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Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei at X-Rays and Soft Gamma-Rays Volker Beckmann

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Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei at X-Rays and Soft Gamma-Rays Volker Beckmann Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei at X-rays and soft gamma-rays Volker Beckmann To cite this version: Volker Beckmann. Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei at X-rays and soft gamma-rays. Astrophysics [astro-ph]. Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. tel-00601042 HAL Id: tel-00601042 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00601042 Submitted on 16 Jun 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei at X-rays and soft gamma-rays Volker Beckmann Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC) - Paris, France Habilitation à diriger des recherches présentée à l’Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot Soutenue le 10 septembre 2010 devant le jury composé de: Pierre Binétruy President Peter von Ballmoos Rapporteur Chris Done Rapporteur Catherine Boisson Rapporteur (interne) Jérôme Rodriguez Examinateur Etienne Parizot Examinateur . 3 4 Figure 1: The 12 meter dome at the Observatoire de Paris, constructed 1845-1847 on the northern tower of the institute when François Arago was its director. Figure from Arago & Barral (1854) Contents 1 CURRICULUM VITAE 7 1.1 PersonalInformation .... ...... ..... ...... ...... .. ..... 7 1.2 Education ....................................... 7 1.3 Workhistory ..................................... 8 1.4 Experience and achievements . ....... 8 2 TEACHING AND PUBLIC OUTREACH 11 2.1 Teaching........................................ 11 2.1.1 Stellar Astrophysics . 11 2.1.2 Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . ....... 11 2.2 Supervision of students . ...... 12 2.2.1 HamburgUniversity ...... ..... ...... ...... ..... 12 2.2.2 ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics . ..... 12 2.2.3 FrançoisAragoCentre . 12 2.3 Refereeing...................................... 13 2.4 Conference and meeting organisation . .......... 13 2.5 PublicOutreach.................................. 14 2.6 Pressreleases ................................... 14 3 SUMMARY,RELEVANCEANDORIGINALITYOFRESEARCH 17 4 RESEARCH 19 4.1 From Welteninseln toAGN............................... 19 4.2 From optical to X-ray observations of AGN . ......... 21 4.3 The AGN phenomenon and the Unified Model . ...... 23 4.4 Verifying the unified model through evolutionary tests . ................ 28 4.4.1 Numbercounts ................................. 29 4.4.2 The V/Vmax test................................. 30 4.4.3 The luminosity function . 31 4.4.4 Local luminosity function of optically selected AGN . ............ 32 4.5 Testing Unification on X-ray selected BL Lac Objects . ............. 37 4.6 Early INTEGRAL AGNObservations ......................... 45 4.6.1 The INTEGRAL Mission............................ 45 4.6.2 The hard X-ray spectrum of AGN . 50 4.6.3 The quasars MR 2251-178 and 3C 273 . 53 4.6.4 TheSeyfert2NGC4388.... ..... ...... ...... ..... .. 54 5 6 CONTENTS 4.6.5 The Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 4151 . 58 4.6.6 The First INTEGRAL AGNCatalogue ..................... 60 4.7 AGN Population Studies at Hard X-rays . ........ 62 4.7.1 The Hard X-ray 20–40 keV Luminosity Function . ....... 62 4.7.2 Hard X-ray variability of AGN . 66 4.7.3 The Second INTEGRAL AGNCatalogue ................... 74 4.7.4 The special case of MCG–05–23–016 . 78 4.8 ConnectiontoGamma-rays. ..... 82 4.8.1 ROSAT selected Gamma-ray Blazars . 82 4.8.2 The Fermi view on hard X-ray blazars . ..... 87 4.8.3 The non-blazar population seen by Fermi . ....... 90 5 CONCLUSION & OUTLOOK 93 5.1 Conclusions..................................... 93 5.1.1 Progress concerning the unified scheme . ....... 93 5.1.2 Impact on studies of the cosmic X-ray background . ......... 94 5.1.3 Outlining the connection to the gamma-rays . ......... 94 5.2 Openquestions ................................... 94 5.3 Futureprojects .................................. 96 5.3.1 Research .................................... 96 5.3.2 Enabling science: the François Arago Centre . ......... 98 6 LISTOFPUBLICATIONSANDCONFERENCECONTRIBUTIONS 101 6.1 Articles in refereed international journals . .............. 101 6.2 Invited talks at international conferences . .............. 105 6.3 Refereed conference proceedings . ......... 105 6.4 Non-refereed conference proceedings . .......... 107 6.5 Other non-refereed publications . ......... 108 6.6 Communications in conferences . ....... 114 6.6.1 Talks in international conferences . ........ 114 6.6.2 Posters in international conferences . ......... 116 6.7 Seminars (only after 2005) . 