366 Part 393—Parts and Acces- Sories Necessary For

Pt. 393 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

PART 393—PARTS AND ACCES- 393.61 Truck and truck tractor window construction. SORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. OPERATION 393.63 [Reserved]

Subpart A—General Subpart E—Fuel Systems Sec. 393.65 All fuel systems. 393.1 Scope of the rules of this part. 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. 393.3 Additional equipment and accessories. 393.68 Compressed natural gas fuel con- 393.5 Definitions. tainers. 393.7 Matter incorporated by reference. 393.69 Liquefied petroleum gas systems.

Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Subpart F—Coupling Devices and Towing Electrical Wiring Methods 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of ob- 393.70 Coupling devices and towing methods, structions of lamps and reflectors. except for driveaway-towaway oper- 393.11 Lamps and reflective devices. ations. 393.13 Retroreflective sheeting and reflex 393.71 Coupling devices and towing methods, reflectors, requirements for semitrailers driveaway-towaway operations. and trailers manufactured before Decem- ber 1, 1993. Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and 393.17 Lamps and reflectors—combinations Accessories in driveaway-towaway operation. 393.19 Hazard warning signals. 393.75 Tires. 393.20 [Reserved] 393.76 Sleeper berths. 393.22 Combination of lighting devices and 393.77 Heaters. reflectors. 393.78 Windshield wiping and washing sys- 393.23 Power supply for lamps. tems. 393.24 Requirements for head lamps, auxil- 393.79 Windshield defrosting and defogging iary driving lamps and front fog lamps. systems. 393.25 Requirements for lamps other than 393.80 Rear-vision mirrors. head lamps. 393.81 Horn. 393.26 Requirements for reflex reflectors. 393.82 Speedometer. 393.27 [Reserved] 393.83 Exhaust systems. 393.28 Wiring systems. 393.84 Floors. 393.29 [Reserved] 393.85 [Reserved] 393.30 Battery installation. 393.86 Rear impact guards and rear end pro- 393.31–393.33 [Reserved] tection. 393.87 Warning flags on projecting loads. Subpart C—Brakes 393.88 Television receivers. 393.89 Buses, driveshaft protection. 393.40 Required brake systems. 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. 393.41 Parking brake system. 393.91 Buses, aisle seats prohibited. 393.42 Brakes required on all wheels. 393.92 [Reserved] 393.43 Breakaway and emergency braking. 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat 393.44 Front brake lines, protection. belt assembly anchorages. 393.45 Brake tubing and hoses; hose assem- 393.94 Interior noise levels in power units. blies and end fittings. 393.46 [Reserved] Subpart H—Emergency Equipment 393.47 Brake actuators, slack adjusters, linings/pads and drums/rotors. 393.95 Emergency equipment on all power 393.48 Brakes to be operative. units. 393.49 Control valves for brakes. 393.50 Reservoirs required. Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and 393.51 Warning signals, air pressure and vac- Falling Cargo uum gauges. 393.52 Brake performance. 393.100 Which types of commercial motor 393.53 Automatic brake adjusters and brake vehicles are subject to the cargo secure- adjustment indicators. ment standards of this subpart, and what 393.55 Antilock brake systems. general requirements apply? 393.102 What are the minimum performance Subpart D—Glazing and Window criteria for cargo securement devices and Construction systems? 393.104 What standards must cargo secure- 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. ment devices and systems meet in order

366

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00376 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.5

to satisfy the requirements of this sub- § 393.1 Scope of the rules in this part. part? 393.106 What are the general requirements (a) The rules in this part establish for securing articles of cargo? minimum standards for commercial 393.108 How is the working load limit of a motor vehicles as defined in § 390.5 of tiedown, or the load restraining value of this title. Only motor vehicles (as de- a friction mat, determined? fined in § 390.5) and combinations of 393.110 What else do I have to do to deter- motor vehicles which meet the defini- mine the minimum number of tiedowns? tion of a commercial motor vehicle are 393.112 Must a tiedown be adjustable? subject to the requirements of this 393.114 What are the requirements for front part. All requirements that refer to end structures used as part of a cargo se- motor vehicles with a GVWR below curement system? 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) are applicable SPECIFIC SECUREMENT REQUIREMENTS BY only when the motor vehicle or com- COMMODITY TYPE bination of motor vehicles meets the definition of a commercial motor vehi- 393.116 What are the rules for securing logs? cle. 393.118 What are the rules for securing dressed lumber or similar building prod- (b) Every employer and employee ucts? shall comply and be conversant with 393.120 What are the rules for securing the requirements and specifications of metal coils? this part. No employer shall operate a 393.122 What are the rules for securing commercial motor vehicle, or cause or paper rolls? permit it to be operated, unless it is 393.124 What are the rules for securing con- equipped in accordance with the re- crete pipe? quirements and specifications of this 393.126 What are the rules for securing part. intermodal containers? 393.128 What are the rules for securing auto- [70 FR 48025, Aug. 15, 2005] mobiles, light trucks and vans? 393.130 What are the rules for securing § 393.3 Additional equipment and ac- heavy vehicles, equipment and machin- cessories. ery? Nothing contained in this subchapter 393.132 What are the rules for securing flat- shall be construed to prohibit the use tened or crushed vehicles? of additional equipment and acces- 393.134 What are the rules for securing roll- sories, not inconsistent with or prohib- on/roll-off and hook lift containers? ited by this subchapter, provided such 393.136 What are the rules for securing large equipment and accessories do not de- boulders? crease the safety of operation of the Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Com- motor vehicles on which they are used. ponents, Wheels, Steering, and Sus- § 393.5 Definitions. pension Systems As used in this part, the following 393.201 Frames. words and terms are construed to 393.203 Cab and body components. mean: 393.205 Wheels. Aggregate working load limit. The sum- 393.207 Suspension systems. mation of the working load limits or 393.209 Steering wheel systems. restraining capacity of all devices used AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 322, 31136, and 31502; to secure an article of cargo on a vehi- Section 1041(b) of Pub. L. 102–240, 105 Stat. cle. 1914, 1993 (1991); and 49 CFR 1.73. Agricultural commodity trailer. A trail- SOURCE: 33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, unless er that is designed to transport bulk otherwise noted. agricultural commodities in off-road harvesting sites and to a processing EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to plant or storage location, as evidenced part 393 appear at 66 FR 49874, Oct. 1, 2001. by skeletal construction that accom- modates harvest containers, a max- Subpart A—General imum length of 28 feet, and an arrangement of air control lines and reservoirs SOURCE: 53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, unless that minimizes damage in field oper- otherwise noted. ations.

367

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00377 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.5 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

Air brake system. A system, including horizontal movement of the article of an air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem, cargo. that uses air as a medium for transmit- Boat trailer. A trailer designed with ting pressure or force from the driver cradle-type mountings to transport a control to the service brake, but does boat and configured to permit launch- not include a system that uses coming of the boat from the rear of the pressed air or vacuum only to assist trailer. the driver in applying muscular force Bracing. A structure, device, or an- to hydraulic or mechanical compo- other substantial article placed against nents. an article of cargo to prevent it from Air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem. A tipping, that may also prevent it from subsystem of the air brake system that shifting. uses compressed air to transmit a force Brake. An energy conversion mecha- from the driver control to a hydraulic nism used to stop, or hold a vehicle brake system to actuate the service stationary. brakes. Brake power assist unit. A device in- Anchor point. Part of the structure, stalled in a hydraulic brake system fitting or attachment on a vehicle or that reduces the operator effort re- article of cargo to which a tiedown is quired to actuate the system, but attached. which if inoperative does not prevent Antilock Brake System or ABS means a the operator from braking the vehicle portion of a service brake system that by a continued application of muscular automatically controls the degree of force on the service brake control. rotational wheel slip during braking Brake power unit. A device installed by: in a brake system that provides the en- (1) Sensing the rate of angular rota- ergy required to actuate the brakes, ei- tion of the wheels; ther directly or indirectly through an (2) Transmitting signals regarding auxiliary device, with the operator ac- the rate of wheel angular rotation to tion consisting only of modulating the one or more controlling devices which energy application level. interpret those signals and generate re- Brake tubing/hose. Metallic brake tub- sponsive controlling output signals; ing, nonmetallic brake tubing and and brake hose are conduits or lines used in (3) Transmitting those controlling a brake system to transmit or contain signals to one or more modulators the medium (fluid or vacuum) used to which adjust brake actuating forces in apply the motor vehicle’s brakes. response to those signals. Chassis. The load-supporting frame of Article of cargo. A unit of cargo, other a commercial motor vehicle, exclusive than a liquid, gas, or aggregate that of any appurtenances which might be lacks physical structure (e.g., grain, added to accommodate cargo. gravel, etc.) including articles grouped Clearance Lamps. Lamps that provide together so that they can be handled as light to the front or rear, mounted on a single unit or unitized by wrapping, the permanent structure of the vehicle, strapping, banding or edge protection such that they indicate the overall device(s). width of the vehicle. Auxiliary driving lamp. A lighting de- Container chassis trailer. A semitrailer vice mounted to provide illumination of skeleton construction limited to a forward of the vehicle which supple- bottom frame, one or more axles, spe- ments the upper beam of a standard cially built and fitted with locking de- headlighting system. It is not intended vices for the transport of intermodal for use alone or with the lower beam of cargo containers, so that when the a standard headlamp system. chassis and container are assembled, Bell pipe concrete. Pipe whose flanged the units serve the same function as an end is of larger diameter than its bar- over the road trailer. rel. Converter dolly. A motor vehicle con- Blocking. A structure, device or an- sisting of a chassis equipped with one other substantial article placed against or more axles, a fifth wheel and/or or around an article of cargo to prevent equivalent mechanism, and drawbar,

368

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00378 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.5

the attachment of which converts a main beams, and are an integral part of semitrailer to a full trailer. the vehicle. Crib-type log trailer means a trailer Friction mat. A device placed between equipped with stakes, bunks, a front- the deck of a vehicle and article of end structure, and a rear structure to cargo, or between articles of cargo, in- restrain logs. The stakes prevent move- tended to provide greater friction than ment of the logs from side to side on exists naturally between these sur- the vehicle while the front-end and faces. rear structures prevent movement of Front fog lamp. A lighting device the logs from front to back on the vehi- whose beam provides downward illu- cle. mination forward of the vehicle and Curb weight. The weight of a motor close to the ground, and is to be used vehicle with standard equipment, max- only under conditions of rain, snow, imum capacity of fuel, oil, and coolant; dust, smoke or fog. A pair of fog lamps and, if so equipped, air conditioning may be used alone, with parking, tail, and additional weight of optional en- side, marker, clearance and identifica- gine. Curb weight does not include the tion lamps, or with a lower beam driver. headlamp at the driver’s discretion in Dunnage. All loose materials used to accordance with state and local use support and protect cargo. law. Fuel tank fitting. Any removable de- Dunnage bag. An inflatable bag in- vice affixed to an opening in the fuel tended to fill otherwise empty space tank with the exception of the filler between articles of cargo, or between cap. articles of cargo and the wall of the ve- g. The acceleration due to gravity, hicle. 32.2 ft/sec2 (9.81 m/sec2). A device placed on the Edge protector. Grommet. A device that serves as a exposed edge of an article to distribute support and protection to that which tiedown forces over a larger area of passes through it. cargo than the tiedown itself, to pro- Hazard warning signal. Lamps that tect the tie-down and/or cargo from flash simultaneously to the front and damage, and to allow the tiedown to rear, on both the right and left sides of slide freely when being tensioned. a commercial motor vehicle, to indi- Electric brake system. A system that cate to an approaching driver the pres- uses electric current to actuate the ence of a vehicular hazard. service brake. Head lamps. Lamps used to provide Emergency brake. A mechanism de- general illumination ahead of a motor signed to stop a motor vehicle after a vehicle. failure of the service brake system. Heater. Any device or assembly of de- Emergency brake system. A mechanism vices or appliances used to heat the in- designed to stop a vehicle after a single terior of any motor vehicle. This in- failure occurs in the service brake sys- cludes a catalytic heater which must tem of a part designed to contain com- meet the requirements of § 177.834(l)(2) pressed air or brake fluid or vacuum of this title when Class 3 (flammable (except failure of a common valve, liquid) or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) manifold brake fluid housing or brake is transported. chamber housing). Heavy hauler trailer. A trailer which Fifth wheel. A device mounted on a has one or more of the following char- truck tractor or similar towing vehicle acteristics, but which is not a con- (e.g., converter dolly) which interfaces tainer chassis trailer: with and couples to the upper coupler (1) Its brake lines are designed to assembly of a semitrailer. adapt to separation or extension of the Frame vehicle. A vehicle with skeletal vehicle frame; or structure fitted with one or more bunk (2) Its body consists only of a plat- units for transporting logs. A bunk form whose primary cargo-carrying unit consists of U-shaped front and surface is not more than 1,016 mm (40 rear bunks that together cradle logs. inches) above the ground in an un- The bunks are welded, gusseted or oth- loaded condition, except that it may erwise firmly fastened to the vehicle’s include sides that are designed to be

369

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00379 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.5 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

easily removable and a permanent rearmost point of the rearmost tires ‘‘front-end structure’’ as that term is and which has a lower rear surface that used in § 393.106 of this title. meets the guard configuration require- Hook-lift container. A specialized con- ments of § 393.86(b)(1). tainer, primarily used to contain and Manufactured home means a struc- transport materials in the waste, recy- ture, transportable in one or more sec- cling, construction/demolition and tions, which in the traveling mode, is scrap industries, which is used in con- eight body feet or more in width or junction with specialized vehicles, in forty body feet or more in length, or, which the container is loaded and un- when erected on site, is three hundred loaded onto a tilt frame body by an ar- twenty or more square feet, and which ticulating hook-arm. is built on a permanent chassis and de- Hydraulic brake system. A system that signed to be used as a dwelling with or uses hydraulic fluid as a medium for without a permanent foundation when transmitting force from a service connected to the required utilities, and brake control to the service brake, and includes the plumbing, heating, air- that may incorporate a brake power as- conditioning, and electrical systems sist unit, or a brake power unit. contained therein. Calculations used to Identification lamps. Lamps used to determine the number of square feet in identify certain types of commercial a structure will be based on the struc- motor vehicles. ture’s exterior dimensions measured at Integral securement system. A system the largest horizontal projections when on certain roll-on/roll-off containers erected on site. These dimensions will and hook-lift containers and their re- include all expandable rooms, cabinets, lated transport vehicles in which com- and other projections containing inte- patible front and rear hold down de- rior space, but do not include bay win- vices are mated to provide securement dows. This term includes all structures of the complete vehicle and its articles which meet the above requirements ex- of cargo. cept the size requirements and with re- Lamp. A device used to produce arti- spect to which the manufacturer volun- ficial light. tarily files a certification pursuant to Length of a manufactured home. The 24 CFR 3282.13 and complies with the largest exterior length in the traveling standards set forth in 24 CFR part 3280. mode, including any projections which Metal coil means an article of cargo contain interior space. Length does not comprised of elements, mixtures, com- include bay windows, roof projections, pounds, or alloys commonly known as overhangs, or eaves under which there metal, metal foil, metal leaf, forged is no interior space, nor does it include metal, stamped metal, metal wire, drawbars, couplings or hitches. metal rod, or metal chain that are License plate lamp. A lamp used to il- packaged as a roll, coil, spool, wind, or luminate the license plate on the rear wrap, including plastic or rubber coat- of a motor vehicle. ed electrical wire and communications Longwood. All logs that are not cable shortwood, i.e., are over 4.9 m (16 feet) Multi-piece windshield. A windshield long. Such logs are usually described as consisting of two or more windshield long logs or treelength. glazing surface areas. Low chassis vehicle. (1) A trailer or Parking brake system. A mechanism semitrailer manufactured on or after designed to prevent the movement of a January 26, 1998, having a chassis stationary motor vehicle. which extends behind the rearmost Play. Any free movement of compo- point of the rearmost tires and which nents. has a lower rear surface that meets the Pulpwood trailer. A trailer or guard width, height, and rear surface semitrailer that is designed exclusively requirements of § 571.224 in effect on for harvesting logs or pulpwood and the date of manufacture, or a subse- constructed with a skeletal frame with quent edition. no means for attachment of a solid bed, (2) A motor vehicle, not described by body, or container. paragraph (1) of this definition, having Rail vehicle. A vehicle whose skeletal a chassis which extends behind the structure is fitted with stakes at the

370

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00380 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.5

front and rear to contain logs loaded Service brake system. A primary brake crosswise. system used for slowing and stopping a Rear extremity. The rearmost point on vehicle. a motor vehicle that falls above a hori- Shoring bar. A device placed trans- zontal plane located 560 mm (22 inches) versely between the walls of a vehicle above the ground and below a hori- and cargo to prevent cargo from tip- zontal plane located 1,900 mm (75 ping or shifting. inches) above the ground when the Shortwood. All logs typically up to 4.9 motor vehicle is stopped on level m (16 feet) long. Such logs are often de- ground; unloaded; its fuel tanks are scribed as cut-up logs, cut-to-length full; the tires (and air suspension, if so logs, bolts or pulpwood. Shortwood equipped) are inflated in accordance may be loaded lengthwise or crosswise, though that loaded crosswise is usually with the manufacturer’s recommenda- no more than 2.6 m (102 inches) long. tions; and the motor vehicle’s cargo Sided vehicle. A vehicle whose cargo doors, tailgate, or other permanent compartment is enclosed on all four structures are positioned as they nor- sides by walls of sufficient strength to mally are when the vehicle is in mo- contain articles of cargo, where the tion. Nonstructural protrusions such as walls may include latched openings for taillamps, rubber bumpers, hinges and loading and unloading, and includes latches are excluded from the deter- vans, dump bodies, and a sided inter- mination of the rearmost point. modal container carried by a vehicle. Reflective material. A material con- Side extremity. The outermost point forming to Federal Specification L-S- on a side of the motor vehicle that is 300, ‘‘Sheeting and Tape, Reflective; above a horizontal plane located 560 Non-exposed Lens, Adhesive Backing,’’ mm (22 inches) above the ground, below (September 7, 1965) meeting the per- a horizontal plane located 1,900 mm (75 formance standard in either Table 1 or inches) above the ground, and between Table 1A of SAE Standard J594f, ‘‘Re- a transverse vertical plane tangent to flex Reflectors’’ (January, 1977). the rear extremity of the vehicle and a Reflex reflector. A device which is used transverse vertical plane located 305 on a vehicle to give an indication to an mm (12 inches) forward of that plane approaching driver by reflected lighted when the vehicle is unloaded; its fuel from the lamps on the approaching ve- tanks are full; and the tires (and air hicle. suspension, if so equipped) are inflated Saddle-mount. A device, designed and in accordance with the manufacturer’s constructed as to be readily demount- recommendations. Non-structural pro- able, used in driveaway-towaway oper- trusions such as taillights, hinges and ations to perform the functions of a latches are excluded from the deter- conventional fifth wheel: mination of the outermost point. Side marker lamp (Intermediate). A (1) Upper-half. Upper-half of a ‘‘sad- lamp mounted on the side, on the per- dle-mount’’ means that part of the de- manent structure of the motor vehicle vice which is securely attached to the that provides light to the side to indi- towed vehicle and maintains a fixed po- cate the approximate middle of the ve- sition relative thereto, but does not in- hicle, when the motor vehicle is 9.14 clude the ‘‘king-pin;’’ meters (30 feet) or more in length. (2) Lower-half. Lower-half of a ‘‘sad- Side Marker Lamps. Lamps mounted dle-mount’’ means that part of the de- on the side, on the permanent struc- vice which is securely attached to the ture of the motor vehicle as near as towing vehicle and maintains a fixed practicable to the front and rear of the position relative thereto but does not vehicle, that provide light to the side include the ‘‘king-pin;’’ and to indicate the overall length of the (3) King-pin. King-pin means that de- motor vehicle. vice which is used to connect the Special purpose vehicle. (1) A trailer or ‘‘upper-half’’ to the ‘‘lower-half’’ in semitrailer manufactured on or after such manner as to permit relative January 26, 1998, having work-per- movement in a horizontal plane be- forming equipment that, while the tween the towed and towing vehicles. motor vehicle is in transit, resides in

371

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00381 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.5 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

or moves through the area that could The logs are supported by a bunk lo- be occupied by the horizontal member cated on the rear of the tractor, and of the rear impact guard, as defined by another bunk on the skeletal trailer. the guard width, height and rear sur- The tractor bunk may rotate about a face requirements of § 571.224 (para- vertical axis, and the trailer may have graphs S5.1.1 through S5.1.3), in effect a fixed, scoping, or cabled reach, or on the date of manufacture, or a subse- other mechanical freedom, to allow it quent edition. to turn. (2) A motor vehicle, not described by Trailer kingpin. A pin (with a flange paragraph (1) of this definition, having on its lower end) which extends work-performing equipment that, vertically from the front of the under- while the motor vehicle is in transit, side of a semitrailer and which locks resides in or moves through the area into a fifth wheel. that could be occupied by the hori- Turn signals. Lamps used to indicate zontal member of the rear impact a change in direction by emitting a guard, as defined by the guard width, flashing light on the side of a motor ve- height and rear surface requirements of hicle towards which a turn will be § 393.86(b)(1). made. Split service brake system. A brake sys- Upper coupler assembly. A structure tem consisting of two or more sub- consisting of an upper coupler plate, systems actuated by a single control king-pin and supporting framework designed so that a leakage-type failure which interfaces with and couples to a of a pressure component in a single fifth wheel. subsystem (except structural failure of Upper coupler plate. A plate structure a housing that is common to two or through which the king-pin neck and more subsystems) shall not impair the collar extend. The bottom surface of operation of any other subsystem. the plate contacts the fifth wheel when Steering wheel lash. The condition in coupled. which the steering wheel may be Vacuum brake system. A system that turned through some part of a revolu- uses a vacuum and atmospheric pres- tion without associated movement of sure for transmitting a force from the the front wheels. driver control to the service brake, not Stop lamps. Lamps shown to the rear including a system that uses vacuum of a motor vehicle to indicate that the only to assist the driver in applying service brake system is engaged. muscular force to hydraulic or mechan- Surge brake. A self-contained, perma- ical components. nently closed hydraulic brake system Void filler. Material used to fill a for trailers that relies on inertial space between articles of cargo and the forces, developed in response to the structure of the vehicle that has suffi- braking action of the towing vehicle, cient strength to prevent movement of applied to a hydraulic device mounted the articles of cargo. on or connected to the tongue of the Well. The depression formed between trailer, to slow down or stop the towed two cylindrical articles of cargo when vehicle. they are laid with their eyes horizontal Tail lamps. Lamps used to designate and parallel against each other. the rear of a motor vehicle. Wheels back vehicle. (1) A trailer or Tiedown. A combination of securing semitrailer manufactured on or after devices which forms an assembly that January 26, 1998, whose rearmost axle attaches articles of cargo to, or re- is permanently fixed and is located strains articles of cargo on, a vehicle such that the rearmost surface of the or trailer, and is attached to anchor tires (of the size recommended by the point(s). vehicle manufacturer for the rear axle) Tow bar. A strut or column-like de- is not more than 305 mm (12 inches) vice temporarily attached between the forward of the transverse vertical plane rear of a towing vehicle and the front tangent to the rear extremity of the of the vehicle being towed. vehicle. Tractor-pole trailer. A combination ve- (2) A motor vehicle, not described by hicle that carries logs lengthwise so paragraph (1) of this definition, whose that they form the body of the vehicle. rearmost axle is permanently fixed and

372

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00382 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.7

is located such that the rearmost sur- J581, July 2004, incorporation by ref- face of the tires (of the size rec- erence approved for § 393.24(b). ommended by the vehicle manufac- (2) Front Fog Lamp, SAE J583, Au- turer for the rear axle) is not more gust 2004, incorporation by reference than 610 mm (24 inches) forward of the approved for § 393.24(b). transverse vertical plane tangent to (3) Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Ve- the rear extremity of the vehicle. hicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width of a manufactured home. The Width, SAE J586, March 2000, incorpo- largest exterior width in the traveling ration by reference approved for mode, including any projections which § 393.25(c). contain interior space. Width does not (4) Stop Lamps and Front- and Rear- include bay windows, roof projections, Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor overhangs, or eaves under which there Vehicles 2032 mm or more in Overall is no interior space. Width, SAE J2261, January 2002, incor- Windshield. The principal forward fac- porated by reference approved for ing glazed surface provided for forward § 393.25 (c). vision in operating a motor vehicle. (5) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) Working load limit (WLL). The max- for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than imum load that may be applied to a 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAE J585, component of a cargo securement sys- March 2000, incorporation by reference tem during normal service, usually as- approved for § 393.25(c). signed by the manufacturer of the com- (6) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) ponent. for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width, SAE J2040, March 2002, [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 63 FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 63 FR 24465, May 4, incorporation by reference approved 1998; 64 FR 47707, Sept. 1, 1999; 67 FR 61224, for § 393.25(c). Sept. 27, 2002; 68 FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 70 (7) Turn Signal Lamps for Use on FR 48026, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in 2006; 72 FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] Overall Width, SAE J588, March 2000, incorporation by reference approved § 393.7 Matter incorporated by ref- for § 393.25(c). erence. (8) Sidemarker Lamps for Use on (a) Incorporation by reference. Part 393 Road Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in includes references to certain matter Overall Width, SAE J592, August 2000, or materials, as listed in paragraph (b) incorporation by reference approved of this section. The text of the mate- for § 393.25(c). rials is not included in the regulations (9) Directional Flashing Optical contained in part 393. The materials Warning Devices for Authorized Emer- are hereby made a part of the regula- gency, Maintenance, and Service Vehi- tions in part 393. The Director of the cles, SAE J595, January 2005, incorpo- Federal Register has approved the ma- ration by reference approved for terials incorporated by reference in ac- § 393.25(e). cordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR (10) Optical Warning Devices for Au- part 51. For materials subject to thorized Emergency, Maintenance, and change, only the specific version ap- Service Vehicles, SAE J845, May 1997, proved by the Director of the Federal incorporation by reference approved Register and specified in the regulation for § 393.25(e). are incorporated. Material is incor- (11) Gaseous Discharge Warning porated as it exists on the date of the Lamp for Authorized Emergency, approval and a notice of any change in Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, these materials will be published in the SAE J1318, May 1998, incorporation by FEDERAL REGISTER. reference approved for § 393.25(e). (b) Matter or materials referenced in (12) Reflex Reflectors, SAE J594, De- part 393. The matter or materials listed cember 2003, incorporation by reference in this paragraph are incorporated by approved for § 393.26(c). reference in the corresponding sections (13) Standard Specification for noted. Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic (1) Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, So- Control, American Society of Testing ciety of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and Materials, ASTM D 4956–04, 2004,

373

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00383 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.7 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

incorporation by reference approved (c) Availability. The materials incor- for § 393.26(c). porated by reference are available as (14) Automobile, Truck, Truck-Trac- follows: tor, Trailer, and Motor Coach Wiring, (1) Standards of the Underwriters SAE J1292, October 1981, incorporated Laboratories, Inc. Information and cop- by reference approved for § 393.28. ies may be obtained by writing to: Un- (15) Long Stroke Air Brake Actuator derwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Marking, SAE J1817, July 2001, incorpo- Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois ration by reference approved for 60062. § 393.47(e). (2) Specifications of the American (16) American National Standard for Society for Testing and Materials. In- Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing formation and copies may be obtained Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle by writing to: American Society for Equipment Operating on Land High- Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor ways-Safety Standard, SAE Z26.1–1996, Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsyl- August 1997, incorporation by reference vania 19428–2959. approved for § 393.62(d). (3) Specifications of the National As- (17) Specification for Sound Level sociation of Chain Manufacturers. In- Meters, American National Standards formation and copies may be obtained Institute, S1.4–1983, incorporation by by writing to: National Association of reference approved for § 393.94(c). Chain Manufacturers, P.O. Box 22681, (18) Standard Specification for Strap- Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania 18002–2681. ping, Flat Steel and Seals, American (4) Specifications of the Web Sling Society for Testing and Materials and Tiedown Association. Information (ASTM), D3953–97, February 1998, incor- and copies may be obtained by writing poration by reference approved for to: Web Sling and Tiedown Association, § 393.104(e). Inc., 5024–R Campbell Boulevard, Balti- (19) Welded Steel Chain Specifica- more, Maryland 21236–5974. tions, National Association of Chain (5) Manuals of the Wire Rope Tech- Manufacturers, September 28, 2005, in- nical Board. Information and copies corporation by reference approved for may be obtained by writing to: Wire § 393.104(e). Rope Technical Committee, P.O. Box (20) Recommended Standard Speci- 849, Stevensville, Maryland 21666. fication for Synthetic Web Tiedowns, (6) Standards of the Cordage Insti- Web Sling and Tiedown Association, tute. Information and copies may be WSTDA-T1, 1998, incorporation by ref- obtained by writing to: Cordage Insti- erence approved for § 393.104(e). tute, 350 Lincoln Street, # 115, (21) Wire Rope Users Manual, 2nd Hingham, Massachusetts 02043. Edition, Wire Rope Technical Board (7) Standards of the Society of Auto- November 1985, incorporation by ref- motive Engineers (SAE). Information erence approved for § 393.104(e). and copies may be obtained by writing (22) Cordage Institute rope standards to: Society of Automotive Engineers, approved for incorporation into Inc., 400 Commonwealth Drive, § 393.104(e): Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096. (i) PETRS–2, Polyester Fiber Rope, 3- (8) Standards of the American Na- Strand and 8-Strand Constructions, tional Standards Institute (ANSI). In- January 1993; formation and copies may be obtained (ii) PPRS–2, Polypropylene Fiber by writing to: American National Rope, 3-Strand and 8-Strand Construc- Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd tions, August 1992; Street, New York, New York 10036. (iii) CRS–1, Polyester/Polypropylene (9) [Reserved]. Composite Rope Specifications, Three- (10) All of the materials incorporated Strand and Eight-Strand Standard by reference are available for inspec- Construction, May 1979; tion at: (iv) NRS–1, Nylon Rope Specifica- (i) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Ad- tions, Three-Strand and Eight-Strand ministration, Office of Bus and Truck Standard Construction, May 1979; and Standards and Operations (MC–PS), (v) C–1, Double Braided Nylon Rope 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE., Washington, Specifications DBN, January 1984. DC 20590–0001; and

374

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00384 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

(ii) The National Archives and (2) Exceptions: Pole trailers and trail- Records Administration (NARA). For er converter dollies must meet the part information on the availability of this 393 requirements for lamps, reflective material at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or devices and electrical equipment in ef- go to: http://www.archives.gov/federall fect at the time of manufacture. Trail- register/codeloflfederallregulations/ ers which are equipped with con- ibrllocations.html. spicuity material which meets the re- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 70 quirements of § 393.11(b) are not re- FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, quired to be equipped with the reflex 2006; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007] reflectors listed in Table 1 if— (i) The conspicuity material is placed Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective at the locations where reflex reflectors Devices, and Electrical Wiring are required by Table 1; and (ii) The conspicuity material when § 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of installed on the motor vehicle meets obstructions of lamps and reflec- the visibility requirements for the re- tors. flex reflectors. (a) All lamps required by this subpart (b) Conspicuity Systems. Each trailer shall be capable of being operated at of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more overall all times. This paragraph shall not be width, and with a GVWR over 4,536 kg construed to require that any auxiliary (10,000 pounds), manufactured on or or additional lamp be capable of oper- after December 1, 1993, except pole ating at all times. trailers and trailers designed exclu- (b) Lamps and reflective devices/material required by this subpart must sively for living or office use, shall be not be obscured by the tailboard, or by equipped with either retroreflective any part of the load, or its covering by sheeting that meets the requirements dirt, or other added vehicle or work of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.1), reflex reflec- equipment, or otherwise. Exception: tors that meet the requirements The conspicuity treatments on the FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.2), or a combina- front end protection devices may be ob- tion of retroreflective sheeting and re- scured by part of the load being trans- flex reflectors that meet the require- ported. ments of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.3). The conspicuity system shall be installed [70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005] and located as specified in FMVSS No. § 393.11 Lamps and reflective devices. 108 [S5.7.1.4 (for retroreflective sheeting), S5.7.2.2 (for reflex reflectors), (a)(1) Lamps and reflex reflectors. S5.7.3 (for a combination of sheeting Table 1 specifies the requirements for and reflectors)] and have certification lamps, reflective devices and associ- and markings as required by S5.7.1.5 ated equipment by the type of commercial motor vehicle. The diagrams in (for retroreflective tape) and S5.7.2.3 this section illustrate the position of (for reflex reflectors). the lamps, reflective devices and asso- (c) Prohibition on the use of amber stop ciated equipment specified in Table 1. lamps and tail lamps. No commercial All commercial motor vehicles manu- motor vehicle may be equipped with an factured on or after December 25, 1968, amber stop lamp, a tail lamp, or other must, at a minimum, meet the applica- lamp which is optically combined with ble requirements of 49 CFR 571.108 an amber stop lamp or tail lamp. (FMVSS No. 108) in effect at the time (d) Prohibition on the use of auxiliary of manufacture of the vehicle. Com- lamps that supplement the identification mercial motor vehicles manufactured lamps. No commercial motor vehicle before December 25, 1968, must, at a may be equipped with lamps that are in minimum, meet the requirements of a horizontal line with the required subpart B of part 393 in effect at the identification lamps unless those time of manufacture. lamps are required by this regulation.

