Rural China: An International Journal of History and Social Science 13 (2016) 240-287 brill.com/rchs The Nation-State, the Contract Responsibility System, and the Economy of Temple Incense: The Politics and Economics of a Temple Festival on a Landscaped Holy Mountain Yongyi Yue* School of Chinese Language and Literature, Beijing Normal University, China
[email protected] 民族国家、承包制与香火经济: 景区化圣山庙会的政治-经济学 岳永逸 Abstract Belief practices in mainland China have been subject to contracts as a result of a combination of factors: politics, economic growth, cultural development, and historic preservation. Thanks to the investigative reporting of the media, “contracting out belief” has lost all legitimacy on the level of politics, culture, religion, administration, and morality. The economy of temple incense has been re- lentlessly criticized for the same reason. In recent decades, Mount Cangyan, in Hebei, has changed from being a sacred site of pilgrimage to a landscaped tourist attraction. At the same time, the Mount Cangyan temple festival, which centers on the worship of the Third Princess, has gained legitimacy on a practical level. Conventional and newly emerged agents, such as beggars, charlatans, spirit me- diums, do-gooders, and contractors of the temple, are actively involved in the thriving temple fes- tival, competing, and sometimes cooperating, with each other. However, it is for the sake of maxi- mizing profit that landscaped Mount Cangyan under the contract responsibility system has been re-sanctified around the worship of the Third Princess along with other, new gods and attractions. The iconic temple festival on this holy mountain has influenced other temple festivals in various nearby * Yue Yongyi is a professor of the Institute of Folk Literature, School of Chinese Language and Lit- erature, Beijing Normal University, and an associate editor of the Cambridge Journal of China Studies.