Galla Placidia 19, 20 187 Galba, emperor 4 Gumesind 214 Gallia Comata, region of 246 Gundemar, king 66, 67, 70, 110 Galswintha 39 Gunderic, bishop of Toledo 79 Garda, king of Leon 224, 227 Gundobad, king and Code of 26, Garda the Bad, count 247-8 28, 29, 33 Garda Iniguez, king 193, 196, Gunthamund, Vandal king 73 231 Gun tramn , Frankish king 57 Garda Jimenez, king 248 Garda Sanchez I, king 237 hadith 153-4 Garda Sanchez II, king 238 Hadrian, emperor 3, 88 Gascony 247 Hadrian I, pope 206, 208 Gaucelm 253 hagiography 67, 84, 87, 104-6 Gaul (Francia) 12, 15, 16, 17, Hakam I, al- 171,172,186-7, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 48, 59, 64, 190, 191, 253 69, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 94, 97, J:Iakam II, al- 170, 171, 197-8, 100, 102, 116, 123, 140 201, 223 Gauterit 24 Haldefred 24 Gennadius 62 Hammudid dynasty 192 George, monk 210, 214 J:Ianok, rabbi 200 Gerbert (pope Sylvester II) 259 Basan ibn al-Nu'man 147, 154 INDEX 311

I:Iasdai bin Shaprut 199-200 Ildibad, king 36 Helladius of Toledo 61, 74 imperium 233 Heraclian, count 18 Ingundis 45, 46, 48 Heraclius I, emperor 144 hliga, queen 248 Hermenigild, king 44, 45-9, 50, Innocent, bishop of Merida 101 52, 57, 67, 90 Innocent III, pope 143 20, 21 Ireland 64, 192 Hermigar 20, 21 Iria Flavia 14, 233-4 Hijaz, the 145, 148 Isaac 211-2, 215 Hijra, the 146 Isidore of Seville 26, 34, 48-9, Hincmar of Reims 71 57, 60-6, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 76, Hisham, caliph (Syria) 164, 166 77, 92, 97, 116, 117, 119, 125, Hisham I, amir 171, 172, 187, 194 128, 137, 213, 222; De Viris Hisham II, caliph (Al-Andalus) Illustribus 42, 47, 59, 60, 62, 170, 173, 263-4 70, 80; Differentiae 61, 63; Hispani, the 260-1 Etymologiae 62-3, 64, 66, 73, Hispania 3, 9, 88, 89, 254 119, 124, 213; De Fide Christiana Historia Compostellana 233 contra Iudaeos 62, 137-8; De Honorius, emperor 2, 16, 17, 19 Ordine Creatorum 62; De Natura Hosius of Cordoba 6 Rerum 64, 66; De Officiis 64; hospitalitas 24-5 Chronicle 62, 66; Historia Huesca 167, 187, 188, 214, 231 Gothorum, Vandalorum et Humfrid, marchio 254 Sueborum 26, 27, 33-4, 39, 40, Huns, the 1, 35 43, 62, 66, 222; Sententiae 119, I:Iurr, Al-, wali 162 124; Synonymae 63-4 Hydatius l4, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24 Islam 144-6, 147-8, 162, 172 Italica 4, 5 138 Italy 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, Ibn 'Abd al-J::Iakam 152, 156 32, 57, lll, 255 Ibn al-Athlr 223 Iudila 119 Ibn al-Qu~iya 152, 178 Iuvencus 3 Ibn Bashir, quadi 175 Ibn I:Jawqal 176, 204 Jacob ibn Jau 200 Ibn I:Jayyan, Muqtabis of 151-2, Jaen 219, 220 153, 154, 219, 220, 256 Jeremias 214 Ibn Ha~m 188 Jerome, St 14, 62, 77 Ibn Idhari, Al-Bayan of 151, 152, Jerusalem 210, 233 153, 154, 196 Jews, the/ 62, 68, 77, Ibn Khaldun 191 124, 128-41, 142, 146, 149, Ibn Sa'id 176, 179, 211 199-203, 207 Ibrahim ibn Jacob 201 Jimeno dynasty 248-50 Ifrlqlya 148, 149, 152, 156, 164, John the Hispanus 261 165 John of Biclar 40, 41, 42-3, 44, Ildefonsus 60, 64, 69, 70, 74, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56 75-6, 139, 209; De Perpetua John of Corze 193-4, 198 Virginitate 64, 75-6; De Viris John of Zaragoza 69-70, 97 Illustribus 70, 73, 74, 75, 77, Jordanes 32, 39 79,80 Joseph ibn Shatnash 201 312 INDEX