117 6.8 Thesis and dissertation . 118 6.9 Five significant publications . ........ 118 6.9.1 The HRX-BL Lac sample - Evolution of BL Lac objects . ....... 119 6.9.2 TheFirstINTEGRALAGNCatalog. 132 6.9.3 The Hard X-ray 20-40 keV AGN Luminosity Function . ....... 144 6.9.4 Hard X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei . ............ 155 6.9.5 TheSecondINTEGRALAGNCatalogue . 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 207 Chapter 1 CURRICULUM VITAE 1.1 Personal Information Name: Volker BECKMANN Citizenship: German Date of Birth: March 7, 1968 in Hamburg (Germany) Present Position: Chercheur au CNRS based at the APC (UMR 7164) Address: APC, François Arago Centre, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France Telephone: +33 (0)157 27 60 81 Fax: +33 (0)157 27 60 71 E-mail: [email protected] 1.2 Education 1996/2001 PhD at University of Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte in Astrophysics. Title: Evolutionary behaviour of AGN - in- vestigations on BL Lac objects and Seyfert II galaxies. Referees: Prof. Dr. Dieter Reimers (Hamburger Stern- warte), and Prof. Dr. Laura Maraschi (Osservatorio Astro- nomico di Brera). PhD defended on January 12, 2001. Grade: magna cum laude 1993/96 Diplom (Master) in Physics at the University of Hamburg. Thesis: X-ray spectral index of RASS-AGN. Referees: Prof. Dr. Sjur Refsdal and Prof. Dr. Dieter Reimers (Hamburger Sternwarte). Grade: cum laude 1989/93 Vordiplom (Bachelor) in Physics at the University of Hamburg 7 8 CHAPTER 1. CURRICULUM VITAE 1.3 Work history since September 2009 Chercheur CNRS, working for the APC laboratory (Uni- versité Paris 7 - Denis Diderot). In charge of the François Arago Centre, a data and computing centre for space- and ground-based astroparticle physics. April 2007 - Aug. 2009 Collaborateur Scientifique of the University of Geneva, working at the ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics. Op- erations coordinator and instrument specialist for the spec- trograph SPI of the INTEGRAL mission at the ISDC. July 2007 until August 2009 also INTEGRAL responsible sci- entist. since April 2007 Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC). Oct. 2003 - March 2007 Working as a Research Associate for UMBC at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Since July 2006 head of the INTEGRAL guest observer facility at NASA. Support of guest investigators, preparation and administra- tion of INTEGRAL budget, analysis and interpretation of INTEGRAL data, maintaining the INTEGRAL/HEASARC archive. Since August 2006 Assistant Research Professor at UMBC. Feb. 2001 – Sep. 2003 Working for the IAAT (University of Tübingen) at the ISDC. Developing and integrating analysis software for INTEGRAL, support of operations of the INTEGRAL satel- lite. May – July 2000 Working at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera in Mi- lan, financed by an Italian grant (CNR). Apr.-Sep. 1999 Working at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, fi- nanced by the Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst (DAAD). 1996 – 2000 Scientific assistant researcher at the Hamburger Stern- warte, financed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 1.4 Experience and achievements Teaching experience Two full courses as assistant research professor at the physics department of the the University of Maryland for physics master students. In addition, teaching (as replacement) at the University of Geneva. See Section 2.1. 1.4. EXPERIENCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS 9 Supervising experience Supervision or co-supervision of 8 students (among which 2 PhD students). See Section 2.2. Publications 60 publications in international refereed journals, including 17 as lead author. 22 publications in international refereed conference proceedings including 7 as lead author. 28 publications in non-refereed conference proceedings including 12 as lead author. 55 Astronomer’s Telegrams including 3 as lead author. 19 GRB Circular Network (GCN) reports including 7 as lead author. Conferences, seminars, and oral communications 25 talks in international conferences of which 3 were invited review talks. 17 poster presentations at international conferences. ca. 30 seminars given in various institutions around the world. Collaborations Working in several institutes in Europe and in the U.S. I had the opportunity to get involved in many scientific collaborations. Here the most productive collaborations are the ones with colleagues at those institutes where I worked, i.e. Hamburg Observatory, ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, Osservato- rio Astronomico di Brera, and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. My main collaborators over the years were and are still: Thierry J.-L. Courvoisier
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