375

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00385 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition) required

Vehicles for which the devices are B, C A, B, C A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H A, B, C EHICLES V OTOR M lamp at curb weight surface in millimeters level as close practicable to the top of motor vehicle. (15 inches) nor more than 2,108 mm (83 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 1,829 mm (72 inches). (22 inches) nor more than 1,372 mm (54 inches). from the center of Height above the road (mm) (with English units in parenthesis) measured All three on the same Not less than 381 mm Both on the same level Not less than 559 mm OMMERCIAL same C the top of vehicle, at the same height, and as close practicable to the vertical centerline of the vehicle (or the vertical centerline of the cab where different from the centerline of vehicle) with lamp centers spaced not less than 152 mm (6 inches) or more than 305 mm (12 inches) apart. Alternatively, the front lamps may be located as close practicable to the top of cab. vertical centerline at the same height and as far apart practicable. of the vertical centerline at the same height and as far apart practicable. height, with an equal number at each side of the vertical center line as far apart practicable. One on each side of the EFLECTORS ON R front. AMPS AND L EQUIRED § 393.11—R 2 Amber ...... At or near the 3 Amber ...... Front ...... As close as practicable to OF 1 ABLE T Item on the vehicle Quantity Color Location Position and 12. note #1. Headlamps ...... 2 White ...... Turn signal (front). See footnotes #2 Front ...... On the front at Identification lamps (front). See foot- Tail lamps. See footnotes #5 and 11 2 Red ...... Rear ...... One lamp on each side

376

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00386 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11 required Vehicles for which the devices are A, B, C, D, E, F, G A, B, C, D, E, F, G B, C, D, G, H A, B, C, D, F, G B, D, G, H A, B, D, F, G A, B, D, F, G A, B, C, D, F

EHICLES V lamp at curb weight surface in millimeters between 381 mm (15 inches) and 1,524 mm (60 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 1,829 mm (72 inches). as high practicable. inches) and 1,524 mm (60 inches). as high practicable. (15inches) and 1,524 (60 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 1,524 mm (60 inches). (15 inches). from the center of Height above the road OTOR (mm) (with English units in parenthesis) measured No requirements ...... A, B, C, D, F, G Both on the same level, Both on the same level Both on the same level Between 381 mm (15 Both on the same level Between 381 mm Both on the same level, Not less than 381 mm M OMMERCIAL C vertical centerline, as far apart as practicable and at the same height. of the vertical centerline at the same height and as far apart practicable. vertical centerline to indicate overall width. practicable. vertical centerline to indicate overall width. between the front and rear side marker lamps, if the length of the vehicle is more than 9,144 mm (30 feet). practicable. practicable. One on each side of the As far to the front as One on each side of the At or near the midpoint As far to the rear as As far to the front as EFLECTORS ON R side of the front of the vehicle. side (front). plate to illu- minate the plate from the top or sides. side of the rear of the vehicle. side. side (rear). side. AMPS AND L EQUIRED 1—R 2 Red ...... One on each 2 Amber ...... One on each 2 Amber ...... One on each 2 Red ...... Rear ...... One on each side of the 2 Amber ...... One on each 1 White ...... At rear license ABLE T Item on the vehicle Quantity Color Location Position 9, 10, 15 & 17. #5, 6, and 8. note #16. note #11. note #16. Stop lamps. See footnotes #5 and 13 2 Red ...... Clearance lamps. See footnotes #8, Rear ...... One lamp on each side Reflex reflector, intermediate (side) .. 2 Amber ...... One on each Reflex reflector (rear). See footnotes Reflex reflector (rear side)...... Reflex reflector (front side). See foot- 2 Red ...... One on each License plate lamp (rear). See foot- Side marker lamp (front). See foot-

377

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00387 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition) required Vehicles for which the devices are A, B, C, D, E, F, G B, D, G A, B, D, F, G A, B, C, D, E, F, G A A, B, C A, B, D, F, G —Continued lamp at curb weight EHICLES surface in millimeters between 381 mm (15 inches) and 2,108 mm (83 inches). level as close practicable to the top of vehicle. (15 inches), and on the rear of trailers not more than 1,524 mm (60 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 2,108 mm (83 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 2,108 mm (83 inches). between 381 mm (15 inches) and 2,108 mm (83 inches). inches). from the center of Height above the road V (mm) (with English units in parenthesis) measured Both on the same level, All three on the same Not less than 381 mm Both on the same level, Both on the same level, Both on the same level, Not less tan 381 mm (15 OTOR ...... No requirement ...... A, B, C M OMMERCIAL of the vertical centerline as far apart practicable. ticable to the vertical centerline. One on each side with lamp centers spaced not less than 152 mm (6 inches) or more than 305 mm (12 inches) apart. practicable. of the vertical centerline, as far apart practicable. of the vertical centerline, as far apart practicable. of the vertical centerline, as far apart practicable. between the front and rear side marker lamps, if the length of the vehicle is more than 9,144 mm (30 feet). C As far to the rear as At or near the midpoint side. side. EFLECTORS ON R AMPS AND L EQUIRED 2 Amber or red ...... Rear ...... One lamp on each side 2 Amber ...... Front ...... One lamp on each side 2 Red ...... One on each 2 Amber or red ...... Rear ...... One lamp on each side 3 Red ...... Rear ...... One as close prac- 1—R ABLE T Item on the vehicle Quantity Color Location Position notes #4 and 8. and 12. notes #3, 7, and 15. flasher lamps. See footnotes #5 and 12. Legend: Types of commercial motor vehicles shown in the last column Table 1. A. Buses and trucks less than 2,032 mm (80 inches) in overall width. B. Buses and trucks 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more in overall width. Side marker lamp intermediate ...... 2 Amber ...... One on each Side marker lamp (rear). See foot- Turn signal (rear). See footnotes #5 Identification lamp (rear). See foot- Vehicular hazard warning signal Backup lamp. See footnote #14 ...... Parking lamp ...... 1 or 2 White ...... Rear ...... 2 Rear Amber or white ...... Front ...... One lamp on each side

378

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00388 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11 e rear of the motor vehicle, or which hall be equipped with the following lamps height greater than the load being trans- rear clearance lamps provided an amber xcept where the cab is not more than 42 ht of not less than 381 mm (15 inches), and both on the same level and as high prac- shall have a switch or combination of switch- n signals are required on the rear of truck amp, one tail lamp, and two reflectors (one on equipped with front side marker lamps and t as practicable, to indicate the extreme width of ht results in the lamps failing to mark overall width of visible from the front, both sides, and rear, except that if ows when the vehicle is operated during hours st extremity) with an amber lamp visible from the front and rhang. th of the vehicle. a vehicle, or for protection from damage during normal op- he vehicle at curb weight. be located as close practicable to the top of vehicle. st extremity) with a red lamp visible from the rear and side. for identification lamps. No part of the lamps or maximum width of the pole trailer; and (5) one red reflector on the vehicle, exclusive of signal lamps, marker out- from the rear, one at each side, located so as to indicate max- rning, required by § 392–22(a). The system shall be capable of an 375 mm (15 inches) above the road surface; (4) two rear re- r turn signals and vehicular hazard warning signal flasher lamps rear of the towing vehicle. on the same level and as high practicable to indicate overall Projections beyond rear of motor vehicles. Motor vehicles transporting loads which extend more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) th To be illuminated when tractor headlamps are illuminated. Every bus, truck, and truck tractor shall be equipped with a signaling system that, in addition to turning movements, To be actuated upon application of service brakes. Backup lamp required to operate when bus, truck, or truck tractor is in reverse. A trailer subject to this part that is less than 1829 mm (6 feet) in overall length, including the tongue, need not be A boat trailer subject to this part whose overall width is 2032 mm (80 inches) or more need not be equipped with both front and Any motor vehicle transporting a load which extends more than 102 mm (4 inches) beyond the overall width of s Pole trailers shall have on the rearmost support for load: (1) two front clearance lamps, one each side of vehicle, Pole trailers, when towed by motor vehicles with rear identification lamps meeting the requirements of § 393.11 and mounted at a Pole trailers shall be equipped with two reflex reflectors on the rear, one each side of vertical centerline as far apar Each converter dolly, when towed singly by another vehicle and not as part of a full trailer, shall be equipped with one stop l The identification lamps need not be visible or lighted if obscured by a vehicle in the same combination. Any semitrailer or full trailer manufactured on after March 1, 1979, shall be equipped with rear side-marker lamps at a heig Identification lamps may be mounted on the vertical centerline of cab where different from vehicle, e Unless the turn signals on front are so constructed (double-faced) and located as to be visible passing drivers, two tur Lamps and reflectors may be combined as permitted by § 393.22 and S5.4 of 49 CFR 571.108, Equipment combinations. (1) The foremost edge of that portion the load which projects beyond side vehicle shall be marked (at its outermo (2) The rearmost edge of that portion the load which projects beyond side vehicle shall be marked (at its outermo (3) If the projecting load does not measure more than 914 mm (3 feet) from front to rear, it shall be marked with an amber lamp Footnote—10 (1) On each side of the projecting load, one red marker lamp, visible from side, located so as to indicate maximum ove (2) On the rear of projecting load, two red lamps, visible from rear, one at each side; and reflectors Footnote—11 Footnote—12 Footnote—9 Footnote—13 Footnote—14 Footnote—15 (1) For the purposes of Section 393.11, term ‘‘overall width’’ refers to nominal design dimension widest part (2) Clearance lamps may be mounted at a location other than on the front and rear if necessary to indicate overall width of (3) On a trailer, the front clearance lamps may be mounted at height below extreme if mounting heig (4) On a truck tractor, clearance lamps mounted on the cab may be located to indicate width of cab, rather than wid (5) When the rear identification lamps are mounted at extreme height of a vehicle, clearance not required to Footnote—16 Footnote—17 Footnote—8 Footnote—7 Footnote—6 Footnote—5 Footnote—4 Footnote—3 C. Truck tractors. D. Semitrailers and full trailers 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more in overall width except converter dollies. E. Converter dolly. F. Semitrailers and full trailers less than 2,032 mm (80 inches) in overall width. G. Pole trailers. H. Projecting loads. Note: Footnote—1 Footnote—2 in addition to other required lamps when operated during the hours headlamps are be used. side. the projection is located at or near rear it shall be marked by a red lamp visible from front, side, and rear. have tailboards or tailgates extending more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) beyond the body, shall these projections marked as foll headlamps are required to be used: imum width. ticable to indicate the overall width of pole trailer; (2) two rear clearance lamps, one on each side vehicle, both width of the pole trailer; (3) two rear side marker lamps, one on each vehicle, both same level, not less th flex reflectors, one on each side, both the same level, not less than 375 mm (15 inches) above road surface to indicate each side of the rearmost support for load. Lamps and reflectors may be combined as allowed in § 393.22. es that will cause the two front turn signals and rear to flash simultaneously as a vehicular traffic signal wa flashing simultaneously with the ignition of vehicle on or off. side rearview mirrors, flexible fender extensions, and mud flaps. eration of the vehicle. the trailer. side reflex reflectors. (front) and red (rear) clearance lamp is located at or near the midpoint on each side so as to indicate its extreme width. ported on the pole trailer, are not required to have rear identification lamps. the trailer. each side of the vertical centerline, as far apart practicable) on rear. Each converter dolly shall be equipped with rea when towed singly by another vehicle and not as part of a full trailer, if the converter dolly obscures turn signals at on the rear of trailers not more than 1,524 mm (60 inches) above road surface, as measured from center lamp t tractor, one at each side as far apart practicable. inches wide at the front roofline, then a single lamp center of cab shall be deemed to comply with requirements their mountings may extend below the top of vehicle windshield.

379

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00389 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

380

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00390 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.005 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

381

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00391 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.006 § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

382

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00392 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.007 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

383

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00393 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.008 § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

384

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00394 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.009 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

385

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00395 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.010 § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

386

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00396 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.011 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

387

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00397 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.012 § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

388

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00398 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.013 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

389

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00399 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.014 § 393.11 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

390

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00400 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.015 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.11

[70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 32014, June 11, 2007; 72 FR 33562, June 18, 2007]

391

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00401 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8016 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.016 § 393.13 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

§ 393.13 Retroreflective sheeting and as part of a red and white pattern. reflex reflectors, requirements for Retroreflective sheeting shall have a semitrailers and trailers manufac- width of at least 50 mm (2 inches). tured before December 1, 1993. (c) Locations for retroreflective sheet- (a) Applicability. All trailers and ing—(1) Sides. Retroreflective sheeting semitrailers manufactured prior to De- shall be applied to each side of the cember 1, 1993, which have an overall trailer or semitrailer. Each strip of width of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more retroreflective sheeting shall be posi- and a gross vehicle weight rating of tioned as horizontally as practicable, 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) or more, except beginning and ending as close to the trailers that are manufactured exclu- front and rear as practicable. The strip sively for use as offices or dwellings, need not be continuous but the sum of pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this the length of all of the segments shall subchapter), and trailers transported in be at least half of the length of the a driveaway-towaway operation, must trailer and the spaces between the seg- be equipped with retroreflective sheet- ments of the strip shall be distributed ing or an array of reflex reflectors that as evenly as practicable. The center- meet the requirements of this section. line for each strip of retroreflective Motor carriers operating trailers, other sheeting shall be between 375 mm (15 than container chassis (as defined in inches) and 1,525 mm (60 inches) above § 393.5), have until June 1, 2001, to com- the road surface when measured with ply with the requirements of this sec- the trailer empty or unladen, or as tion. Motor carriers operating con- close as practicable to this area. If nec- tainer chassis have until December 1, essary to clear rivet heads or other 2001, to comply with the requirements similar obstructions, 50 mm (2 inches) of this section. wide retroreflective sheeting may be (b) Retroreflective sheeting and reflex separated into two 25 mm (1 inch) wide reflectors. Motor carriers are encour- strips of the same length and color, aged to retrofit their trailers with a separated by a space of not more than conspicuity system that meets all of 25 mm (1 inch). the requirements applicable to trailers (2) Lower rear area. The rear of each manufactured on or after December 1, trailer and semitrailer must be 1993, including the use of equipped with retroreflective sheeting. retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- Each strip of retroreflective sheeting flectors in a red and white pattern (see shall be positioned as horizontally as Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard practicable, extending across the full No. 108 (49 CFR 571.108), S5.7, Con- width of the trailer, beginning and end- spicuity systems). Motor carriers which ing as close to the extreme edges as do not retrofit their trailers to meet practicable. The centerline for each of the requirements of FMVSS No. 108, for the strips of retroreflective sheeting example by using an alternative color shall be between 375 mm (15 inches) and pattern, must comply with the remain- 1,525 mm (60 inches) above the road sur- der of this paragraph and with para- face when measured with the trailer graph (c) or (d) of this section. empty or unladen, or as close as prac- Retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- ticable to this area. flectors in colors or color combinations (3) Upper rear area. Two pairs of white other than red and white may be used strips of retroreflective sheeting, each on the sides or lower rear area of the pair consisting of strips 300 mm (12 semitrailer or trailer until June 1, 2009. inches) long, must be positioned hori- The alternate color or color combina- zontally and vertically on the right tion must be uniform along the sides and left upper corners of the rear of the and lower rear area of the trailer. The body of each trailer and semitrailer, as retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- close as practicable to the top of the flectors on the upper rear area of the trailer and as far apart as practicable. trailer must be white and conform to If the perimeter of the body, as viewed the requirements of FMVSS No. 108 from the rear, is not square or rectan- (S5.7). Red retroreflective sheeting or gular, the strips may be applied along reflex reflectors shall not be used along the perimeter, as close as practicable the sides of the trailer unless it is used to the uppermost and outermost areas

392

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00402 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.17

of the rear of the body on the left and be applied along the perimeter, as close right sides. as practicable to the uppermost and (d) Locations for reflex reflectors.—(1) outermost areas of the rear of the body Sides. Reflex reflectors shall be applied on the left and right sides. The center to each side of the trailer or of each reflector shall not be more than semitrailer. Each array of reflex reflec- 100 mm (4 inches) from the center of tors shall be positioned as horizontally each adjacent reflector in the segment as practicable, beginning and ending as of the array. close to the front and rear as prac- [64 FR 15605, Mar. 31, 1999, as amended at 66 ticable. The array need not be contin- FR 30339, June 6, 2001] uous but the sum of the length of all of the array segments shall be at least § 393.17 Lamps and reflectors—com- half of the length of the trailer and the binations in driveaway-towaway spaces between the segments of the operation. strip shall be distributed as evenly as A combination of motor vehicles en- practicable. The centerline for each gaged in driveaway-towaway operation array of reflex reflectors shall be be- must be equipped with operative lamps tween 375 mm (15 inches) and 1,525 mm and reflectors conforming to the rules (60 inches) above the road surface when in this section. measured with the trailer empty or un- (a) The towing vehicle must be laden, or as close as practicable to this equipped as follows: area. The center of each reflector shall (1) On the front, there must be at not be more than 100 mm (4 inches) least two headlamps, an equal number from the center of each adjacent reflec- at each side, two turn signals, one at tor in the segment of the array. If re- each side, and two clearance lamps, one flex reflectors are arranged in an alter- at each side. nating color pattern, the length of re- (2) On each side, there must be at flectors of the first color shall be as least one side-marker lamp, located close as practicable to the length of the near the front of the vehicle. reflectors of the second color. (3) On the rear, there must be at least (2) Lower rear area. The rear of each two tail lamps, one at each side, and trailer and semitrailer must be two stop lamps, one at each side. equipped with reflex reflectors. Each (b) Except as provided in paragraph array of reflex reflectors shall be posi- (c) of this section, the rearmost towed tioned as horizontally as practicable, vehicle of the combination (including extending across the full width of the the towed vehicle or a tow-bar com- trailer, beginning and ending as close bination, the towed vehicle of a single to the extreme edges as practicable. saddle-mount combination, and the The centerline for each array of reflex rearmost towed vehicle of a double or reflectors shall be between 375 mm (15 triple saddle-mount combination) or, inches) and 1,525 mm (60 inches) above in the case of a vehicle full-mounted on the road surface when measured with a saddle-mount vehicle, either the full- the trailer empty or unladen, or as mounted vehicle or the rearmost sad- close as practicable to this area. The dle-mounted vehicle must be equipped center of each reflector shall not be as follows: more than 100 mm (4 inches) from the (1) On each side, there must be at center of each adjacent reflector in the least one side-marker lamp, located segment of the array. near the rear of the vehicle. (3) Upper rear area. Two pairs of white (2) On the rear, there must be at least reflex reflector arrays, each pair at two tail lamps, two stop lamps, two least 300 mm (12 inches) long, must be turn signals, two clearance lamps, and positioned horizontally and vertically two reflectors, one of each type at each on the right and left upper corners of side. In addition, if any vehicle in the the rear of the body of each trailer and combination is 80 inches or more in semitrailer, as close as practicable to overall width, there must be three the top of the trailer and as far apart identification lamps on the rear. as practicable. If the perimeter of the (c) If the towed vehicle in a combina- body, as viewed from the rear, is not tion is a mobile structure trailer, it square or rectangular, the arrays may must be equipped in accordance with

393

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00403 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.17 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

the following lighting devices. For the the same height, and as far apart as purposes of this part, mobile structure practicable; and trailer means a trailer that has a roof (iv) Two turn signal lamps, one on and walls, is at least 10 feet wide, and each side of the vertical centerline, at can be used off road for dwelling or the same height, and as far apart as commercial purposes. practicable. (1) When the vehicle is operated in (2) At all other times, the vehicle accordance with the terms of a special must be equipped as specified in para- permit prohibiting operation during graph (b) of this section. the times when lighted lamps are required under § 392.30, it must have on (d) An intermediate towed vehicle in the rear— a combination consisting of more than (i) Two stop lamps, one on each side two vehicles (including the first saddle- of the vertical centerline, at the same mounted vehicle of a double saddle- height, and as far apart as practicable; mount combination and the first and (ii) Two tail lamps, one on each side second saddle-mount vehicles of a tri- of the vertical centerline, at the same ple saddle-mount combination) must height, and as far apart as practicable; have one side-marker lamp on each (iii) Two red reflex reflectors, one on side, located near the rear of the vehi- each side of the vertical centerline, at cle.

394

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00404 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.17

395

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00405 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.017 § 393.17 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

396

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00406 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.018 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.22

(49 U.S.C. 304, 1655; 49 CFR 1.48(b) and 301.60) [40 FR 36126, Aug. 19, 1975, as amended at 47 FR 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 70 FR 48044, Aug. 15, 2005]

§ 393.19 Hazard warning signals. reflectors (whether or not required by the rules in this part) may be combined The hazard warning signal operating optically if— unit on each commercial motor vehicle shall operate independently of the igni- (1) Each required lighting device and tion or equivalent switch, and when ac- reflector conforms to the applicable tivated, cause all turn signals required rules in this part; and by § 393.11 to flash simultaneously. (2) Neither the mounting nor the use of a nonrequired lighting device or re- [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] flector impairs the effectiveness of a required lighting device or reflector or § 393.20 [Reserved] causes that device or reflector to be in- § 393.22 Combination of lighting de- consistent with the applicable rules in vices and reflectors. this part. (a) Permitted combinations. Except as (b) Prohibited combinations. (1) A turn provided in paragraph (b) of this sec- signal lamp must not be combined opti- tion, two or more lighting devices and cally with either a head lamp or other

397

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00407 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.019 § 393.23 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

lighting device or combination of light- disturbed while the vehicle is operating ing devices that produces a greater in- on public roads. tensity of light than the turn signal (d) Aiming. Headlamps, auxiliary lamp. driving lamps and front fog lamps shall (2) A turn signal lamp must not be be aimed to meet the aiming specifica- combined optically with a stop lamp tions in FMVSS No. 108 (49 CFR unless the stop lamp function is always 571.108), SAE J581, and SAE J583, re- deactivated when the turn signal func- spectively. tion is activated. [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] (3) A clearance lamp must not be combined optically with a tail lamp or § 393.25 Requirements for lamps other identification lamp. than head lamps. (a) Mounting. All lamps shall be se- [39 FR 26908, July 24, 1974] curely mounted on a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary lamps must be se- § 393.23 Power supply for lamps. curely mounted to the load and are not All required lamps must be powered required to be mounted to a permanent by the electrical system of the motor part of the vehicle. vehicle with the exception of battery (b) Visibility. Each lamp shall be lo- powered lamps used on projecting cated so that it meets the visibility re- loads. quirements specified by FMVSS No. 108 in effect at the time of manufacture of [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] the vehicle. Vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 108 at the time § 393.24 Requirements for head lamps, auxiliary driving lamps and front of manufacture shall have each lamp fog lamps. located so that it meets the visibility requirements specified in the SAE (a) Headlamps. Every bus, truck and standards listed in paragraph (c) of this truck tractor shall be equipped with section. If motor vehicle equipment headlamps as required by § 393.11(a). (e.g., mirrors, snow plows, wrecker The headlamps shall provide an upper booms, backhoes, and winches) pre- and lower beam distribution of light, vents compliance with this paragraph selectable at the driver’s will and be by any required lamp, an auxiliary steady-burning. The headlamps shall be lamp or device meeting the require- marked in accordance with FMVSS No. ments of this paragraph shall be pro- 108. Auxiliary driving lamps and/or vided. This shall not be construed to front fog lamps may not be used to sat- apply to lamps on one unit which are isfy the requirements of this para- obscured by another unit of a combina- graph. tion of vehicles. (b) Auxiliary driving lamps and front (c) Specifications. All required lamps fog lamps. Commercial motor vehicles (except marker lamps on projecting may be equipped with auxiliary driving loads, lamps which are temporarily at- lamps and/or front fog lamps for use in tached to vehicles transported in conjunction with, but not in lieu of the driveaway-towaway operations, and required headlamps. Auxiliary driving lamps on converter dollies and pole lamps shall meet SAE Standard J581 trailers) on vehicles manufactured on Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, July or after December 25, 1968, shall, at a 2004, and front fog lamps shall meet minimum, meet the applicable require- SAE Standard J583 Front Fog Lamp, ments of FMVSS No. 108 in effect on August 2004. (See § 393.7 for information the date of manufacture of the vehicle. on the incorporation by reference and Marker lamps on projecting loads, all availability of these documents.) lamps which are temporarily attached (c) Mounting. Headlamps shall be to vehicles transported in driveaway- mounted and aimable in accordance towaway operations, and all lamps on with FMVSS No. 108. Auxiliary driving converter dollies and pole trailers must lamps and front fog lamps shall be meet the following applicable SAE mounted so that the beams are aimable standards: J586—Stop Lamps for Use on and the mounting shall prevent the Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in aim of the lighting device from being Overall Width, March 2000; J2261 Stop

398

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00408 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.26

Lamps and Front- and Rear-Turn Sig- combined with the turn signal and the nal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles turn signal is in use. 2032 mm or More in Overall Width, Jan- [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] uary 2002; J585—Tail Lamps (Rear Posi- tion Lamps) for Use on Motor Vehicles § 393.26 Requirements for reflectors. Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, (a) Mounting. Reflex reflectors shall March 2000; J588—Turn Signal Lamps be mounted at the locations required for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than by § 393.11. In the case of motor vehicles 2032 mm in Overall Width, March 2000; so constructed that requirement for a J2040—Tail Lamps (Rear Position 381 mm (15-inch) minimum height Lamps) for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or above the road surface is not practical, More in Overall Width, March 2002; the reflectors shall be mounted as close J592—Sidemarker Lamps for Use on as practicable to the required mount- Road Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in ing height range. All permanent reflex Overall Width, August 2000. (See § 393.7 reflectors shall be securely mounted on for information on the incorporation a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary by reference and availability of these reflectors on projecting loads must be documents.) securely mounted to the load and are (d) (Reserved) not required to be permanently mount- (e) Lamps to be steady-burning. All ex- ed to a part of the vehicle. Temporary terior lamps (both required lamps and reflex reflectors on vehicles trans- any additional lamps) shall be steady- ported in driveaway-towaway oper- burning with the exception of turn sig- ations must be firmly attached. nal lamps; hazard warning signal (b) Specifications. All required reflex lamps; school bus warning lamps; reflectors (except reflex reflectors on amber warning lamps or flashing warn- projecting loads, vehicles transported ing lamps on tow trucks and commer- in a driveaway-towaway operation, cial motor vehicles transporting over- converter dollies and pole trailers) on sized loads; and warning lamps on vehicles manufactured on or after De- emergency and service vehicles author- cember 25, 1968, shall meet the applica- ized by State or local authorities. ble requirements of FMVSS No. 108 in effect on the date of manufacture of Lamps combined into the same shell or the vehicle. Reflex reflectors on pro- housing with a turn signal are not re- jecting loads, vehicles transported in a quired to be steady burning while the driveaway-towaway operation, and all turn signal is in use. Amber warning reflex reflectors on converter dollies lamps must meet SAE J845—Optical and pole trailers must conform to SAE Warning Devices for Authorized Emer- J594—Reflex Reflectors, December 2003. gency, Maintenance and Service Vehi- (c) Substitute material for side reflex re- cles, May 1997. Amber flashing warning flectors. Reflective material conforming lamps must meet SAE J595—Direc- to ASTM D 4956–04, Standard Specifica- tional Flashing Optical Warning De- tion for Retroreflective Sheeting for vices for Authorized Emergency, Main- Traffic Control, may be used in lieu of tenance and Service Vehicles, January reflex reflectors if the material as used 2005. Amber gaseous discharge warning on the vehicle, meets the performance lamps must meet SAE J1318 Gaseous standards in either Table I of SAE J594 Discharge Warning Lamp for Author- or Table IA of SAE J594—Reflex Reflec- ized Emergency, Maintenance, and tors, December 2003. (See § 393.7(b) for Service Vehicles, May 1998. (See information on the incorporation by § 393.7(b) for information on the incor- reference and availability of these doc- poration by reference and availability uments.) of these documents.) (d) Use of additional retroreflective sur- (f) Stop lamp operation. The stop faces. Additional retroreflective sur- lamps on each vehicle shall be acti- faces may be used in conjunction with, vated upon application of the service but not in lieu of the reflex reflectors brakes. The stop lamps are not re- required in subpart B of part 393, and quired to be activated when the emer- the substitute material for side reflex gency feature of the trailer brakes is reflectors allowed by paragraph (c) of used or when the stop lamp is optically this section, provided:

399

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00409 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.27 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(1) Designs do not resemble traffic tected against grounding by an acid control signs, lights, or devices, except and waterproof insulating bushing. that straight edge striping resembling Wherever a battery and a fuel tank are a barricade pattern may be used. both placed under the driver’s seat, (2) Designs do not tend to distort the they shall be partitioned from each length and/or width of the motor vehi- other, and each compartment shall be cle. provided with an independent cover, (3) Such surfaces shall be at least 3 ventilation, and drainage. inches from any required lamp or reflector unless of the same color as such § 393.31–393.33 [Reserved] lamp or reflector. (4) No red color shall be used on the front of any motor vehicle, except for Subpart C—Brakes display of markings or placards re- § 393.40 Required brake systems. quired by § 177.823 of this title. (5) Retroreflective license plates re- (a) Each commercial motor vehicle quired by State or local authorities must have brakes adequate to stop and may be used. hold the vehicle or combination of [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 motor vehicles. Each commercial FR 3167, Feb. 19, 1970; 53 FR 49397, Dec. 7, motor vehicle must meet the applica- 1988; 70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] ble service, parking, and emergency brake system requirements provided in § 393.27 [Reserved] this section. (b) Service brakes. (1) Hydraulic brake § 393.28 Wiring systems. systems. Motor vehicles equipped with Electrical wiring shall be installed hydraulic brake systems and manufac- and maintained to conform to SAE tured on or after September 2, 1983, J1292—Automobile, Truck, Truck-Trac- must, at a minimum, have a service tor, Trailer, and Motor Coach Wiring, brake system that meets the require- October 1981, except the jumper cable ments of FMVSS No. 105 in effect on plug and receptacle need not conform the date of manufacture. Motor vehi- to SAE J560. The reference to SAE cles which were not subject to FMVSS J1292 shall not be construed to require circuit protection on trailers. (See No. 105 on the date of manufacture § 393.7(b) for information on the incor- must have a service brake system that poration by reference and availability meets the applicable requirements of of this document.) §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 of this subpart. [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] (2) Air brake systems. Buses, trucks and truck-tractors equipped with air § 393.29 [Reserved] brake systems and manufactured on or § 393.30 Battery installation. after March 1, 1975, and trailers manu- Every storage battery on every vehi- factured on or after January 1, 1975, cle, unless located in the engine com- must, at a minimum, have a service partment, shall be covered by a fixed brake system that meets the require- part of the motor vehicle or protected ments of FMVSS No. 121 in effect on by a removable cover or enclosure. Re- the date of manufacture. Motor vehi- movable covers or enclosures shall be cles which were not subject to FMVSS substantial and shall be securely No. 121 on the date of manufacture latched or fastened. The storage bat- must have a service brake system that tery compartment and adjacent metal meets the applicable requirements of parts which might corrode by reason of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 battery leakage shall be painted or of this subpart. coated with an acid-resisting paint or (3) Vacuum brake systems. Motor vehi- coating and shall have openings to pro- cles equipped with vacuum brake sys- vide ample battery ventilation and tems must have a service brake system drainage. Wherever the cable to the that meets the applicable requirements starting motor passes through a metal of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and compartment, the cable shall be pro- 393.52 of this subpart.

