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BLACK HOLES IN THE UNIVERSE

Félix Mirabel

Commisariat à l’Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives France

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina THE IDEA OF “”

Michell: in 1783, in the context of the classical concept of gravitation and corpuscular theory of light, proposed the existence of “bodies from which light could not arrive at us”. Detected in binaries

Laplace: •“Corps obscurs” en aussi grand nombre qu’etoiles • “Il est possible que les plus grands corps de l’univers, soient par cela meme, invisibles.”

 Supermassive Black Holes SBHs in & RADIO-GALAXIES? SINCE THE 1970´s THE TIME VARIABILITY IN QUASARS & RELATIVISTIC JETS IN RADIO GALAXIES SUGGESTED THE EXISTENCE OF SUPERMASSIVE BHs

adopted from: K. Mannheim (1998)

VLBI: Krichbaum et al. (1999) SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN NEARBY GALAXIES?

Kinematics of the Ha line with HST H2O masers with VLBA 8 7  MBH ~ 10 M in M 87  MBH ~ 10 M in NGC 4258 AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE •The black hole of ~4 millon solar masses at the Galactic Center •Infrared monitoring with adaptive optics (Genzel et al., 2008)

6 •4 x 10 M confined in a region enclosed by the orbit of the Earth •How could a cluster of massive ~107 yrs old exist in such environment ? A GAS CLOUD MOVING TOWARDS THE BLACK HOLE AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE Gillessen et al. 2012

The nature of this gas cloud is uncertain

•Still without direct evidence of the of the BH A IMAGE OF THE HORIZON OF THE GALACTIC CENTER BH Event Horizon Telescope with ALMA

ALMA

• Dark circle caused by radiation from behind being swallowed through the event horizon. • Bright ring due to rays deflected by BH • Shadow is off-centre due to flung of photons in the direction of BHs’ rotationJ.P. Luminet

•D = 30 marcsec to be imaged with VLBI at sub-millimeter or X-rays

Is this BH the annihilation source of e+e- at 511 keV? A “MICROQUASAR” AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE REGION

Mirabel, Rodríguez, Paul, Cordier, Lebrun (1992)

Chandra 1990 to 1999

CHANDRA

Belanger et al. 2003

1E 1740Black-258: Hole a stellar BH

INTEGRAL

8 international workshops on mQSOs IR counterpart still not identified STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES DISCOVERED AS X-RAY SOURCES (Giacconi,1962…Nobel Prize in 2002)

IN BINARY STELLAR SYSTEMS: as predicted by Michell (1783)

M > 3 M  BLACK HOLE

•~30 BHs known in binaries and other 20 additional candidates •Estimated population in the Galaxy ~ 3 x 108 

•Assuming ~10 M this form of dark mass is ~4% of total baryonic mass of the Galaxy •Outweighs the SMBH at Galactic Centre by a factor of 103

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodríguez: Nature 1998 The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH 2 Rsh = 2GMBH/c ; DT a MBH

Unique system of equations: The maximum color temperature of the is: -1/4 Tcol a (M/ 10M) (Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976) Waited era of space astronomy

For a given accretion rate:

LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ; -1 -1/2 j a MBH ; B a MBH (Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)

ARE THERE APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ? SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN

•OBSERVED IN ~ 30 QSOs & AGN

•IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES

• SEEN IN YEARS

•Vapp UP TO 20c

•WHAT IS THE NATURE ?

“PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ? SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A mQSO •GRS 1915+105 (discovered with GRANAT) Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994 •0.5 M red giant orbiting a 10 M BH (Greiner et al.)

VLA

1 arcsec

GRS 1915+105

l3.6 cm l3.6 cm

Vapp > C Jets have apparent superluminal motions Zhang discovered the second “superluminal” source in the Galaxy (GRO 1655-40) POWERFUL DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES

Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)

SS433/W50 VLA l20cm

o 1arcsec 1 = 60 pc • ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c  • MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec • NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS • >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A mQSO mQSOs XTE J1550-564 & H1743-322 Corbel et al. Science (2002, 2005)

X-rays are produced by synchrotron  electrons accelerated to TeV energies HIGH ENERGY EMISSION (GeV & TeV) FROM mQSOs Mirabel (Perspective articles in Science 2009, 2012)

Cyg X-3 & Cyg X-1

Cherenkov Telescope Array • 130 telescopes in the South. • Candidate sites in the South: Argentina, Chile & Namibia HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?