Juan de las Abadessas, San, limes 9, 182 monastery of 259 66, 193, 238 Judah Ha-Levi 200 liturgy 58, 60, 64, 70, 74, 76, 77, Julian of Toledo 60, 69, 70, 72, 94, 98, 99, 105 73, 74, 75, 76, 77-8, 85, 116, Liuva I 40, 44 121, 127, 133, 139, 159, 209; Liuva II 56, 61, 112 Historia Wambae 78, 112, 222; Lives of the Fathers of Mlirida (Vitas De Comprobatione Sextae Aetatis Patrum Emeretensium) 43, 51, 77, 133, 137; Prognosticum 77 52, 53, 56, 67, 84, 87-101, 103, Julian (Santullano), church of 104, 105, 233 San 229, 233 Lombards, the 28, 50, 57, 72, Justinian I 29, 37, 39, 42, 58, 59, 84, Ill, 112, 126 80, 122, 124 Lope ibn Muhammad 189, 219 Justus, bishop of Toledo 74 , emperor 119, 201, 247, 253, 260 147, 150 Lucan 3 kharjas 210 Lugo 54, 227 Khazars, the 199, 200 Lusitania, province of 7, 8, 17, kingship 32-3, 35-6, 43, 49-50, 20, 21, 22, 24, 42, 46, 57, 80, 71, 75, 107-21 82, 87, 89,90,91,96, 97, 98, 104, 105 law 24-30, 38, 52, 63, 87, 101, Lutos, battle of 153 103, 107, 114, 116, 121-8, 128-36, 141-2, 200, 240-1, Mauregatus, king 228 244-5, 258; see also Jueros, Magnus Maximus, emperor 3, 6 Fuero Juzgo, Liber Iudiciorum Mahberet, the 200 Law of the Bavarians (Lex Maimonides 199 Baioariorum) 26 Mainz 15, 212 Leander of Seville 47, 48, 51, Malaga 39, 44, 178, 205, 220 54, 59, 60, 65, 90, 91, 97 49 Leo 29 Maldras 23 Leo III, pope 208 Malik ibn Ansi Malikites 175, Leocadia, St 71, 136 176 Leon, city of 5, 18, 123, 195, Man~ur, AI- 177, 178, 184, 192, 210, 227, 231, 237, 241, 244-5 195, 196, 197, 200, 233, 241, Leon, kingdom of 7, 83, 85, 263-4 101, 127, 184,217,235-45,264 MaqqarI, AI- 151, 169, 176, 179 Leon, region of 194 Maria 215 Leovigild, king 25, 26, 40, Martin, martyr 215 41-53, 54, 56, 58, 67, 79, 90, Martin of Braga 44, 81-2, 83, 95, 103, 106, 109, 112, 114, 91, 97; De Correctione 122, 123, 124, 226 Rusticorum 83 Lerida 21, 160, 189 Martin of Tours 44, 82, 83, 98 Lerins, monastery of 80 Martyr Movement, the 211-17 Leyre, monastery of 248-9 Marwan II, caliph 164 Liber Iudiciorum/Forum Iudicum Masona, bishop of Merida 41, 26, 122-7, 132 50, 51-2, 54, 55, 90, 91, 93, Licinianus of Cartagena 138 95-~ 100, 101, 104 INDEX 313

Master of the Soldiers, office of Muq.ammad I, amir 187, 189, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 105 193, 205, 212, 214, 218, 219, Maternus Cynegius 4 232 9, 54, 56 Muq.ammad ibn 'Abd a1:Jaba Maurice, emperor III 190 Maxentius, emperor 123 Muq.ammad ibn Lope ibn Musa Maximus, emperor 16-17, 18, 19 189, 219 Maximus of Zaragoza 34-5, 69 Mundhir, al-, amir 218, 219 Mecca 145, 146, 148, 153, 170 Munia, queen 227 Medellin 190 Murcia 191 Medina 145, 146, 148 Musa ibn Musa 189, 231, 248 Medina Azahara 170, 179, 192, Musa ibn Nu~ayr 149-50, 151, 196, 263 154-6, 157, 160, 163 Median Azahira 179, 192, 263 Mu'tarrif ibn Muq.ammad 189 Medina Sidonia 44, 205 Mu'tarrif