400

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00410 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.41

(4) Electric brake systems. Motor vehi- be located so that the driver can oper- cles equipped with electric brake sys- ate it from the normal seating position tems must have a service brake system while restrained by any seat belts with that meets the applicable requirements which the vehicle is equipped. The of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49 and 393.52 of emergency brake control may be com- this subpart. bined with either the service brake (5) Surge brake systems. Motor vehicles control or the parking brake control. equipped with surge brake systems However, all three controls may not be must have a service brake system that combined. meets the applicable requirements of (f) Interconnected systems. (1) If the §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, and 393.52 of this brake systems required by § 393.40(a) subpart. are interconnected in any way, they (c) Parking brakes. Each commercial must be designed, constructed, and motor vehicle must be equipped with a maintained so that in the event of a parking brake system that meets the failure of any part of the operating applicable requirements of § 393.41. mechanism of one or more of the sys- (d) Emergency brakes—partial fail- tems (except the service brake actu- ure of service brakes. ation pedal or valve), the motor vehicle (1) Hydraulic brake systems. Motor ve- will have operative brakes and, for vehicles manufactured on or after Sep- hicles manufactured on or after July 1, tember 2, 1983, and equipped with a 1973, be capable of meeting the require- split service brake system must, at a ments of § 393.52(b). minimum, meet the partial failure re- (2) A motor vehicle to which the requirements of FMVSS No. 105 in effect quirements of FMVSS No. 105 (S5.1.2), on the date of manufacture. dealing with partial failure of the serv- (2) Air brake systems. Buses, trucks ice brake, applied at the time of manu- and truck tractors manufactured on or facture meets the requirements of after March 1, 1975, and trailers manu- § 393.40(f)(1) if the motor vehicle is factured on or after January 1, 1975, maintained in conformity with FMVSS must be equipped with an emergency No. 105 and the motor vehicle is capa- brake system which, at a minumum, ble of meeting the requirements of meets the requirements of FMVSS No. § 393.52(b), except in the case of a struc- 121 in effect on the date of manufac- tural failure of the brake master cyl- ture. inder body. (3) Vehicles not subject to FMVSS Nos. (3) A bus is considered to meet the re- 105 and 121 on the date of manufacture. quirements of § 393.40(f)(1) if it meets Buses, trucks and truck tractors not the requirements of § 393.44 and subject to FMVSS Nos. 105 or 121 on § 393.52(b). the date of manufacture must meet the requirements of § 393.40(e). Trailers not [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 subject to FMVSS No. 121 at the time FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] of manufacture must meet the requirements of § 393.43. § 393.41 Parking brake system. (e) Emergency brakes, vehicles manu- (a) Hydraulic-braked vehicles manufac- factured on or after July 1, 1973. (1) A tured on or after September 2, 1983. Each bus, truck, truck tractor, or a com- truck and bus (other than a school bus) bination of motor vehicles manufac- with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) tured on or after July 1, 1973, and not or less which is subject to this part and covered under paragraphs (d)(1) or school buses with a GVWR greater than (d)(2) of this section, must have an 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) shall be emergency brake system which con- equipped with a parking brake system sists of emergency features of the serv- as required by FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) ice brake system or an emergency sys- in effect at the time of manufacture. tem separate from the service brake The parking brake shall be capable of system. The emergency brake system holding the vehicle or combination of must meet the applicable requirements vehicles stationary under any condi- of §§ 393.43 and 393.52. tion of loading in which it is found on (2) A control by which the driver ap- a public road (free of ice and snow). Hy- plies the emergency brake system must draulic-braked vehicles which were not

401

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00411 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.42 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

subject to the parking brake require- leased unless adequate energy is avail- ments of FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) must able to immediately reapply the park- be equipped with a parking brake sys- ing brake with the required effective- tem that meets the requirements of ness. paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Air-braked power units manufac- [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005] tured on or after March 1, 1975, and air- § 393.42 Brakes required on all wheels. braked trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975. Each air-braked bus, (a) Every commercial motor vehicle truck and truck tractor manufactured shall be equipped with brakes acting on on and after March 1, 1975, and each all wheels. air-braked trailer except an agricul- (b) Exception. (1) Trucks or truck tural commodity trailer, converter tractors having three or more axles dolly, heavy hauler trailer or pulpwood and manufactured before July 25, 1980, trailer, shall be equipped with a park- are not required to have brakes on the ing brake system as required by front wheels. However, these vehicles FMVSS No. 121 (S5.6) in effect at the must meet the requirements of § 393.52. time of manufacture. The parking (2) Motor vehicles being towed in a brake shall be capable of holding the driveaway-towaway operation are not vehicle or combination of vehicles sta- required to have operative brakes pro- tionary under any condition of loading vided the combination of vehicles in which it is found on a public road meets the requirements of § 393.52. This (free of ice and snow). An agricultural exception is not applicable to: commodity trailer, heavy hauler or (i) Any motor vehicle towed by pulpwood trailer shall carry sufficient means of a tow-bar when another chocking blocks to prevent movement motor vehicle is full-mounted on the when parked. towed vehicle; and (c) Vehicles not subject to FMVSS Nos. (ii) Any combination of motor vehi- 105 and 121 on the date of manufacture. cles utilizing three or more saddle- (1) Each singly driven motor vehicle mounts. not subject to parking brake require- (3) Any semitrailer or pole trailer ments of FMVSS Nos. 105 or 121 at the (laden or unladen) with a gross weight time of manufacturer, and every com- of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less which bination of motor vehicles must be is subject to this part is not required to equipped with a parking brake system be equipped with brakes if the axle adequate to hold the vehicle or com- weight of the towed vehicle does not bination on any grade on which it is exceed 40 percent of the sum of the axle operated, under any condition of load- weights of the towing vehicle. ing in which it is found on a public (4) Any full trailer or four-wheel pole road (free of ice and snow). trailer (laden or unladen) with a gross (2) The parking brake system shall, weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less at all times, be capable of being applied which is subject to this part is not re- by either the driver’s muscular effort quired to be equipped with brakes if or by spring action. If other energy is the sum of the axle weights of the used to apply the parking brake, there towed vehicle does not exceed 40 per- must be an accumulation of that en- cent of the sum of the axle weights of ergy isolated from any common source the towing vehicle. and used exclusively for the operation (5) Brakes are not required on the of the parking brake. steering axle of a three-axle dolly Exception: This paragraph shall not be which is steered by a co-driver. applicable to air-applied, mechani- (6) Loaded housemoving dollies, spe- cally-held parking brake systems cialized trailers and dollies used to which meet the parking brake require- transport industrial furnaces, reactors, ments of FMVSS No. 121 (S5.6). and similar motor vehicles are not re- (3) The parking brake system shall be quired to be equipped with brakes, pro- held in the applied position by energy vided the speed at which the combina- other than fluid pressure, air pressure, tion of vehicles will be operated does or electric energy. The parking brake not exceed 32 km/hour (20 mph) and system shall not be capable of being re- brakes on the combination of vehicles

402

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00412 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.43

are capable of stopping the combina- operated or 32 km/hour (20 mph), tion within 12.2 meters (40 feet) from whichever is less. the speed at which the vehicle is being

[52 FR 2803, Jan. 27, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 49398, Dec. 7, 1988; 54 FR 48617, Nov. 24, 1989; 59 FR 25574, May 17, 1994; 61 FR 1843, Jan. 24, 1996; 70 FR 48049, Aug. 15, 2005]

§ 393.43 Breakaway and emergency ing units, the tractor protection valve braking. or similar device shall operate auto- (a) Towing vehicle protection system. matically when the air pressure on the Every motor vehicle, if used to tow a towing vehicle is between 138 kPa and trailer equipped with brakes, shall be 310 kPa (20 psi and 45 psi). equipped with a means for providing (b) Emergency brake requirements, air that in the case of a breakaway of the brakes. Every truck or truck tractor trailer, the service brakes on the tow- equipped with air brakes, when used for ing vehicle will be capable of stopping towing other vehicles equipped with air the towing vehicle. For air braked tow- brakes, shall be equipped with two

403

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00413 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR ER15AU05.020 § 393.44 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

means of activating the emergency fea- the towing vehicle upon reduction of tures of the trailer brakes. One of these the towing vehicle air pressure. means shall operate automatically in (f) Exception. The requirements of the event of reduction of the towing ve- paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this sec- hicle air supply to a fixed pressure tion shall not be applicable to commer- which shall not be lower than 20 pounds cial motor vehicles being transported per square inch nor higher than 45 in driveaway-towaway operations. pounds per square inch. The other [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 means shall be a manually controlled FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] device readily operable by a person seated in the driving seat. Its emer- § 393.44 Front brake lines, protection. gency position or method of operation shall be clearly indicated. In no in- On every bus, if equipped with air stance may the manual means be so ar- brakes, the braking system shall be so ranged as to permit its use to prevent constructed that in the event any brake line to any of the front wheels is operation of the automatic means. The broken, the driver can apply the brakes automatic and manual means required on the rear wheels despite such break- by this section may be, but are not re- age. The means used to apply the quired to be, separate. brakes may be located forward of the (c) Emergency brake requirements, vac- driver’s seat as long as it can be oper- uum brakes. Every truck tractor and ated manually by the driver when the truck when used for towing other vehi- driver is properly restrained by any cles equipped with vacuum brakes, seat belt assembly provided for use. shall have, in addition to the single Every bus shall meet this requirement control required by § 393.49 to operate or comply with the regulations in ef- all brakes of the combination, a second fect at the time of its manufacture. manual control device which can be used to operate the brakes on the [53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] towed vehicles in emergencies. Such second control shall be independent of § 393.45 Brake tubing and hoses; hose brake air, hydraulic, and other pres- assemblies and end fittings. sure, and independent of other con- (a) General construction requirements trols, unless the braking system be so for tubing and hoses, assemblies, and end arranged that failure of the pressure on fittings. All brake tubing and hoses, which the second control depends will brake hose assemblies, and brake hose cause the towed vehicle brakes to be end fittings must meet the applicable applied automatically. The second con- requirements of FMVSS No. 106 (49 trol is not required by this rule to pro- CFR 571.106). vide modulated or graduated braking. (b) Brake tubing and hose installation. (d) Breakaway braking requirements for Brake tubing and hose must— trailers. Every trailer required to be (1) Be long and flexible enough to ac- equipped with brakes shall have brakes commodate without damage all normal which apply automatically and imme- motions of the parts to which it is at- diately upon breakaway from the tow- tached; ing vehicle. With the exception of trail- (2) Be secured against chaffing, ers having three or more axles, all kinking, or other mechanical damage; brakes with which the trailer is re- and quired to be equipped must be applied (3) Be installed in a manner that pre- upon breakaway from the towing vehi- vents it from contacting the vehicle’s cle. The brakes must remain in the ap- exhaust system or any other source of plied position for at least 15 minutes. high temperatures. (e) Emergency valves. Air brake sys- (c) Nonmetallic brake tubing. Coiled tems installed on towed vehicles shall nonmetallic brake tubing may be used be so designed, by the use of ‘‘no-bleed- for connections between towed and back’’ relay emergency valves or equiv- towing motor vehicles or between the alent devices, that the supply reservoir frame of a towed vehicle and the un- used to provide air for brakes shall be sprung subframe of an adjustable axle safeguarded against backflow of air to of the motor vehicle if—

404

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00414 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.48

(1) The coiled tubing has a straight hydraulic disc, drum and electric segment (pigtail) at each end that is at brakes. least 51 mm (2 inches) in length and is (2) Non-steering axle brakes. An air encased in a spring guard or similar de- braked commercial motor vehicle shall vice which prevents the tubing from not be operated with brake lining/pad kinking at the fitting at which it is at- thickness less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 inch) or tached to the vehicle; and to the wear indicator if the lining is so (2) The spring guard or similar device marked (measured at the shoe center has at least 51 mm (2 inches) of closed for drum brakes); or less than 3.2 mm coils or similar surface at its interface (1⁄8 inch) for disc brakes. Hydraulic or with the fitting and extends at least 38 electric braked commercial motor ve- mm (11⁄2 inches) into the coiled seg- hicles shall not be operated with a lin- ment of the tubing from its straight ing/pad thickness less than 1.6 mm segment. (1⁄16 inch) (measured at the shoe center) (d) Brake tubing and hose connections. for disc or drum brakes. All connections for air, vacuum, or hy- (e) Clamp and Roto-Chamber Brake Ac- draulic braking systems shall be in- tuator Readjustment limits. The pushrod stalled so as to ensure an attachment travel for clamp and roto-chamber type free of leaks, constrictions or other actuators must be less than 80 percent conditions which would adversely af- of the rated strokes listed in SAE fect the performance of the brake sys- J1817—Long Stroke Air Brake Actu- tem. ator Marking, July 2001 (See § 393.7 (b) for information on incorporation by [70 FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] reference and availability of this document), or 80 percent of the rated stroke § 393.46 [Reserved] marked on the brake chamber by the § 393.47 Brake actuators, slack adjust- chamber manufacturer, or the read- ers, linings/pads and drums/rotors. justment limit marked on the brake (a) General requirements. Brake com- chamber by the chamber manufacturer. ponents must be constructed, installed The pushrod travel for Type 16 and 20 long stroke clamp type brake actuators and maintained to prevent excessive must be less than 51 mm (2 inches) or fading and grabbing. The means of at- 80 percent of the rated stroke marked tachment and physical characteristics on the brake chamber by the chamber must provide for safe and reliable stop- manufacturer, or the readjustment ping of the commercial motor vehicle. limit marked on the brake chamber by (b) Brake chambers. The service brake the chamber manufacturer. chambers and spring brake chambers (f) Wedge Brake Adjustment. The on each end of an axle must be the movement of the scribe mark on the same size. lining shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1⁄16 (c) Slack adjusters. The effective inch). length of the slack adjuster on each (g) Drums and rotors. The thickness of end of an axle must be the same. the drums or rotors shall not be less (d) Linings and pads. The thickness of than the limits established by the the brake linings or pads shall meet brake drum or rotor manufacturer. the applicable requirements of this paragraph— [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005] (1) Steering axle brakes. The brake lining/pad thickness on the steering axle § 393.48 Brakes to be operative. of a truck, truck-tractor or bus shall (a) General rule. Except as provided in not be less than 4.8 mm (3⁄16 inch) at the paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this sec- shoe center for a shoe with a contin- tion, all brakes with which a motor ve- uous strip of lining; less than 6.4 mm hicle is equipped must at all times be (1⁄4 inch) at the shoe center for a shoe capable of operating. with two pads; or worn to the wear in- (b) Devices to reduce or remove front- dicator if the lining is so marked, for wheel braking effort. A commercial air drum brakes. The steering axle motor vehicle may be equipped with a brake lining/pad thickness shall not be device to reduce the front wheel brak- less than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 inch) for air disc ing effort (or in the case of a three-axle brakes, or 1.6 mm (1⁄16 inch) or less for truck or truck tractor manufactured

405

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00415 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.49 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

before March 1, 1975, a device to remove (6) Raised lift axles. Brakes on lift the front-wheel braking effort) if that axles need not be capable of being oper- device meets the applicable require- ated while the lift axle is raised. How- ments of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of ever, brakes on lift axles must be capa- this section. ble of being applied whenever the lift (1) Manually operated devices. Manu- axle is lowered and the tires contact ally operated devices to reduce or re- the roadway. move front-wheel braking effort may (d) Surge brakes. (1) Surge brakes are only be used on buses, trucks, and allowed on: truck tractors manufactured before (i) Any trailer with a gross vehicle March 1, 1975. Such devices must not be weight rating (GVWR) of 12,000 pounds used unless the vehicle is being oper- or less, when its GVWR does not exceed ated under adverse conditions such as 1.75 times the GVWR of the towing ve- wet, snowy, or icy roads. hicle; and (2) Automatic devices. Automatic de- (ii) Any trailer with a GVWR greater vices must not reduce the front-wheel than 12,000 pounds, but less than 20,001 braking force by more than 50 percent pounds, when its GVWR does not ex- of the braking force available when the ceed 1.25 times the GVWR of the tow- automatic device is disconnected (re- ing vehicle. gardless of whether or not an antilock (2) The gross vehicle weight (GVW) of system failure has occurred on any a trailer equipped with surge brakes axle). The device must not be operable may be used instead of its GVWR to by the driver except upon application calculate compliance with the weight of the control that activates the brak- ratios specified in paragraph (d)(1) of ing system. The device must not be op- this section when the trailer manufac- erable when the brake control applica- turer’s GVWR label is missing. tion pressure exceeds 85 psig (for vehi- (3) The GVW of a trailer equipped cles equipped with air brakes) or 85 per- with surge brakes must be used to cal- cent of the maximum system pressure culate compliance with the weight ra- (for vehicles which are not equipped tios specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this with air brakes). section when the trailer’s GVW exceeds (c) Exception. Paragraph (a) of this its GVWR. section does not apply to— (4) The surge brakes must meet the (1) A towed vehicle with disabling requirements of § 393.40. damage as defined in § 390.5; [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 (2) A vehicle which is towed in a FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] driveaway-towaway operation and is included in the exemption to the re- § 393.49 Control valves for brakes. quirement for brakes on all wheels, (a) General rule. Except as provided in § 393.42(b); paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, (3) Unladen converter dollies with a every motor vehicle manufactured gross weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 lbs) or after June 30, 1953, which is equipped less, and manufactured prior to March with power brakes, must have the 1, 1998; braking system so arranged that one (4) The steering axle of a three-axle application valve must when activated dolly which is steered by a co-driver; cause all of the service brakes on the (5) Loaded house moving dollies, spe- motor vehicle or combination motor cialized trailers and dollies used to vehicle to operate. This requirement transport industrial furnaces, reactors, must not be construed to prohibit and similar motor vehicles provided motor vehicles from being equipped the speed at which the combination of with an additional valve to be used to vehicles will be operated does not ex- operate the brakes on a trailer or trail- ceed 32 km/hour (20 mph) and brakes on ers or as required for busses in § 393.44. the combination of vehicles are capable (b) Driveaway-Towaway Exception. of stopping the combination within 12.2 This section is not applicable to meters (40 feet) from the speed at driveaway-towaway operations unless which the vehicle is being operated or the brakes on such operations are de- 32 km/hour (20 mph), whichever is less. signed to be operated by a single valve.

406

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00416 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.51

(c) Surge brake exception. This re- § 393.51 Warning signals, air pressure quirement is not applicable to trailers and vacuum gauges. equipped with surge brakes that satisfy (a) General Rule. Every bus, truck and the conditions specified in § 393.48(d). truck tractor, except as provided in [72 FR 9871, Mar. 6, 2007] paragraph (f), must be equipped with a signal that provides a warning to the § 393.50 Reservoirs required. driver when a failure occurs in the vehicle’s service brake system. The warn- (a) Reservoir capacity for air-braked ing signal must meet the applicable re- power units manufactured on or after quirements of paragraphs (b), (c), (d) or March 1, 1975, and air-braked trailers (e) of this section. manufactured on or after January 1, 1975. (b) Hydraulic brakes. Vehicles manu- Buses, trucks, and truck-tractors man- factured on or after September 1, 1975, ufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and must meet the brake system indicator air-braked trailers manufactured on or lamp requirements of FMVSS No. after January 1, 1975, must meet the 571.105 (S5.3) applicable to the vehicle reservoir requirements of FMVSS No. on the date of manufacture. Vehicles 121, S5.1.2, in effect on the date of man- manufactured on or after July 1, 1973 ufacture. but before September 1, 1975, or to (b) Reservoir capacity for air-braked ve- which FMVSS No. 571.105 was not ap- hicles not subject to FMVSS No. 121 on plicable on the date of manufacture, the date of manufacture and all vacuum must have a warning signal which op- braked vehicles. Each motor vehicle erates before or upon application of the using air or vacuum braking must have brakes in the event of a hydraulic-type either reserve capacity, or a reservoir, complete failure of a partial system. that would enable the driver to make a The signal must be either visible with- full service brake application with the in the driver’s forward field of view or engine stopped without depleting the audible. The signal must be contin- air pressure or vacuum below 70 per- uous. (NOTE: FMVSS No. 105 was ap- cent of that indicated by the air or vac- plicable to trucks and buses from Sep- uum gauge immediately before the tember 1, 1975 to October 12, 1976, and brake application is made. For the pur- from September 1, 1983, to the present. poses of this paragraph, a full service FMVSS No. 105 was not applicable to brake application means depressing the trucks and buses manufactured be- brake pedal or treadle valve to the tween October 12, 1976, and September limit of its travel. 1, 1983. Motor carriers have the option (c) Safeguarding of air and vacuum. of equipping those vehicles to meet ei- Each service reservoir system on a ther the indicator lamp requirements of FMVSS No. 105, or the indicator motor vehicle shall be protected lamp requirements specified in this against a loss of air pressure or vacu- paragraph for vehicles which were not um due to a failure or leakage in the subject to FMVSS No. 105 on the date system between the service reservoir of manufacture.) and the source of air pressure or vacu- (c) Air brakes. A commercial motor um, by check valves or equivalent de- vehicle (regardless of the date of manu- vices whose proper functioning can be facture) equipped with service brakes checked without disconnecting any air activated by compressed air (air or vacuum line, or fitting. brakes) or a commercial motor vehicle (d) Drain valves for air braked vehicles. towing a vehicle with service brakes Each reservoir must have a condensate activated by compressed air (air drain valve that can be manually oper- brakes) must be equipped with a pres- ated. Automatic condensate drain sure gauge and a warning signal. valves may be used provided (1) they Trucks, truck tractors, and buses man- may be operated manually, or (2) a ufactured on or after March 1, 1975, manual means of draining the res- must, at a minimum, have a pressure ervoirs is retained. gauge and a warning signal which meets the requirements of FMVSS No. [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] 121 (S5.1.4 for the pressure gauge and

407

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00417 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.52 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

S5.1.5 for the warning signal) applica- mercial motor vehicles which have less ble to the vehicle on the date of manu- than three axles and (1) were manufac- facture of the vehicle. Power units to tured before July 1, 1973, and (2) have a which FMVSS No. 571.121 was not ap- manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight plicable on the date of manufacture of rating less than 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds). the vehicle must be equipped with— [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] (1) A pressure gauge, visible to a person seated in the normal driving posi- § 393.52 Brake performance. tion, which indicates the air pressure (in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per (a) Upon application of its service square inch (psi)) available for braking; brakes, a motor vehicle or combination and of motor vehicles must under any con- (2) A warning signal that is audible dition of loading in which it is found on or visible to a person in the normal a public highway, be capable of— driving position and provides a contin- (1) Developing a braking force at uous warning to the driver whenever least equal to the percentage of its the air pressure in the service reservoir gross weight specified in the table in system is at 379 kPa (55 psi) and below, paragraph (d) of this section; or one-half of the compressor governor (2) Decelerating to a stop from 20 cutout pressure, whichever is less. miles per hour at not less than the rate (d) Vacuum brakes. A commercial specified in the table in paragraph (d) motor vehicle (regardless of the date it of this section; and was manufactured) having service (3) Stopping from 20 miles per hour in brakes activated by vacuum or a vehi- a distance, measured from the point at cle towing a vehicle having service which movement of the service brake brakes activated by vacuum must be pedal or control begins, that is not equipped with— greater than the distance specified in (1) A vacuum gauge, visible to a per- the table in paragraph (d) of this sec- son seated in the normal driving position; or, for motor vehicles or motor tion, which indicates the vacuum (in vehicle combinations that have a millimeters or inches of mercury) GVWR or GVW greater than 4,536 kg available for braking; and (10,000 pounds), (2) A warning signal that is audible (4) Developing only the braking force or visible to a person in the normal specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- driving position and provides a contin- tion and the stopping distance specified uous warning to the driver whenever in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if the vacuum in the vehicle’s supply res- braking force is measured by a per- ervoir is less than 203 mm (8 inches) of formance-based brake tester which mercury. meets the requirements of functional (e) Hydraulic brakes applied or assisted specifications for performance-based by air or vacuum. Each vehicle equipped brake testers for commercial motor ve- with hydraulically activated service hicles, where braking force is the sum brakes which are applied or assisted by of the braking force at each wheel of compressed air or vacuum, and to the vehicle or vehicle combination as a which FMVSS No. 105 was not applica- percentage of gross vehicle or combina- ble on the date of manufacture, must tion weight. be equipped with a warning signal that (b) Upon application of its emergency conforms to paragraph (b) of this sec- brake system and with no other brake tion for the hydraulic portion of the system applied, a motor vehicle or system; paragraph (c) of this section combination of motor vehicles must, for the air assist/air applied portion; or under any condition of loading in paragraph (d) of this section for the which it is found on a public highway, vacuum assist/vacuum applied portion. be capable of stopping from 20 miles This paragraph shall not be construed per hour in a distance, measured from as requiring air pressure gauges or vac- the point at which movement of the uum gauges, only warning signals. emergency brake control begins, that (f) Exceptions. The rules in para- is not greater than the distance speci- graphs (c), (d) and (e) of this section do fied in the table in paragraph (d) of this not apply to property carrying com- section.