CORE COLLAPSE MODELS: DELEYED VERSUS DIRECT COLLAPSE AS A FUNCTION OF THE MASS OF THE CORE:

Massive black holes (M>10 M) should form without luminous SNe & energetic kicks (Fryer & Kalogera; Woosley & Heger; Nomoto et al.)

BUT THERE WERE NO OBSERVATIONS TO TESTS THESE MODELS

USE THE KINEMATICS OF mQSOs TO TEST THE CORE COLLAPSE MODELS Mirabel & Irapuan Rodrigues (2001-2009 )

TWO RUNAWAY BLACK HOLES

XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*~0.4 M kpc; Vp=145-210 km/s Mirabel, Dhawan, Rodrigues et al. (Nature 2001) GALACTOCENTRICGALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR 230 Myrs ORBIT (230 Myrs)

Yellow: Sun Yellow: White: SunBH binary White: binary BH

GRO J1655-40: Fossil of a HPN (Israelian et al. Nature 1999)

MBH~5-7 M M*~2 M;D=1-3 kpc; Vp=112+/-18 km/s (Mirabel et al. 2002)

THE TWO BHs WITH 5-7 M DID NOT REMAIN IN THEIR BIRTH PLACE THREE BLACK HOLES WITH >10 M BORN WITH NO ENERGETIC SNe Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (Science, 2003)

V < 9+/-2 km/s  < 1 M ejected in SN Otherwise it would have been shot out from the parent stellar association

•Besides, the 10 M in GRS 1915+105 ℉  & the 15 M in V404 Cyg black holes move on the plane. Their peculiar motions can be explained by Galactic diffusion.

•Two LGRBs at z ~ 0.1 with no bright

SNe: M(56Ni) < 10^-3 M

BHs WITH >10 M FORM BY DIRECT COLLAPSE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES The majority are microquasars in external galaxies

2 4 • BLACK HOLES OF INTERMEDIATE MASS (10 - 10 M) ? • ISOTROPIC BUT MBH > 30 M (Pakull et al. 2002) • ANISOTROPIC BUT NOT BEAMED ( King et al. 2001) • ANISOTROPIC AND BEAMED (Mirabel & Rodríguez, ARAA, 1999)

Fabbiano et al. X-ray (Chandra) Antennae 3 A BLACK HOLE OF INTERMEDIATE MASS (~10 M) ? Talk by Ch. Motch Farrell et al. Nature (2009)

• HLX-1 in ESO 243-49 at 95 Mpc • LX = 10^42 erg s−1 (0.2–10 keV) • P ~ 1 year

Servillat et al. 2013, ApJ, 743, 6 Lasota et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 89 GAMMA-RAY BURST = FORMATION OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES THE MOST ENERGETIC EXPLOSIONS AFTER THE “BIG BANG” Stellar collapse & super-relativistic jets Associated to Hiper-novae (SNe Ic)

or by implosion (Mirabel & Rodrigues, Science) GRB & galaxies @ z>8 (T~500 Myr)

Universal time line since the formation of the first stars QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGY HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & RodrÍguez, S&T 2002)

neutron

no no

• AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS? • AN ASTROPHYSICAL & COSMOLOGICAL ROLE OF BHs? ROLE OF FEEDBACK FROM SMBHs IN GALAXY FORMATION & EVOLUTION VLBI: Krichbaum et al. (1999) Fabian et al. (2006)

Feedback from SMBHs shaped the stellar bulges (QSO/high- soft/radiative phase) & prevented the unlimited growth of massive galaxies (radio galaxy/low-hard/jet phase) RE-IONIZATION: A MAJOR FRONTIER IN COSMOLOGY THE « SWISS CHEESE » MODEL

Expanding ionized bubbles

Up to now the cosmology community assumed that the IGM was fully ionized by the UV from the first stars (Pop III & II). However, from recent results on , Galaxy Evolution, High Energy Astrophysics and Cosmology indicate that

Feedback from the first generations of BHXRBs heated and partially ionized the IGM preventing the formation of very large numbers of 9 dwarf galaxies with Mgal<10 M (Mirabel, Diskra, Loeb, Laurent, 2011) THANKS !

MERCI !

GRACIAS !