ibn Musa 248 Menachem ben Saruk 199-200 149, 171, 178, 182, Menendo Gonzalez, count 240 188-9, 190, 219, 220 Merida 4, 5, 7, 20, 23, 25, 38, 40, 46, 50, 51-2, 53, 55, 58, 60, NaJera 225, 249, 250 70, 71, 80, 82, 84, 87-104, 155, Nanctus, hermit 58, 80, 103 178, 182, 187-9, 190,205,207, Narbonensis, province of 40, 210, 21~ 232, 23~ 235 134, 250 Merobaudes 3 Narbonne, city of 18, 31, 33, 34, Meseta, the 6, 7, 8, 9, 101, 227, 40, 54, 110, 15~ 205, 250, 251 230, 231 Narbonne, county of 254, 261 Mesopotamia 199, 223 Nasr 205 Migetius/ Migetianism 206-8, Nepotian, king 230 209 45 mines (silver) 4, 8 Nicholas, Greek monk 199 Miro, king 45, 48, 49, 66 Normans see Vikings Miro, count 254 Novatianists 207 Miro Bonfil, count-bishop 259 Mishnah 200 Oliba, abbot-bishop 259 monks/monasticism 58, 60-1, Olympiodorus of Thebes 14, 17 62, 67, 68, 74-5, 79-86, 93, Oppa 158 210,213,214-15,216-18, Oporto 54, 227, 232 241-4, 258, 260 Orbigo, battle of the river 23 Monotheletism 73, 78 ordeal 56, 143, 258 Montserrat, monastery of 86, 106 Ordoiio I 194, 224, 230-1 181 Ordoiio II 224, 237, 238, 249 Moses, rabbi 200, 201 Ordoiio III 238, 240 Mozarabs 211, 216-18, 233, 243, Ordoiio IV the Bad 197-8, 238 245, 261 Orense 242 Mu'awiya, caliph 147, 149 Orosius 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 223 Mugit al-Rumi 155 Ostrogoths/ Greuthungi 1, 32, 33, Muq.ammad, Prophet 144-6, 35,36 147-8, 153-4, 167,211,212, Otho, emperor 4, 88 215 Otto I 193, 198,201,203 314 INDEX

Oviedo 98, 194, 210, 224, Prophetic Chronicle, the 223-4, 229-30, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237 232 Provence 33, 251, 255 paganism 2, 6, 36, 83, 98, 106 Prudentius, poet 3, 98 Palestine 145, 146, 148 Prudentius of Troyes 260 Pallars-Ribagon;:a, counties of Pseudo-Isidoran Decretals, the 252, 254 64 Pamplona, city of 24, 38, 110, Pumbedita, academy of 199 168,172,188-9,194,195,196, Punic Wars, the 8 212, 247, 248, 249, 250 Pyrenees, the 3, 6, 8, 15, 16, 24, Pamplona, kingdom of (Navarre) 25, 34, 44, 81, 106, 163, 168, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196-7, 231, 183, 208, 209, 213, 218, 229, 237, 238, 239, 240-1, 244, 251, 252, 254, 261 246-50, 255, 263 Paschal Chronicle, the 144 qa<;iIs 162, 163, 175-6,211,215, Paul, St 5, 128 216 Paul, bishop of Merida 60, 90, Quintilian 3 91, 97, 100 Quiricus, bishop of Toledo Paul, usurper 113 74-5,76 Paulinus of Aquileia 208 Qu'ran, the 144, 147, 149, 153, Paulinus of Nola 92 162,167,171,175 Pelagius/Pelayo, king 182, 226, Quraysh, tribe of 145, 146 228 Pelagius/ Pelayo, bishop of Radulf 254 Oviedo 236 Ramiro I 193, 230, 234 Pena, San Juan de la, monastery Ramiro II 195, 197,237-8,239, of 249 241, 250 Pepin III 251 Ramiro III 236, 239, 240 211 Ramiro I of Aragon 248 Persia/Persians 146, 147, 148, Ramiro, king of Viguera 241 159, 171 Ramon Borrel I, count 256 Peter, dux of Cantabria 226 Ravenna 2, 12, 20 Pinianus 92 Reccafred, bishop of Seville 212 Pippin I of Aquitaine 247 Reccared I 25, 40, 44, 53, 54, Pippin II of Aquitaine 253 55, 56-7, 67, 109, 112, 128, poetry 3, 73, 85, 98, 126, 200, 130, 131, 226 213, 243 Reccared II 68, 112 Poi tiers, battle of 251 Reccesuinth 26, 73, 74, 112, Polemius, bishop of Astorga 83 113, 115, 116, 122, 124, 126, Pomponia, abbess 69 127, 131, 132, 133, 136, 224, Portugal 7,90, 239, 241, 264 240 Postumus, emperor 4 Reccopolis 45 Potamius of Lisbon 6 Reciberga, queen 73 Praetorian prefect, office of 13, Rechiarius, Suevic king 20, 21, 29-30 44,81 Pravia 228 Rechila, Suevic king 20, 21 Priscillian 6 Rechimund, Suevic king 23 Procopius 36 Redemptus, bishop of Merida 41 INDEX 315

Redemptus, deacon of Seville 65 Sebeos, bishop 144 Remismund, Suevic king 23 Seggo 56 , patrician 22, 24 Seneca 3 Rioja, the 44, 69, 70, 83, 84, 85, Septimania 31, 56, 80, 158, 251, 106, 238, 249, 256 252 Ripoll, monastery of 259 Septimius Severus, emperor 89 Roda (Aragon) 224 Servitanum, monastery of 58, 80 Roda, San Pedro de, monastery Severianus 60 of 259 Severus of Malaga 51 Roderic, king 153, 157-8, 159, Seville 4, 7, 20, 21, 38, 40, 46, 160 48, 59, 60, 65, 69, 70, 79, 96, Roland 168 117, 16~ 166-7, 17~ 17~ 19~ Rome, city of 2, 4, 5, 11, 18, 19, 204, 205 58, 60, 61, 71, 78, 79, 92, 94, Shaqya 167, 190 100, 201, 206 ShI'ites 167 Roncesvalles, battles of 168 ius Apollinaris 12, 100 Rossello, county of 254 Sigebert .. 39 , the 66, 106 Sigeric 19, 32, 36 Rule of St Benedict 84, 242, 260, Silo, king 223, 228, 243 264 Silos, monastery of 217, 236 Simancas, battle of 195, 238 Saadia Gaon 200 Simplicius, bishop of Zaragoza 'Sabaria' 44 55 Sa'dun al-Ru'aynI 251-2 Sinai, monastery of St Catherine's Sahagtm, monastery of 241 210 Sa'Id al-MatarI 166-7 Sindered, bishop of Toledo 79 Salamanca 227, 238 Sisbert, murderer 48 Salla, count 25 Sisbert, bishop of Toledo 74, 79 Salvian 11, 12 Sisebut, king 43, 61, 63, 64, Samh, Al-, wali 161, 163, 178 66-7, 73, 110, 112, 130, 133, Sam os, monastery of 242 134, 135, 136, 139; Vita Sampiro 236, 237, 243 Desiderii 43, 67 Samson, abbot 205 Sisenand, king 61, 110, 115, Samuel Ha-Nagid 200 118, 120 Sancho, martyr 212 slaves 16, 24, 36, 37, 100, 103, Sancho I of Leon 197, 238-9, 123, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135, 240 141-2, 191-3, 194, 197, 200, Sancho Garces I 248, 249 201,228,257 Sancho Garces II 197, 240, 263 Slavs 191-2 Sancho Garces III the Great Solomon ibn Gabirol 200 241, 248, 264 Sozomen 14 'Sanchuelo' 264 Strabo 8 Santiago (St James) 99, 197, Sueves, the 15, 16, 17, 18, 233-4 19-24, 43-4, 45, 48-9, 81-2, Saxons/Saxony 168, 251 89 Scallabis 42 Suintl1ila, king 61, 66, 109, 110, Scipio, count 230 Ill, 115, 225 Sclua, bishop of Narbonne 120 Sulayman, caliph 55 316 INDEX

Sulayman ibn Yaqzan 168 Theudisclus, king 37, 38, 40 Sunifred, count 79 Thiudigoto 32 Sunifred, Thrasamund, Vandal king 33, 254 59 Sunna, Arian bishop of Merida Tiberius II, emperor 48 41, 51, 55, 57 Toda, queen 249, 263 Sura, academy of 199, 200 Toledo 7, 31, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, Syracuse III 51, 52, 60, 61, 65, 69, 70-9, 84, Syria 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 109, 115, 118, 127, 136-7, 155, 166, 167, 186, 194 158, 162, 166, 167, 187, 189, 191, 194, 205, 210, 219, 222, Tabanos, monastery of 214, 216 229 kingdoms 176, 219 Toro 231,237 Taio of Zaragoza 72, 73 54, 55, 252 Talaba ibn Salama, wali 165 Toulouse, city of 19, 25, 26, 30, Talavera 238 32, 34, 161 Talmud 199, 201 Toulouse, county of 253, 254 Tara, monk 67 Trajan, emperor 3 Tarif ibn Malluq 155 Tudela 182, 189, 231, 246, 249 Tariq 150-1, 155, 156, 157, 160 Tudmir, region of 159-60, 162, Tarraconensis, province of 4, 18, 203 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 40, 42, 79, Tujibites, the 189, 219 80, 96, 250 Tulga, king 112, 114, 119, 120 Tarragona 157, 167 Turks 191 taxation 108, 134, 135, 159-60, Tuy 54,227 163-4, 173-4, 196, 203, 212, Tyconius 242 219, 262 Teudila 68 Ulfilas 2 Teudula, bishop of Seville 209 'Umar I, caliph 146 Theodemir, bishop of Iria 233 ' 220-1 Theodemir, count 159-60, 149, 151, 155, 203-4 166, 167-8, 169-73, 175, Theoderic I 23, 27, 29, 36, 112 178-80, 181-221 passim 239, Theoderic II 22, 23, 24, 34, 36 263-4,265 Theoderic the Ostrogoth 32, 33, unction 71 34 Uqba ibn 'Nafi 147 Theodosian Code, the 27, 29, 124, Urgell (Seo de Urgel) 208, 217 129 Urgell, county of 254 Theodosius, son of Ataulph 19 Urraca, daughter of Fernan Theodosius I, emperor 2, 3, 5 Gonzalez 238, 239, 240, 241, Theodosius II 27; see also 250 Theodosian Code Urraca, queen 245 Theodulf of Orleans 73, 230, 'Uthman, caliph 146 260 Therningi 1, 2 Valdedios, monastery of 233 Theuderic II, Frankish king 67, Valdejunquera, battle of 249 110 Valencia 41, 48, 54, 55, 80, 193, Theudis, king 34, 36-8, 39, 41 203 INDEX 317

Valens, emperor 1, 2 Walabonsus 215 Valentinian III, emperor 27 Walid I, caliph 155, 157, 188 Valerius of Bierzo 85, 106 Walid II, caliph 164, 165 Vandals, the 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, Wallia, king 19, 32, 36 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 37, 39, Wamba, king 65, 71, 76, 77, 78, 45,58-'-9 112, 119, 121, 127, 132, 159 Velasco 246 Waqidi, Al- 154 Venantius Fortunatus 81 Wifred I, count 254-5, 256, 259, Verecundus 59 261 Verinianus 16, 37 Wilcharius, archbishop of Sens Vermudo I, king 194, 195, 206 228-9 Wiliesind, bishop of Pamplona Vermudo II, king 127, 240, 241 213 Vermudo III, king 241 William of Toulouse 253, 254 Vermudo, brother of Alfonso William, son of Bernard of III 232 Septimania 254 Victor of Tunnunna 42, 59 Witteric, king 57, 101, 112, 136 Victoriacum (Olite?) 46, 109 Wittiza, king 122, 158, 226 Victorian us, abbot of Asan 81 Vigila, abbot 236, 240 YaJ:!ya ibn Salama, wali 163, 164 Viguera 241, 249 Yazid III, caliph 164 Vikings, the 192, 193 Yemen/Yemenis 145, 146, 148, villas 4, 5, 9, 97 164 Vimara, brother of Fruela I 227 Yusuf al-Fihri 165-6, 168, 187-8 Vincent, bishop of Ibiza 138 Yusuf ibn Bokht 194 Vincent, bishop of Zaragoza 50, 51, 55, 58 Zamora 227, 231-2, 236, 237 Vincent, dux 24 Zaragoza 157, 166, 167, 168 Visigoths, the 178-9 Zatun see Sa'dun Viseu 54, 232, 241 Zeiss, H. 101 Vitus 22 Zeno, bishop of Merida 25 Vouille, battle of 31, 32, 35, Ziryab 171, 177 158 Zosimus, historian 14