408

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00418 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.52

(c) Conformity to the stopping-dis- stantially level, dry, smooth, and free tance requirements of paragraphs (a) of loose material. and (b) of this section shall be deter- (2) The vehicle must be in the center mined under the following conditions: of a 12-foot-wide lane when the test be- (1) Any test must be made with the gins and must not deviate from that vehicle on a hard surface that is sub- lane during the test. (d) Vehicle brake performance table:

409

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00419 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.52 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition) mph from initial braking dis- speed of 20 tance in feet brake systems Application and 66 0 90 mph from initial braking dis- speed at 20 tance in feet Application and 4 35 85 4 35 per second Deceleration in feet per second Service brake systems Emergency ained is included in the figures column 4 but not in- ecause the deceleration is not sustained at same rate tical brake testing are the maximum decelerations attained g distance in feet’’ (column 4) is a definite measure of the on and brake-force buildup. Also, other factors may cause negligible for many passenger cars and greatest com- respectively. in column 3 are divided by 32.2 feet per-second per-second, bulation because certain brake testing devices utilize this fac- he braking controls and the point at which vehicle comes to vehicle. ious classes of vehicles. weight Braking force or combination of gross vehicle as a percentage ...... 35 85 43.5 14 ...... 52.8 17 25 66 ...... 65.2 21 20 54 Type of motor vehicle chassis ...... car chassis; vehicles built on a truck or bus chassis and having manufacturer’s GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less ...... tors. Combinations of a 2-axle towing vehicle and trailer having GVWR 3,000 pounds or less. All combinations of 2 or less vehicles in drive-away tow-away operation ...... 43.5 1 (1) Vehicles with a seating capacity of 10 persons or less, including driver, and built on passenger car (2) Vehicles with a seating capacity of more than 10 persons, including driver, and built on passenger (3) All other passenger-carrying vehicles ...... (1) Single unit vehicles having a manufacturer’s GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less ...... (2) Single unit vehicles having a manufacturer’s GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds, except truck trac- (3) All other property-carrying vehicles and combinations of ...... 52.8 43.5 17 14 25 4 Notes: (a) There is a definite mathematical relationship between the figures in columns 2 and 3. If decelerations set forth (b) The decelerations specified in column 3 are an indication of the effectiveness basic brakes, and as measured prac (c) The distances in column 4 and the decelerations 3 are not directly related. ‘‘Brake-system application brakin (d) The distance traveled during the period of brake-system application and brake-force buildup varies with vehicle type, being (e) The terms ‘‘GVWR’’ and ‘‘GVW’’ refer to the manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating actual weight, A. Passenger-carrying vehicles: B. Property-carrying vehicles: the figures in column 2 will be obtained. (For example, 21 divided by 32.2 equals 65.2 percent.) Column is included ta tor. at some time during the stop. These decelerations as measured in brake tests cannot be used to compute values column 4 b over the entire period of stop. The deceleration increases from zero to a maximum during brake system applicati the deceleration to decrease after reaching a maximum. The added distance that results because maximum is not sust dicated by the usual brake-testing devices for checking deceleration. overall effectiveness of the braking system, being distance traveled between point at which driver starts to move t rest. It includes distance traveled while the brakes are being applied and retarding binations of commercial vehicles. This fact accounts for the variation from 20 to 40 feet in values column 4 var

410

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00420 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.55

[36 FR 20298, Oct. 20, 1971, as amended at 37 the requirements of FMVSS No. 105 (49 FR 5251, Mar. 11, 1972; 37 FR 11336, June 7, CFR 571.105, S5.3). 1972; 68 FR 51777, Aug. 9, 2002] (c) Air brake systems. (1) Each truck tractor manufactured on or after § 393.53 Automatic brake adjusters and brake adjustment indicators. March 1, 1997 (except truck tractors engaged in driveaway-towaway oper- (a) Automatic brake adjusters (hydrau- ations), shall be equipped with an lic brake systems). Each commercial antilock brake system that meets the motor vehicle manufactured on or after requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 October 20, 1993, and equipped with a CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(b)). hydraulic brake system, shall meet the (2) Each air braked commercial automatic brake adjustment system motor vehicle other than a truck trac- requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle tor, manufactured on or after March 1, Safety Standard No. 105 (49 CFR 571.105, 1998 (except commercial motor vehicles S5.1) applicable to the vehicle at the engaged in driveaway-towaway oper- time it was manufactured. ations), shall be equipped with an (b) Automatic brake adjusters (air brake antilock brake system that meets the Each commercial motor vehi- systems). requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 cle manufactured on or after October CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(a) for trucks and 20, 1994, and equipped with an air brake buses, S5.2.3 for semitrailers, converter system shall meet the automatic brake dollies and full trailers). adjustment system requirements of (d) ABS malfunction circuits and sig- Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard nals for air braked vehicles. (1) Each No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.8) applica- truck tractor manufactured on or after ble to the vehicle at the time it was March 1, 1997, and each single-unit air manufactured. braked vehicle manufactured on or (c) Brake adjustment indicator (air after March 1, 1998, subject to the re- brake systems). On each commercial quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- motor vehicle manufactured on or after tion, shall be equipped with an elec- October 20, 1994, and equipped with an trical circuit that is capable of sig- air brake system which contains an ex- naling a malfunction that affects the ternal automatic adjustment mecha- generation or transmission of response nism and an exposed pushrod, the con- or control signals to the vehicle’s dition of service brake under-adjust- antilock brake system (49 CFR 571.121, ment shall be displayed by a brake ad- S5.1.6.2(a)). justment indicator conforming to the (2) Each truck tractor manufactured requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle on or after March 1, 2001, and each sin- Safety Standard No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, gle-unit vehicle that is equipped to tow S5.1.8) applicable to the vehicle at the another air-braked vehicle, subject to time it was manufactured. the requirements of paragraph (c) of [60 FR 46245, Sept. 6, 1995] this section, shall be equipped with an electrical circuit that is capable of § 393.55 Antilock brake systems. transmitting a malfunction signal from (a) Hydraulic brake systems. Each the antilock brake system(s) on the truck and bus manufactured on or after towed vehicle(s) to the trailer ABS March 1, 1999 (except trucks and buses malfunction lamp in the cab of the engaged in driveaway-towaway oper- towing vehicle, and shall have the ations), and equipped with a hydraulic means for connection of the electrical brake system, shall be equipped with circuit to the towed vehicle. The ABS an antilock brake system that meets malfunction circuit and signal shall the requirements of Federal Motor Ve- meet the requirements of FMVSS No. hicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 105 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.2(b)). (49 CFR 571.105, S5.5). (3) Each semitrailer, trailer con- (b) ABS malfunction indicators for hy- verter dolly, and full trailer manufac- draulic braked vehicles. Each hydraulic tured on or after March 1, 2001, and braked vehicle subject to the require- subject to the requirements of para- ments of paragraph (a) of this section graph (c)(2) of this section, shall be shall be equipped with an ABS mal- equipped with an electrical circuit that function indicator system that meets is capable of signaling a malfunction in

411

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00421 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.60 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

the trailer’s antilock brake system, mm (1 inch) border at each side of the and shall have the means for connec- windshield or windshield panel. Excep- tion of this ABS malfunction circuit to tions: the towing vehicle. In addition, each (1) Coloring or tinting which meets trailer manufactured on or after March the requirements of paragraph (d) of 1, 2001, subject to the requirements of this section; paragraph (c)(2) of this section, that is (2) Any crack that is not intersected designed to tow another air-brake by any other cracks; equipped trailer shall be capable of (3) Any damaged area which can be transmitting a malfunction signal from covered by a disc 19 mm (3⁄4 inch) in di- the antilock brake system(s) of the ameter if not closer than 76 mm (3 trailer(s) it tows to the vehicle in front inches) to any other similarly damaged of the trailer. The ABS malfunction area. circuit and signal shall meet the re- (d) Coloring or tinting of windshields quirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 CFR and windows. Coloring or tinting of 571.121, S5.2.3.2). windshields and the windows to the im- (e) Exterior ABS malfunction indicator mediate right and left of the driver is lamps for trailers. Each trailer (includ- allowed, provided the parallel luminous ing a trailer converter dolly) manufac- transmittance through the colored or tured on or after March 1, 1998 and be- tinted glazing is not less than 70 per- fore March 1, 2009, and subject to the cent of the light at normal incidence in requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this those portions of the windshield or section, shall be equipped with an ABS windows which are marked as having a malfunction indicator lamp which parallel luminous transmittance of not meets the requirements of FMVSS No. less than 70 percent. The transmittance 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.2.3.3). restriction does not apply to other windows on the commercial motor vehicle. [63 FR 24465, May 4, 1998] (e) Prohibition on obstructions to the driver’s field of view—(1) Devices mounted Subpart D—Glazing and Window at the top of the windshield. Antennas, Construction transponders, and similar devices must not be mounted more than 152 mm (6 § 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. inches) below the upper edge of the (a) Glazing material. Glazing material windshield. These devices must be lo- used in windshields, windows, and cated outside the area swept by the doors on a motor vehicle manufactured windshield wipers, and outside the on or after December 25, 1968, shall at a driver’s sight lines to the road and minimum meet the requirements of highway signs and signals. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (2) Decals and stickers mounted on the (FMVSS) No. 205 in effect on the date windshield. Commercial Vehicle Safety of manufacture of the motor vehicle. Alliance (CVSA) inspection decals, and The glazing material shall be marked stickers and/or decals required under in accordance with FMVSS No. 205 (49 Federal or State laws may be placed at CFR 571.205, S6). the bottom or sides of the windshield (b) Windshields required. Each bus, provided such decals or stickers do not 1 truck and truck-tractor shall be extend more than 115 mm (4 ⁄2 inches) equipped with a windshield. Each wind- from the bottom of the windshield and shield or portion of a multi-piece wind- are located outside the area swept by shield shall be mounted using the full the windshield wipers, and outside the periphery of the glazing material. driver’s sight lines to the road and (c) Windshield condition. With the ex- highway signs or signals. ception of the conditions listed in para- [63 FR 1387, Jan. 9, 1998] graphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(3) of this section, each windshield shall be free of § 393.61 Truck and truck tractor win- discoloration or damage in the area ex- dow construction. tending upward from the height of the Each truck and truck tractor (except top of the steering wheel (excluding a trucks engaged in armored car service) 51 mm (2 inch) border at the top of the shall have at least one window on each windshield) and extending from a 25 side of the driver’s compartment. Each

412

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00422 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.62

window must have a minimum area of The maximum radius of the corner arcs 1,290 cm2 (200 in2) formed by a rectangle shall not exceed 152 mm (6 inches). The 33 cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 173⁄4 long axis of the rectangle shall not inches). The maximum radius of the make an angle of more than 45 degrees corner arcs shall not exceed 152 mm (6 with the surface on which the unladen inches). The long axis of the rectangle vehicle stands. The area shall be meas- shall not make an angle of more than ured either by removal of the glazing if 45 degrees with the surface on which not of the push-out type, or of the mov- the unladen vehicle stands. If the cab is able sash if of the push-out type. The designed with a folding door or doors or exit must comply with paragraph (d) of with clear openings where doors or this section. Each side of the bus must windows are customarily located, no have at least 40 percent of emergency windows shall be required in those lo- exit space required by this paragraph. cations. (d) Laminated safety glass/push-out [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] window requirements for buses manufactured before September 1, 1973. Emer- § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. gency exit space used to satisfy the re- (a) Buses manufactured on or after Sep- quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- tember 1, 1994. Each bus with a GVWR of tion must have laminated safety glass 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or less must or push-out windows designed and meet the emergency exit requirements maintained to yield outward to provide of FMVSS No. 217 (S5.2.2.3) in effect on a free opening. the date of manufacture. Each bus with (1) Safety glass. Laminated safety a GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 glass must meet Test No. 25, Egress, of pounds) must have emergency exits American National Standard for Safety which meet the applicable emergency Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor exit requirements of FMVSS No. 217 Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment (S5.2.2 or S5.2.3) in effect on the date of Operating on Land Highways—Safety manufacture. Standards ANSI/SAE Z26.1/96, August (b) Buses manufactured on or after 1997. (See § 393.7 (b) for information on September 1, 1973, but before Sep- incorporation by reference and avail- tember 1, 1994. (1) Each bus (including a ability of this document.) school bus used in interstate commerce (2) Push-out windows. Each push-out for non-school bus operations) with a window shall be releasable by oper- GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) ating no more than two mechanisms must meet the requirements of FMVSS and allow manual release of the exit by No. 217, S5.2.2 in effect on the date of a single occupant. For mechanisms manufacture. which require rotary or straight (par- (2) Each bus (including a school bus allel to the undisturbed exit surface) used in interstate commerce for non- motions to operate the exit, no more school bus operations) with a GVWR of than 89 Newtons (20 pounds) of force 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) or less must meet shall be required to release the exit. the requirements of FMVSS No. 217, For exits which require a straight mo- S5.2.2.3 in effect on the date of manu- tion perpendicular to the undisturbed facture. exit surface, no more than 267 Newtons (c) Buses manufactured before Sep- (60 pounds) shall be required to release tember 1, 1973. For each seated pas- the exit. senger space provided, inclusive of the (e) Emergency exit identification. Each driver there shall be at least 432 cm2 (67 bus and each school bus used in inter- square inches) of glazing if such glazing state commerce for non-school bus op- is not contained in a push-out window; erations, manufactured on or after Sep- or, at least 432 cm2 (67 square inches) of tember 1, 1973, shall meet the applica- free opening resulting from opening of ble emergency exit identification or a push-out type window. No area shall marking requirements of FMVSS No. be included in this minimum pre- 217, S5.5, in effect on the date of manu- scribed area unless it will provide an facture. The emergency exits and doors unobstructed opening of at least 1,290 on all buses (including school buses cm2 (200 in2) formed by a rectangle 33 used in interstate commerce for non- cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 173⁄4 inches). school bus operations) must be marked

413

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00423 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.63 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

‘‘Emergency Exit’’ or ‘‘Emergency (d) Gravity or syphon feed prohibited. A Door’’ followed by concise operating in- fuel system must not supply fuel by structions describing each motion nec- gravity or syphon feed directly to the essary to unlatch or open the exit lo- carburetor or injector. cated within 152 mm (6 inches) of the (e) Selection control valve location. If a release mechanism. fuel system includes a selection con- (f) Exception for the transportation of trol valve which is operable by the prisoners. The requirements of this sec- driver to regulate the flow of fuel from tion do not apply to buses used exclu- two or more fuel tanks, the valve must sively for the transportation of pris- be installed so that either— oners. (1) The driver may operate it while watching the roadway and without [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] leaving his/her driving position; or (2) The driver must stop the vehicle § 393.63 [Reserved] and leave his/her seat in order to operate the valve. Subpart E—Fuel Systems (f) Fuel lines. A fuel line which is not completely enclosed in a protective AUTHORITY: Sec. 204, Interstate Commerce housing must not extend more than 2 Act, as amended, 49 U.S.C. 304; sec. 6, Depart- inches below the fuel tank or its sump. ment of Transportation Act, 49 U.S.C. 1655; Diesel fuel crossover, return, and with- delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.48 and drawal lines which extend below the 389.4. bottom of the tank or sump must be protected against damage from impact. § 393.65 All fuel systems. Every fuel line must be— (a) Application of the rules in this sec- (1) Long enough and flexible enough tion. The rules in this section apply to to accommodate normal movements of systems for containing and supplying the parts to which it is attached with- fuel for the operation of motor vehicles out incurring damage; and or for the operation of auxiliary equip- (2) Secured against chafing, kinking, ment installed on, or used in connec- or other causes of mechanical damage. tion with, motor vehicles. (g) Excess flow valve. When pressure (b) Location. Each fuel system must devices are used to force fuel from a be located on the motor vehicle so fuel tank, a device which prevents the that— flow of fuel from the fuel tank if the (1) No part of the system extends be- fuel feed line is broken must be in- yond the widest part of the vehicle; stalled in the fuel system. (2) No part of a fuel tank is forward [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 of the front axle of a power unit; FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28752, Dec. 29, (3) Fuel spilled vertically from a fuel 1972] tank while it is being filled will not contact any part of the exhaust or elec- § 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. trical systems of the vehicle, except (a) Application of the rules in this sec- the fuel level indicator assembly; tion. The rules in this section apply to (4) Fill pipe openings are located out- tanks containing or supplying fuel for side the vehicle’s passenger compart- the operation of commercial motor ve- ment and its cargo compartment; hicles or for the operation of auxiliary (5) A fuel line does not extend be- equipment installed on, or used in con- tween a towed vehicle and the vehicle nection with commercial motor vehi- that is towing it while the combination cles. of vehicles is in motion; and (1) A liquid fuel tank manufactured (6) No part of the fuel system of a bus on or after January 1, 1973, and a side- manufactured on or after January 1, mounted gasoline tank must conform 1973, is located within or above the pas- to all rules in this section. senger compartment. (2) A diesel fuel tank manufactured (c) Fuel tank installation. Each fuel before January 1, 1973, and mounted on tank must be securely attached to the a bus must conform to the rules in motor vehicle in a workmanlike man- paragraphs (c)(7)(iii) and (d)(2) of this ner. section.

414

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00424 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.67

(3) A diesel fuel tank manufactured heat resistance and mechanical secure- before January 1, 1973, and mounted on ment at least equal to those specifi- a vehicle other than a bus must con- cally named. Joints must not be closed form to the rules in paragraph solely by crimping or by soldering with (c)(7)(iii) of this section. a lead-based or other soft solder. (4) A gasoline tank, other than a (2) Fittings. The fuel tank body must side-mounted gasoline tank, manufac- have flanges or spuds suitable for the tured before January 1, 1973, and installation of all fittings. mounted on a bus must conform to the (3) Threads. The threads of all fittings rules in paragraphs (c) (1) through (10) must be Dryseal American Standard and (d)(2) of this section. Taper Pipe Thread or Dryseal SAE (5) A gasoline tank, other than a side-mounted gasoline tank, manufac- Short Taper Pipe Thread, specified in tured before January 1, 1973, and Society of Automotive Engineers mounted on a vehicle other than a bus Standard J476, as contained in the 1971 must conform to the rules in para- edition of the ‘‘SAE Handbook,’’ except graphs (c) (1) through (10), inclusive, of that straight (nontapered) threads may this section. be used on fittings having integral (6) Private motor carrier of pas- flanges and using gaskets for sealing. sengers. Motor carriers engaged in the At least four full threads must be in private transportation of passengers engagement in each fitting. may continue to operate a commercial (4) Drains and bottom fittings. (i) motor vehicle which was not subject to Drains or other bottom fittings must this section or 49 CFR 571.301 at the not extend more than three-fourths of time of its manufacture, provided the an inch below the lowest part of the fuel tank of such vehicle is maintained fuel tank or sump. to the original manufacturer’s stand- (ii) Drains or other bottom fittings ards. must be protected against damage from (7) Motor vehicles that meet the fuel impact. system integrity requirements of 49 (iii) If a fuel tank has drains the CFR 571.301 are exempt from the re- drain fittings must permit substan- quirements of this subpart, as they tially complete drainage of the tank. apply to the vehicle’s fueling system. (b) Definitions. As used in this sec- (iv) Drains or other bottom fittings tion— must be installed in a flange or spud (1) The term liquid fuel tank means a designed to accommodate it. fuel tank designed to contain a fuel (5) Fuel withdrawal fittings. Except for that is liquid at normal atmospheric diesel fuel tanks, the fittings through pressures and temperatures. which fuel is withdrawn from a fuel (2) A side-mounted fuel tank is a liq- tank must be located above the normal uid fuel tank which— level of fuel in the tank when the tank (i) If mounted on a truck tractor, ex- is full. tends outboard of the vehicle frame (6) [Reserved] and outside of the plan view outline of (7) Fill pipe. (i) Each fill pipe must be the cab; or designed and constructed to minimize (ii) If mounted on a truck, extends the risk of fuel spillage during fueling outboard of a line parallel to the longi- operations and when the vehicle is in- tudinal centerline of the truck and tan- volved in a crash. gent to the outboard side of a front tire (ii) For diesel-fueled vehicles, the fill in a straight ahead position. In deter- pipe and vents of a fuel tank having a mining whether a fuel tank on a truck or truck tractor is side-mounted, the capacity of more than 94.75 L (25 gal- fill pipe is not considered a part of the lons) of fuel must permit filling the tank. tank with fuel at a rate of at least 75.8 (c) Construction of liquid fuel tanks— L/m (20 gallons per minute) without (1) Joints. Joints of a fuel tank body fuel spillage. must be closed by arc-, gas-, seam-, or (iii) For gasoline- and methanol- spot-welding, by brazing, by silver sol- fueled vehicles with a GVWR of 3,744 kg dering, or by techniques which provide (8,500 pounds) or less, the vehicle must

415

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00425 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.67 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

permit filling the tank with fuel dis- (ii) When the tank is filled, normal pensed at the applicable fill rate re- expansion of the fuel will not cause quired by the regulations of the Envi- fuel spillage. ronmental Protection Agency under 40 (d) Liquid fuel tank tests. Each liquid CFR 80.22. fuel tank must be capable of passing (iv) For gasoline- and methanol- the tests specified in paragraphs (d)(1) fueled vehicles with a GVWR of 14,000 and (2) of this section. The specified pounds (6,400 kg) or less, the vehicle tests are a measure of performance must comply with the applicable fuel- only. Alternative procedures which as- spitback prevention and onboard re- sure that equipment meets the re- fueling vapor recovery regulations of quired performance standards may be the Environmental Protection Agency used. . under 40 CFR part 86. (1) Safety venting system test—(i) Pro- (v) Each fill pipe must be fitted with cedure. Fill the tank three-fourths full a cap that can be fastened securely with fuel, seal the fuel feed outlet, and over the opening in the fill pipe. Screw invert the tank. When the fuel tem- ° ° threads or a bayonet-type point are perature is between 50 F. and 80 F., methods of conforming to the require- apply an enveloping flame to the tank ments of paragraph (c) of this section. so that the temperature of the fuel rises at a rate of not less than 6 °F. and (8) Safety venting system. A liquid fuel not more than 8 °F. per minute. tank with a capacity of more than 25 (ii) Required performance. The safety gallons of fuel must have a venting sys- venting system required by paragraph tem which, in the event the tank is (c)(8) of this section must activate be- subjected to fire, will prevent internal fore the internal pressure in the tank tank pressure from rupturing the exceeds 50 pounds per square inch, tank’s body, seams, or bottom opening gauge, and the internal pressure must (if any). not thereafter exceed the pressure at (9) Pressure resistance. The body and which the system activated by more fittings of a liquid fuel tank with a ca- than five pounds per square inch de- pacity of more than 25 gallons of fuel spite any further increase in the tem- must be capable of withstanding an in- perature of the fuel. ternal hydrostatic pressure equal to 150 (2) Leakage test—(i) Procedure. Fill percent of the maximum internal pres- the tank to capacity with fuel having a sure reached in the tank during the temperature between 50 °F. and 80 °F. safety venting systems test specified in With the fill-pipe cap installed, turn paragraph (d)(1) of this section. the tank through an angle of 150° in (10) Air vent. Each fuel tank must be any direction about any axis from its equipped with a nonspill air vent (such normal position. as a ball check). The air vent may be (ii) Required performance. Neither the combined with the fill-pipe cap or safe- tank nor any fitting may leak more ty vent, or it may be a separate unit than a total of one ounce by weight of installed on the fuel tank. fuel per minute in any position the (11) Markings. If the body of a fuel tank assumes during the test. tank is readily visible when the tank is (e) Side-mounted liquid fuel tank tests. installed on the vehicle, the tank must Each side-mounted liquid fuel tank be plainly marked with its liquid ca- must be capable of passing the tests pacity. The tank must also be plainly specified in paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of marked with a warning against filling this section and the test specified in it to more than 95 percent of its liquid paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this section. capacity. The specified tests are a measure of (12) Overfill restriction. A liquid fuel performance only. Alternative proce- tank manufactured on or after January dures which assure that equipment 1, 1973, must be designed and con- meets the required performance cri- structed so that— teria may be used. (i) The tank cannot be filled, in a (1) Drop test—(i) Procedure. Fill the normal filling operation, with a quan- tank with a quantity of water having a tity of fuel that exceeds 95 percent of weight equal to the weight of the max- the tank’s liquid capacity; and imum fuel load of the tank and drop

416

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00426 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.69

the tank 30 feet onto an unyielding sur- (i) Ford vehicles with GVWR over face so that it lands squarely on one 10,000 pounds identified as follows: The corner. vehicle identification numbers (VINs) (ii) Required performance. Neither the contain A, K, L, M, N, W, or X in the tank nor any fitting may leak more fourth position. than a total of 1 ounce by weight of (ii) GM G-Vans (Chevrolet Express water per minute. and GMC Savanna) and full-sized C/K (2) Fill-pipe test—(i) Procedure. Fill trucks (Chevrolet Silverado and GMC the tank with a quantity of water hav- Sierra) with GVWR over 10,000 pounds ing a weight equal to the weight of the identified as follows: The VINs contain maximum fuel load of the tank and either a ‘‘J’’ or a ‘‘K’’ in the fourth po- drop the tank 10 feet onto an sition. In addition, the seventh posi- unyielding surface so that it lands tion of the VINs on the G-Van will con- squarely on its fill-pipe. tain a ‘‘1.’’ (ii) Required performance. Neither the tank nor any fitting may leak more [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 than a total of 1 ounce by weight of FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28753, Dec. 29, water per minute. 1972; 45 FR 46424, July 10, 1980; 53 FR 49400, (f) Certification and markings. Each Dec. 7, 1988; 59 FR 8753, Feb. 23, 1994; 69 FR liquid fuel tank shall be legibly and 31305, June 3, 2004; 70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] permanently marked by the manufac- § 393.68 Compressed natural gas fuel turer with the following minimum in- containers. formation: (1) The month and year of manufac- (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- ture, tion apply to compressed natural gas (2) The manufacturer’s name on (CNG) fuel containers used for sup- tanks manufactured on and after July plying fuel for the operation of com- 1, 1989, and means of identifying the fa- mercial motor vehicles or for the oper- cility at which the tank was manufac- ation of auxiliary equipment installed tured, and on, or used in connection with commer- (3) A certificate that it conforms to cial motor vehicles. the rules in this section applicable to (b) CNG containers manufactured on or the tank. The certificate must be in after March 26, 1995. Any motor vehicle the form set forth in either of the fol- manufactured on or after March 26, lowing: 1995, and equipped with a CNG fuel (i) If a tank conforms to all rules in tank must meet the CNG container re- this section pertaining to side-mounted quirements of FMVSS No. 304 (49 CFR fuel tanks: ‘‘Meets all FMCSA side- 571.304) in effect at the time of manu- mounted tank requirements.’’ facture of the vehicle. (ii) If a tank conforms to all rules in (c) Labeling. Each CNG fuel container this section pertaining to tanks which shall be permanently labeled in accord- are not side-mounted fuel tanks: ance with the requirements of FMVSS ‘‘Meets all FMCSA requirements for No. 304, S7.4. non-side-mounted fuel tanks.’’ (iii) The form of certificate specified [70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] in paragraph (f)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section may be used on a liquid fuel tank § 393.69 Liquefied petroleum gas systems. manufactured before July 11, 1973, but it is not mandatory for liquid fuel (a) A fuel system that uses liquefied tanks manufactured before March 7, petroleum gas as a fuel for the oper- 1989. The form of certification manu- ation of a motor vehicle or for the op- factured on or before March 7, 1989, eration of auxiliary equipment in- must meet the requirements in effect stalled on, or used in connection with, at the time of manufacture. a motor vehicle must conform to the (4) Exception. The following pre- ‘‘Standards for the Storage and Han- viously exempted vehicles are not re- dling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases’’ of quired to carry the certification and the National Fire Protection Associa- marking specified in paragraphs (f)(1) tion, Battery March Park, Quincy, MA through (3) of this section: 02269, as follows:

417

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00427 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.70 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(1) A fuel system installed before De- The installation must include a device cember 31, 1962, must conform to the for positively preventing the lower half 1951 edition of the Standards. of the fifth wheel from shifting on the (2) A fuel system installed on or after frame to which it is attached. December 31, 1962, and before January (ii) Upper half. The upper half of a 1, 1973, must conform to Division IV of fifth wheel must be fastened to the the June 1959 edition of the Standards. motor vehicle with at least the same (3) A fuel system installed on or after security required for the installation of January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for the lower half on a truck tractor or propulsion of the motor vehicle must converter dolly. conform to Division IV of the 1969 edi- (2) Locking. Every fifth wheel assem- tion of the Standards. bly must have a locking mechanism. (4) A fuel system installed on or after The locking mechanism, and any January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for adapter used in conjunction with it, the operation of auxiliary equipment must prevent separation of the upper must conform to Division VII of the and lower halves of the fifth wheel as- 1969 edition of the Standards. sembly unless a positive manual re- (b) When the rules in this section release is activated. The release may be quire a fuel system to conform to a located so that the driver can operate specific edition of the Standards, the it from the cab. If a motor vehicle has fuel system may conform to the appli- a fifth wheel designed and constructed cable provisions in a later edition of to be readily separable, the fifth wheel the Standards specified in this section. locking devices shall apply automati- (c) The tank of a fuel system must be cally on coupling. marked to indicate that the system (3) Location. The lower half of a fifth conforms to the Standards. wheel shall be located so that, regard- [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 less of the condition of loading, the re- FR 4342, Mar. 2, 1972; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; lationship between the kingpin and the 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] rear axle or axles of the towing motor vehicle will properly distribute the Subpart F—Coupling Devices and gross weight of both the towed and Towing Methods towing vehicles on the axles of those vehicles, will not unduly interfere with § 393.70 Coupling devices and towing the steering, braking, and other ma- methods, except for driveaway- neuvering of the towing vehicle, and towaway operations. will not otherwise contribute to unsafe (a) Tracking. When two or more vehi- operation of the vehicles comprising cles are operated in combination, the the combination. The upper half of a coupling devices connecting the vehi- fifth wheel shall be located so that the cles shall be designed, constructed, and weight of the vehicles is properly dis- installed, and the vehicles shall be de- tributed on their axles and the com- signed and constructed, so that when bination of vehicles will operate safely the combination is operated in a during normal operation. straight line on a level, smooth, paved (c) Towing of full trailers. A full trail- surface, the path of the towed vehicle er must be equipped with a tow-bar and will not deviate more than 3 inches to a means of attaching the tow-bar to either side of the path of the vehicle the towing and towed vehicles. The that tows it. tow-bar and the means of attaching it (b) Fifth wheel assemblies—(1) Mount- must— ing—(i) Lower half. The lower half of a (1) Be structurally adequate for the fifth wheel mounted on a truck tractor weight being drawn; or converter dolly must be secured to (2) Be properly and securely mount- the frame of that vehicle with properly ed; designed brackets, mounting plates or (3) Provide for adequate articulation angles and properly tightened bolts of at the connection without excessive adequate size and grade, or devices slack at that location; and that provide equivalent security. The (4) Be provided with a locking device installation shall not cause cracking, that prevents accidental separation of warping, or deformation of the frame. the towed and towing vehicles. The

418

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00428 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.70

mounting of the trailer hitch (pintle means of attachment to be connected hook or equivalent mechanism) on the to the towing vehicle. When a single towing vehicle must include reinforce- length of cable is used, a thimble and ment or bracing of the frame sufficient twin-base cable clamps shall be used to to produce strength and rigidity of the form the forward bridle eye. The hook frame to prevent its undue distortion. or other means of attachment to the (d) Safety devices in case of tow-bar towing vehicle shall be secured to the failure or disconnection. Every full trail- chains or cables in a fixed position. er and every converter dolly used to (6) If the towed vehicle is a converter convert a semitrailer to a full trailer dolly with a solid tongue and without a must be coupled to the frame, or an ex- hinged tow-bar or other swivel between tension of the frame, of the motor vehi- the fifth wheel mounting and the at- cle which tows it with one or more safety devices to prevent the towed ve- tachment point of the tongue eye or hicle from breaking loose in the event other hitch device— the tow-bar fails or becomes discon- (i) Safety chains or cables, when used nected. The safety device must meet as the safety device for that vehicle, the following requirements: may consist of either two chains or ca- (1) The safety device must not be at- bles or a single chain or cable used tached to the pintle hook or any other alone; device on the towing vehicle to which (ii) A single safety device, including the tow-bar is attached. However, if a single chain or cable used alone as the pintle hook or other device was the safety device, must be in line with manufactured prior to July 1, 1973, the the centerline of the trailer tongue; safety device may be attached to the and towing vehicle at a place on a pintle (iii) The device may be attached to hook forging or casting if that place is the converter dolly at any point to the independent of the pintle hook. rear of the attachment point of the (2) The safety device must have no tongue eye or other hitch device. more slack than is necessary to permit (7) Safety devices other than safety the vehicles to be turned properly. chains or cables must provide strength, (3) The safety device, and the means security of attachment, and directional of attaching it to the vehicles, must have an ultimate strength of not less stability equal to, or greater than, than the gross weight of the vehicle or safety chains or cables installed in ac- vehicles being towed. cordance with paragraphs (d) (5) and (6) (4) The safety device must be con- of this section. nected to the towed and towing vehi- (8)(i) When two safety devices, in- cles and to the tow-bar in a manner cluding two safety chains or cables, are which prevents the tow-bar from drop- used and are attached to the towing ve- ping to the ground in the event it fails hicle at separate points, the points of or becomes disconnected. attachment on the towing vehicle shall (5) Except as provided in paragraph be located equally distant from, and on (d)(6) of this section, if the safety de- opposite sides of, the longitudinal cen- vice consists of safety chains or cables, terline of the towing vehicle. the towed vehicle must be equipped (ii) Where two chains or cables are with either two safety chains or cables attached to the same point on the tow- or with a bridle arrangement of a sin- ing vehicle, and where a bridle or a single chain or cable attached to its frame gle chain or cable is used, the point of or axle at two points as far apart as the attachment must be on the longitu- configuration of the frame or axle per- dinal centerline or within 152 mm (6 mits. The safety chains or cables shall inches) to the right of the longitudinal be either two separate pieces, each centerline of the towing vehicle. equipped with a hook or other means for attachment to the towing vehicle, (iii) A single safety device, other or a single piece leading along each than a chain or cable, must also be at- side of the tow-bar from the two points tached to the towing vehicle at a point of attachment on the towed vehicle and on the longitudinal centerline or with- arranged into a bridle with a single in 152 mm (6 inches) to the right of the

419

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00429 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.71 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

longitudinal centerline of the towing (3) No motor vehicle or motor vehi- vehicle. cles shall be full-mounted on a motor [37 FR 21439, Oct. 11, 1972, as amended at 70 vehicle towed by means of a saddle- FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] mount unless the center line of the kingpin or equivalent means of attach- § 393.71 Coupling devices and towing ment of such towed vehicle shall be so methods, driveaway-towaway oper- located on the towing vehicle that the ations. relationship to the rear axle or axles (a) Number in combination. (1) No more results in proper distribution of the than three saddle-mounts may be used total gross weight of the vehicles and in any combination. does not unduly interfere with the (2) No more than one tow-bar or ball- steering, braking, or maneuvering of and-socket type coupling device may the towing vehicle or otherwise con- be used in any combination. tribute to the unsafe operation of vehi- (3) When motor vehicles are towed by cles comprising the combination; and means of triple saddle-mounts, the unless a perpendicular to the ground towed vehicles shall have brakes acting from the center of gravity of the full- on all wheels which are in contact with mounted vehicles lies forward of the the roadway. center line of the rear axle of the sad- (b) Carrying vehicles on towing vehicle. dle-mounted vehicle. (1) When adequately and securely at- (4) If a motor vehicle towed by means tached by means equivalent in security of a double saddle-mount has any vehi- to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of cle full-mounted on it, such saddle- this section, a motor vehicle or motor mounted vehicle shall at all times vehicles may be full-mounted on the while so loaded have effective brakes structure of a towing vehicle engaged acting on those wheels which are in in any driveaway-towaway operation. contact with the roadway. (2) No motor vehicle or motor vehi- (d) Bumper tow-bars on heavy vehicles cles may be full-mounted on a towing prohibited. Tow-bars of the type which vehicle unless the relationship of such depend upon the bumpers as a means of full-mounted vehicles to the rear axle transmitting forces between the vehi- or axles results in proper distribution cles shall not be used to tow a motor of the total gross weight of the vehicles vehicle weighing more than 5,000 and does not unduly interfere with the pounds. steering, braking, or maneuvering of (e) Front wheels of saddle-mounted ve- the towing vehicle, or otherwise contribute to the unsafe operation of the hicles restrained. A motor vehicle towed vehicles comprising the combination. by means of a saddle-mount shall have (3) Saddle-mounted vehicles must be the motion of the front wheels re- arranged such that the gross weight of strained if under any condition of turn- the vehicles is properly distributed to ing of such wheels they will project be- prevent undue interference with the yond the widest part of either the steering, braking, or maneuvering of towed or towing vehicle. the combination of vehicles. (f) Vehicles to be towed in forward posi- (c) Carrying vehicles on towed vehicles. tion. Unless the steering mechanism is (1) When adequately and securely at- adequately locked in a straight-for- tached by means equivalent in security ward position, all motor vehicles towed to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of by means of a saddle-mount shall be this section, a motor vehicle or motor towed with the front end mounted on vehicles may be full-mounted on the the towing vehicle. structure of towed vehicles engaged in (g) Means required for towing. No any driveaway-towaway operation. motor vehicles or combination of (2) No motor vehicle shall be full- motor vehicles shall be towed in mounted on a motor vehicle towed by driveaway-towaway operations by means of a tow-bar unless the towed means other than a tow-bar, ball-and- vehicle is equipped with brakes and is socket type coupling device, saddle- provided with means for effective ap- mount connections which meet the re- plication of brakes acting on all wheels quirements of this section, or in the and is towed on its own wheels. case of a semi-trailer equipped with an

420

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00430 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.71

upper coupler assembly, a fifth-wheel this section is subjected to the tests meeting the requirements of § 393.70. given therein. (h) Requirements for tow-bars. Tow- (4) Means of adjusting length. On tow- bars shall comply with the following bars, adjustable as to length, the requirements: means used to make such adjustment (1) Tow-bars, structural adequacy and shall fit tightly and not result in any mounting. Every tow-bar shall be struc- slackness or permit the tow-bar to turally adequate and properly installed bend. With the tow-bar supported rig- and maintained. To insure that it is idly at both ends and with a load of 50 structurally adequate, it must, at pounds at the center, the sag, meas- least, meet the requirements of the fol- ured at the center, in any direction lowing table: shall not exceed 0.25 inch under any condition of adjustment as to length. Longitudinal strength in tension and (5) Method of clamping. Adequate compression 2 means shall be provided for securely New tow- Strength fastening the tow-bar to the towed and Gross weight of bars ac- as a beam towed vehicle quired and (in any di- towing vehicles. (pounds) 1 All tow- used by a rection (6) Tow-bar connection to steering bars motor car- con- rier after centrated mechanism. The tow-bar shall be pro- Sept. 30, load at vided with suitable means of attach- 1948 center) 2,3 ment to and actuation of the steering Pounds mechanism, if any, of the towed vehicle. The attachment shall provide for Less than 5,000 ...... 3,000 6,500 3,000 sufficient angularity of movement of 5,000 and over ...... Less than 10,000 ..... 6,000 (1 ) (1 ) the front wheels of the towed vehicle so 10,000 and over ...... that it may follow substantially in the Less than 15,000 ..... 9,000 (1 ) (1 ) path of the towing vehicle without 1 The required strength of tow-bars for towed vehicles of cramping the tow-bar. The tow-bar 15,000 pounds and over gross weight and of new tow-bars acquired and used after Sept. 30, 1948, for towed vehicles of shall be provided with suitable joints 5,000 pounds and over gross weight shall be computed by to permit such movement. means of the following formulae: Longitudinal strength=gross weight of towed vehicle × 1.3. Strength as a beam=gross (7) Tracking. The tow-bar shall be so weight of towed vehicle × 0.6. designed, constructed, maintained, and 2 In testing, the whole unit shall be tested with all clamps, joints, and pins so mounted and fastened as to approximate mounted as to cause the towed vehicle conditions of actual operation. to follow substantially in the path of 3 This test shall be applicable only to tow-bars which are, in normal operation, subjected to a bending movement such as the towing vehicle. Tow-bars of such tow-bars for house trailers. design on in our condition as to permit (2) Tow-bars, jointed. The tow-bar the towed vehicle to deviate more than shall be so constructed as to freely per- 3 inches to either side of the path of a mit motion in both horizontal and towing vehicle moving in a straight vertical planes between the towed and line as measured from the center of the towing vehicles. The means used to towing vehicle are prohibited. provide the motion shall be such as to (8) Passenger car-trailer type couplings. prohibit the transmission of stresses Trailer couplings used for driveaway- under normal operation between the towaway operations of passenger car towed and towing vehicles, except trailers shall conform to Society of along the longitudinal axis of the Automotive Engineers Standard No. tongue or tongues. J684c, ‘‘Trailer Couplings and Hitches— 1 (3) Tow-bar fastenings. The means Automotive Type,’’ July 1970. used to transmit the stresses to the (9) Marking tow-bars. Every tow-bar chassis or frames of the towed and tow- acquired and used in driveaway- ing vehicles may be either temporary towaway operations by a motor carrier structures or bumpers or other integral shall be plainly marked with the fol- parts of the vehicles: Provided, however, lowing certification of the manufac- That the means used shall be so con- turer thereof (or words of equivalent structed, installed, and maintained meaning): that when tested as an assembly, fail- This tow-bar complies with the require- ure in such members shall not occur ments of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety when the weakest new tow-bar which is permissible under paragraph (h)(1) of 1 See footnote 1 to § 393.24(c).

421

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00431 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.71 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

Administration for (maximum gross weight dle-mount shall comply with the fol- for which tow-bar is manufactured) vehicles. lowing requirements: Allowable Maximum Gross Weight lllll (1) Upper-half connection to towed ve- Manufactured llllllllllllllll hicle. The upper-half shall be securely (month and year) attached to the frame or axle of the by llllllllllllllllllllll towed vehicle by means of U-bolts or (name of manufacturer) other means providing at least equiva- Tow-bar certification manufactured be- lent security. fore the effective date of this regula- (2) U-bolts or other attachments. U- tion must meet requirements in effect bolts used to attach the upper half to at the time of manufacture. the towed vehicle shall be made of steel rod, free of defects, so shaped as (10) Safety devices in case of tow-bar to avoid at any point a radius of less failure or disconnection. (i) The towed than 1 inch: Provided, however, That a vehicle shall be connected to the tow- lesser radius may be utilized if the U- ing vehicle by a safety device to pre- bolt is so fabricated as not to cause vent the towed vehicle from breaking more than 5 percent reduction in cross- loose in the event the tow-bar fails or sectional area at points of curvature, becomes disconnected. When safety in which latter event the minimum ra- chains or cables are used as the safety dius shall be one-sixteenth inch. U- device for that vehicle, at least two bolts shall have a diameter not less safety chains or cables meeting the re- than required by the following table: quirements of paragraph (h)(10)(ii) of this section shall be used. The tensile DIAMETER OF U-BOLTS IN INCHES strength of the safety device and the means of attachment to the vehicles Double or triple saddle-mount Weight in pounds of shall be at least equivalent to the cor- heaviest towed vehi- Middle Single responding longitudinal strength for cle Front or front Rear saddle- mount mount 1 tow-bars required in the table of para- mount mount graph (h)(1) of this section. If safety Up to 5,000 ...... 0.625 0.5625 0.500 0.500 chains or cables are used as the safety 5,000 and over ...... 0.6875 0.625 0.5625 0.5625 device, the required strength shall be 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall gov- the combined strength of the combina- ern. If other devices are used to accomplish the same purposes as U-bolts they shall have at least equivalent strength tion of chains and cables. of U-bolts made of mild steel. Cast iron shall not be used for (ii) If chains or cables are used as the clamps or any other holding devices. safety device, they shall be crossed and (3) U-bolts and points of support, loca- attached to the vehicles near the tion. The distance between the most points of bumper attachments to the widely separated U-bolts shall not be chassis of the vehicles. The length of less than 9 inches. The distance be- chain used shall be no more than nec- tween the widely separated points essary to permit free turning of the ve- where the upper-half supports the hicles. The chains shall be attached to towed vehicle shall not be less than 9 the tow-bar at the point of crossing or inches, except that saddle-mounts em- as close to that point as is practicable. ploying ball and socket joints shall em- (iii) A safety device other than safety ploy a device which clamps the axle of chains or cables must provide strength, the towed vehicle throughout a length security of attachment, and directional of not less than 5 inches. stability equal to, or greater than, that (4) Cradle-type upper-halves, specifica- provided by safety chains or cables in- tions. Upper-halves of the cradle-type stalled in accordance with paragraph using vertical members to restrain the (h)(10)(ii) of this section. A safety de- towed vehicle from relative movement vice other than safety chains or cables in the direction of motion of the vehi- must be designed, constructed, and in- cles shall be substantially constructed stalled so that, if the tow-bar fails or and adequate for the purpose. Such cra- becomes disconnected, the tow-bar will dle-mounts shall be equipped with at not drop to the ground. least one bolt or equivalent means to (i) [Reserved] provide against relative vertical move- (j) Requirements for upper-half of sad- ment between the upper-half and the dle-mounts. The upper-half of any sad- towed vehicle. Bolts, if used, shall be at

422

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00432 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.71

least one-half inch in diameter. De- TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF U-BOLTS IN vices using equivalent means shall SQUARE INCHES have at least equivalent strength. The Double or triple saddle-mount means used to provide against relative Weight in pounds of vertical motion between the upper-half heaviest towed vehi- Front Middle Rear Single cle mount or front mount saddle- and the towed vehicle shall be such as mount mount 1 not to permit a relative motion of over Up to 5,000 ...... 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 one-half inch. The distance between 5,000 and over ...... 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 the most widely separated points of 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall gov- support between the upper-half and the ern. If other devices are used to accomplish the same pur- towed vehicle shall be at least 9 inches. poses as U-bolts they shall have at least equivalent strength of U-bolts made of mild steel. Cast iron shall not be used for (5) Lateral movement of towed vehicle. clamps or any other holding devices. (i) Towed vehicles having a straight (2) Shifting. Adequate provision shall axle or an axle having a drop of less be made by design and installation to than 3 inches, unless the saddle-mount provide against relative movement be- is constructed in accordance with para- tween the lower-half and the towing graph (m)(2) of this section, shall be se- vehicle especially during periods of curely fastened by means of chains or rapid acceleration and deceleration. To cables to the upper-half so as to insure insure against shifting, designs of the against relative lateral motion be- tripod type shall be equipped with ade- tween the towed vehicle and the upper- quate and securely fastened hold-back half. The chains or cables shall be at chains or similar devices. least 3⁄16-inch diameter and secured by (3) Swaying. (i) Adequate provision bolts of at least equal diameter. shall be made by design and installa- (ii) Towed vehicles with an axle with tion to provide against swaying or lat- a drop of 3 inches or more, or con- eral movement of the towed vehicle nected by a saddle-mount constructed relative to the towing vehicle. To in- in accordance with paragraph (m)(2) of sure against swaying, lower-halves de- this section, need not be restrained by signed with cross-members attached to chains or cables provided that the but separable from vertical members shall have such cross-members fastened upper-half is so designed as to provide to the vertical members by at least two against such relative motion. bolts on each side. Such bolts shall be (iii) Chains or cables shall not be re- of at least equivalent cross-sectional quired if the upper-half is so designed area as those required for U-bolts for as positively to provide against lateral the corresponding saddle-mount as movement of the axle. given in the table in paragraph (k)(1) of (k) Requirements for lower half of sad- this section. The minimum distance dle-mounts. The lower half of any sad- between the most widely separated dle-mount shall comply with the fol- points of support of the cross-member lowing requirements: by the vertical member shall be three (1) U-bolts or other attachments. U- inches as measured in a direction par- bolts used to attach the lower half to allel to the longitudinal axis of the the towing vehicle shall be made of towing vehicle. steel rod, free of defects, so shaped as (ii) The lower-half shall have a bear- to avoid at any point a radius of less ing surface on the frame of the towing than 1 inch: Provided, however, That a vehicle of such dimensions that the lesser radius may be utilized if the U- pressure exerted by the lower-half upon bolt is so fabricated as not to cause the frame of the towing vehicle shall more than 5 percent reduction in cross- not exceed 200 pounds per square inch sectional area at points of curvature, under any conditions of static loading. Hardwood blocks or blocks of other in which latter event the minimum ra- suitable material, such as hard rubber, dius shall be one-sixteenth inch. U- aluminum or brakelining, if used be- bolts shall have a total cross-sectional tween the lower half and the frame of area not less than as required by the the towing vehicle shall be at least 1⁄2 following table: inch thick, 3 inches wide, and a combined length of 6 inches.

423

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00433 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.71 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(iii) Under no condition shall the turally adequate and properly installed highest point of support of the towed and maintained adequately to perform vehicle by the upper-half be more than this function. 24 inches, measured vertically, above (6) Cross-member, use of wood. No ma- the top of the frame of the towing vehi- terials, other than suitable metals, cle, measured at the point where the shall be used as the cross-member, and lower-half rests on the towing vehicle. wood may not be used structurally in (4) Wood blocks. (i) Hardwood blocks any manner that will result in its of good quality may be used to build up being subject to tensile stresses. Wood the height of the front end of the towed may be used in cross-members if sup- vehicle, provided that the total height ported throughout its length by suit- of such wood blocks shall not exceed 8 able metal cross-members. inches and not over two separate pieces (7) Lower half strength. The lower half are placed upon each other to obtain shall be capable of supporting the loads such height; however, hardwood blocks, given in the following table. For the not over 4 in number, to a total height purpose of test, the saddle-mount shall not to exceed 14 inches, may be used if be mounted as normally operated and the total cross-sectional area of the U- the load applied through the upper bolts used to attach the lower-half of the towing vehicle is at least 50 percent half: greater than that required by the table MINIMUM TEST LOAD IN POUNDS contained in paragraph (k)(1) of this section, or, if other devices are used in Double or triple saddle-mount lieu of U-bolts, they shall provide for Weight in pounds of as great a resistance to bending as is heaviest towed vehi- Front Middle Rear Single cle mount or front mount saddle- provided by the larger U-bolts above mount mount 1 prescribed. Up to 5,000 ...... 15,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 (ii) Hardwood blocks must be at least 5,000 and over ...... 30,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 4 inches in width and the surfaces be- 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall tween blocks or block and lower-half or govern. block and upper-half shall be planed and so installed and maintained as to (l) Requirements for kingpins of saddle- minimize any tendency of the towed mounts. The kingpin of any saddle- vehicle to sway or rock. mount shall comply with the following (5) Cross-member, general requirements. requirements: The cross-member, which is that part (1) Kingpin size. (i) Kingpins shall be of the lower-half used to distribute the constructed of steel suitable for the weight of the towed vehicle equally to purpose, free of defects, and having a each member of the frame of the tow- diameter not less than required by the ing vehicle, if used, shall be struc- following table:

DIAMETER OF SOLID KINGPIN IN INCHES

Double or triple saddle-mount

Front mount Middle or front Rear mount Single saddle- Weight in pounds of heaviest towed vehicle mount mount 1

Mild 2 Mild 2 Mild 2 Mild steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S.

Up to 5,000...... 1.125 1.000 1.000 0.875 0.875 0.750 0.875 0.750 5,000 and over...... 1.500 1.125 1.250 1.000 1.000 0.875 1.000 0.875 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall govern. 2 High-tensile steel is steel having a minimum ultimate strength of 65,000 pounds per square inch.

(ii) If a ball and socket joint is used used, the metallic cross-sectional area in place of a kingpin, the diameter of shall be at least equal to the cross-sec- the neck of the ball shall be at least tional area of the corresponding solid equal to the diameter of the cor- kingpin. responding solid kingpin given in the (2) Kingpin fit. If a kingpin bushing is above table. If hollow kingpins are not used, the king-pin shall fit snugly

424

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00434 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.71

into the upper and lower-halves but the vehicles to provide for such angu- shall not bind. Those portions of the larity. upper or lower-halves in moving con- (3) Tracking. The saddle-mount shall tact with the kingpin shall be smooth- be so designed, constructed, main- ly machined with no rough or sharp tained, and installed that the towed ve- edges. The bearing surface thus pro- hicle or vehicles will follow substan- vided shall not be less in depth than tially in the path of the towing vehicle the radius of the kingpin. without swerving. Towed vehicles shall (3) Kingpin bushing on saddle-mounts. not deviate more than 3 inches to ei- The kingpin of all new saddle-mounts ther side of the path of the towing ve- acquired and used shall be snugly en- hicle when moving in a straight line. closed in a bushing at least along such (4) Prevention of frame bending. Where length of the kingpin as may be in necessary, provision shall be made to moving contact with either the upper prevent the bending of the frame of the or lower-halves. The bearing surface towing vehicle by insertion of suitable thus provided shall not be less in depth blocks inside the frame channel to pre- than the radius of the kingpin. vent kinking. The saddle-mount shall (4) Kingpin to restrain vertical motion. not be so located as to cause deforma- The kingpin shall be so designed and tion of the frame by reason of canti- installed as to restrain the upper-half lever action. from moving in a vertical direction rel- (5) Extension of frame. No saddle- ative to the lower-half. mount shall be located at a point to (m) Additional requirements for saddle- the rear of the frame of a towing vehi- mounts. Saddle-mounts shall comply cle. with the following requirements: (6) Nuts, secured. All nuts used on (1) Bearing surface between upper and bolts, U-bolts, king-pins, or in any lower-halves. The upper and lower- other part of the saddle-mount shall be halves shall be so constructed and con- secured against accidental disconnec- nected that the bearing surface be- tion by means of cotter-keys, lock- washers, double nuts, safety nuts, or tween the two halves shall not be less equivalent means. Parts shall be so de- than 16 square inches under any condi- signed and installed that nuts shall be tions of angularity between the towing fully engaged. and towed vehicles: Provided, however, (7) Inspection of all parts. The saddle- That saddle-mounts using a ball and mount shall be so designed that it may socket joint shall have a ball of such be disassembled and each separate part dimension that the static bearing load inspected for worn, bent, cracked, bro- shall not exceed 800 pounds per square ken, or missing parts. inch, based on the projected cross-sec- (8) Saddle-mounts, marking. Every new tional area of the ball: And further pro- saddle-mount acquired and used in vided, That saddle-mounts having the driveaway-towaway operations by a upper-half supported by ball, taper, or motor carrier shall have the upper-half roller-bearings shall not have such and the lower-half separately marked bearings loaded beyond the limits pre- with the following certification of the scribed for such bearings by the manu- manufacturer thereof (or words of facturer thereof. The upper-half shall equivalent meaning). rest evenly and smoothly upon the lower-half and the contact surfaces This saddle-mount complies with the re- shall be lubricated and maintained so quirements of the Federal Motor Carrier that there shall be a minimum of fric- Safety Administration for vehicles up to tional resistance between the parts. 5,000 pounds (or over 5,000 pounds): (2) Saddle-mounts, angularity. All sad- Manufactured llllllllllllllll dle-mounts acquired and used shall (Month and year) provide for angularity between the by llllllllllllllllllllll towing and towed vehicles due to (Name of manufacturer) vertical curvatures of the highway. (n) Requirements for devices used to Such means shall not depend upon ei- connect motor vehicles or parts of motor ther the looseness or deformation of vehicles together to form one vehicle—(1) the parts of either the saddle-mount or Front axle attachment. The front axle of

425

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00435 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.75 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

one motor vehicle intended to be cou- (d) No bus shall be operated with re- pled with another vehicle as defined in grooved, recapped or retreaded tires on paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section shall the front wheels. be attached with U-bolts meeting the (e) A regrooved tire with a load-car- requirements of paragraph (j)(2) of this rying capacity equal to or greater than section. 2,232 kg (4,920 pounds) shall not be used (2) Rear axle attachment. The rear axle on the front wheels of any truck or of one vehicle shall be coupled to the truck tractor. frame of the other vehicle by means of (f) Tire loading restrictions (except on a connecting device which when in manufactured homes). No motor vehicle place forms a rectangle. The device (except manufactured homes, which shall be composed of two pieces, top are governed by paragraph (g) of this and bottom. The device shall be made section) shall be operated with tires of 4-inch by 1⁄2-inch steel bar bent to that carry a weight greater than that shape and shall have the corners rein- marked on the sidewall of the tire or, forced with a plate at least 3 inches by in the absence of such a marking, a 1⁄2 inch by 8 inches long. The device weight greater than that specified for shall be bolted together with 3⁄4-inch the tires in any of the publications of bolts and at least three shall be used any of the organizations listed in Fed- on each side. Wood may be used as eral Motor Vehicle Safety Standard spacers to keep the frames apart and it No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)) unless: shall be at least 4 inches square. (1) The vehicle is being operated under the terms of a special permit (Sec. 12, 80 Stat. 931; 49 U.S.C. 1651 note; sec- issued by the State; and tion 6 of the Department of Transportation Act, 49 U.S.C. 1655, and the delegations of au- (2) The vehicle is being operated at a thority at 49 CFR 1.48 and 389.4) reduced speed to compensate for the tire loading in excess of the manufac- [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 turer’s rated capacity for the tire. In FR 10907, July 7, 1970; 37 FR 21440, Oct. 11, 1972; 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988; 70 FR 48054, no case shall the speed exceed 80 km/hr Aug. 15, 2005] (50 mph). (g)(1) Tire loading restrictions for man- Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts ufactured homes built before January 1, 2002. Manufactured homes that are la- and Accessories beled pursuant to 24 CFR 3282.362(c)(2)(i) before January 1, 2002, § 393.75 Tires. must not be transported on tires that (a) No motor vehicle shall be oper- are loaded more than 18 percent over ated on any tire that (1) has body ply the load rating marked on the sidewall or belt material exposed through the of the tire or, in the absence of such a tread or sidewall, (2) has any tread or marking, more than 18 percent over the sidewall separation, (3) is flat or has an load rating specified in any of the pub- audible leak, or (4) has a cut to the ex- lications of any of the organizations tent that the ply or belt material is ex- listed in FMVSS No. 119 (49 CFR posed. 571.119, S5.1(b)). Manufactured homes (b) Any tire on the front wheels of a labeled before January 1, 2002, trans- bus, truck, or truck tractor shall have ported on tires overloaded by 9 percent a tread groove pattern depth of at least or more must not be operated at speeds 4⁄32 of an inch when measured at any exceeding 80 km/hr (50 mph). point on a major tread groove. The (2) Tire loading restrictions for manu- measurements shall not be made where factured homes built on or after January tie bars, humps, or fillets are located. 1, 2002. Manufactured homes that are (c) Except as provided in paragraph labeled pursuant to 24 CFR (b) of this section, tires shall have a 3282.362(c)(2)(i) on or after January 1, tread groove pattern depth of at least 2002, must not be transported on tires 2⁄32 of an inch when measured in a loaded beyond the load rating marked major tread groove. The measurement on the sidewall of the tire or, in the ab- shall not be made where tie bars, sence of such a marking, the load rat- humps or fillets are located. ing specified in any of the publications

426

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00436 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.76

of any of the organizations listed in (3) Access. A sleeper berth must be FMVSS No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)). constructed so that an occupant’s (h) Tire inflation pressure. (1) No ready entrance to, and exit from, the motor vehicle shall be operated on a sleeper berth is not unduly hindered. tire which has a cold inflation pressure (b) Location. (1) A sleeper berth must less than that specified for the load not be installed in or on a semitrailer being carried. or a full trailer other than a house (2) If the inflation pressure of the tire trailer. has been increased by heat because of (2) A sleeper berth located within the the recent operation of the vehicle, the cargo space of a motor vehicle must be cold inflation pressure shall be esti- securely compartmentalized from the mated by subtracting the inflation remainder of the cargo space. A sleeper buildup factor shown in Table 1 from berth installed on or after January 1, the measured inflation pressure. 1953 must be located in the cab or immediately adjacent to the cab and TABLE 1—INFLATION PRESSURE MEASUREMENT must be securely fixed with relation to CORRECTION FOR HEAT the cab. Minimum inflation pressure buildup (c) Exit from the berth. (1) Except as Average speed of provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this sec- vehicle Tires with 1,814 kg Tires with over tion, there must be a direct and ready in the previous (4,000 lbs.) max- 1,814 kg (4,000 hour imum load rating lbs.) load rating means of exit from a sleeper berth into or less the driver’s seat or compartment. If 66–88.5 km/hr 34.5 kPa (5 psi) ... 103.4 kPa (15 psi). the sleeper berth was installed on or (41–55 mph). after January 1, 1963, the exit must be a doorway or opening at least 18 inches [34 FR 9344, June 13, 1969, as amended at 40 high and 36 inches wide. If the sleeper FR 44557, Sept. 29, 1975; 41 FR 36657, Aug. 31, berth was installed before January 1, 1976; 44 FR 25455, May 1, 1979; 44 FR 47938, 1963, the exit must have sufficient area Aug. 16, 1979; 53 FR 18057, May 19, 1988; 53 FR to contain an ellipse having a major 49401, Dec. 7, 1988; 63 FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 65 axis of 24 inches and a minor axis of 16 FR 70220, Nov. 21, 2000; 66 FR 67694, Dec. 31, inches. 2001; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] (2) A sleeper berth installed before § 393.76 Sleeper berths. January 1, 1953 must either: (i) Conform to the requirements of (a) Dimensions—(1) Size. A sleeper paragraph (c)(1) of this section; or berth must be at least the following (ii) Have at least two exits, each of size: which is at least 18 inches high and 21 Length Width Height inches wide, located at opposite ends of measured measured measured the vehicle and useable by the occu- Date of installation on center- on center- from high- pant without the assistance of any on motor vehicle line of lon- line of est point of gitudinal transverse top of mat- other person. axis axis tress (inches) (inches) (inches) 1 (d) Communication with the driver. A sleeper berth which is not located with- Before January 1, in the driver’s compartment and has no 1953 ...... 72 18 18 After December 31, direct entrance into the driver’s com- 1952, and before partment must be equipped with a October 1, 1975 ... 75 21 21 means of communication between the After September 30, 1975 ...... 75 24 24 occupant and the driver. The means of communication may consist of a tele- 1 In the case of a sleeper berth which utilizes an adjustable mechanical suspension system, the required clearance can be phone, speaker tube, buzzer, pull cord, measured when the suspension system is adjusted to the or other mechanical or electrical de- height to which it would settle when occupied by a driver. vice. (2) Shape. A sleeper berth installed on (e) Equipment. A sleeper berth must a motor vehicle on or after January 1, be properly equipped for sleeping. Its 1953 must be of generally rectangular equipment must include: shape, except that the horizontal cor- (1) Adequate bedclothing and blan- ners and the roof corners may be kets; and rounded to radii not exceeding 101⁄2 (2) Either: inches. (i) Springs and a mattress; or

427

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00437 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.77 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(ii) An innerspring mattress; or (3) Heaters permitting fuel leakage. Any (iii) A cellular rubber or flexible type of heater from the burner of which foam mattress at least four inches there could be spillage or leakage of thick; or fuel upon the tilting or overturning of (iv) A mattress filled with a fluid and the vehicle in which it is mounted. of sufficient thickness when filled to (4) Heaters permitting air contamina- prevent ‘‘bottoming-out’’ when occu- tion. Any heater taking air, heated or pied while the vehicle is in motion. to be heated, from the engine compart- (f) Ventilation. A sleeper berth must ment or from direct contact with any have louvers or other means of pro- portion of the exhaust system; or any viding adequate ventilation. A sleeper heater taking air in ducts from the berth must be reasonably tight against outside atmosphere to be conveyed dust and rain. through the engine compartment, un- (g) Protection against exhaust and fuel less said ducts are so constructed and leaks and exhaust heat. A sleeper berth installed as to prevent contamination must be located so that leaks in the ve- of the air so conveyed by exhaust or hicle’s exhaust system or fuel system engine compartment gases. do not permit fuel, fuel system gases, (5) Solid fuel heaters except wood char- or exhaust gases to enter the sleeper coal. Any stove or other heater employ- berth. A sleeper berth must be located ing solid fuel except wood charcoal. so that it will not be overheated or (6) Portable heaters. Portable heaters damaged by reason of its proximity to shall not be used in any space occupied the vehicle’s exhaust system. by persons except the cargo space of (h) Occupant restraint. A motor vehi- motor vehicles which are being loaded cle manufactured on or after July 1, or unloaded. 1971, and equipped with a sleeper berth (b) Heater specifications. All heaters must be equipped with a means of pre- shall comply with the following speci- venting ejection of the occupant of the fications: sleeper berth during deceleration of the (1) Heating elements, protection. Every vehicle. The restraint system must be heater shall be so located or protected designed, installed, and maintained to as to prevent contact therewith by oc- withstand a minimum total force of cupants, unless the surface tempera- 6,000 pounds applied toward the front of ture of the protecting grilles or of any the vehicle and parallel to the longitu- exposed portions of the heaters, inclu- dinal axis of the vehicle. sive of exhaust stacks, pipes, or conduits shall be lower than would cause [39 FR 14711, Apr. 26, 1974; 39 FR 17233, May contact burns. Adequate protection 14, 1974, as amended at 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, shall be afforded against igniting parts 1988] of the vehicle or burning occupants by direct radiation. Wood charcoal heaters § 393.77 Heaters. shall be enclosed within a metal barrel, On every motor vehicle, every heater drum, or similar protective enclosure shall comply with the following re- which enclosure shall be provided with quirements: a securely fastened cover. (a) Prohibited types of heaters. The in- (2) Moving parts, guards. Effective stallation or use of the following types guards shall be provided for the protec- of heaters is prohibited: tion of passengers or occupants against (1) Exhaust heaters. Any type of ex- injury by fans, belts, or any other mov- haust heater in which the engine ex- ing parts. haust gases are conducted into or (3) Heaters, secured. Every heater and through any space occupied by persons every heater enclosure shall be se- or any heater which conducts engine curely fastened to the vehicle in a sub- compartment air into any such space. stantial manner so as to provide (2) Unenclosed flame heaters. Any type against relative motion within the ve- of heater employing a flame which is hicle during normal usage or in the not fully enclosed, except that such event the vehicle overturns. Every heaters are not prohibited when used heater shall be so designed, con- for heating the cargo of tank motor ve- structed, and mounted as to minimize hicles. the likelihood of disassembly of any of

428

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00438 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.77

its parts, including exhaust stacks, (8) Storage battery caps. If a separate pipes, or conduits, upon overturn of the storage battery is located within the vehicle in or on which it is mounted. personnel or cargo space, such battery Wood charcoal heaters shall be secured shall be securely mounted and equipped against relative motion within the en- with nonspill filler caps. closure required by paragraph (c)(1) of (9) Combustion heater exhaust construc- this section, and the enclosure shall be tion. Every heater employing the com- securely fastened to the motor vehicle. bustion of oil, gas, liquefied petroleum (4) Relative motion between fuel tank gas, or any other combustible material and heater. When either in normal oper- shall be provided with substantial ation or in the event of overturn, there means of conducting the products of is or is likely to be relative motion be- combustion to the outside of the vehi- tween the fuel tank for a heater and cle: Provided, however, That this re- the heater, or between either of such quirement shall not apply to heaters units and the fuel lines between them, used solely to heat the cargo space of a suitable means shall be provided at motor vehicles where such motor vehi- the point of greatest relative motion so cles or heaters are equipped with as to allow this motion without caus- means specifically designed and main- ing failure of the fuel lines. tained so that the carbon monoxide (5) Operating controls to be protected. concentration will never exceed 0.2 per- On every bus designed to transport cent in the cargo space. The exhaust more than 15 passengers, including the driver, means shall be provided to pre- pipe, stack, or conduit if required shall vent unauthorized persons from tam- be sufficiently substantial and so se- pering with the operating controls. cured as to provide reasonable assur- Such means may include remote con- ance against leakage or discharge of trol by the driver; installation of con- products of combustion within the ve- trols at inaccessible places; control of hicle and, if necessary, shall be so insu- adjustments by key or keys; enclosure lated as to make unlikely the burning of controls in a locked space, locking or charring of parts of the vehicle by of controls, or other means of accom- radiation or by direct contact. The plishing this purpose. place of discharge of the products of (6) Heater hoses. Hoses for all hot combustion to the atmosphere and the water and steam heater systems shall means of discharge of such products be specifically designed and con- shall be such as to minimize the likeli- structed for that purpose. hood of their reentry into the vehicle (7) Electrical apparatus. Every heater under all operating conditions. employing any electrical apparatus (10) Combustion chamber construction. shall be equipped with electrical con- The design and construction of any ductors, switches, connectors, and combustion-type heater except cargo other electrical parts of ample current- space heaters permitted by the proviso carrying capacity to provide against of paragraph (c)(9) of this section and overheating; any electric motor em- unenclosed flame heaters used for heat- ployed in any heater shall be of ade- ing cargo of tank motor vehicles shall quate size and so located that it will be such as to provide against the leak- not be overheated; electrical circuits age of products of combustion into air shall be provided with fuses and/or cir- to be heated and circulated. The mate- cuit breakers to provide against elec- rial employed in combustion chambers trical overloading; and all electrical shall be such as to provide against conductors employed in or leading to leakage because of corrosion, oxida- any heater shall be secured against tion, or other deterioration. Joints be- dangling, chafing, and rubbing and tween combustion chambers and the shall have suitable protection against air chambers with which they are in any other condition likely to produce thermal and mechanical contact shall short or open circuits. be so designed and constructed as to prevent leakage between the chambers NOTE: Electrical parts certified as proper for use by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., and the materials employed in such shall be deemed to comply with the fore- joints shall have melting points sub- going requirements. stantially higher than the maximum

429

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00439 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.78 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

temperatures likely to be attained at the date of manufacture of which is the points of jointure. subsequent to September 1, 1953, shall (11) Heater fuel tank location. Every be marked plainly to indicate the type bus designed to transport more than 15 of service for which such heater is de- passengers, including the driver, with signed and with a certification by the heaters of the combustion type shall manufacturer that the heater meets have fuel tanks therefor located out- the applicable requirements for such side of and lower than the passenger use. For example, ‘‘Meets I.C.C. Bus space. When necessary, suitable protec- Heater Requirements,’’ Meets I.C.C. tion shall be afforded by shielding or Flue-Vented Cargo Space Heater Re- other means against the puncturing of quirements,’’ and after December 31, any such tank or its connections by 1967, such certification shall read flying stones or other objects. ‘‘Meets FMCSA Bus Heater Require- (12) Heater, automatic fuel control. ments,’’ ‘‘Meets FMCSA Flue-Vented Gravity or siphon feed shall not be per- Cargo Space Heater Requirements,’’ mitted for heaters using liquid fuels. etc. Heaters using liquid fuels shall be equipped with automatic means for (i) Exception. The certification for a shutting off the fuel or for reducing catalytic heater which is used in trans- such flow of fuel to the smallest prac- porting flammable liquid or gas shall ticable magnitude, in the event of be as prescribed under § 177.834(1) of overturn of the vehicle. Heaters using this title. liquefied petroleum gas as fuel shall [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 40 have the fuel line equipped with auto- FR 51198, Nov. 4, 1975; 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, matic means at the source of supply for 1988] shutting off the fuel in the event of separation, breakage, or disconnection § 393.78 Windshield wiping and wash- of any of the fuel lines between the ing systems. supply source and the heater. (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after (13) ‘‘Tell-tale’’ indicators. Heaters December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and subject to paragraph (c)(14) of this sec- truck-tractor manufactured on or after tion and not provided with automatic December 25, 1968, must have a wind- controls shall be provided with ‘‘tell- shield wiping system that meets the re- tale’’ means to indicate to the driver quirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.1) in that the heater is properly functioning. effect on the date of manufacture. Each This requirement shall not apply to of these vehicles must have a wind- heaters used solely for the cargo space shield washing system that meets the in semitrailers or full trailers. requirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.2.2) (14) Shut-off control. Automatic in effect on the date of manufacture. means, or manual means if the control (b) Vehicles manufactured between June is readily accessible to the driver with- Each out moving from the driver’s seat, 30, 1953, and December 24, 1968. shall be provided to shut off the fuel truck, truck-tractor, and bus manufac- and electrical supply in case of failure tured between June 30, 1953, and De- of the heater to function for any rea- cember 24, 1968, shall be equipped with son, or in case the heater should func- a power-driven windshield wiping sys- tion improperly or overheat. This re- tem with at least two wiper blades, one quirement shall not apply to wood on each side of the centerline of the charcoal heaters or to heaters used windshield. Motor vehicles which de- solely to heat the contents of cargo pend upon vacuum to operate the wind- tank motor vehicles, but wood charcoal shield wipers, shall have the wiper sys- heaters must be provided with a con- tem constructed and maintained such trolled method of regulating the flow that the performance of the wipers will of combustion air. not be adversely affected by a change (15) Certification required. Every com- in the intake manifold pressure. bustion-type heater, except wood char- (c) Driveaway-towaway operations. coal heaters, the date of manufacture Windshield wiping and washing sys- of which is subsequent to December 31, tems need not be in working condition 1952, and every wood charcoal heater, while a commercial motor vehicle is

430

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00440 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.83

being towed in a driveaway-towaway § 393.81 Horn. operation. Every bus, truck, truck-tractor, and [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] every driven motor vehicle in driveaway-towaway operations shall be § 393.79 Windshield defrosting and equipped with a horn and actuating defogging systems. elements which shall be in such condi- (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after tion as to give an adequate and reliable December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and warning signal. truck-tractor manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, must have a wind- § 393.82 Speedometer. shield defrosting and defogging system Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor that meets the requirements of FMVSS must be equipped with a speedometer No. 103 in effect on the date of manu- indicating vehicle speed in miles per facture. hour and/or kilometers per hour. The (b) Vehicles manufactured before De- speedometer must be accurate to with- cember 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and in plus or minus 8 km/hr (5 mph) at a truck-tractor shall be equipped with a speed of 80 km/hr (50 mph). means for preventing the accumulation of ice, snow, frost, or condensation [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] that could obstruct the driver’s view § 393.83 Exhaust systems. through the windshield while the vehicle is being driven. (a) Every motor vehicle having a device (other than as part of its cargo) [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] capable of expelling harmful combustion fumes shall have a system to di- § 393.80 Rear-vision mirrors. rect the discharge of such fumes. No (a) Every bus, truck, and truck trac- part shall be located where its location tor shall be equipped with two rear-vi- would likely result in burning, char- sion mirrors, one at each side, firmly ring, or damaging the electrical wiring, attached to the outside of the motor the fuel supply, or any combustible vehicle, and so located as to reflect to part of the motor vehicle. the driver a view of the highway to the (b) No exhaust system shall discharge rear, along both sides of the vehicle. to the atmosphere at a location imme- All such regulated rear-vision mirrors diately below the fuel tank or the fuel and their replacements shall meet, as a tank filler pipe. minimum, the requirements of FMVSS (c) The exhaust system of a bus pow- No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the ered by a gasoline engine shall dis- time the vehicle was manufactured. charge to the atmosphere at or within (b) Exceptions. (1) Mirrors installed on 6 inches forward of the rearmost part a vehicle manufactured prior to Janu- of the bus. ary 1, 1981, may be continued in serv- (d) The exhaust system of a bus using ice, provided that if the mirrors are re- fuels other than gasoline shall dis- placed they shall be replaced with mir- charge to the atmosphere either: rors meeting, as a minimum, the re- (1) At or within 15 inches forward of quirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR the rearmost part of the vehicle; or 571.111) in force at the time the vehicle (2) To the rear of all doors or win- was manufactured. dows designed to be open, except win- (2) Only one outside mirror shall be dows designed to be opened solely as required, which shall be on the driver’s emergency exits. side, on trucks which are so con- (e) The exhaust system of every structed that the driver has a view to truck and truck tractor shall discharge the rear by means of an interior mir- to the atmosphere at a location to the ror. rear of the cab or, if the exhaust (3) In driveway-towaway operations, projects above the cab, at a location the driven vehicle shall have at least near the rear of the cab. one mirror furnishing a clear view to (f) No part of the exhaust system the rear. shall be temporarily repaired with [48 FR 57139, Dec. 28, 1983] wrap or patches.

431

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00441 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.84 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(g) No part of the exhaust system (2) Impact guard width. The outermost shall leak or discharge at a point for- surfaces of the horizontal member of ward of or directly below the driver/ the guard must extend to within 100 sleeper compartment. The exhaust out- mm (4 inches) of the side extremities of let may discharge above the cab/sleeper the vehicle. The outermost surface of roofline. the horizontal member shall not extend (h) The exhaust system must be se- beyond the side extremity of the vehi- curely fastened to the vehicle. cle. (i) Exhaust systems may use hangers (3) Guard height. The vertical dis- which permit required movement due tance between the bottom edge of the to expansion and contraction caused by horizontal member of the guard and heat of the exhaust and relative mo- the ground shall not exceed 560 mm (22 tion between engine and chassis of a inches) at any point across the full vehicle. width of the member. Guards with [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] rounded corners may curve upward within 255 mm (10 inches) of the longi- § 393.84 Floors. tudinal vertical planes that are tan- The flooring in all motor vehicles gent to the side extremities of the ve- shall be substantially constructed, free hicle. of unnecessary holes and openings, and (4) Guard rear surface. At any height shall be maintained so as to minimize 560 mm (22 inches) or more above the the entrance of fumes, exhaust gases, ground, the rearmost surface of the or fire. Floors shall not be permeated horizontal member of the guard must with oil or other substances likely to be within 305 mm (12 inches) of the rear cause injury to persons using the floor extremity of the vehicle. This para- as a traction surface. graph shall not be construed to prohibit the rear surface of the guard from [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] extending beyond the rear extremity of the vehicle. Guards with rounded cor- § 393.85 [Reserved] ners may curve forward within 255 mm § 393.86 Rear impact guards and rear (10 inches) of the side extremity. end protection. (5) Cross-sectional vertical height. The (a)(1) General requirements for trailers horizontal member of each guard must and semitrailers manufactured on or after have a cross sectional vertical height January 26, 1998. Each trailer and of at least 100 mm (3.94 inches) at any semitrailer with a gross vehicle weight point across the guard width. rating of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or (6) Certification and labeling require- more, and manufactured on or after ments for rear impact protection guards. January 26, 1998, must be equipped with Each rear impact guard used to satisfy a rear impact guard that meets the re- the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of quirements of Federal Motor Vehicle this section must be permanently Safety Standard No. 223 (49 CFR marked or labeled as required by 571.223) in effect at the time the vehicle FMVSS No. 223 (49 CFR 571.223, S5.3). was manufactured. When the rear im- The label must be on the forward-fac- pact guard is installed on the trailer or ing surface of the horizontal member of semitrailer, the vehicle must, at a min- the guard, 305 mm (12 inches) inboard imum, meet the requirements of of the right end of the guard. The cer- FMVSS No. 224 (49 CFR 571.224) in ef- tification label must contain the fol- fect at the time the vehicle was manu- lowing information: factured. The requirements of para- (i) The impact guard manufacturer’s graph (a) of this section do not apply to name and address; pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this (ii) The statement ‘‘Manufactured in chapter); pulpwood trailers, low chassis ll’’ (inserting the month and year vehicles, special purpose vehicles, that the guard was manufactured); and, wheels back vehicles (as defined in (iii) The letters ‘‘DOT’’, constituting § 393.5); and trailers towed in a certification by the guard manufac- driveaway-towaway operations (as de- turer that the guard conforms to all re- fined in § 390.5). quirements of FMVSS No. 223.

432

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00442 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.90

(b)(1) Requirements for motor vehicles inches) or more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) manufactured after December 31, 1952 (ex- beyond the rear must have the extrem- cept trailers or semitrailers manufactured ities of the load marked with red or or- on or after January 26, 1998). Each motor ange fluorescent warning flags. Each vehicle manufactured after December warning flag must be at least 457 mm 31, 1952, (except truck tractors, pole (18 inches) square. trailers, pulpwood trailers, or vehicles (b) Position of flags. There must be a in driveaway-towaway operations) in single flag at the extreme rear if the which the vertical distance between projecting load is two feet wide or less. the rear bottom edge of the body (or Two warning flags are required if the the chassis assembly if the chassis is projecting load is wider than two feet. the rearmost part of the vehicle) and Flags must be located to indicate max- the ground is greater than 76.2 cm (30 imum width of loads which extend be- inches) when the motor vehicle is yond the sides and/or rear of the vehi- empty, shall be equipped with a rear cle. impact guard(s). The rear impact guard(s) must be installed and main- [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] tained in such a manner that: § 393.88 Television receivers. (i) The vertical distance between the bottom of the guard(s) and the ground Any motor vehicle equipped with a does not exceed 76.2 cm (30 inches) television viewer, screen or other when the motor vehicle is empty; means of visually receiving a television (ii) The maximum lateral distance broadcast shall have the viewer or between the closest points between screen located in the motor vehicle at guards, if more than one is used, does a point to the rear of the back of the not exceed 61 cm (24 inches); driver’s seat if such viewer or screen is (iii) The outermost surfaces of the in the same compartment as the driver horizontal member of the guard are no and the viewer or screen shall be so lo- more than 45.7 cm (18 inches) from each cated as not to be visible to the driver, side extremity of the motor vehicle; while he/she is driving the motor vehi- (iv) The impact guard(s) are no more cle. The operating controls for the tele- than 61 cm (24 inches) forward of the vision receiver shall be so located that rear extremity of the motor vehicle. the driver cannot operate them with- (2) Construction and attachment. The out leaving the driver’s seat. rear impact guard(s) must be substantially constructed and attached by § 393.89 Buses, driveshaft protection. means of bolts, welding, or other com- Any driveshaft extending lengthways parable means. under the floor of the passenger com- (3) Vehicle components and structures partment of a bus shall be protected by that may be used to satisfy the require- means of at least one guard or bracket ments of paragraph (b) of this section. at that end of the shaft which is pro- Low chassis vehicles, special purpose vided with a sliding connection (spline vehicles, or wheels back vehicles con- or other such device) to prevent the structed and maintained so that the whipping of the shaft in the event of body, chassis, or other parts of the ve- failure thereof or of any of its compo- hicle provide the rear end protection nent parts. A shaft contained within a comparable to impact guard(s) con- torque tube shall not require any such forming to the requirements of para- device. graph (b)(1) of this section shall be con- [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 53 sidered to be in compliance with those FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988] requirements. § 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. [64 FR 47708, Sept. 1, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 61824, Oct. 2, 2002] Except as provided below, every bus, which is designed and constructed so as § 393.87 Warning flags on projecting to allow standees, shall be plainly loads. marked with a line of contrasting color (a) Any commercial motor vehicle at least 2 inches wide or equipped with transporting a load which extends be- some other means so as to indicate to yond the sides by more than 102 mm (4 any person that he/she is prohibited

433

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00443 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.91 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

from occupying a space forward of a (2) Buses manufactured on or after July perpendicular plane drawn through the 1, 1971. Every bus manufactured on or rear of the driver’s seat and perpen- after July 1, 1971, must conform to the dicular to the longitudinal axis of the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle bus. Every bus shall have clearly post- Safety Standard No. 208 1 (§ 571.208) (re- ed at or near the front, a sign with let- lating to installation of seat belt as- ters at least one-half inch high stating semblies) and Federal Motor Vehicle that it is a violation of the Federal Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) (re- Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s lating to installation of seat belt as- regulations for a bus to be operated sembly anchorages). with persons occupying the prohibited (3) Buses manufactured on or after Jan- area. The requirements of this section uary 1, 1972. Every bus manufactured shall not apply to any bus being trans- on or after January 1, 1972, must con- ported in driveaway-towaway oper- form to the requirements of Federal ation or to any level of the bus other Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. that the level in which the driver is lo- 207 1 (§ 571.207) (relating to seating sys- cated nor shall they be construed to tems). prohibit any seated person from occu- (b) Trucks and truck tractors—(1) pying permanent seats located in the Trucks and truck tractors manufactured prohibited area provided such seats are on and after January 1, 1965, and before so located that persons sitting therein July 1, 1971. Except as provided in para- will not interfere with the driver’s safe graph (d) of this section, after June 30, operation of the bus. 1972, every truck and truck tractor manufactured on or after January 1, § 393.91 Buses, aisle seats prohibited. 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be No bus shall be equipped with aisle equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat seats unless such seats are so designed belt assembly that conforms to Federal and installed as to automatically fold Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 209 and leave a clear aisle when they are (§ 571.209) installed at the driver’s seat unoccupied. No bus shall be operated if and at the right front outboard seat, if any seat therein is not securely fas- the vehicle has one, and seat belt as- tened to the vehicle. sembly anchorages that conform to the location and geometric requirements of [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988] Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 (§ 571.210) for each seat belt as- § 393.92 [Reserved] sembly that is required by this sub- § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, paragraph. and seat belt assembly anchorages. (2) Trucks and truck tractors manufactured on or after July 1, 1971. Every (a) Buses—(1) Buses manufactured on truck and truck tractor manufactured or after January 1, 1965, and before July on or after July 1, 1971, except a truck 1, 1971. After June 30, 1972, every bus or truck tractor being transported in manufactured on or after January 1, driveaway-towaway operation and hav- 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be ing an incomplete vehicle seating and equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat cab configuration, must conform to the belt assembly that conforms to Federal requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. Safety Standard No. 208 1 (§ 571.208) (re- 209 1 (§ 571.209) installed at the driver’s lating to installation of seat belt as- seat and seat belt assembly anchorages semblies) and Federal Motor Vehicle that conform to the location and geo- Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) (re- metric requirements of Federal Motor lating to installation of seat belt as- Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 1 sembly anchorages). (§ 571.210) for that seat belt assembly. (3) Trucks and truck tractors manufactured on or after January 1, 1972. Every 1 Individual copies of Federal Motor Vehi- truck and truck tractor manufactured cle Safety Standards may be obtained from on or after January 1, 1972, except a the National Highway Traffic Safety Admin- istration. 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE., Wash- ington, DC 20590–0001. 1 See footnote to § 393.93(a).

434

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00444 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.94

truck or truck tractor being trans- ANSI S1.4—1983. (See § 393.7(b) for infor- ported in driveaway-towaway oper- mation on the incorporation by ref- ation and having an incomplete vehicle erence and availability of this docu- seating and cab configuration, must ment.) conform to the requirements of Federal (5) Locate the microphone, oriented Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. vertically upward, 6 inches to the right 207 1 (§ 571.207) (relating to seating sys- of, in the same plane as, and directly in tems). line with, the driver’s right ear. (c) Effective date of standards. When- (6) With the vehicle’s transmission in ever paragraph (a) or (b) of this section neutral gear, accelerate its engine to requires conformity to a Federal Motor either its maximum governed engine Vehicle Safety Standard, the vehicle or speed, if it is equipped with an engine equipment must conform to the version governor, or its speed at its maximum of the Standard that is in effect on the rated horsepower, if it is not equipped date the vehicle is manufactured or on with an engine governor. Stabilize the the date the vehicle is modified to con- engine at that speed. form to the requirements of paragraph (7) Observe the A-weighted sound (a) or (b) of this section, whichever is level reading on the meter for the sta- later. bilized engine speed condition. Record (d) Trucks and truck tractors manu- that reading, if the reading has not factured on or after January 1, 1965, been influenced by extraneous noise and before July 1, 1971, and operated in sources such as motor vehicles oper- the State of Hawaii, must comply with ating on adjacent roadways. the provisions of paragraph (b) of this (8) Return the vehicle’s engine speed section on and after January 1, 1976. to idle and repeat the procedures specified in paragraphs (c) (6) and (7) of this [35 FR 16839, Oct. 30, 1970, as amended at 39 section until two maximum sound lev- FR 32561, Sept. 9, 1974; 40 FR 32336, Aug. 1, 1975; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007] els within 2 dB of each other are re- corded. Numerically average those two § 393.94 Interior noise levels in power maximum sound level readings. units. (9) The average obtained in accord- (a) Applicability of this section. The in- ance with paragraph (c)(8) of this sec- terior noise level requirements apply tion is the vehicle’s interior sound to all trucks, truck-tractors, and level at the driver’s seating position buses. for the purpose of determining whether (b) General rule. The interior sound the vehicle conforms to the rule in level at the driver’s seating position of paragraph (b) of this section. However, a motor vehicle must not exceed 90 a 2 dB tolerance over the sound level dB(A) when measured in accordance limitation specified in that paragraph with paragraph (c) of this section. is permitted to allow for variations in (c) Test procedure. (1) Park the vehi- test conditions and variations in the cle at a location so that no large re- capabilities of meters. flecting surfaces, such as other vehi- (10) If the motor vehicle’s engine ra- cles, signboards, buildings, or hills, are diator fan drive is equipped with a within 50 feet of the driver’s seating clutch or similar device that automati- position. cally either reduces the rotational (2) Close all vehicle doors, windows, speed of the fan or completely dis- and vents. Turn off all power-operated engages the fan from its power source accessories. in response to reduced engine cooling (3) Place the driver in his/her normal loads the vehicle may be parked before seated position at the vehicle’s con- testing with its engine running at high trols. Evacuate all occupants except idle or any other speed the operator the driver and the person conducting may choose, for sufficient time but not the test. more than 10 minutes, to permit the (4) The sound level meters used to de- engine radiator fan to automatically termine compliance with the require- disengage. ments of this section must meet the [38 FR 30881, Nov. 8, 1973, as amended at 40 American National Standards Institute FR 32336, Aug. 1, 1975; 41 FR 28268, July 9, ‘‘Specification for Sound Level Meters,’’ 1976; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005]

435

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00445 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.95 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

Subpart H—Emergency Equipment (c)–(e) [Reserved] (f) Warning devices for stopped vehicles. § 393.95 Emergency equipment on all Except as provided in paragraph (g) of power units. this section, one of the following op- Each truck, truck tractor, and bus tions must be used: (except those towed in driveaway- (1) Three bidirectional emergency re- towaway operations) must be equipped flective triangles that conform to the as follows: requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle (a) Fire Extinguishers—(1) Minimum Safety Standard No. 125, § 571.125 of this ratings. (i) A power unit that is used to title; or transport hazardous materials in a (2) At least 6 fusees or 3 liquid-burn- quantity that requires placarding (See ing flares. The vehicle must have as § 177.823 of this title) must be equipped many additional fusees or liquid-burn- with a fire extinguisher having an Un- ing flares as are necessary to satisfy derwriters’ Laboratories rating of 10 the requirements of § 392.22. B:C or more. (ii) A power unit that is not used to (3) Other warning devices may be transport hazardous materials must be used in addition to, but not in lieu of, equipped with either: the required warning devices, provided (A) A fire extinguisher having an Un- those warning devices do not decrease derwriters’ Laboratories rating of 5 B:C the effectiveness of the required warn- or more; or ing devices. (B) Two fire extinguishers, each of (g) Restrictions on the use of flame-pro- which has an Underwriters’ Labora- ducing devices. Liquid-burning flares, tories rating of 4 B:C or more. fusees, oil lanterns, or any signal pro- (2) Labeling and marking. Each fire ex- duced by a flame shall not be carried tinguisher required by this section on any commercial motor vehicle must be labeled or marked by the man- transporting Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (ex- ufacturer with its Underwriters’ Lab- plosives) hazardous materials; any oratories rating. cargo tank motor vehicle used for the (3) Visual indicators. The fire extin- transportation of Division 2.1 (flam- guisher must be designed, constructed, mable gas) or Class 3 (flammable liq- and maintained to permit visual deter- uid) hazardous materials whether load- mination of whether it is fully charged. ed or empty; or any commercial motor (4) Condition, location, and mounting. vehicle using compressed gas as a The fire extinguisher(s) must be filled motor fuel. and located so that it is readily acces- (h)—(i) [Reserved] sible for use. The extinguisher(s) must (j) Requirements for fusees and liquid- be securely mounted to prevent sliding, burning flares. Each fusee shall be capa- rolling, or vertical movement relative ble of burning for 30 minutes, and each to the motor vehicle. liquid-burning flare shall contain (5) Extinguishing agents. The fire extinguisher must use an extinguishing enough fuel to burn continuously for at agent that does not need protection least 60 minutes. Fusees and liquid- from freezing. Extinguishing agents burning flares shall conform to the re- must comply with the toxicity provi- quirements of Underwriters Labora- sions of the Environmental Protection tories, Inc., UL No. 912, Highway Emer- Agency’s Significant New Alternatives gency Signals, Fourth Edition, July 30, Policy (SNAP) regulations under 40 1979, (with an amendment dated No- CFR Part 82, Subpart G. vember 9, 1981). (See § 393.7(c) for infor- (6) Exception. This paragraph (a) does mation on the incorporation by ref- not apply to the driven unit in a erence and availability of this docu- driveaway-towaway operation. ment.) Each fusee and liquid-burning (b) Spare fuses. Power units for which flare shall be marked with the UL sym- fuses are needed to operate any re- bol in accordance with the require- quired parts and accessories must have ments of UL 912. at least one spare fuse for each type/ (k) Requirements for red flags. Red size of fuse needed for those parts and flags shall be not less than 12 inches accessories. square, with standards adequate to

436

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00446 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.102

maintain the flags in an upright posi- (i) 0.8 g deceleration in the forward tion. direction; (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward (49 U.S.C. 304, 1655; 49 CFR 1.48(b) and 301.60) direction; and [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 (iii) 0.5 g acceleration in a lateral di- FR 13019, Aug. 15, 1970; 35 FR 14619, Sept. 18, rection. 1970; 37 FR 17176, Aug. 25, 1972; 40 FR 10685, Mar. 7, 1975; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; 47 FR (2) Working Load Limit. Tiedown as- 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 59 FR 34712, July 6, 1994; semblies (including chains, wire rope, 67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002; 70 FR 48054, Aug. steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and 15, 2005; 72 FR 44036, Aug. 7, 2007] cordage) and other attachment or fastening devices used to secure articles Subpart I—Protection Against of cargo to, or in, commercial motor Shifting and Falling Cargo vehicles must be designed, installed, and maintained to ensure that the forces acting on the devices or systems SOURCE: 67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, unless do not exceed the working load limit otherwise noted. for the devices under the following con- § 393.100 Which types of commercial ditions, applied separately: motor vehicles are subject to the (i) 0.435 g deceleration in the forward cargo securement standards of this direction; subpart, and what general require- (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward ments apply? direction; and (a) Applicability. The rules in this (iii) 0.25 g acceleration in a lateral di- subpart are applicable to trucks, truck rection. tractors, semitrailers, full trailers, and (b) Performance criteria for devices to pole trailers. prevent vertical movement of loads that (b) Prevention against loss of load. are not contained within the structure of Each commercial motor vehicle must, the vehicle. Securement systems must when transporting cargo on public provide a downward force equivalent to roads, be loaded and equipped, and the at least 20 percent of the weight of the cargo secured, in accordance with this article of cargo if the article is not subpart to prevent the cargo from leak- fully contained within the structure of ing, spilling, blowing or falling from the vehicle. If the article is fully con- the motor vehicle. tained within the structure of the vehi- (c) Prevention against shifting of load. cle, it may be secured in accordance Cargo must be contained, immobilized with Sec. 393.106(b). or secured in accordance with this sub- (c) Equivalent means of securement. part to prevent shifting upon or within The means of securing articles of cargo the vehicle to such an extent that the are considered to meet the perform- vehicle’s stability or maneuverability ance requirements of this section if the is adversely affected. cargo is ‘‘ (1) Immobilized, such so that it can- § 393.102 What are the minimum per- not shift or tip to the extent that the formance criteria for cargo secure- vehicle’s stability or maneuverability ment devices and systems? is adversely affected; or (a) Performance criteria—(1) Breaking (2) Transported in a sided vehicle Strength. Tiedown assemblies (includ- that has walls of adequate strength, ing chains, wire rope, steel strapping, such that each article of cargo within synthetic webbing, and cordage) and the vehicle is in contact with, or suffi- other attachment or fastening devices ciently close to a wall or other articles, used to secure articles of cargo to, or so that it cannot shift or tip to the ex- in, commercial motor vehicles must be tent that the vehicle’s stability or ma- designed, installed, and maintained to neuverability is adversely affected; or ensure that the maximum forces acting (3) Secured in accordance with the on the devices or systems do not exceed applicable requirements of §§ 393.104 the manufacturer’s breaking strength through 393.136. rating under the following conditions, applied separately: [71 FR 35832, June 22, 2006]

437

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00447 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.104 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

§ 393.104 What standards must cargo must be strong enough to meet the per- securement devices and systems formance criteria of § 393.102, with no meet in order to satisfy the require- damaged or weakened components, ments of this subpart? such as, but not limited to, cracks or (a) General. All devices and systems cuts that will adversely affect their used to secure cargo to or within a ve- performance for cargo securement pur- hicle must be capable of meeting the poses, including reducing the working requirements of § 393.102. load limit. (b) Prohibition on the use of damaged (d) Material for dunnage, chocks, cra- securement devices. All tiedowns, cargo dles, shoring bars, blocking and bracing. securement systems, parts and compo- Material used as dunnage or dunnage nents used to secure cargo must be in bags, chocks, cradles, shoring bars, or proper working order when used to per- used for blocking and bracing, must form that function with no damaged or not have damage or defects which weakened components, such as, but not would compromise the effectiveness of limited to, cracks or cuts that will ad- the securement system. versely affect their performance for (e) Manufacturing standards for tie- cargo securement purposes, including down assemblies. Tiedown assemblies reducing the working load limit. (including chains, wire rope, steel (c) Vehicle structures and anchor strapping, synthetic webbing, and cord- points. Vehicle structures, floors, walls, age) and other attachment or fastening decks, tiedown anchor points, devices used to secure articles of cargo headerboards, bulkheads, stakes, posts, to, or in, commercial motor vehicles and associated mounting pockets used must conform to the following applica- to contain or secure articles of cargo ble standards:

438

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00448 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.104

4 and

4 4

4 ual to one-fourth of the nominal strength listed in to one-fourth of the breaking strength listed in ASTM

4 y for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3953–97, February nt is formed, must be sealed with at least two seals. November 1985. tandard Specification for Synthetic Web Tiedowns, WSTDA-T1, 1998. lded Steel Chain Specifications, dated September 28, 2005.

4 1979; (i) PETRS–2, Polyester Fiber Rope, three-Strand and eight-Strand Constructions, January 1993; (ii) PPRS–2, Polypropylene Fiber Rope, three-Strand and eight-Strand Constructions, August 1992; (iii) CRS–1, Polyester/Polypropylene Composite Rope Specifications, three-Strand and eight-Strand Standard Construction, May (iv) NRS–1, Nylon Rope Specifications, three-Strand and eight-Strand Standard Construction, May 1979; (v) C–1, Double Braided Nylon Rope Specifications DBN, January 1984. 1998...... Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals, American Societ 1,2 ...... Wire Rope Technical Board’s Users Manual, 2nd Edition, 3 An assembly component of . . . Must conform to . . . Steel strapping not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit will be considered to have equal Steel strapping 25.4 mm (1 inch) or wider must have at least two pairs of crimps in each seal and, when an end-over-end lap joi Wire rope which is not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit shall be considered to have eq See § 393.7 for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of this document. 1 2 3 4 (1) Steel strapping (2) Chain ...... (3) Webbing National Association of Chain Manufacturers’ We ...... (4) Wire rope Web Sling and Tiedown Association’s Recommended S (5) Cordage ...... Cordage Institute rope standard: manual. D3953–97.

439

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00449 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.106 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(f) Use of tiedowns. (1) Tiedowns and (2) Articles or cargo placed beside securing devices must not contain each other and secured by transverse knots. tiedowns must either: (2) If a tiedown is repaired, it must be (i) Be placed in direct contact with repaired in accordance with the appli- each other, or cable standards in paragraph (e) of this (ii) Be prevented from shifting to- section, or the manufacturer’s instruc- wards each other while in transit. tions. (d) Aggregate working load limit for (3) Each tiedown must be attached tiedowns. The aggregate working load and secured in a manner that prevents limit of tiedowns used to secure an ar- it from becoming loose, unfastening, ticle or group of articles against move- opening or releasing while the vehicle ment must be at least one-half times is in transit. the weight of the article or group of articles. The aggregate working load (4) Edge protection must be used limit is the sum of: whenever a tiedown would be subject to (1) One-half the working load limit of abrasion or cutting at the point where each tiedown that goes from an anchor it touches an article of cargo. The edge point on the vehicle to an anchor point protection must resist abrasion, cut- on an article of cargo; ting and crushing. (2) One-half the working load limit of [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 each tiedown that is attached to an an- FR 35833, June 22, 2006] chor point on the vehicle, passes through, over, or around the article of § 393.106 What are the general require- cargo, and is then attached to an an- ments for securing articles of chor point on the same side of the vehi- cargo? cle. (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- (3) The working load limit for each tion are applicable to the transpor- tiedown that goes from an anchor point tation of all types of articles of cargo, on the vehicle, through, over, or except commodities in bulk that lack around the article of cargo, and then structure or fixed shape (e.g., liquids, attaches to another anchor point on gases, grain, liquid concrete, sand, the other side of the vehicle. gravel, aggregates) and are transported [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 68 in a tank, hopper, box, or similar de- FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 71 FR 35833, June 22, vice that forms part of the structure of 2006] a commercial motor vehicle. The rules in this section apply to the cargo types § 393.108 How is the working load limit of a tiedown, or the load re- covered by the commodity-specific straining value of a friction mat, de- rules of § 393.116 through § 393.136. The termined? commodity-specific rules take prece- (a) The working load limit (WLL) of dence over the general requirements of a tiedown, associated connector or at- this section when additional require- tachment mechanism is the lowest ments are given for a commodity listed working load limit of any of its compo- in those sections. nents (including tensioner), or the (b) General. Cargo must be firmly im- working load limit of the anchor points mobilized or secured on or within a ve- to which it is attached, whichever is hicle by structures of adequate less. strength, dunnage or dunnage bags, (b) The working load limits of shoring bars, tiedowns or a combina- tiedowns may be determined by using tion of these. either the tiedown manufacturer’s (c) Cargo placement and restraint. (1) markings or by using the tables in this Articles of cargo that are likely to roll section. The working load limits listed must be restrained by chocks, wedges, in the tables are to be used when the a cradle or other equivalent means to tiedown material is not marked by the prevent rolling. The means of pre- manufacturer with the working load venting rolling must not be capable of limit. Tiedown materials which are becoming unintentionally unfastened marked by the manufacturer with or loose while the vehicle is in transit. working load limits that differ from

440

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00450 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.108

the tables, shall be considered to have of the nominal strength listed in the a working load limit equal to the value Wire Rope Users Manual. for which they are marked. (2) Wire which is not marked or la- (c) Synthetic cordage (e.g., nylon, beled to enable identification of its polypropylene, polyester) which is not construction type shall be considered marked or labeled to enable identifica- to have a working load limit equal to tion of its composition or working load that for 6 × 37, fiber core wire rope. limit shall be considered to have a (f) Manila rope which is not marked working load limit equal to that for by the manufacturer with a working polypropylene fiber rope. load limit shall be considered to have a (d) Welded steel chain which is not marked or labeled to enable identifica- working load limit based on its diame- tion of its grade or working load limit ter as provided in the tables of working shall be considered to have a working load limits. load limit equal to that for grade 30 (g) Friction mats which are not proof coil chain. marked or rated by the manufacturer (e)(1) Wire rope which is not marked shall be considered to provide resist- by the manufacturer with a working ance to horizontal movement equal to load limit shall be considered to have a 50 percent of the weight placed on the working load limit equal to one-fourth mat.

TABLES TO § 393.108 [Working Load Limits (WLL), Chain]

WLL in kg (pounds) Size mm (inches) Grade 30 proof Grade 43 high Grade 70 trans- coil test port Grade 80 alloy Grade 100 alloy

1. 7 (1/4) ...... 580 (1,300) 1,180 (2,600) 1,430 (3,150) 1,570 (3,500) 1,950 (4,300) 2. 8 (5/16) ...... 860 (1,900) 1,770 (3,900) 2,130 (4,700) 2,000 (4,500) 2,600 (5,700) 3. 10 (3/8) ...... 1,200 (2,650) 2,450 (5,400) 2,990 (6,600) 3,200 (7,100) 4,000 (8,800) 4. 11 (7/16) ...... 1,680 (3,700) 3,270 (7,200) 3,970 (8,750) 5. 13 (1/2) ...... 2,030 (4,500) 4,170 (9,200) 5,130 (11,300) 5,400 (12,000) 6,800 (15,000) 6. 16 (5/8) ...... 3,130 (6,900) 5,910 (13,000) 7,170 (15,800) 8,200 (18,100) 10,300 (22,600) Chain Mark Examples: Example 1 ...... 3 4 7 8 10 Example 2 ...... 30 43 70 80 100 Example 3 ...... 300 430 700 800 1000

SYNTHETIC WEBBING MANILA ROPE—Continued

Width mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds)

45 (13⁄4) ...... 790 (1,750) 11 (7/16) ...... 120 (265) 50 (2) ...... 910 (2,000) 13 (1/2) ...... 150 (315) 75 (3) ...... 1,360 (3,000) 16 (5/8) ...... 210 (465) 100 (4) ...... 1,810 (4,000) 20 (3/4) ...... 290 (640) 25 (1) ...... 480 (1,050)

WIRE ROPE (6 × 37, FIBER CORE) POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ROPE WLL (3-STRAND Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) AND 8-STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS)

7 (1/4) ...... 640 (1,400) Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) 8 (5/16) ...... 950 (2,100) 10 (3/8) ...... 1,360 (3,000) 10 (3/8) ...... 180 (400) 11 (7/16) ...... 1,860 (4,100) 11 (7/16) ...... 240 (525) 13 (1/2) ...... 2,400 (5,300) 13 (1/2) ...... 280 (625) 16 (5/8) ...... 3,770 (8,300) 16 (5/8) ...... 420 (925) 20 (3/4) ...... 4,940 (10,900) 20 (3/4) ...... 580 (1,275) 22 (7/8) ...... 7,300 (16,100) 25 (1) ...... 950 (2,100) 25 (1) ...... 9,480 (20,900) POLYESTER FIBER ROPE WLL (3-STRAND AND MANILA ROPE 8-STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS)

Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds)

10 (3/8) ...... 90 (205) 10 (3/8) ...... 250 (555)

441

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00451 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.110 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

POLYESTER FIBER ROPE WLL (3-STRAND AND (1) One tiedown for articles 5 feet 8-STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS)—Continued (1.52 meters) or less in length, and 1,100 pounds (500 kg) or less in weight; Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) (2) Two tiedowns if the article is: 11 (7/16) ...... 340 (750) (i) 5 feet (1.52 meters) or less in 13 (1/2) ...... 440 (960) length and more than 1,100 pounds (500 16 (5/8) ...... 680 (1,500) kg) in weight; or 20 (3/4) ...... 850 (1,880) 25 (1) ...... 1,500 (3,300) (ii) Longer than 5 feet (1.52 meters) but less than or equal to 10 feet (3.04 meters) in length, irrespective of the NYLON ROPE weight. Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) (3) Two tiedowns if the article is longer than 10 feet (3.04 meters), and 10 (3/8) ...... 130 (278) one additional tiedown for every 10 feet 11 (7/16) ...... 190 (410) 13 (1/2) ...... 240 (525) (3.04 meters) of article length, or frac- 16 (5/8) ...... 420 (935) tion thereof, beyond the first 10 feet 20 (3/4) ...... 640 (1,420) (3.04 meters) of length. 25 (1) ...... 1,140 (2,520) (c) If an individual article is blocked, braced, or immobilized to prevent DOUBLE BRAIDED NYLON ROPE movement in the forward direction by a headerboard, bulkhead, other articles Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) which are adequately secured or by an 10 (3/8) ...... 150 (336) appropriate blocking or immobilization 11 (7/16) ...... 230 (502) method, it must be secured by at least 13 (1/2) ...... 300 (655) 16 (5/8) ...... 510 (1,130) one tiedown for every 3.04 meters (10 20 (3/4) ...... 830 (1,840) feet) of article length, or fraction 25 (1) ...... 1,470 (3,250) thereof. (d) Special rule for special purpose vehi- STEEL STRAPPING cles. The rules in this section do not apply to a vehicle transporting one or Width × thickness mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) more articles of cargo such as, but not 31.7 × .74 (1 1/4 × 0.029) ...... 540 (1,190) limited to, machinery or fabricated 31.7 × .79 (11⁄4 × 0.031) ...... 540 (1,190) structural items (e.g., steel or concrete × 1 × 31.7 .89 (1 ⁄4 0.035) ...... 540 (1,190) beams, crane booms, girders, and truss- × 1 × 31.7 1.12 (1 ⁄4 0.044) ...... 770 (1,690) es, etc.) which, because of their design, 31.7 × 1.27 (11⁄4 × 0.05) ...... 770 (1,690) 31.7 × 1.5 (11⁄4 × 0.057) ...... 870 (1,925) size, shape, or weight, must be fastened 50.8 × 1.12 (2 × 0.044) ...... 1,200 (2,650) by special methods. However, any arti- 50.8 × 1.27 (2 × 0.05) ...... 1,200 (2,650) cle of cargo carried on that vehicle must be securely and adequately fas- § 393.110 What else do I have to do to tened to the vehicle. determine the minimum number of tiedowns? [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] (a) When tiedowns are used as part of a cargo securement system, the min- § 393.112 Must a tiedown be adjust- imum number of tiedowns required to able? secure an article or group of articles Each tiedown, or its associated con- against movement depends on the nectors, or its attachment mechanisms length of the article(s) being secured, must be designed, constructed, and and the requirements of paragraphs (b) maintained so the driver of an in-tran- and (c) of this section. These require- sit commercial motor vehicle can ments are in addition to the rules tighten them. However, this require- under § 393.106. ment does not apply to the use of steel (b) When an article is not blocked or strapping. positioned to prevent movement in the forward direction by a headerboard, § 393.114 What are the requirements bulkhead, other cargo that is posi- for front end structures used as tioned to prevent movement, or other part of a cargo securement system? appropriate blocking devices, it must (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- be secured by at least: tion are applicable to commercial

442

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00452 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.116

motor vehicles transporting articles of articles of cargo at least equal to, a cargo that are in contact with the front end structure which conforms to front end structure of the vehicle. The those requirements. front end structure on these cargo-carrying vehicles must meet the perform- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] ance requirements of this section. (b) Height and width. (1) The front end SPECIFIC SECUREMENT REQUIREMENTS structure must extend either to a BY COMMODITY TYPE height of 4 feet above the floor of the vehicle or to a height at which it § 393.116 What are the rules for secur- blocks forward movement of any item ing logs? or article of cargo being carried on the (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- vehicle, whichever is lower. tion are applicable to the transpor- (2) The front end structure must have tation of logs with the following excep- a width which is at least equal to the tions: width of the vehicle or which blocks (1) Logs that are unitized by banding forward movement of any article of or other comparable means may be cargo being transported on the vehicle, transported in accordance with the whichever is narrower. general cargo securement rules of (c) Strength. The front end structure §§ 393.100 through 393.114. must be capable of withstanding the following horizontal forward static (2) Loads that consist of no more load: than four processed logs may be trans- (1) For a front end structure less than ported in accordance with the general 6 feet in height, a horizontal forward cargo securement rules of §§ 393.100 static load equal to one-half (0.5) of the through 393.114. weight of the articles of cargo being (3) Firewood, stumps, log debris and transported on the vehicle uniformly other such short logs must be trans- distributed over the entire portion of ported in a vehicle or container en- the front end structure that is within 4 closed on both sides, front, and rear feet above the vehicle’s floor or that is and of adequate strength to contain at or below a height above the vehicle’s them. Longer logs may also be so load- floor at which it blocks forward move- ed. ment of any article of the vehicle’s (b) Components of a securement system. cargo, whichever is less; or (1) Logs must be transported on a vehi- (2) For a front end structure 6 feet in cle designed and built, or adapted, for height or higher, a horizontal forward the transportation of logs. Any such static load equal to four-tenths (0.4) of vehicle must be fitted with bunks, bol- the weight of the articles of cargo sters, stakes or standards, or other being transported on the vehicle uni- equivalent means, that cradle the logs formly distributed over the entire front and prevent them from rolling. end structure. (2) All vehicle components involved (d) Penetration resistance. The front in securement of logs must be designed end structure must be designed, con- and built to withstand all anticipated structed, and maintained so that it is operational forces without failure, ac- capable of resisting penetration by any cidental release or permanent deforma- article of cargo that contacts it when tion. Stakes or standards that are not the vehicle decelerates at a rate of 20 permanently attached to the vehicle feet per second, per second. The front must be secured in a manner that pre- end structure must have no aperture vents unintentional separation from large enough to permit any article of the vehicle in transit. cargo in contact with the structure to (3) Tiedowns must be used in com- pass through it. bination with the stabilization pro- (e) Substitute devices. The require- vided by bunks, stakes, and bolsters to ments of this section may be met by secure the load unless the logs: the use of devices performing the same (i) are transported in a crib-type log functions as a front end structure, if trailer (as defined in 49 CFR 393.5), and the devices are at least as strong as, (ii) are loaded in compliance with and provide protection against shifting paragraphs (b)(2) and (c) of this section.

443

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00453 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.116 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(4) The aggregate working load limit must secure the highest log on each for tiedowns used to secure a stack of side of the center stake, and must be logs on a frame vehicle, or a flatbed ve- fastened below these logs. It may be hicle equipped with bunks, bolsters, or fixed at each end and tensioned from stakes must be at least one-sixth the the middle, or fixed in the middle and weight of the stack of logs. tensioned from each end, or it may (c) Use of securement system. (1) Logs pass through a pulley or equivalent de- must be solidly packed, and the outer vice in the middle and be tensioned bottom logs must be in contact with from one end. and resting solidly against the bunks, (5) Any structure or stake that is bolsters, stakes or standards. subjected to an upward force when the (2) Each outside log on the side of a tiedowns are tensioned must be an- stack of logs must touch at least two chored to resist that force. stakes, bunks, bolsters, or standards. If (6) If two stacks of shortwood are one end does not actually touch a loaded side-by-side, in addition to stake, it must rest on other logs in a meeting the requirements of para- stable manner and must extend beyond graphs (d)(1) through (d)(5) of this sec- the stake, bunk, bolster or standard. tion, they must be loaded so that: (3) The center of the highest outside (i) There is no space between the two log on each side or end must be below stacks of logs; the top of each stake, bunk or stand- (ii) The outside of each stack is ard. raised at least 2.5 cm (1 in) within 10 (4) Each log that is not held in place cm (4 in) of the end of the logs or the by contact with other logs or the side of the vehicle; stakes, bunks, or standards must be (iii) The highest log is no more than held in place by a tiedown. Additional 2.44 m (8 ft) above the deck; and tiedowns or securement devices must (iv) At least one tiedown is used be used when the condition of the wood lengthwise across each stack of logs. results in such low friction between (e) Securement of logs loaded lengthwise logs that they are likely to slip upon on flatbed and frame vehicles—(1) each other. Shortwood. In addition to meeting the (d) Securement of shortwood logs loaded requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) crosswise on frame, rail and flatbed vehi- of this section, each stack of shortwood cles. In addition to the requirements of loaded lengthwise on a frame vehicle or paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, on a flatbed must be cradled in a bunk each stack of logs loaded crosswise unit or contained by stakes and must meet the following rules: (i) Secured to the vehicle by at least (1) In no case may the end of a log in two tiedowns, or the lower tier extend more than one- (ii) If all the logs in any stack are third of the log’s total length beyond blocked in the front by a front-end the nearest supporting structure on the structure strong enough to restrain the vehicle. load, or by another stack of logs, and (2) When only one stack of shortwood blocked in the rear by another stack of is loaded crosswise, it must be secured logs or vehicle end structure, the stack with at least two tiedowns. The may be secured with one tiedown. If tiedowns must attach to the vehicle one tiedown is used, it must be posi- frame at the front and rear of the load, tioned about midway between the and must cross the load in this direc- stakes, or tion. (iii) Be bound by at least two tie- (3) When two tiedowns are used, they down-type devices such as wire rope, must be positioned at approximately used as wrappers that encircle the en- one-third and two-thirds of the length tire load at locations along the load of the logs. that provide effective securement. If (4) A vehicle that is more than 10 me- wrappers are being used to bundle the ters (33 feet) long must be equipped logs together, the wrappers are not re- with center stakes, or comparable de- quired to be attached to the vehicle. vices, to divide it into sections ap- (2) Longwood. Longwood must be cra- proximately equal in length. Where a dled in two or more bunks and must ei- vehicle is so divided, each tiedown ther:

444

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00454 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.118

(i) Be secured to the vehicle by at cordance with the general provisions of least two tiedowns at locations that §§ 393.100 through 393.114. provide effective securement, or (d) Securement of bundles transported (ii) Be bound by at least two tiedown- using more than one tier. Bundles car- type devices, such as wire rope, used as ried in more than one tier must be ei- wrappers that encircle the entire load ther: at locations along the load that pro- (1) Blocked against lateral movement vide effective securement. If a wrap- by stakes on the sides of the vehicle per(s) is being used to bundle the logs and secured by tiedowns laid out over together, the wrapper is not required the top tier, as outlined in the general to be attached to the vehicle. provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114; (f) Securement of logs transported on or pole trailers. (1) The load must be se- (2) Restrained from lateral move- cured by at least one tiedown at each ment by blocking or high friction de- bunk, or alternatively, by at least two vices between tiers and secured by tiedowns used as wrappers that encir- tiedowns laid out over the top tier, as cle the entire load at locations along outlined in the general provisions of the load that provide effective secure- §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or ment. (3) Placed directly on top of other (2) The front and rear wrappers must bundles or on spacers and secured in be at least 3.04 meters (10 feet) apart. accordance with the following: (3) Large diameter single and double (i) The length of spacers between log loads must be immobilized with bundles must provide support to all chock blocks or other equivalent pieces in the bottom row of the bundle. means to prevent shifting. (ii) The width of individual spacers (4) Large diameter logs that rise must be equal to or greater than the above bunks must be secured to the un- height. derlying load with at least two addi- (iii) If spacers are comprised of layers tional wrappers. of material, the layers must be unitized or fastened together in a manner [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 which ensures that the spacer performs FR 35833, June 22, 2006] as a single piece of material. (iv) The arrangement of the tiedowns § 393.118 What are the rules for secur- for the bundles must be: ing dressed lumber or similar build- (A) Secured by tiedowns over the top ing products? tier of bundles, in accordance with the (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- general provisions of §§ 393.100 through tion apply to the transportation of 393.114 with a minimum of two bundles of dressed lumber, packaged tiedowns for bundles longer than 1.52 lumber, building products such as ply- meters (5 ft); and wood, gypsum board or other materials (B) Secured by tiedowns as follows: of similar shape. Lumber or building (1) If there are 3 tiers, the middle and products which are not bundled or top bundles must be secured by packaged must be treated as loose tiedowns in accordance with the gen- items and transported in accordance eral provisions of §§ 393.100 through with §§ 393.100 through 393.114 of this 393.114; or subpart. For the purpose of this sec- (2)(I) If there are more than 3 tiers, tion, ‘‘bundle’’ refers to packages of then one of the middle bundles and the lumber, building materials or similar top bundle must be secured by tiedown products which are unitized for secure- devices in accordance with the general ment as a single article of cargo. provision of §§ 393.100 through 393.114, (b) Positioning of bundles. Bundles and the maximum height for the mid- must be placed side by side in direct dle tier that must be secured may not contact with each other, or a means exceed 6 feet about the deck of the must be provided to prevent bundles trailer; or from shifting towards each other. (ii) Otherwise, the second tier from (c) Securement of bundles transported the bottom must be secured in accord- using no more than one tier. Bundles car- ance with the general provisions of ried on one tier must be secured in ac- §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or

445

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00455 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.120 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(4) Secured by tiedowns over each a transverse or longitudinal row, the tier of bundles, in accordance with each row of coils must be secured by §§ 393.100 through 393.114 using a min- the following: imum of two tiedowns over each of the (i) At least one tiedown attached to top bundles longer than 1.52 meters (5 the front of the row of coils, restrain- ft), in all circumstances; or ing against forward motion, and when- (5) When loaded in a sided vehicle or ever practicable, making an angle no container of adequate strength, dressed more than 45 degrees with the floor of lumber or similar building products the vehicle or intermodal container may be secured in accordance with the when viewed from the side of the vehi- general provisions of §§ 393.100 through cle or container; 393.114. (ii) At least one tiedown attached to [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 the rear of the row of coils, restraining FR 35834, June 22, 2006] against rearward motion, and whenever practicable, making an angle no more § 393.120 What are the rules for secur- than 45 degrees with the floor of the ve- ing metal coils? hicle or intermodal container when (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- viewed from the side of the vehicle or tion apply to the transportation of one container; or more metal coils which, individually (iii) At least one tiedown over the top or grouped together, weigh 2268 kg (5000 of each coil or transverse row of coils, pounds) or more. Shipments of metal restraining against vertical motion. coils that weigh less than 2268 kg (5000 Tiedowns going over the top of a coil(s) pounds) may be secured in accordance must be as close as practicable to the with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through eye of the coil and positioned to pre- 393.114. vent the tiedown from slipping or be- (b) Securement of coils transported with coming unintentionally unfastened eyes vertical on a flatbed vehicle, in a while the vehicle is in transit; and sided vehicle or intermodal container with (iv) Tiedowns must be arranged to anchor points—(1) An individual coil. prevent shifting or tipping in the for- Each coil must be secured by tiedowns ward, rearward and lateral directions. arranged in a manner to prevent the (c) Securement of coils transported with coils from tipping in the forward, rear- eyes crosswise on a flatbed vehicle, in a ward, and lateral directions. The re- sided vehicle or intermodal container with straint system must include the fol- anchor points—(1) An individual coil. lowing: Each coil must be secured by the fol- (i) At least one tiedown attached di- lowing: agonally from the left side of the vehi- (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or cle or intermodal container (near the wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the forwardmost part of the coil), across coil from rolling. The means of pre- the eye of the coil, to the right side of venting rolling must support the coil the vehicle or intermodal container off the deck, and must not be capable (near the rearmost part of the coil); of becoming unintentionally unfas- (ii) At least one tiedown attached di- tened or loose while the vehicle is in agonally from the right side of the ve- transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges hicle or intermodal container (near the are used, they must be held in place by forwardmost part of the coil), across coil bunks or similar devices to pre- the eye of the coil, to the left side of vent them from coming loose. The use the vehicle or intermodal container of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole (near the rearmost part of the coil); means to secure timbers, chocks or (iii) At least one tiedown attached wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- transversely over the eye of the coil; hibited; and (ii) At least one tiedown through its (iv) Either blocking and bracing, fric- eye, restricting against forward motion mats or tiedowns must be used to tion, and whenever practicable, making prevent longitudinal movement in the an angle no more than 45 degrees with forward direction. the floor of the vehicle or intermodal (2) Coils grouped in rows. When coils container when viewed from the side of are grouped and loaded side by side in the vehicle or container; and

446

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00456 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.120

(iii) At least one tiedown through its (iv) At least one tiedown attached eye, restricting against rearward mo- transversely over the top of the coil; tion, and whenever practicable, making and an angle no more than 45 degrees with (v) Either blocking, or friction mats the floor of the vehicle or intermodal to prevent longitudinal movement. container when viewed from the side of (2) An individual coil—option 2. Each the vehicle or container. coil must be secured by: (2) Prohibition on crossing of tiedowns (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or when coils are transported with eyes wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the crosswise. Attaching tiedowns diago- coil from rolling. The means of pre- nally through the eye of a coil to form venting rolling must support the coil an X-pattern when viewed from above off the deck, and must not be capable the vehicle is prohibited. of becoming unintentionally unfas- (d) Securement of coils transported with tened or loose while the vehicle is in eyes lengthwise on a flatbed vehicle, in a transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges sided vehicle or intermodal container with are used, they must be held in place by anchor points—(1) An individual coil-op- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- tion 1. Each coil must be secured by: vent them from coming loose. The use (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the means to secure timbers, chocks or coil from rolling. The means of pre- wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- venting rolling must support the coil hibited; off the deck, and must not be capable (ii) At least one tiedown attached of becoming unintentionally unfas- straight through its eye from the left tened or loose while the vehicle is in side of the vehicle or intermodal con- transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges tainer (near the forward-most part of the coil), to the left side of the vehicle are used, they must be held in place by or intermodal container (near the rear- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- most part of the coil), and, whenever vent them from coming loose. The use practicable, making an angle no more of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole than 45 degrees with the floor of the ve- means to secure timbers, chocks or hicle or intermodal container when wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- viewed from the side of the vehicle or hibited; container; (ii) At least one tiedown attached di- (iii) At least one tiedown attached agonally through its eye from the left straight through its eye, from the right side of the vehicle or intermodal con- side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the forward-most part of tainer (near the forward-most part of the coil), to the right side of the vehi- the coil), to the right side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the cle or intermodal container (near the rearmost part of the coil), making an rearmost part of the coil), and when- angle no more than 45 degrees, whenever practicable, making an angle no ever practicable, with the floor of the more than 45 degrees with the floor of vehicle or intermodal container when the vehicle or intermodal container viewed from the side of the vehicle or when viewed from the side of the vehi- container; cle or container; (iii) At least one tiedown attached di- (iv) At least one tiedown attached agonally through its eye, from the transversely over the top of the coil; right side of the vehicle or intermodal and container (near the forward-most part (v) Either blocking or friction mats of the coil), to the left side of the vehi- to prevent longitudinal movement. cle or intermodal container (near the (3) An individual coil—option 3. Each rearmost part of the coil), making an coil must be secured by: angle no more than 45 degrees, when- (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or ever practicable, with the floor of the wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the vehicle or intermodal container when coil from rolling. The means of pre- viewed from the side of the vehicle or venting rolling must support the coil container; off the deck, and must not be capable

447

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00457 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.122 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

of becoming unintentionally unfas- these to prevent any horizontal move- tened or loose while the vehicle is in ment and tipping. transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges are used, they must be held in place by § 393.122 What are the rules for secur- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- ing paper rolls? vent them from coming loose. The use (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole tion apply to shipments of paper rolls means to secure timbers, chocks or which, individually or together, weigh wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- 2268 kg (5000 lb) or more. Shipments of hibited; paper rolls that weigh less than 2268 kg (ii) At least one tiedown over the top (5000 lb), and paper rolls that are unit- of the coil, located near the forward- ized on a pallet, may either be secured most part of the coil; in accordance with the rules in this (iii) At least one tiedown over the top section or the requirements of §§ 393.100 of the coil located near the rearmost through 393.114. part of the coil; and (b) Securement of paper rolls trans- (iv) Either blocking or friction mats ported with eyes vertical in a sided vehi- to prevent longitudinal movement.he cle. (1) Paper rolls must be placed forward direction. tightly against the walls of the vehicle, other paper rolls, or other cargo, to (4) Rows of coils. Each transverse row prevent movement during transit. of coils having approximately equal (2) If there are not enough paper rolls outside diameters must be secured in the shipment to reach the walls of with: the vehicle, lateral movement must be (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or prevented by filling the void, blocking, wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent each bracing, tiedowns or friction mats. The coil in the row of coils from rolling. paper rolls may also be banded to- The means of preventing rolling must gether. support each coil off the deck, and (3) When any void behind a group of must not be capable of becoming unin- paper rolls, including that at the rear tentionally unfastened or loose while of the vehicle, exceeds the diameter of the vehicle is in transit. If timbers, the paper rolls, rearward movement chocks or wedges are used, they must must be prevented by friction mats, be held in place by coil bunks or simi- blocking, bracing, tiedowns, or banding lar devices to prevent them from com- to other rolls. ing loose. The use of nailed blocking or (4)(i) If a paper roll is not prevented cleats as the sole means to secure tim- from tipping or falling sideways or bers, chocks or wedges, or a nailed rearwards by vehicle structure or other wood cradle, is prohibited; cargo, and its width is more than 2 (ii) At least one tiedown over the top times its diameter, it must be pre- of each coil or transverse row, located vented from tipping or falling by band- near the forward-most part of the coil; ing it to other rolls, bracing, or (iii) At least one tiedown over the top tiedowns. of each coil or transverse row, located (ii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a near the rearmost part of the coil; and group of paper rolls has a width greater (iv) Either blocking, bracing or fric- than 1.75 times its diameter and it is tion mats to prevent longitudinal not prevented from tipping or falling movement. forwards by vehicle structure or other (e) Securement of coils transported in a cargo, then it must be prevented from sided vehicle without anchor points or an tipping or falling forwards by banding intermodal container without anchor it to other rolls, bracing, or tiedowns. points. Metal coils transported in a ve- (iii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a hicle with sides without anchor points group of paper rolls has a width equal or an intermodal container without an- to or less than 1.75 times its diameter, chor points must be loaded in a manner and it is restrained against forward to prevent shifting and tipping. The movement by friction mat(s) alone, coils may also be secured using a sys- then banding, bracing, or tiedowns are tem of blocking and bracing, friction not required to prevent tipping or fall- mats, tiedowns, or a combination of ing forwards.

448

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00458 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.122

(iv) If a paper roll or the forwardmost vented from rolling or shifting longitu- roll in a group of paper rolls has a dinally by contact with vehicle struc- width greater than 1.25 times its di- ture or other cargo, by chocks, wedges ameter, and it is not prevented from or blocking and bracing of adequate tipping or falling forwards by vehicle size, or by tiedowns. structure or other cargo, and it is not (2) Chocks, wedges or blocking must restrained against forward movement be held securely in place by some by friction mat(s) alone, then it must means in addition to friction, so they be prevented from tipping or falling by cannot become unintentionally unfas- banding it to other rolls, bracing or tened or loose while the vehicle is in tiedowns. transit. (5) If paper rolls are banded together, (3) The rearmost roll must not be se- the rolls must be placed tightly against cured using the rear doors of the vehi- each other to form a stable group. The cle or intermodal container, or by bands must be applied tightly, and blocking held in place by those doors. must be secured so that they cannot (4) If there is more than a total of 203 fall off the rolls or to the deck. mm (8 in) of space between the ends of (6) A friction mat used to provide the a paper roll, or a row of rolls, and the principal securement for a paper roll walls of the vehicle, void fillers, block- must protrude from beneath the roll in ing, bracing, friction mats, or tiedowns the direction in which it is providing must be used to prevent the roll from that securement. shifting towards either wall. (c) Securement of split loads of paper (f) Securement of stacked loads of paper rolls transported with eyes vertical in a rolls transported with eyes crosswise in a sided vehicle. (1) If a paper roll in a split sided vehicle. (1) Rolls must not be load- load is not prevented from forward ed in a second layer unless the bottom movement by vehicle structure or layer extends to the front of the vehi- other cargo, it must be prevented from cle. forward movement by filling the open (2) Rolls must not be loaded in a space, or by blocking, bracing, third or higher layer unless all wells in tiedowns, friction mats, or some com- the layer beneath are filled. bination of these. (3) The foremost roll in each upper (2) A friction mat used to provide the layer, or any roll with an empty well in principal securement for a paper roll front of it, must be secured against for- must protrude from beneath the roll in ward movement by: the direction in which it is providing (i) Banding it to other rolls, or that securement. (ii) Blocking against an adequately (d) Securement of stacked loads of paper secured eye-vertical blocking roll rest- rolls transported with eyes vertical in a ing on the floor of the vehicle which is sided vehicle. (1) Paper rolls must not be at least 1.5 times taller than the di- loaded on a layer of paper rolls beneath ameter of the roll being blocked, or unless the lower layer extends to the (iii) Placing it in a well formed by front of the vehicle. two rolls on the lower row whose di- (2) Paper rolls in the second and sub- ameter is equal to or greater than that sequent layers must be prevented from of the roll on the upper row. forward, rearward or lateral movement (4) The rearmost roll in each upper by means as allowed for the bottom layer must be secured by banding it to layer, or by use of a blocking roll from other rolls if it is located in either of a lower layer. the last two wells formed by the rear- (3) The blocking roll must be at least most rolls in the layer below. 38 mm (1.5 in) taller than other rolls, or (5) Rolls must be secured against lat- must be raised at least 38 mm (1.5 in) eral movement by the same means al- using dunnage. lowed for the bottom layer when there (4) A roll in the rearmost row of any is more than a total of 203 mm (8 in) of layer raised using dunnage may not be space between the ends of a paper roll, secured by friction mats alone. or a row of rolls, and the walls of the (e) Securement of paper rolls trans- vehicle. ported with eyes crosswise in a sided vehi- (g) Securement of paper rolls trans- cle. (1) The paper rolls must be pre- ported with the eyes lengthwise in a sided

449

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00459 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.124 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

vehicle. (1) Each roll must be prevented §§ 393.100 through 393.114 to prevent lat- from forward movement by contact eral movement. with vehicle structure, other cargo, [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 blocking or tiedowns. FR 35834, June 22, 2006] (2) Each roll must be prevented from rearward movement by contact with § 393.124 What are the rules for secur- other cargo, blocking, friction mats or ing concrete pipe? tiedowns. (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this (3) The paper rolls must be prevented section apply to the transportation of from rolling or shifting laterally by concrete pipe on flatbed trailers and contact with the wall of the vehicle or vehicles, and lowboy trailers. other cargo, or by chocks, wedges or (2) Concrete pipe bundled tightly to- blocking of adequate size. gether into a single rigid article that (4) Chocks, wedges or blocking must has no tendency to roll, and concrete be held securely in place by some pipe loaded in a sided vehicle or con- means in addition to friction, so they tainer must be secured in accordance cannot become unintentionally unfas- with the provisions of §§ § 393.100 tened or loose while the vehicle is in through 393.114. transit. (b) General specifications for tiedowns. (h) Securement of stacked loads of (1) The aggregate working load limit of paper rolls transported with the eyes all tiedowns on any group of pipes lengthwise in a sided vehicle. (1) Rolls must not be less than half the total must not be loaded in a higher layer if weight of all the pipes in the group. another roll will fit in the layer be- (2) A transverse tiedown through a neath. pipe on an upper tier or over longitu- (2) An upper layer must be formed by dinal tiedowns is considered to secure placing paper rolls in the wells formed all those pipes beneath on which that by the rolls beneath. tiedown causes pressure. (3) A roll in an upper layer must be (c) Blocking. (1) Blocking may be one secured against forward and rearward or more pieces placed symmetrically movement by any of the means allowed about the center of a pipe. for the bottom layer, by use of a block- (2) One piece must extend at least ing roll, or by banding to other rolls. half the distance from the center to (i) Securement of paper rolls trans- each end of the pipe, and two pieces ported on a flatbed vehicle or in a cur- must be placed on the opposite side, tain-sided vehicle—(1) Paper rolls with one at each end of the pipe. eyes vertical or with eyes lengthwise. (3) Blocking must be placed firmly (i) The paper rolls must be loaded and against the pipe, and must be secured secured as described for a sided vehicle, to prevent it moving out from under and the entire load must be secured by the pipe. tiedowns in accordance with the re- (4) Timber blocking must have min- quirements of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. imum dimensions of at least 10 × 15 cm (ii) Stacked loads of paper rolls with (4 × 6 in). eyes vertical are prohibited. (d) Arranging the load—(1) Pipe of dif- (2) Paper rolls with eyes crosswise. (i) ferent diameter. If pipe of more than one The paper rolls must be prevented from diameter are loaded on a vehicle, rolling or shifting longitudinally by groups must be formed that consist of contact with vehicle structure or other pipe of only one size, and each group cargo, by chocks, wedges or blocking must be separately secured. and bracing of adequate size, or by (2) Arranging a bottom tier. The bot- tiedowns. tom tier must be arranged to cover the (ii) Chocks, wedges or blocking must full length of the vehicle, or as a par- be held securely in place by some tial tier in one group or two groups. means in addition to friction so that (3) Arranging an upper tier. Pipe must they cannot become unintentionally be placed only in the wells formed by unfastened or loose while the vehicle is adjacent pipes in the tier beneath. A in transit. third or higher tier must not be started (iii) Tiedowns must be used in ac- unless all wells in the tier beneath are cordance with the requirements of filled.

450

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00460 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.124

(4) Arranging the top tier. The top tier (ii) If each pipe is not secured indi- must be arranged as a complete tier, a vidually with a tiedown, then: partial tier in one group, or a partial (A) Either one 1/2-inch diameter tier in two groups. chain or wire rope, or two 3/8-inch di- (5) Arranging bell pipe. (i) Bell pipe ameter chain or wire rope, must be must be loaded on at least two longitu- placed longitudinally over the group of dinal spacers of sufficient height to en- pipes; sure that the bell is clear of the deck. (B) One transverse tiedown must be (ii) Bell pipe loaded in one tier must used for every 3.04 m (10 ft) of load have the bells alternating on opposite length. The transverse tiedowns may sides of the vehicle. be placed through a pipe, or over both (iii) The ends of consecutive pipe longitudinal tiedowns between two must be staggered, if possible, within pipes on the top tier. the allowable width, otherwise they (C) If the first pipe of a group in the must be aligned. top tier is not placed in the first well (iv) Bell pipe loaded in more than one formed by pipes at the front of the tier tier must have the bells of the bottom beneath, it must be secured by an addi- tier all on the same side of the vehicle. tional tiedown that runs rearward at (v) Pipe in every upper tier must be an angle not more than 45 degrees to loaded with bells on the opposite side the horizontal, whenever practicable. of the vehicle to the bells of the tier This tiedown must pass either through below. the front pipe of the upper tier, or outside it and over both longitudinal (vi) If the second tier is not complete, tiedowns; and pipe in the bottom tier which do not (D) If the last pipe of a group in the support a pipe above must have their top tier is not placed in the last well bells alternating on opposite sides of formed by pipes at the rear of the tier the vehicle. beneath, it must be secured by an addi- (a) Securing pipe with an inside diame- tional tiedown that runs forward at an ter up to 1,143 mm (45 in). In addition to angle not more than 45 degrees to the the requirements of paragraphs (b), (c) horizontal, whenever practicable. This and (d) of this section, the following tiedown must pass either through the rules must be satisfied: rear pipe of the upper tier or outside it (1) Stabilizing the bottom tier. (i) The and over both longitudinal tiedowns. bottom tier must be immobilized longi- (f) Securing large pipe, with an inside tudinally at each end by blocking, ve- diameter over 1143 mm (45 in). In addition hicle end structure, stakes, a locked to the requirements of paragraphs (b), pipe unloader, or other equivalent (c) and (d) of this section, the following means. rules must be satisfied: (ii) Other pipe in the bottom tier may (1) The front pipe and the rear pipe also be held in place by blocks and/or must be immobilized by blocking, wedges; and wedges, vehicle end structure, stakes, (iii) Every pipe in the bottom tier locked pipe unloader, or other equiva- must also be held firmly in contact lent means. with the adjacent pipe by tiedowns (2) Each pipe must be secured by though the front and rear pipes: tiedowns through the pipe: (A) At least one tiedown through the (i) At least one tiedown through each front pipe of the bottom tier must run pipe in the front half of the load, which aft at an angle not more than 45 de- includes the middle one if there is an grees with the horizontal, whenever odd number, and must run rearward at practicable. an angle not more than 45 degrees with (B) At least one tiedown through the the horizontal, whenever practicable. rear pipe of the bottom tier must run (ii) At least one tiedown through forward at an angle not more than 45 each pipe in the rear half of the load, degrees with the horizontal, whenever and must run forward at an angle not practicable. more than 45 degrees with the hori- (2) Use of tiedowns. (i) Each pipe may zontal, whenever practicable, to hold be secured individually with tiedowns each pipe firmly in contact with adja- through the pipe. cent pipe; and

451

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00461 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.126 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(iii) If the front or rear pipe is not (3) The front and rear of the con- also in contact with vehicle end struc- tainer must be secured independently. ture, stakes, a locked pipe unloader, or Each chain, wire rope, or integral lock- other equivalent means, at least two ing device must be attached to the con- tiedowns positioned as described in tainer in a manner that prevents it paragraphs (f)(2)(i) and (ii) of this sec- from being unintentionally unfastened tion, must be used through that pipe. while the vehicle is in transit. (3) If only one pipe is transported, or (d) Securement of empty intermodal if several pipes are transported without containers transported on vehicles other contact between other pipes, the re- than container chassis vehicle(s). Empty quirements in this paragraph apply to intermodal containers transported on each pipe as a single front and rear ar- vehicles other than container chassis ticle. vehicles do not have to have all lower corners of the intermodal container § 393.126 What are the rules for secur- resting upon the vehicle, or have all ing intermodal containers? lower corners supported by a structure (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- capable of bearing the weight of the tion apply to the transportation of empty container, provided: intermodal containers. Cargo con- (1) The empty intermodal container tained within an intermodal container is balanced and positioned on the vehi- must be secured in accordance with the cle in a manner such that the con- provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114 tainer is stable before the addition of or, if applicable, the commodity spe- tiedowns or other securement equip- cific rules of this part. ment; and, (2) The amount of overhang for the (b) Securement of intermodal containers empty container on the trailer does not transported on container chassis vehi- exceed five feet on either the front or cle(s). (1) All lower corners of the inter- rear of the trailer; modal container must be secured to the (3) The empty intermodal container container chassis with securement de- must not interfere with the vehicle’s vices or integral locking devices that maneuverability; and, cannot unintentionally become unfas- (4) The empty intermodal container tened while the vehicle is in transit. is secured to prevent lateral, longitu- (2) The securement devices must re- dinal, or vertical shifting. strain the container from moving more than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) forward, more than [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 1.27 cm (1/2 in) aft, more than 1.27 cm FR 35834, June 22, 2006] (1/2 in) to the right, more than 1.27 cm § 393.128 What are the rules for secur- (1/2 in) to the left, or more than 2.54 cm ing automobiles, light trucks and (1 in) vertically. vans? (3) The front and rear of the con- (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- tainer must be secured independently. tion apply to the transportation of (c) Securement of loaded intermodal automobiles, light trucks, and vans containers transported on vehicles other which individually weigh 4,536 kg. than container chassis vehicle(s). (1) All (10,000 lb) or less. Vehicles which indi- lower corners of the intermodal con- vidually are heavier than 4,536 kg tainer must rest upon the vehicle, or (10,000 lb) must be secured in accord- the corners must be supported by a ance with the provisions of § 393.130 of structure capable of bearing the weight this part. of the container and that support (b) Securement of automobiles, light structure must be independently se- trucks, and vans. (1) Automobiles, light cured to the motor vehicle. trucks, and vans must be restrained at (2) Each container must be secured to both the front and rear to prevent lat- the vehicle by: eral, forward, rearward, and vertical (i) Chains, wire ropes or integral de- movement using a minimum of two vices which are fixed to all lower cor- tiedowns. ners; or (2) Tiedowns that are designed to be (ii) Crossed chains which are fixed to affixed to the structure of the auto- all upper corners; and, mobile, light truck, or van must use

452

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00462 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.132

the mounting points on those vehicles hicles such as automobiles, light that have been specifically designed for trucks, and vans that have been flat- that purpose. tened or crushed. (3) Tiedowns that are designed to fit (b) Prohibition on the use of synthetic over or around the wheels of an auto- webbing. The use of synthetic webbing mobile, light truck, or van must pro- to secure flattened or crushed vehicles vide restraint in the lateral, longitu- is prohibited except that such webbing dinal and vertical directions. may be used to connect wire rope or (4) Edge protectors are not required chain to anchor points on the commer- for synthetic webbing at points where cial motor vehicle. However, the web- the webbing comes in contact with the bing (regardless of whether edge pro- tires. tection is used) must not come into contact with the flattened or crushed § 393.130 What are the rules for secur- cars. ing heavy vehicles, equipment and machinery? (c) Securement of flattened or crushed vehicles. Flattened or crushed vehicles (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- must be transported on vehicles which tion apply to the transportation of have: heavy vehicles, equipment and machin- (1) Containment walls or comparable ery which operate on wheels or tracks, means on four sides which extend to such as front end loaders, bulldozers, the full height of the load and which tractors, and power shovels and which block against movement of the cargo individually weigh 4,536 kg (10,000 lb.) in the forward, rearward and lateral di- or more. Vehicles, equipment and ma- rections; or chinery which is lighter than 4,536 kg (2)(i) Containment walls or com- (10,000 lb.) may also be secured in ac- parable means on three sides which ex- cordance with the provisions of this tend to the full height of the load and section, with § 393.128, or in accordance which block against movement of the with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through cargo in the direction for which there 393.114. is a containment wall or comparable (b) Preparation of equipment being means, and transported. (1) Accessory equipment, (ii) A minimum of two tiedowns are such as hydraulic shovels, must be required per vehicle stack; or completely lowered and secured to the vehicle. (3)(i) Containment walls on two sides (2) Articulated vehicles shall be re- which extend to the full height of the strained in a manner that prevents ar- load and which block against move- ticulation while in transit. ment of the cargo in the forward and (c) Securement of heavy vehicles, equip- rearward directions, and ment or machinery with crawler tracks or (ii) A minimum of three tiedowns are wheels. (1) In addition to the require- required per vehicle stack; or ments of paragraph (b) of this section, (4) A minimum of four tiedowns per heavy equipment or machinery with vehicle stack. crawler tracks or wheels must be re- (5) In addition to the requirements of strained against movement in the lat- paragraphs (c)(2), (3), and (4), the fol- eral, forward, rearward, and vertical di- lowing rules must be satisfied: rection using a minimum of four (i) Vehicles used to transport flat- tiedowns. tened or crushed vehicles must be (2) Each of the tiedowns must be af- equipped with a means to prevent liq- fixed as close as practicable to the uids from leaking from the bottom of front and rear of the vehicle, or mount- the vehicle, and loose parts from falling points on the vehicle that have ing from the bottom and all four sides been specifically designed for that pur- of the vehicle extending to the full pose. height of the cargo. (ii) The means used to contain loose § 393.132 What are the rules for secur- parts may consist of structural walls, ing flattened or crushed vehicles? sides or sideboards, or suitable cov- (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- ering material, alone or in combination apply to the transportation of ve- tions.

453

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00463 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.134 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

(iii) The use of synthetic material for regularly shaped rock weighing in ex- containment of loose parts is per- cess of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb.) or with a vol- mitted. ume in excess of 2 cubic-meters on an open vehicle, or in a vehicle whose [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006] sides are not designed and rated to contain such cargo. § 393.134 What are the rules for secur- (2) Pieces of rock weighing more than ing roll-on/roll-off or hook lift con- 100 kg (220 lb.), but less than 5,000 kg tainers? (11,000 lb.) must be secured, either in (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- accordance with this section, or in action apply to the transportation of cordance with the provisions of roll-on/roll-off or hook lift containers. §§ 393.100 through 393.114, including: (b) Securement of a roll-on/roll-off and (i) Rock contained within a vehicle hook lift container. Each roll-on/roll-off which is designed to carry such cargo; and hook lift container carried on a ve- or hicle which is not equipped with an in- (ii) Secured individually by tiedowns, tegral securement system must be: provided each piece can be stabilized (1) Blocked against forward move- and adequately secured. ment by the lifting device, stops, a (3) Rock which has been formed or combination of both or other suitable cut to a shape and which provides a restraint mechanism; stable base for securement must also (2) Secured to the front of the vehicle be secured, either in accordance with by the lifting device or other suitable the provisions of this section, or in ac- restraint against lateral and vertical cordance with the provisions of movement; §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (3) Secured to the rear of the vehicle (b) General requirements for the posi- with at least one of the following tioning of boulders on the vehicle. (1) mechanisms: Each boulder must be placed with its (i) One tiedown attached to both the flattest and/or largest side down. vehicle chassis and the container chas- (2) Each boulder must be supported sis; on at least two pieces of hard wood (ii) Two tiedowns installed length- blocking at least 10 cm × 10 cm (4 wise, each securing one side of the con- inches × 4 inches) side dimensions ex- tainer to one of the vehicle’s side rails; tending the full width of the boulder. or (3) Hardwood blocking pieces must be (iii) Two hooks, or an equivalent placed as symmetrically as possible mechanism, securing both sides of the under the boulder and should support container to the vehicle chassis at at least three-fourths of the length of least as effectively as the tiedowns in the boulder. the two previous items. (4) If the flattest side of a boulder is (4) The mechanisms used to secure rounded or partially rounded, so that the rear end of a roll-on/roll off or hook the boulder may roll, it must be placed lift container must be installed no in a crib made of hardwood timber more than two meters (6 ft 7 in) from fixed to the deck of the vehicle so that the rear of the container. the boulder rests on both the deck and (5) In the event that one or more of the timber, with at least three well- the front stops or lifting devices are separated points of contact that pre- missing, damaged or not compatible, vent its tendency to roll in any direc- additional manually installed tiedowns tion. must be used to secure the container to (5) If a boulder is tapered, the nar- the vehicle, providing the same level of rowest end must point towards the securement as the missing, damaged or front of the vehicle. incompatible components. (c) General tiedown requirements. (1) Only chain may be used as tiedowns to § 393.136 What are the rules for secur- secure large boulders. ing large boulders? (2) Tiedowns which are in direct con- (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this tact with the boulder should, where section are applicable to the transpor- possible, be located in valleys or tation of any large piece of natural, ir- notches across the top of the boulder,

454

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00464 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT § 393.203

and must be arranged to prevent slid- Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body ing across the rock surface. Components, Wheels, Steer- (d) Securement of a cubic shaped boul- ing, and Suspension Systems der. In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the following rules must be satisfied: SOURCE: 53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, unless otherwise noted. (1) Each boulder must be secured individually with at least two chain § 393.201 Frames. tiedowns placed transversely across the vehicle. (a) The frame or chassis of each commercial motor vehicle shall not be (2) The aggregate working load limit cracked, loose, sagging or broken. of the tiedowns must be at least half the weight of the boulder. (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab or the body of the vehicle to the frame (3) The tiedowns must be placed as must not be loose, broken, or missing. closely as possible to the wood blocking used to support the boulder. (c) The frame rail flanges between the axles shall not be bent, cut or (e) Securement of a non-cubic shaped notched, except as specified by the boulder—with a stable base. In addition manufacturer. to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the following (d) Parts and accessories shall not be rules must be satisfied: welded to the frame or chassis of a commercial motor vehicle except in ac- (1) The boulder must be secured indi- cordance with the vehicle manufactur- vidually with at least two chain er’s recommendations. Any welded re- tiedowns forming an ‘‘X’’ pattern over pair of the frame must also be in ac- the boulder. cordance with the vehicle manufactur- (2) The aggregate working load limit er’s recommendations. of the tiedowns must be at least half (e) No holes shall be drilled in the top the weight of the boulder. or bottom rail flanges, except as speci- (3) The tiedowns must pass over the fied by the manufacturer. center of the boulder and must be attached to each other at the intersec- [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 tion by a shackle or other connecting FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] device. (f) Securement of a non-cubic shaped § 393.203 Cab and body components. boulder—with an unstable base. In addi- (a) The cab compartment doors or tion to the requirements of paragraphs door parts used as an entrance or exist (b) and (c) of this section, each boulder shall not be missing or broken. Doors must be secured by a combination of shall not sag so that they cannot be chain tiedowns as follows: properly opened or closed. No door (1) One chain must surround the top shall be wired shut or otherwise se- of the boulder (at a point between one- cured in the closed position so that it half and two-thirds of its height). The cannot be readily opened. EXCEPTION: working load limit of the chain must When the vehicle is loaded with pipe or be at least half the weight of the boul- bar stock that blocks the door and the der. cab has a roof exit. (2) Four chains must be attached to (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab the surrounding chain and the vehicle or the body of the vehicle to the frame to form a blocking mechanism which shall not be loose, broken, or missing. prevents any horizontal movement. (c) The hood must be securely fas- Each chain must have a working load tened. limit of at least one-fourth the weight (d) All seats must be securely mount- of the boulder. Whenever practicable, ed. the angle of the chains must not exceed (e) The front bumper must not be 45 degrees from the horizontal. missing, loosely attached, or pro- truding beyond the confines of the vehicle so as to create a hazard.

455

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00465 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR § 393.205 49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–08 Edition)

§ 393.205 Wheels. greater than 3 psi in a 5-minute time (a) Wheels and rims shall not be period when the vehicle’s air pressure cracked or broken. gauge shows normal operating pres- (b) Stud or bolt holes on the wheels sure. shall shall not be elongated (out of (g) Air suspension exhaust controls. round). The air suspension exhaust controls (c) Nuts or bolts shall not be missing must not have the capability to ex- or loose. haust air from the suspension system of one axle of a two-axle air suspension § 393.207 Suspension systems. trailer unless the controls are either located on the trailer, or the power (a) Axles. No axle positioning part unit and trailer combination are not shall be cracked, broken, loose or miss- capable of traveling at a speed greater ing. All axles must be in proper align- than 10 miles per hour while the air is ment. exhausted from the suspension system. (b) Adjustable axles. Adjustable axle This paragraph shall not be construed assemblies shall not have locking pins to prohibit— missing or disengaged. (1) Devices that could exhaust air (c) Leaf springs. No leaf spring shall from both axle systems simulta- be cracked, broken, or missing nor neously; or shifted out of position. (2) Lift axles on multi-axle units. (d) Coil springs. No coil spring shall be cracked or broken. [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 (e) Torsion bar. No torsion bar or tor- FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] sion bar suspension shall be cracked or broken. § 393.209 Steering wheel systems. (f) Air suspensions. The air pressure (a) The steering wheel shall be se- regulator valve shall not allow air into cured and must not have any spokes the suspension system until at least 55 cracked through or missing. psi is in the braking system. The vehi- (b) Steering wheel lash. (1) The steer- cle shall be level (not tilting to the left ing wheel lash shall not exceed the fol- or right). Air leakage shall not be lowing parameters:

Steering wheel diameter Manual steering system Power steering system

406 mm or less (16 inches or less) ...... 51 mm (2 inches) ...... 108 mm (41⁄4 inches). 457 mm (18 inches) ...... 57 mm (21⁄4 inches) ...... 121 mm (43⁄4 inches). 483 mm (19 inches) ...... 60 mm (23⁄8 inches) ...... 127 mm (5 inches). 508 mm (20 inches) ...... 64 mm (21⁄2 inches) ...... 133 mm (51⁄4 inches). 533 mm (21 inches) ...... 67 mm (25⁄8 inches) ...... 140 mm (51⁄2 inches). 559 mm (22 inches) ...... 70 mm (23⁄4 inches) ...... 146 mm (53⁄4 inches).

(2) For steering wheel diameters not through the limit of travel in both di- listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section rections. the steering wheel lash shall not ex- (e) Power steering systems. All compo- ceed 14 degrees angular rotation for nents of the power system must be in manual steering systems, and 30 de- operating condition. No parts shall be grees angular rotation for power steer- loose or broken. Belts shall not be ing systems. frayed, cracked or slipping. The system (c) Steering column. The steering col- shall not leak. The power steering sys- umn must be securely fastened. tem shall have sufficient fluid in the (d) Steering system. Universal joints reservoir. and ball-and-socket joints shall not be worn, faulty or repaired by welding. [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 The steering gear box shall not have FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] loose or missing mounting bolts or cracks in the gear box or mounting PART 394 [RESERVED] brackets. The pitman arm on the steering gear output shaft shall not be loose. Steering wheels shall turn freely

456

VerDate Aug<31>2005 07:52 Nov 12, 2008 Jkt 214213 PO 00000 Frm 00466 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8006 Y:\SGML\214213.XXX 214213 yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR