Dictionary of Geotourism Anze Chen • Young Ng • Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian Editors

Dictionary of Geotourism

With 635 Figures and 12 Tables Editors Anze Chen Young Ng Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences The Geological Society of Australia Beijing, China Sydney, NSW, Australia

Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian The Geological Society of China China University of Geosciences Beijing, China Beijing, China

ISBN 978-981-13-2537-3 ISBN 978-981-13-2538-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-13-2539-7 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0

Jointly published with Science Press, Beijing, China ISBN: 978-7-03-058981-1 Science Press, Beijing, China

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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword 1

Nature inspires. Since time immemorial, nature has been a powerful source of inspiration to all human societies, irrespective of culture, religions, or civili- zation. Even the most mundane of us would be awestruck by the stunningly picturesque rocks of Huangshan in our country, the grandeur of the Alps in Europe, and the mystic volcanoes of Gunung Sewu in Indonesia. Nature’s flora and fauna are fascinating and beautiful, but without the unique, primordial landforms that host them, we self-absorbed Homo sapiens would perhaps be less impressed and humbled. Perhaps this is why geoscience and geotourism matter to academia in both natural and social sciences as well as they do to governments, businesses, and people who make a living in the fast-growing global tourism industry. I am highly impressed with the tireless dedication that Professor Anze Chen and his team have given to promoting geotourism through academic researches, teaching, as well as publishing. It is indeed an honor for me in presenting this new book Dictionary of Geotourism, which is an invaluable gift to students, followers, and simply all those interested to explore the wonders of nature and get to know what geotourism could bring to us and our community. I for one can say that I am among the advocates and practitioners of geotourism in my home city of Hong Kong in my previous and current positions in Government. Blessed with a highly unique volcanic landscape of hexagonal columns lined up in tens of thousands along the cliff walls of a stunning Pacific Ocean facing coasting line, Hong Kong has joined the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network since 2009 and is still holding this global status at the moment. Hong Kong is a strong testimony that our geopark, especially one that is situated within a stone’s throw from our bustling metropolitan city, has proven to be a rediscovered treasure that never fails to excite millions of visitors both local and abroad.

v vi Foreword 1

My appreciation and admiration go to Professor Chen’s decades of dedica- tion and efforts in promoting tourism and earth science in China. I see this publication not just a masterpiece of Professor Chen’s contribution to the professional field he proudly represents, but also a useful tool that helps to better equip practitioners of geotourism in their pursuit of interest and excel- lence. I congratulate his great work.

Secretary for Commerce and Edward Yau Tang-wah, GBS, JP Economic Development The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 16 July, 2019 Foreword 2

How wonderful it is to have a book dedicated to explaining the many aspects of Geotourism. While the term is relatively young, the concept of travelling to see landscapes for recreation and enjoyment has been around for a long time. The Chinese have characterized this as “Tourism Earth-Science,” and the China Tourism Earth-Science Research Association, founded in 1987, published A Grand Tourism Earth Science Dictionary in Chinese. This is a legacy of the pioneering work of the preeminent Chinese geologist, researcher, and educator, Professor Anze Chen, who brought together the fields of geography and geology with a view to finding the intersection of the two with tourism research. Much later, those interested in tourism and geology in the West sought to define and characterize “geo-tourism.” In Europe, the first published definition of geotourism as geology-based tourism was made by Thomas Hose. He defined it as the provision of interpretive and service facilities to enable tourists to acquire knowledge and understanding of the geology and geomorphology of a site including its contribution to the development of the Earth sciences. Further refinements were made by Hose. Inherent in these definitions was that geotourism is a vehicle to foster geoconservation, understand geological heritage (geoheritage), and appreciate geological diversity (geodiversity). Taken together, the notion is that geotourism as a form of tourism is underpinned by the concept of sustainability. In the early 2000s, the geoparks movement adopted this approach and reflected geotourism as being essentially “Geological Tourism.” In the USA, the National Geographic characterized geotourism as “Geo- graphical Tourism.” The Australian pioneers Professors Ross Dowling and David Newsome initially defined geotourism as being “geological tourism” but in recent years they have widened their definition by adding some of the National Geographic’s “geographical” elements into their definition. Today geotourism is being universally accepted as a combination of all of the approaches above and is being viewed as both a form of tourism as well as an approach to it, but one that firmly ties itself first to the geologic nature of an area’s “sense of place.” Such tourism development generates benefits for conservation (especially geoconservation), appreciation (through geoheritage interpretation), and the economy. While the definition has been debated and refined, there has been no stopping the interest and growth in geotourism around the world. The rapid

vii viii Foreword 2 growth of the geoparks movement, and subsequent adoption of it by UNESCO, is reflected in the establishment of 147 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 41 countries in 2019. In addition, there are hundreds of more “national” level geoparks and as many “aspiring” geoparks in a movement which is taking the world by storm. Whereas geoparks are viewed as the “vehicle” for sustainable regional development, geotourism is the “engine” powering this phenomenal growth. Therefore, this book represents the engine “manual” with which to understand the subject. This dictionary is an essential repository of knowledge which defines and characterizes the many facets of geotourism. It will be a major source of knowledge for all those working in geology and tourism around the world. The dictionary defines and characterizes the large number of important terms which are used within geotourism. These include geodiversity, geoconservation, geotrails, geosites, geoparks, mining parks, world heritage, etc. The book is central to the understanding of the subject and will be sure to be used as a marquee reference by the growing number of geotourism aca- demics, researchers, practitioners, and professionals around the world. I recommend it wholeheartedly.

Honorary Professor of Tourism Ross K. Rowling Edith Cowan University Austria

Co-Editor, Handbook of Geotourism Founder, Global Geotourism Conferences Geotourism Advisor, UNESCO Global Geoparks Preface

Geotourism can be defined as tourism which focuses on an area’s geology and landscape as the basis for providing visitor engagement, learning, and enjoy- ment. This form of tourism has been addressed academically as “Tourism Earth Science” in China. In Chinese, Dixue (地学) is a combination of “land” or “Earth” (Di) and “study” (Xue), which refers to earth study or earth science study. It is one of the six major basic sciences including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. Tourism Earth Science has turned out to be a newly emerging branch of science, falling under the category of earth science. The new discipline was first established by the first author of this dictionary in the 1980s in China by applying the theories and methods of earth science to serve the tourism industry. Tourism Earth Science has contributed greatly to advance the development of China’s tourism industry in a healthy and sustainable way. It has given impetus to the establishment of national geoparks in China. It also acts as a theoretical basis and guidance for tourism and geopark development. Here is an introduction to the concept of Tourism Earth Science, its background, and the need for compiling this Dictionary of Geotourism.

Definition of Tourism Earth Science

In China, geotourism has been named by geoscientists as Tourism Earth Science. The Association for Tourism Earth Science was established in 1985 in China. It defined Tourism Earth Science in Article 2 of its constitution as “a newly emerging interdisciplinary science, aims at investigating, studying, planning, developing and protecting tourism resources by applying its theories and methodology.” In 1991, the definition was further refined in the book An Introduction to Tourism Earth Science (written by Anze Chen and Yunting Lu et al.) as “a newly emerging branch of earth science, a discipline that deals with relationships of travel and sightseeing, leisure therapy and therapeutic recre- ation to the composition and structure of the Earth’s surface materials and their energy migration and change, comprising both geological and geographical tourism environments.” Tourism Earth Science is actually a general term standing for two different disciplines namely geoscience and tourism. The Grand Tourism Earth Science Dictionary published in 2013 expanded this definition to “a newly emerging, interdisciplinary science created by integrat- ing earth science with the tourist industry, consisting two sub-disciplines

ix x Preface which are tourism geology and tourism geography.” Theories and methodol- ogy of earth science, together with other disciplines such as art, aesthetics, landscape, and environmental and tourism sciences, are adopted to address tourism issues associated with the Earth. These challenges derived mainly from tourism market, resources, planning, development, and management.

Research Areas

Tourism Market Knowledge of human geography, economic geography, and regional geogra- phy are used to identify regional distribution and influencing factors charac- terizing tourist behaviors and activities. These factors may include the current geographical environment, climate, traffic, population, and economy.

Tourism Resources Many tourism resources are studied by using the theories and methods of physical geography. Geology and geomorphology, in particular, applied together with aesthetics, landscape science, and town and rural planning in the preparation of tourism plans are extremely useful in identifying and proper utilization of natural tourism resources. With a better understanding of their distribution, values, and potentials, as well as their association with ecology, culture, and history, an inventory can be built up for more detailed and effective tourism planning and design.

Tourism Facilities Theories and methods of earth and environmental sciences can be applied in site selection of tourism facilities. They can also be used to determine the type and scale of the facilities as well as assessing the values of the sites. Such studies include ground and foundation stability; levels of radioactivity, mag- netism, trace elements, and negative ions; and water quality for spa and bath facilities in health resorts. Besides, geological hazards such as landslide, flooding, and earthquake need to be assessed to ensure safety of the tourism facilities. They also help to formulate environmental protection laws and regulations for the protection of valuable tourism resources.

Geopark Establishment and Management The concepts of geological heritage, geoconservation, and geotourism can be applied in the course of geopark development and establishment. They involve identifying geological heritage sites, preparing and planning of heritage and protection sites, designing tourism routes, and setting up indoor and outdoor interpretation system, including contents of museum, panels, books, pam- phlets, audio-video display, and other multimedia and social media channels. Tourism earth science also plays an important role in empowering geopark and national parks rangers and guides for telling geoscience, ecological, and cultural stories to tourists. It is very helpful in assisting the establishment of research and visitor centers, safety monitoring system, and building up data- base for tourism resources. Preface xi

Development Background

Due to the significant political and socioeconomic changes in China since 1978, tourism has flourished in line with the improvement of the livelihood of people. Tourism industry requires inputs from other disciplines to address its diversified problems. Geology and geography are able to help in exploring, preparing, planning, and managing such tourism development projects. Earth science is an old and mature branch of science. With the increasing social and economic demands, the discipline is fuelled by tourism with new momentum. Its theories and methodology provide a solid foundation to meet these needs and have far-reaching impacts on tourism worldwide.

History and Current Situation

The involvement of geoscience in tourism starts not earlier than 1930 when the IUGS included geotourism as one of the discussion themes in its meeting agenda. In 1965, Nice Brouno, an Italian geographer, published Research in Geographic Tourism. In 1974, Chigaku Zasshi, a Japanese geographer, published the Sight-seeing Geography, while, in 1976, H. Robinson published Tourism Geography. In the meantime, American and Russian geographers also published papers of Leisure Geography, Travel and Leisure System Geogra- phy. In 1981, during the 24th International Geographers Association Congress, tourism geography was declared a branch of geography. Geologists’ involve- ment in tourism began earlier than geographers’ but the reports appeared only sporadically in research papers. Formal publication of tourism geology started only after 1990. Chinese scholars had first integrated tourism geography and tourism geology to form the new discipline of Tourism Earth Science. This was initiated by Anze Chen and Yunting Lu in 1991 in their publication The Principles of Tourism Earth Science. Therefore, the development of Tourism Earth Science can be summarized in five different stages:

Early Stage (1978–1985) In 1978, China commenced its economic reform. The improved economic conditions led to rapid development and sudden growth of tourism industry. Tourist destinations with famous mountains and rivers attracted many thou- sands of tourists. At the same time, various academic societies in China also revived and the Commission on Geological Science Popularisation was set up by the Geological Society of China. The 1st National Symposium on Tourism Earth Science was organized in Beijing in 1985. Anze Chen, the chairman of the Commission, and Weixin Li, the Secretary-General, started using the name “Tourism Earth Science” to describe this new discipline. The name was extensively accepted by the symposium delegates with backgrounds in geol- ogy, geography, landscape gardening, architecture, environmental protection, tourism, cultural heritage management and protection, archaeology, and museums. In order to enhance the linkage of professionals from different areas, the Chinese Tourism Earth Science Research Association (Preparatory) was established. This preparatory association was affiliated to xii Preface the Geological Museum of China. This was an important milestone for the development of Tourism Earth Science.

Developing Stage (1986–1991) The most important task after the founding of the preparatory association was to set up the discipline of Tourism Earth Science. It is essential to establish a brand-new discipline with independent research objectives, a complete set of methodology, and theoretical basis. Contributions from its members during this period had enabled putting theories into practice and applying various methodologies in conducting research as well as in addressing the various issues faced by the tourism industry. Much data and information were col- lected to form a sound foundation for different research projects. Inspired by the works done during this developing period, Anze Chen started preparing the book An Introduction to Tourism Earth Science, and the book was published by the Beijing Press in 1991. Since then the book has been used as a textbook for many universities around the country.

Growing Stage (1992–2000) This was a growing period of Tourism Earth Science, which marked its entry in the international academic arena. In 1996, during the 30th International Geo- logical Congress held in Beijing, Anze Chen and Maoxun Chen presented a paper on “Tourism Earth Science—A New Frontier of Earth Science” to over 6,000 earth scientists from 120 countries. At the same time, the Association organized and held the Symposium on the Strategy of Development of Tourism Resources in the Western Region of China. The impacts were far-reaching in arousing interests and involvement of many young earth scientists in Tourism Earth Science. During this period, this new discipline had been taken seriously by local universities and the first batch of master’s and doctorate degrees in Tourism Earth were conferred by the Chengdu College of Geology.

Recent Development (2001 to Date) With the development of national geoparks, new frontiers have opened to all geoscientists, which marks a new era for earth science. During this period, the concepts and methodology have been applied to assist the establishment of geoparks. In 2010, the Geological Society of China renamed China Tourism Earth Science Research Association to China Association of Tourism Earth Science and Geopark Research to highlight the important role of research in geoparks. The translation and publication of the Principles of Geotourism and Dictionary of Geotourism from the original Chinese versions of Principles of Tourism Earth Science and Grand Dictionary of Tourism Earth Science,will effectively help international promotion of the discipline. Tourism Earth Science is still a young discipline and requires more research on its theory, content, and methodology. The development of geoparks and geotourism in China comes at the right time for the discipline to grow stronger and be extensively accepted by the world. Preface xiii

Compilation of the Grand Dictionary of Tourism Earth Science

The initial idea of having a dictionary began in 1991 during the preparation of the Principles of Tourism Earth Science. Similar to other academic disciplines, there is always a need for reference and quick checking for information. A Terminology of Tourism Earth Science was proposed in 1994 and a prelim- inary manuscript was published in 1995. Fuelled by the rapid growth of geotourism and geoparks in China, the publication of a more formal dictionary of Tourism Earth Science became essential. This was made possible in 2013 with the help of many colleagues, particularly from the editors, Sanbao Wu and Haiyan Zhu of Science Publication, Beijing. To make the discipline readily available to overseas readers, an English version is also needed. The publica- tion of this English version is made possible with the support and help of Lisa Fan, Senior Editor, Earth Science and Geography, Springer Beijing, and her colleagues. We need to emphasize that this dictionary is based on the original Chinese version but is characterized by presenting the entries in a more attractive and easily understandable format for the usage of non-geoscientists. The inclusion of many pictures and diagrams makes the explanation and illustration of the concepts and knowledge of Tourism Earth Science more interesting. The dictionary is definitely a tool for colleagues in geological heritage survey, assessment, and research. It is also a useful reference for managers, planners, and operators of national parks, geoparks and world heritage sites, science interpretation, tourism planning, museum, and visitor center design. It is a tool for teachers and students of schools and institutes of geoscience and tourism as well as for tourist guides and interpreters. The dictionary can also be used by more demanding visitors in acquiring knowl- edge of the natural and cultural environment that they will visit. Due to time limitation in preparation and publication, the dictionary can certainly be improved in future editions with the comments and suggestions from readers. Last but not least, I would like to extend my gratitude to the tremendous efforts given by my colleagues Min Wang, Hongyan Sun, and other contrib- utors in the preparation of this dictionary. Special thanks have to be given to the Huangshi Municipal Government, Hubei Province, for its generosity in sponsoring this publication.

Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Anze Chen Beijing 31 July, 2019 List of Topics

AA Lava Landscape Alkaline Rocks Abraded Gravel Landscape Allite; Bauxitic Rock; Aluminous Rock Abrasion Terrace Landscape Alluvial Fan Landscape Absolute Age Alluvial Plain Abstract Stone Alpine Glacier Accretionary Lapilli Alpine Glacier Tourism Landscape Accumulation Landform Tourism Landscape Alpine Meadow Soil Acid Rain Alpine Movement Acidic Rocks Altitude Acoustic Environment Protection Alxa Global Geopark, China Actinolite Amber Action Plan For Popular Science Education Amber Fossil Active Volcano American Plate Adamello Brenta Geopark, Italy Amethyst Adventure Tourism Ammonite Aeolian Landform Amphibians Aeolian Sandy Soil Amphibole Aerial Remote Sensing Amygdaloidal Structure Aesthetics An Introduction to Tourism Earth Science Agalmatolite Anatexis Agate Ancient Bridge Landscapes of China Age And Stage Ancient Earthquake Relics Agenda 21 Ancient Glaciers Agricultural Tourism Ancient Organisms Aïr and Ténéré Natural Reserves, Niger Ancient Roads of China Air Pollution Index (API) Ancient Volcano Air Temperature Andalusite Albite Andesite Albite Jade Angular Unconformity Aldabra Atoll, Tanzania Antarctic Ice Sheet Landscape Alejandro de Humöboldt National Park, Cuba Antarctic Plate Alexander Von Humboldt Anthropogenic Pollution Algae Fossil Anticline Alkali Granite Anticlinorium

xv xvi List of Topics

Antiform Baiyin Huoyanshan National Mining Park, Gansu Anxian Bioherm-Karst National Geopark, Baiyinchang pyrite-type copper-lead-zinc Sichuan deposit, Gansu Anxian-Type Calcigravel Stone Forest Bakony-Balaton Global Geopark, Hungary Landscape, Sichuan Balin Stone Anze Chen Banc d’Arguin National Park, Mauritania Apatite Banded Structure Aplite Bantang Hot Spring landscape in Applied Physical Geography Chaohu Lake Appreciation and Development of Tourism Baoshan National Mining Park, Hunan Resources Baotu Spring Landscape Apuan Alps Geopark, Italy Barchan Dune Landscape or Crescent Dune Aquamarine Landscape Arabian Oryx Sanctuary (1994), Oman (Delisted) Barite Aragonite Barium Water Araripe Geopark, Brazil Bar Landscape Archaefructus Liaoningensis Baron Ferdinand Von Richthofen Archaeozoic Eon Barrier Lake Landscape Arch-Type Sandstone Landscape Barrier Landscape Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica Barrier Reef Landscape Areal Type Basalt Arete, Knife-Edge Crest Landscape Basic Rocks Arkose Basin Building Arouca Geopark, Portugal Basins Arsenic Water Basining Artificial Lake Tourism Landscape Basque Coast Geopark, Spain Ash Flow Tuff Batholith Aster Tourism Batur Global Geopark, Indonesia Asthenosphere Bauges Geopark, France Astronomical Observation Tourism Bauxite Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves, Brazil Bayan Obo Niobium-Rare Earth-Iron Deposit, Atmospheric Circulation Inner Mongolia Atmospheric Pollution Bayannaoer Geopark, Inner Mongolia Atoll Landscape Beach Landscape Attitude of Strata Beach; Tidal Flat; Shoal Audio and Video Popular Science Publication Bean Curd Rock Structure Augen Structure Bedding Augite Bedding Plane Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Behavioural Geography Naracoorte), Australia Beheaded River Landscape Automatic Information Service Desk Beihai Weizhou Island Volcano National Aventurine Geopark, Guangxi Badain Jaran Desert landscape Beijing Pinggu Huangsongyu National Mining Baijiang Soil Park, Beijing Baise Leye Dashiwei Sinkholes National Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Geopark, Guangxi Beitou Hot Spring landscape Baiyang Lake landscape Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, Belize List of Topics xvii

Belovezhskaya Pushha/Białowieża Forest, Brine Poland Broad Valley Landscape Benthos Brodelboden Landscape Benxi National Geopark, Liaoning Bromine Water Bihu Wu Brown Desert Soil Bingling Danxia Geopark, Gansu Brown Earth Binominal Nomenclature Brown Soil Biochemical Sedimentary Rock Bryce-Type Sandstone Forest Landscape Bioclastic Limestone Buddha’s Halo Biodiversity Burqin Kanas Lake National Geopark, Xinjiang Biogeography Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark, Ireland Bioherm Landscape Business Tourism Biological Coast; Coral Coast and Mangrove Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Coast Cabo de Gata Natural Park, Spain Biological Factors of Landscape Formation Calcareous Conglomerate Karst Landscape Biological Weathering in Landscape Formation Calcareous Soil Biosphere Calcareous Sinter Biosphere Reserves Calcareous Tufa Biostratigraphic Unit Calcareous Tuff Landscape Biota Calcareous Tufa Landscape, Sinter Landscape Biotite Calcic Nodule Bird Fossil Calcite Birthstone Caldera Landscape Bitter Spring Caledonian Movement Black Jade Cambrian Period Black Soil Cambrian Stratotype Section (GSSP ‘Golden Black Steel Stone Spike’ in Paibi, Huayuan, Hunan Blind Valley Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, Canada Block Canaima National Park, Venezuela Block Mountain Canine Tooth-Shaped Ridge-Type Granite Block Packing Landscape Landscape – Laoshan Type Block Sea Landscape Canyon and River Tourism Landscape Block Stream Canyon Landscape Bloodstone Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, South Africa Blueschist Carboniferous Period Body Fossil Carboniferous-Permian Type Section in Guizhou Bog Soil Carl Ritter Bohemian Paradise Geopark, Czech Republic Carlsbad Caverns National Park, U.S.A. Boiling Mud Pot Landscape Carrying Capacity of Tourist Spots Boiling Spring Landscape Cartography Boron Water Cassiterite Bosten Lake Landscape Castle-Like Granite Peak, Fort-Like Granite Peak Botanical Garden Tourism Landscape Catagraph Landscape, Deformed Pebble Brachiopod Fossil Landscape Brackish Lake Catastrophism Brazilian Atlantic Islands, Brazil Cathaysian Block Breccia Cave Animal xviii List of Topics

Cave Cake Landscape, Lampstand Stone Chengde Geopark, Hebei Landscape Chengji Wu Cave Coral Landscape Chengjiang Fauna Cave Deposits Of The Zhoukoudian Formation in Chengjiang Faunal Paleobios National Geopark, Beijing Yunnan Cave Flag Landscape Chengjiang Fossil Site, China Cave Flower Landscape Chengshantou Landscape Cave Landscape Protection Chenzhou Shizuyuan National Mining Park, Cave Medicine Hunan Cave Organisms Chernozem Cave Pearl Landscape Chestnut Soil Cave Raft Landscape Chifeng Balin Stone National Mining Park, Inner Cave Shield Landscape Mongolia Cave Tourism China Danxia, China Cave Tourism Landscapes China Ecological Function Zoning Cave Tourism Resource System China National Geopark Series Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst, China Stone Forest Karst Research Results Report Hungary and Slovakia Meeting Ceiling Pot Landscape China Tourism Resources Distribution Map Celestial Landscape Tourism Resource System (1:4000,000) Celestite China’s First International Symposium on Granite Cement Geology and Geomorphology – Mount Cenozoic Era Sanqingshan Central Amazon Conservation Complex, Brazil China’s First Karst Tourism Earth Science Central Catalonia Global Geopark, Spain Symposium Central Eruption China’s Four Famous Jades Central Highlands, Sri Lanka Chinese Geopark, Brief History Central Mountain Songshan Chinese Geoparks Network (CGN) Central Orogenic Belt in China Chinese Painting Stone Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia Chipped Stone Tool Central Suriname Nature Reserve, Suriname Chishui Danxia Geopark, Guizhou Cephalopod Fossil Chitwan National Park, Nepal Cerrado Protected Areas, Brazil Chizhou Mount Jiuhuashan National Geopark, Chablais Global Geopark, France Auhui Chalcedony Chloride Spring Changchengian Period Chongming Yangtze River Delta National Changjiang (Yangtze River) Stone Geopark, Shanghai Changshan National Geopark, Zhejiang Chromite Changyang Man Site Chron and Chronozone Chaohu Lake Landscape Chronostratic Unit Chaoyang Fossil National Geopark, Liaoning Chronostratigraphic Unit Chatoyancy Chrysanthemum Stone Chelmos-Vouraikos Geopark, Greece Chrysoberyl Chelonians, Turtles and Tortoises Chuanjun Wu Chemical Fossil Chuankang Chen Chemical Sedimentary Rock Cinnabar Chemical Weathering Circum-Pacific Volcanic Belt List of Topics xix

Cirque Glacier Landscape Collapsed Stacked Stone (Shed) Granite Cirque Lake Landscape Landscape – Cuihuashan Type Cirque Landscape Column Landscape Classification of Geological Heritage Columnar Joint Classification of Igneous Rocks Columnar Joint Landscape Classification of Landscape of Geological Combination of Tourism Landscapes Heritage Combined Name of A Saracen Stone Landscape Classification Principles For Karst Stone Forest Comfort Index Landscapes in China Committee of Tourism Earth Science, Geological Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Society Of China Tourism Resources Committee of Tourism Earth Science, National Clastic Rock Tourism Association of China Clastic Rock Cliff Corridor Landscape Committee of Tourism Earth Science, Tourism Clastic Rock Comb-Shaped Landscape Association of China Clastic Rock Forehead-Like Cave Landscape Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast Clastic Rock Landscape Concave Bank Clastic Rock Mesa Landscape Concentration Zone of Natural Tourism Clastic Rock Pillar Landscape Resources Clastic Rock Urn-Like Valley Landscape Concretion; Nodule Clastic Rock Wall Landscape Conformity Clay Mineral Conghua Hot Spring landscape Claystone Conglomerate Clean Energy Coniferous Forest Cleavage Consequent River Cliff Carving Contact Metasomatic Metamorphism Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons), Mali Continental Climate Cliffy Gorge Landscape Continental Drift Hypothesis Climate Continental Facies Climate Comfort Index Continental Glacier Climate Factors of Landscape Formation Continental Nucleus Climate Tourism Resources Convention Concerning the Protection of the Climate Tourism Resources System World Cultural and Natural Heritage Climate Type Convention on Biological Diversity Climatic Zone Convention on Wetlands of International Climatology Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat Clint Landscape Convention Tourism Cloud and Mist Tourism Convex Bank Coastal and Marine Tourism Cool Current Coastal Beach Tourism Landscape Copper Coast Global Geopark, Ireland Coastal Landform Coral Coastal Landform Landscape Coral Fossil Coastal Zone Coral Reef Ecological Landscape Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica Coral Reef Landscape Coiba National Park and Its Special Zone of Coral Reef Tourism Landscape Marine Architecture, Panama Cordierite Cold Spring Cosmic Space Tourism Resource System Cold Wave Cover xx List of Topics

Crag and Tail Landscape Dajiangping pyrite deposit, Yunfu, Guangdong Crater Lake Landscape Dajinhu National Geopark, Fujian Crater Landscape Dali Man Site Craton Dali Mount Cangshan National Geopark, Yunnan Crescent Moon Spring landscape Dalian Bingyugou National Geopark, Liaoning Cretaceous Period Dalian Coast National Geopark, Liaoning Crinoid Fossils Dammed Lake Landscape Crocidolite Dammed Lake Tourism Landscape Crocodilia or Crocodiles Danba Muscovite National Mining Park, Sichuan Cross Wall Landscape Danube Delta Cross-Bedding Danxia Landform Crust Danxiashan Global Geopark, China Crustal Movement Danxiashan National Geopark, Guangdong Cryptozoic Eon Danxia-type landscape Crystal Daoyuan Li Crystal Face Daqing Oilfield National Mining Park, Crystal Fragment Heilongjiang Crystalline Basement Darien National Park, Panama Crystalline Substance Dark Brown Soil Cuesta (Monoclinal Mountain) Dashanpu Dinosaur Fauna Cuihuashan Avalanche Relics Landscape Dashiqiao magnesite deposit, Haicheng, Liaoning Cuihuashan Landslides National Datong Jinhuagong National Mining Park, Shanxi Geopark, Shanxi Datong Volcanic Cluster Landscape Cultural Factors of Landscape Formation Datong Volcano Clusters National Geopark, Cultural Geography Shanxi Cultural Karst Cave Site Landscape Datun Volcanic Cluster Landscape Cultural Landscape Dawn Moon Over The Marco Polo Bridge Cultural Landscape Category as World Cultural Daxinganling Huma National Mining Park, Heritage Heilongjiang Cultural Landscape Resources of Famous Debris Flow Landscape Mountains Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Cultural Layer Deep Fault Cultural Tourism Dehua Mount Shiniushan National Geopark, Cultural Tourism Earth Science Resources Fujian Cuprite Delta Curlstone Landscape Delta Facies Curtain or Drapery Landscape Denudation Landform Tourism Landscape Cyrtospirifer Depositional Break Dabashan National Geopark, Sichuan Depression Basins Dabieshan (Huanggang) National Geopark, Desembarco Del Granma National Park, Cuba Hubei Desert Climate Dachang Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulphide Desert Ecosystem Landscape (Sulphate) Deposit, Guangxi Desert Land Dadaituo Sinkhole Cluster Landscape in Desert Landscape Pingtang, Guizhou Desert Tourism Dadu River Canyon National Geopark, Sichuan Desert Varnish Dahua Qibainong National Geopark, Guangxi Desertification List of Topics xxi

Detian Waterfall Landscape in Guangxi Drainage Area; Catchment Basin; Watershed Development of Tourism Earth Science In China Driblet Cone Landscape Devils Tower landscape, Wyoming, U.S.A. Drift Scratch Landscape Devonian Period Drumlin Landscape Devonian Stratotype Section in Dale, Xiangzhou Drunkard Forest Landscape County, Guangxi Dry Karst Cave Landscape Dexing National Mining Park, Jiangxi Dry Karst Valley Landscape Diamond Dry Lake Dianchi Lake Landscape Du Shi Fang Yu Ji Yao (Summary of Historical Dilali Flower Geography Reading) Diluvial Facies Duanxi inkstone Dingcun Man Site Dujiang Weir Dinosaur Egg Fossil Dune Landscape Dinosaur Provincial Park, Canada Dunhuang Grottoes Dinosaur Track Fossil Dunhuang Stone Dinosaurs Dunhuang Yardang National Geopark, Gansu Diopside Durmitor National Park, Montenegro Dip Angle Dushan Jade Dip Direction Dushan Jade Deposit, Nanyang, Henan Disconformity Dust Storm Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves, Brazil Dust-Floating Weather Dish-Like Depression Landscape On Loess Dyke Distribution Map Of Geological Heritage And Dynamic Metamorphism Other Natural And Artificial Resources E’erguna National Mining Park, Inner Distribution of Natural Tourism Resources Mongolia Diverter, Capturing River Earth Archives: National Geopark Tour Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon Earth Science Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary, Senegal Earth Science of Scenic Sites Doftana National Park, Spain Earth’s Core Doline Landscape Earth’s Crust Dolomite Earth’s Mantle Dolomites, Italy Earth’s Sphere Tectonics Dome Granite Landscape (Low Mountain) – Earthquake Avalanche Landscape Luoning Type Earthquake Site of Submarine Villages Dome Landscape in Hainan Dome Structure Earthscape Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex, East Lake Landscape in Wuhan Thailand East Rennell, Vanuatu Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark, Vietnam Eastern Mountain Taishan Dongchuan National Mining Park, Yunnan Echinoderm Fossil Dongting Lake landscape Eclogite Dongying Yellow River Delta National Geopark, Ecotone Shandong Eco-City Dormant Volcano Eco-Environment Dorr Landscape Eco-Environmental Index; EI Dorset and East Devon Coast, United Kingdom Eco-Geographical Zone Drainage Ecological Environment xxii List of Topics

Ecological Environment Treatment Planning of Environmental Protection Law of the People’s National Mining Parks Republic of China Ecological Landscape Tourism Resources Environmental Quality Ecological Restoration Environmental Restoration Ecological Transition Zone Environmental Science Ecology Compensation Environmental Self-purification Economic Efficiency of Tourism Environmental Standard Economic Geography Environmental System Economic Region Environmentally Friendly Education Ecosystem Enyong Wang Ecosystem of Scenic Areas Eon and Eonothem Ecotourism Epeirogenesis; Epeirogenic Movement Ecotourism (Book) Epoch and Series Ediacaran Equatorial Tropical Rainforest Climate Efflorescence Landscape Era and Erathem E-guidance System Erhai Lake Landscape Eifel Maars Landscape, Germany Erkuang Zhang Eighth Group of National-Level Er-lianhaote Dinosaur National Geopark, Scenic Areas Inner Mongolia El Niño Erosion Basins Emeishan, Sichuan Erosion in Landscape Formation Emerald Erosional Valley Landscape En Echelon Fault Esker Landscape End Moraine Bar Landscape Estuarine Lake Landscape Endorheic River Estuary Enjoyable Stone Ethnogeography Enping Geothermal National Geopark, Etna Volcano Landscape Guangdong Eurasian Plate Enstatite European Geopark, Development History Entertaining Animal Tourism European Geoparks Network (EGN) Environmental Aesthetics Eustatic Movement Environmental Background Value Eutrophication Environmental Capacity Evaluation of Geological Heritage Environmental Carrying Capacity Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Aesthetic Environmental Climatology Value Environmental Degradation Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Conditions of Environmental Earth Science Protection Environmental Ecology Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Environmental Element Cultural Value Environmental Ethics Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Environmental Evolution Environmental Value Environmental Geography Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Science Environmental Geology Popularisation Value Environmental Governance Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Scientific Environmental Interpretation Value Environmental Objective Evaluation of Geological Heritage: Tourism Environmental Protection Development Value List of Topics xxiii

Evaluation of Scenic Area: Atmospheric Quality Fish Fossil Evaluation of Scenic Area: Soil Quality Fissure Eruption Evaluation of Scenic Area: Water Quality Fixed Dune Landscape Evening Rain in the Bashan Mountains (Three Flammule or Buddha Light Landscape Gorges of Yangtze River) Flood Basalt Event Stone Flora Everglades National Park, U.S.A. Flower Show Tourism Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Fluid Dune Landscape Exorheic River Fluidal Structure; Rhyolitic Structure Explosion Breccia Pipe Fluorine Water Explosion Breccias Fluorite Exterior River Fluorite Gem External River Fluvial Delta Tourism Landscape Extinct Volcano Fluvial Facies Extrusion of Viscous Lava Fluvial Landform Famous Mountains Fluvial Landforms Landscape Famous Springs in China Fluvioglacial Delta Landscape Fangshan Global Geopark, China Foehn Fangshan White Marble Fold Fault Fold Mountains Fault Plane Fold System Fault Scarp Foliation Fault Zone Folk Custom Fauna Footwall Feldspar Forest Bath Feldspar Gem Forest Coverage Rate Felsite Forest Ecosystem Landscape Feng Liu Forest Fawr Geopark, Wales, UK Fengcong or Conical Karst Landscape Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China Fenghuang National Geopark, Hunan Forest Park Fengkai National Geopark, Guangdong Forest Tourism Fenglin Landscape, Tower Karst Landscape, Peak Forest Tourism Landscape Forest Landscape Foshan Mount Xiqiaoshan National Geopark, Fengyang Mount Jiushan National Geopark, Guangdong Anhui Fossil Fengye Gobang State Park, Vietnam Fossil and Non-Fossil Fenhe-Weihe Graben Fossil Classification Fenhe-Weihe Rift Fossil Protection Rules Fenster Fossil River Course Fen-Wei Graben Fossil Stream Channel Fen-Wei Rift Fourth Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Fiamme Fragment Fracture Fiamme Pumice Fracture Zone Field Yellow Stone Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia Fifth Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Freezing Rain Fine-Grained Gneiss Freshwater Lake First Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Frigid Tundra Climate xxiv List of Topics

Frigid-Temperate Coniferous Forest Ecological Geoheritage Sites in Shanxi Province Landscape Geological and Mining Park of Sardinia, Italy Frost Action Geological Heritage Database Frozen Earth Geological Heritage Protection Plan Fuan Baiyunshan National Geology Park, Fujian Geological Heritage Protection Zone Frozen Ground Landscape Geological Heritage Register Fuding Mount Taimushan National Geopark, Geological Heritage Resource Type Fujian Geological Heritage Survey Fujian Yong’an National Geopark, Fujian Geological Landscape Fujiyama Volcano Landscape Geological Map of a Geopark Fulgurite Geological Structure Fumarole Landscape Geological Structure as Landscape Function of National Mining Parks Geological Tourism Landscape of Mineral Functional Zoning Map of a Geopark or Scenic Resources District Geological Tourism; Geotourism Funiushan Global Geopark, China Geology Fuping Natural Bridge National Geopark, Hebei Geomorphology Fushan Trachyte Caldera Landscape Geopark Fusong Geopark, Jilin Geopark Bergstrasse – Odenwald, Germany Fuxin Haizhou Open Cut National Mining Park, Geopark Guide Liaoning Geopark Harz Braunschweiger Land Ostfalen, Fuyun Cocoatuohai National Geopark, Xinjiang Germany Gaia Hypothesis Geopark Location and Traffic Map Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Geopark Management in China Galena Geopark Muskau Arch, Germany, Poland Gaolingcun Kaolin Deposit, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Geopark Personnel Training Garajonay National Park, Canary Islands, Spain Geopark Planning Garamba National Park, Congo Geopark Planning Map Garden Geology Geopark Science Guide Map Garnet Geopark Scientific Research Garnet Gem Geopark Study Gaseous Explosion Geopark Swabian Albs, Germany Gea Norvegica Geopark, Norway Geopark Website Gejiu Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulphide Deposit, Geopark, Aboriginal Reserve Areas Yunnan Geopark, Album Gem Geopark, Audio-Visual Theatre General Planning Map of a Geopark Geopark, Boundary Demarcation General Specification for Tourism Planning Geopark, Compilation of Basic Information Genetic Classification of Natural Tourism Geopark, Cultural and Ecological Research Resources Geopark, Cultural Landscape Zone Geo Mon Geopark, Wales Geopark, Demonstration System Geochronologic Unit Geopark, Ecological Protection Planning Geographic Information System Geopark, Ecological Zone Geographical Environment Geopark, Entrance Geography Geopark, Establishment of Information Systems Geohazard Tourism Landscape Geopark, Exchange of Scientific Research Results Geoheritage Database Geopark, Functional Areas List of Topics xxv

Geopark, Functions Germu Mount Kunlun National Geopark, Qinghai Geopark, Funding for Scientific Research Germu Saline Lake National Mining Park, Geopark, Geoheritage Protection Area Qinghai Geopark, Geoheritage Research Geyserite Landscape Geopark, Geotourism Area Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast, Northern Geopark, Information Centre Ireland Geopark, Information Network Giant’s Causeway Basalt Columnar Joint Geopark, Land Use Plan Landscape Geopark, Management Organisation Gigantoraptor Erlianensis Geopark, Management Research Glacial Boulder Landscape Geopark, Management Structure Glacial Crevasse Landscape Geopark, Management System Glacial Groove Landscape Geopark, Management System and Capacity Glacial Heritage Protection Building Programmes Glacial Lake Landscape Geopark, Monitoring System Glacial Lake Tourism Landscape Geopark, Museum Glacial Landform Geopark, Narration Glacial Landscape Tourism Resource System Geopark, Planning Documents Glacial Pavement Landscape, Abraded Bedrock Geopark, Planning Instructions Surface Landscape Geopark, Planning Maps Glacial Pothole Landscape Geopark, Popular Science Zone Glacial Remains Landscape Geopark, Practical Transformation of Scientific Glacial Spillway Landscape Research Glacial Striae Landscape Geopark, Principles of Scientific Research Glacial Table Landscape Geopark, Publication of Scientific Research Glacial U-Shaped Valley Landscape Results Glacial Varve Landscape Geopark, Route Planning Glacial Well Landscape Geopark, Scenery Glaciated Valley-in-Valley Landscape Geopark, Scenic Districts and Scenic Areas Glaciation in Landscape Formation Geopark, Scenic Sites Glacier Geopark, Science Interpretation System Glacier Debris Flow Landscape Geopark, Scientific Research Topics Glacier Tongue Landscape Geopark, Secondary Tablet (or Stele) Glacier-Dammed Lake Landscape Geopark, Service Facilities Glacio-Lacustrine Deposits Landscape Geopark, Social Regulations and Controls Glass Fragment Geopark, Special Planning Glassy Petrified Wood Geopark, Specific Reports Glazed Frost Landscape Geopark, Tablet (or Stele) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point Geopark, Tourism Plan (GSSP) Geopark, Tourist Safety Planning Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point Geopark, Tourist Service Area (GSSP) at Pengchong Village, Bei’an Geopark, Types Township, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Geoparks Research Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point Geosyncline (GSSP) at the Base of the Permian Leping Geotectonics Series on the South Bank of Penglai Beach, Geothermal Groundwater Tourism Resources Laibing County, Guangxi Geotourism Resources in China Global Change xxvi List of Topics

Global Geopark Expert Grass Soil Global Geopark, Application and Approval Gravel Global Geopark, Development History Gravel Desert Landscape Global Geopark, Evaluation Forms Gravity Geological Action in Landscape Global Geopark, Logo Formation Global Geopark, Revalidation Great Barrier Reef, Australia Global Geoparks in China Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A. Global Geoparks Network (GGN) Great Wall Global Plate Tectonics Great Wall Dislocation Relics Global Positioning System; GPS Greater Blue Mountains Area, Australia Global Warming Green GDP Gneiss Green National Account Gneissosity Greenhouse Effect Gobi Greenhouse Gas; GHG Gobi Landscape Greenish Blue Jade Golden Mountains of Altai, Russia Greenschist Goldstone Greenway Gondwana Grey Desert Soil Gondwanaland Grey-Brown Desert Soil Gondwana Rainforests, Australia Greywacke Gongchangling Iron Deposit in Anshan, Liaoning Gros Morne National Park, Canada Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Grotto Cappadocia, Turkey Ground Crack Landscape; Ground Fissure Gorge Landscape Landscape Gough and Inaccessible Islands, British Overseas Groundmass Territory Groundwater Tourism Landscape Graben Gu Ban Grand Canyon National Park, U.S.A Guangde Taijidong Geopark, Anhui Granite Guangwushan-Nuoshuihe National Geopark, Granite Bullion Sichuan Granite Canyon Guanling Biota Granite Cone Guanling Fossils National Geopark, Guizhou Granite Dyke Wall Guanshan National Geopark, Henan Granite Lattice Guide National Geopark, Qinghai Granite Mortar Guiping National Geopark, Guangxi Granite Moulding Stone Guizhousaurus Granite Mushroom Gulangyu Islet Landscape Granite Pillar Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Granite Ridge Scandola Reserve, Corsica Island, France Granite Shed Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia Granitic Gneiss Guotai Yan Granitization Gupushan-Type Marble Stone Forest Landscape Granitoid Landscape in Hezhou, Guangxi Granulite Gurbantunggut Desert Landscape Grape Agate Guzhang Red Stone Forest National Geopark, Grassland Hunan Grassland Ecological Landscape Gypsum List of Topics xxvii

Ha Long Bay, Vietnam Hinggan-Mongolian Orogenic Belt Hadean Eon Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, Peru Haikou Mount Shishan Volcano Cluster National Historical Geography Geopark, Hainan Historical Geology Hailuogou Modern Glacier Landscape Historical Maps of Consecutive Dynasties Hailuogou National Geopark, Sichuan Hogback Han Shu (Book of Han): Treatise on Geography Holiday Tour Hanging Valley Landscape Holiday Tourism Hanging Wall Holostratotype Hateg Country Dinosaur Geopark, Romania Homalocephale Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, U.S.A. Homo Erectus Lantianensis Site Hawaiian Type Volcano Homo Erectus Pekinensis Site or Peking Hawaiian Volcanoes Man Site Headland Landscape Homo Erectus Yuanmouensis Site Heard and McDonald Islands, France Honeycomb Granite and Tafoni Heart-Shaped Sand Bar Landscape Hong Kong Global Geopark, China Hegang National Mining Park, Heilongjiang Hong Kong National Geopark, Hong Kong Heihe Handaqi National Mining Park, Honghu Lake Landscape Heilongjiang Hongqiqu Linlushan National Geopark, Henan Heilu Soil Horizontal Bedding Helan Inkstone Horizontal Crustal Movement Heliotropic Stalactite Landscape Horizontal Zonality Heluo Stone Horn Peak Landscape Hematite Hornblende Henderson Island, British Overseas Territory Hornito Hereynian Movement Horst Heritage Tourism Hot Lake Landscape Heshan National Mining Park, Guangxi Hot Pool Landscape Hetao Man Site Hot River Landscape Hetian Jade (Hetian Jade, Khotan Jade) Hot Spring Hexigten Global Geopark, China Hot Spring Resort Tourism Hexigten National Geopark, Inner Mongolia Hot Spring Tourism Landscape Heyuanoceras or Heyuan Ammonite Hot Spring Tourism Resources Hezheng Fauna Hot Springs Resource Protection Hezheng Paleo-Organism Fossils National Hotan Jade Occurrence, Xin-Jiang Geopark, Gansu Huaibei National Mining Park, Anhui Hiatus Huainan Biota Hierapolis-Pamukkale, Turkey Huainan Datong National Mining Park, Anhui High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago, Sweden/ Huainan Mount Bagongshan National Geopark, Finland Anhui High Mountain and Frigid Karst Calcareous Pool Huairou Yuanjinmeng National Mining Park, Landscape Beijing High Mountain Karst Travertine Flow Landscape Huaiyang Shield High Swamp Landscape Huanghe Hukou Waterfall National Geopark Hill (Shanxi, Shaanxi) Hillock Moraine Landscape Huanglong National Geopark, Sichuan Himalayan Movement Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area xxviii List of Topics

Huangshan Geopark Granite Geology and Incentive Tourism Geomorphology Symposium Incised Meander Landscape Huangshan Global Geopark, China Indian Plate Huangshan National Geopark, Anhui Indosinian Movement Huangshan Stone Industry Tourism Huangshan, Anhui Injection Huangshi National Mining Park, Hubei Inkstone Huascarán National Park, Peru Ink-Slab Huguan Mount Taihangshan Gorge National Inland Lake Geopark, Shanxi Inner Mongolian Axis Huguangyan Maar Lake Landscape, Zhanjiang Insect Fossil Hukou Waterfall Landscape of the Yellow River Intangible Cultural Landscape Tourism Resource Human Geography System Human Living Environment Interlobate Moraine Bar Landscape Hupao Spring Landscape Interior River Hurricane Intermediate Rocks Hushan National Geopark, Jiangxi Intermittent Spring Landscape Hutiao Gorge Landscape Internal River Huzhu Mount Beishan National Geopark, Interpretative Panels and Boards, Upgrading Qinghai Interpretive Panel and Board at Scenic Sites Hydrogen Sulphide Spring Introduction to Geopark Planning Hypersthenite Introduction to Landscape Science Hypostratotype Introduction to Tourism Earth Science Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture Ibiza, Biodiversity Intrusive Body; Intrusion and Culture, Spain Intrusive Contact Ice Bar Intrusive Rocks Ice Cap Inverted River Ice Cascade Landscape Involution Landscape Ice Cavern Landscape Iodine Spring Ice Column Landscape Iodine Water Ice Cone Iron Spring Ice Mushroom Landscape Is-Chigualasto/Talampaya Natural Parks, Ice Sheet Argentina Ice Tower Forest Landscape Island Landscape Ice Wedge Landscape Island Tourism Landscape Iceland Spar Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of Ice-Scour Lake Landscape California, Mexico Ice-Scoured Lake Landscape Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) Ichkeul National Park, Tunisia Isotopic Age Ichnofossil Itoigawa Geopark, Japan Ichthyosauria; Ichthyosaurs (Ichthyosaurus) Jade Icicle Jadeite Igneous Rocks Jalai Nur Man Site Ignimbrite Jasper Iguazu National Park, Argentina Jasperite Ilulissat Icefjord, Greenland Jehol Biota Image Stone Jeju Island Geopark, Korea List of Topics xxix

Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes, Korea Jixi Hengshan National Mining Park, Jet Heilongjiang Jianghanichthys Jixian National Geopark, Tianjin Jianghe Coal National Mining Park, Sichuan Jixianian Period Jiangjunmiao Gobi Wood Fossils Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Canada Jiangning Tangshan Fangshan National Geopark, Joint Jiangsu Junggar Block Jiangyou National Geopark, Sichuan Juque Inkstone Jianjun Jiang Juramaia Sinensis Jianrong Xin Jurassic Period Jianzha Kanbula National Geopark, Qinghai Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Congo Jiaojia Gold Mine, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Kakadu National Park, Australia Jiaozuo Fengshan National Mining Park, Henan Kamchatka Volcanoes Landscape Jiayang National Mining Park, Sichuan Kame Landscape Jiayin Dinosaur National Geopark, Kame Terrace Landscape Heilongjiang Kanawinka Geopark, Australia Jiayin Wulaga National Mining Park, Kang Guo Heilongjiang Kangdian-Yunnan Axis Jicheng Yin Kaolinite Jigang Bao Karez Jigzhi Nyanboyeshizer National Geopark, Karez and Kanat Tourism Landscape Qinghai Karren (Solution Fissure, Lapies, Lapiaz) Jilin Baishan Slate National Mining Park, Jilin Landscape Jinbu Zhou Karst Cave or Cavern Landscape Jinchang Gold Ore National Mining Park, Gansu Karst Cave Tourism Landscape Jinchuan Copper-Nickel Mine Karst Collapse Landscape Jinding Lead-Zinc Deposit, Yunnan Karst Column Landscape Jinduicheng Molybdenum Deposit, Shaanxi Karst Foot Cave Landscape Jingbohu Global Geopark, China Karst Gorge Landscape Jingdezhen Gaoling National Mining Park, Karst Hanging Valley Landscape Jiangxi Karst Hills Landscape Jingkou Sinkhole Cluster Landscape, Wulong, Karst Ice Cave Landscape Chongqing Karst Isolated Peak Landscape Jingpohu National Geopark, Heilongjiang Karst Lake Landscape Jingtai Yellow River and Stone Forest National Karst Lake Tourism Landscape Geopark, Gansu Karst Landform Jingyu Volcano-Mineral Water National Geopark, Karst Landform and Landscape Resource Jilin Karst Landscape Tourism Resource Jinjiang Shenhuwan National Geopark, Fujian Karst Landscapes on Yongxing Island and Shidao Jinning Movement Island in the South China Sea Jiqing Huang Karst Lateral Cave Landscape Jiufujiang National Geopark, Hunan Karst Mixed Cave Landscape Jiuxiang Canyon and Cave National Geopark, Karst Natural Bridge Landscape Yunnan Karst Perforated Rock Landscape Jiuzhaigou National Geopark, Sichuan Karst Plain Landscape Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Karst Spring Landscape Area Karst Valley Landscape xxx List of Topics

Karst Waterfall Landscape Lakes of Ounianga, Chad Karst Window Landscape Lamprophyre Kastanozem Land Bridge Katla Geopark, Iceland Land Management Law of the People’s Republic Katmai Type of China Kaziranga National Park, India Land Planning Keketuohai No. 3 Pegmatite Deposit, Xinjiang Land Resources Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley, Land Type Kenya Land Use Keoladeo National Park, India Land Use Planning of Tourism Areas Kilimanjaro National Park, Tanzania Landerite Kilimanjaro Volcano Landscape Landforms Kimberlite Landmass Kinabalu Park, Malaysia Landscape Klippe Landscape Design Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/ Landscape Ecology Tatshenshini-Alsek, Canada and U.S.A. Landscape Element Knickpoint Landscape Engineering Komodo National Park, Indonesia Landscape Formed by Endogenic Geological Kuantzuling Hot Spring Landscape Processes Kuiyuan Tao Landscape Formed by Exogenic Geological Kunshan Stone Processes Kuo Shen Landscape Formed by Physical Geography Kuqa Canyon National Geopark, Xinjiang Landscape of Arch of Volcanic Rocks Kyanite; Cyanite Landscape of Overlapping Screen-Like Peaks of La Niña Volcanic Rocks Lacuna Landscape of Rain over the Lijiang River (Guilin) Lacustrine Facies Landscape of the Three Parallel Rivers Lagoon Landscape Landscape of Volcanic Rocks Lagoon Tourism Landscape Landscape Planning Lagoons of New Caledonia, France Landscape Science Laishui Yesanpo National Geopark, Hebei Landscape Tourism in Heilongjiang Province Laixi Guo Landscape Tourism Resource of a Geological Laiyang Cretaceous Geopark, Shandong Section Laiyuan Baishishan Mountain-Type (Tower Peak) Landscape Tourism Resources of Geological Stone Forest Landscape, Hebei Structures Laiyuan Baishishan National Geopark, Heibei Landscapes for Geotourism Lake Landscaping: Principles and Practices Lake Baikal, Russia Landslide Landscape Lake Basin Landslip Landscape Lake Cliff Landscape Langao Mount Nangongshan National Geopark, Lake Erosion Groove Landscape Shanxi Lake Facies Langkawi Geopark, Malaysia Lake Landscape Lantian Man Site Lake Landscape Tourism Resource System Lapilli Lake Malawi National Park, Malawi Lapis Lake Turkana National Parks, Kenya Laponian Area, Sweden List of Topics xxxi

Large-Scale Atmospheric Tourism Resource Lingwu National Geopark, Ningxia System Lingyun Xie Lateral Moraine Bar Landscape Linhai National Geopark, Zhejiang Latosol Linhai Rhyolitic Stone Column Landscape Latosolic Red Soil Linxi Dajing National Mining Park, Inner Laurasia Mongolia Laurisilva of Madeira, Portugal Linyi Guilaizhuang Gold Ore National Mining Lava Park, Shandong Lava Cascade Landscape Linyi Mengyin Diamond National Mining Park, Lava Flow and Lava Sheet Landscape Shandong Lava Flow Unit Lishan Hot Spring Landscape Lava Lake Landscape Lishi Loess Lava Plateau Landscape List of World Heritage in Danger Lava Pool Landscape Lithic Fragment Lava Spine Landscape Lithium Water Lava Stalactite Landscape Lithostratigraphic Unit Lava Tube Landscape Liujia Gorge Landscape of the Yellow River Lava Tunnel Liujiang Man Site Lazurite Liujiaxia Dinosaur National Geopark, Gansu Leefructus mirus Liupanshui Mount Wumengshan National Leiqiong Global Geopark, China Geopark, Guizhou Leisure Liuyang Mount Dawei Geopark, Hunan Lekolith Local Education and Science Activities Lena Pillars Nature Park, Russia Location Leopard Limestone Lochaber Geopark – Scotland, UK Levee Landscape Loess Leye Karst Sinkhole Cluster Landscape, Guangxi Loess Bridge and Arch Landscape Leye-Mount Fengshan Global Geopark, China Loess Cave Landscape Liancheng Mount Guanzhaishan National Loess Column Landscape Geopark, Fujian Loess Dissected Valley Landscape Liangshan National Geopark, Hunan Loess Fissure Landscape Liaoyuan National Mining Park, Jilin Loess Flat Landscape Libo Peak Cluster Landscape, Guizhou Loess Flat Ridge Landscape Light of Buddha Loess Funnel Landscape Light-Through Cavity Landscape Loess Gorge Landscape Lijiang Jade Dragon (Yulong) Snow Mountain Loess Gully Landscape and Glacier National Geopark, Yunnan Loess Hanging Valley Landscape Lily Pad Landscape Loess High Tableland Landscape Liman Coast Loess Landscape Limestone Loess Mao Landscape or Loess Round Hillock Lincheng National Geopark, Hebei Landscape Lineation Loess Plateau Landscape ‘Line-Like Sky’ of Granite Loess Plunge Cave Landscape Lingbi Stone Loess Sinkhole Landscape or Loess Collapse Lingchuan Wangmangling National Geopark, Hole Landscape Shanxi Loess Wall Landscape Lingqu Canal Longhushan Global Geopark, China xxxii List of Topics

Longitudinal Dune Landscape Magmatic Rocks Longitudinal Valley Suture of Eastern Taiwan Magnetite Longmen Grottoes Magnetostratigraphic Polarity Unit Longmenshan Nappe Structure Maijishan Grottoes Longmenshan Tectonic Geology National Malachite Geopark, Sichuan Malan Loess Longshan Culture (Black Pottery Culture) Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary, Columbia Lope-Okanda Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Mamenchisaurus hechuanensis Landscape, Gabon Mammal Fossil Lord Howe Island Group, Australia Mammoth Lorentz National Park, Indonesia Mammoth Cave National Park, U.S.A. Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Los Katíos National Park, Columbia Safari Areas, Zimbabwe Loud Sand Management of Nature Reserves of Canada Low Swamp Landscape Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, India Low-Velocity Zone Manchuria City Zhalainuoer National Mining Lower Triassic (Induan-Olenekian) Global Park, Inner Mongolia Boundary Stratotype Section and Point Mangrove Coast Landscape (GSSP) Southwest of Pingding Mountain, Mangrove Ecological Landscape Chaohu Lake, Anhui Man-Land Relationship Lufeng Dinosaur National Geopark, Yunnan Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park, Central Lufengosaurus huenei Africa Republic Luliang Movement Mantle Luliang-Type Multi-coloured Sand Forest Manú National Park, Peru Landscape Maoxun Chen Luochuan Loess National Geopark, Shaanxi Maqên Amne Machin Geopark, Qinghai Luoning Shenlingzhai National Geopark, Henan Marble Luoping Biota Geopark, Yunnan Marble Arch Caves and Cuilcagh Mountain Park, Lushan Global Geopark, China Northern Ireland and UK Lushan National Geopark, Jiangxi Marine Abrasion-Type Granite Landscape – Luxi Alu Geopark, Yunnan Pingtan Type Luzhai Xiangqiao National Geopark, Guangxi Marine Climate Lycoptera Marine Cut Terrace Landscape Maar Landscape Marine Deposition Terrace Landscape Maba Man Site Marine Depositional Landform Macquarie Island, Australia Marine Environmental Protection Law of the Macrosystem of Hydrosphere Tourism Resources People’s Republic of China Macrosystem of Lithosphere Tourism Resources Marine Erosion in Landscape Formation Macrosystem of Tourism Resources of the Marine Erosional Landform Landscape Biosphere Marine Facies Macrosystem of Tourism Resources of the Marine Geography Cultural Sphere Marine Glacier Madonie Natural Park, Italy Marine Regression Maestrazgo Cultural Park, Spain Marine Transgression Magma Marl Magma Fragment Marsh Landscape Magma Geopark, Norway Matrix List of Topics xxxiii

Meadow Mineral Hardness Meander Landscape Mineral Lustre Medial Moraine Bar Landscape Mineral Nomenclature Mediterranean Climate Mineral Phosphorescence Meijiang National Geopark, Hunan Mineral Piezoelectricity Meishucun Micro-shelled Fauna Mineral Properties Meizhou Wuhuabaishizhang National Mining Mineral Resources Law of the People’s Republic Park, Guangdong of China Members of the Global Geoparks Network Mineral Spring (GGN) Mineral Use Memorial Stone Mineral Water Mesolithic Age Mineralogy Meso-neoproterozoic Section in Jixian Mingyong Glacier Landscape Mesozoic Era Mingzhong Tian Mesozoic Volcano Mining Park Messel Pit Fossil Site, Germany Minle Manganese Deposit, Xiangtan, Hunan Metallic Mineral Mirage Metamorphic Rock Mirage Landscape Metamorphic Rock Classification Misty Rain Landscape Metamorphism Mixed Coniferous-Deciduous Forest Metasomatism Miyun Yunmengshan National Geopark, Meteora, Greece Beijing Meteorite Modern Glaciers Meteorite Crater Landscape Modern Tourism Geography Meteorite Tourism Moho Meteorological Tourism Resource Mollusc Fossils Meteorology Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico Mianzhu Qingping-Hanwang Geopark, Sichuan Monazite Miarolitic Structure Monsoon Climate Microcline Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland/Italy Micropalaeontology Moonmilk Stone Landscape Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Section (GSSP Moonstone ‘Golden Spike’) in Huangni-tang, Changshan, Moraine Fan Landscape Zhejiang (Darriwilian) Moraine Hills Mid-ocean Ridge Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica Migmatite Morphology of Minerals Migmatization Mosi-oa-Tuny/Victoria Falls, Zambia, Zimbabwe Miguasha National Park, Canada Mould Stone Mine Site Protection Moulin, Glacial Pothole Landscape Mineral Mount Arxan Volcano-Warm Spring National Mineral Brittleness Geopark, Inner Mongolia Mineral Classification Mount Athos, Greece Mineral Cleavage Mount Changbaishan Volcano National Geopark, Mineral Ductility Jilin Mineral Electrical Conductivity Mount Changshan Liedao Islands National Mineral Flexibility Geopark, Shandong Mineral Fracture Mount Chaya-shan National Geopark, Henan xxxiv List of Topics

Mount Dabieshan (Liu’an) National Geopark, National Academic Meeting of Tourism Earth Anhui Science Mount Dazhang Basalt Column Landscape National Geopark in China, Self-Guided Geotour Mount Feitianshan National Geopark, Hunan Book Mount Fengshan Karst National Geopark, National Geopark of China Guangxi National Geopark of China, Assessment Mount Huayingshan National Geopark, Sichuan Committee Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest, National Geopark of China, Logo Kenya National Geopark Planning and Technical Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, Ivory Coast Requirements and Guinea National Geopark, Comprehensive Study Report Mount Phoenix Geopark, Heilongjiang National Geopark, Declaration and Approval Mount Qiyun-shan National Geopark, Anhui National Geopark, Establishment and Opening Mount Siguniangshan National Geopark, Sichuan National Geopark, Supervision and Inspection Mount St. Helens Volcano Landscape System Mount Tianshan Tianchi National Geopark, National Geopark, Technical Requirements Xinjiang National Geoparks Network of China Mount Tianzhushan National Geopark, Anhui National Land and Resources Education Base (or Mount Wudangshan National Geopark, Hubei Centre) Mount Wutaishan National Geopark, Shanxi National Main Functional Area Plan Mount Xishan National Geopark in Taihu Lake, National Mining Park of China, Logo Suzhou, Jiangsu National Mining Parks of China Mount Yao Geopark, Henan National Park Mountain National Park Service, NPS Mountain Building National Park System, Argentina Mountain Glacier National Park System, Australia Mountain Tourism National Park System, Bolivia Mud Ball National Park System, Brazil Mud Crack National Park System, Canada Mud Volcano and Mud Spring Tourism National Park System, Chile Landscape National Park System, Columbia Mudflow Landscape National Park System, Costa Rica Mudstone; Argillite National Park System, Democratic Republic of Muroto Geopark, Japan Congo Muscovite National Park System, Finland Museum Tourism National Park System, France Mylonite National Park System, Gabon Nahanni National Park Reserve, Canada National Park System, Germany Nam Lake Landscape National Park System, India Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National National Park System, Indonesia Parks, India National Park System, Iran Nanhuaan Period National Park System, Israel Nanjing Liuhe National Geopark, Jiangsu National Park System, Italy Nanjing Volcanoes Landscape National Park System, Japan Nanyang Dushan Jade National Mining Park, National Park System, Kenya Henan National Park System, Mexico Narrow Gorge Landscape National Park System, New Zealand List of Topics xxxv

National Park System, Norway Niangziguan Spring Landscape National Park System, Peru Nidang-Type Stone Forest Landscape in Nidang, National Park System, Russia Guizhou National Park System, South Africa Nihewan Biota National Park System, South Korea Nihewan Quaternary Section in Zhangjiakou National Park System, Spain Ningaloo Coast, Australia National Park System, Sri Lanka Ningcheng National Geopark, Inner Mongolia National Park System, Sweden Ningde Global Geopark, China National Park System, Tanzania Ninghai Wushan Seashore Grotto National National Park System, Thailand Mining Park, Zhejiang National Park System, Turkey Ninghua Swan Karsts National Geopark, Fujian National Park System, U.S.A. Ningwu Ice Cave National Geopark, Shanxi National Park System, United Kingdom Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal National Park System, Venezuela Nitric Water National Popular Science Education Base (or Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia Centre) Nonmetallic Mineral National Scenic Area Noosphere National Water Resource Scenic Area Normal Fault National-Level Scenic Area North American Plate Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid North China Platform Region, Macedonia North Pennines AONB Geopark, UK Natural Barrier Landscape North West Highlands, Scotland, UK Natural Complex Northern Large Karst Spring Landscape Natural Landscape Northern Mountain Hengshan Natural Levee Landscape Novohrad-Nograd Geopark, Hungary, Slovakia Natural Pollution Oasis Landscape Natural Scenery Tourism Obsidian Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve, Ocean Park Russia Oceanic Landscape Natural Tourism Earth Science Resources Oceanic Trench Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen, Austria Oceanic Wave Nature Park Terra Vita, Germany Ogasawara Islands, Japan Nature Reserve Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Congo Nature Reserve Management Regulations Old Marine Basin Naturtejo Geopark, Portugal Olivine Needle-Leaf Forest Olympic National Park, U.S.A. Neixiang Baotianman National Geopark, Henan ‘One-Line Sky’ of Granite Nekton Oolitic Limestone Neogene Period Opal Neolith Open Space Neolithic Age Ophiolite Neotectonic Movement Ordos Geopark, Inner Mongolia Neptunism Ordos Platform New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands, New Ordovician Period Zealand Ore Mineral Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania Organic Reef Landscape Ngorongoro Crater Landscape Oriental Jasper xxxvi List of Topics

Origin of Life on Earth Parallel Unconformity Ornamental Stone Para-metamorphic Rocks Orogenesis Parasitic Volcano Landscape Orogenic Belt Parastratotype Orogenic Movement Parco del Beigua, Italy Orogeny Parco Nazionaledel Cilento e Vallo di Diano Orthoclase Geopark, Italy Ortho-metamorphic Rocks Park Naturel Regional du Luberon, France Otog Dinosaur Fauna and Footprints Parks Canada Outline of the China Eco-environmental Parkway Protection Peak Outwash Delta Landscape Peak Cluster Depression Karst Landscape Outwash Terrace Landscape, Fluvioglacial Peak Forest Plain Landscape Terrace Landscape Peak-Valley Granite Landscape (Alpine) – Overhanging Cliff Granite Landscape – Huashan Huangshan Type and Sanqingshan Type Type Pearl Overthrust Peat Soil Oxbow Lake Landscape Peat Swamp Landscape Oyster Reef Peatland Landscape Ozone Hole Pebble Pacific Plate Peculiar Plants Tourism Pahoehoe Pegmatite Painted Pottery Culture Peipiaosteus Palaeo-anthropological Fossil Pelean Type Palaeoanthropology Penghu Islands Landscape Palaeobionts Penghu Volcanic Cluster Landscape Palaeobotany Península Valdés, Argentina Palaeoclimate Peridotite Palaeoenvironment Periglacial Rock Pillar Landscape Palaeogene Period Period and System Palaeogene-Neogene Section in the Nanxiong Perlite Basin, Guangdong Permian Period Palaeogeography Permian-Triassic Boundary Section (GSSP Palaeolithic Age ‘Golden Spike’) in Changxing, Zhejiang Palaeontological and Fossil Man Tourism Permian-Triassic Boundary Section in Landscape Resource Dalongkou, Xinjiang Palaeontological Tourism Landscape Petrified Forest of Lesvos, Greece Palaeontology Petrified Wood Palaeosol or Palaeosoil Petrology Palaeozoic Era Phaeozem Palaeozoology Phanerozoic Eon Palm-Shape Stalagmite Landscape Phases of Tourism Planning Pangea Phenology Panzhihua Vanadic Titanomagnetite Deposit, Phlogopite Sichuan Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Hawaii and Fiji Papahanaumokuakea, Hawaii, U.S.A. Phonolite Papuk Geopark, Croatia Photographic Tourism List of Topics xxxvii

Phreatic Eruption Political Geography Phreatic Explosion Polje Karst Landscape Phreatomagmatic Eruption Popcorn Landscape Phyllite Popular Science Action Plan Phyllitic Foliation Porphyrite Physical Geographic Process Porphyroclastic Lava Physical Geography Porphyry Physical Regionalization Pothole Landscape Physical Weathering Poyang Lake Landscape Picture Stone Precambrian Piedmont Pre-phanerozoic Eon Pillow Lava Landscape Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, Pinggu Huangsongyu National Geopark, Beijing Germany Pinghe Lingtongshan Geopark, Fujian Principle for Regional Tourism Planning Pingjiang Shiniuzhai Geopark, Hunan Principles of Geotourism Pingliang Mount Kongtongshan National Principles of Tourism Earth Science Geopark, Gansu Principles of Tourism Planning Pingnan Baishuiyang National Geopark, Fujian Printed Popular Science Publications Pingo Landscape Proceedings of the First International Symposium Pingshun Tianjishan Geopark, Shanxi on Granite Geology and Geomorphology Pingtang National Geopark, Guizhou Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pingxiang Anyuan National Mining Park, Jiangxi Geopark Development Pirate River Prograde Metamorphism Pirin National Park, Bulgaria Project Planning of Scenic Areas Pitons Management Area, Saint Lucia Proluvial Facies Plain Proluvial Fan Landscape Plain of Accumulation Promontory Landscape Plan of National Mining Park Protection Laws and Regulations: Geological Planation (Graded) Surface Landscape Tourism Resources Planation in Landscape Formation Protection of Geoheritage Plankton Protection of Tourism Resources Planning Map of Geological Heritage Protection Proterozoic Eon Planning Map of Land Utilisation of Geopark Provincial (Autonomous Region) Geopark Plant Community Provincial Park System, Canada Plant Fossils Provincial Tourism Earth Science Research Plate Suture Organisations Plate Tectonic Hypothesis Provincial-Level Scenic Area Plateau Psiloritis Natural Park, Greece Platform Psittacosaurus Plinian Type Pterosauria or Pterosaur Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia Pubei Wuhuangshan Geopark, Guangxi Plum Rain Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Plutonism Park, The Philippines Polar and Sub-polar Continental Glacier Tourism Pulsating Spring Landscape Landscape Pumice Polar Glacier Purnululu National Park, Australia Polar Light Landscape Purog Kangri Ice Field Landscape xxxviii List of Topics

Putaoxiang Peak Forest Plain Landscape, Quartz Sandstone Yangshuo County Quartzite Putorana Plateau, Russia Quaternary Geology Pyramidal Dune Landscape Quaternary Period Pyrenees – Mont Perdu, France and Spain Radium Water Pyrite Radon Spring Pyroclastic Flow Unit Radon Water Pyroclastic Rocks Raft-Crystal Cone Landscape Pyroclastics; Tephra Rafting Tourism Pyrolusite Raindrop Imprints Pyrophyllite Deposit, Qingtian, Zhejiang Rain-Flower Pebble Pyroxene Rainforests of the Atsinanana, Madagascar Qaidam Block Rare Animals and Plants Qeshm Geopark, Iran Realgar Qian Zhang Recreation Qian’an-Type Mud Forest Landscape Recrystallization Qianan Mud Forest National Geopark, Jilin Red Earth Qianan-Qianxi Geopark, Hebei Red Soil Qiandongnan Miaoling National Geopark, Red Tourism Guizhou Red-Silk Inkstone Qianjiang Xiaonanhai National Geopark, Redwood National and State Park, U.S.A. Chongqing Reed Flute Cave Landscape, Guilin Qiantang River Spring Tide Reference Section Qianxi Jinchangyu National Mining Park, Hebei Regional Chronostratigraphic Scale Qijiang Wood Fossil-Dinosaur National Geopark, Regional Development Chongqing Regional Diversity of Tourism Resources Qilian Orogenic Belt Regional Economic Geography Qimen Guniujiang National Geopark, Anhui Regional Environment Qingbaikouan Period Regional Geography Qingchuan Earthquake Remains Geopark, Regional Geology Sichuan Regional Geomorphological Factors of Qinghai Lake Geopark, Qinghai Landscape Formation Qinghai Lake Landscape Regional Metamorphism Qinglian Wang Regional Physical Geography Qingtian Stone Regional Structure of China Qingzhou National Geopark, Shandong Regional Tectonic Structures Qin-Huangdao Liujiang National Geopark, Hebei Regional Tourism Planning Qinling Axis Regionalisation of Natural Tourism Resources Qinling Global Geopark, China Regulatory Plan of a Tourism Area Qitai Silicified Wood-Dinosaur National Regulus Stone Geopark, Xinjiang Relative Age Qomolangma Ammonite Relative Height Qualitative Evaluation of Landscape Tourism Religious Geography Resource Religious Tourism Quanzhou Leigongling National Mining Park, Remains Fossil Guangxi Remnant Snow on the Broken Bridge (Hangzhou) Quartz Remnants of a Glacial Abrasion Landscape List of Topics xxxix

Remote Sensing Image Rock Avalanche Landscape Remote Sensing Satellite Images of Geopark Rock Block Field Landscape Renqiu Huabei Oilfield National Mining Park, Rock Cave-Type Granite Landscape – Fu’an Type Hebei Rock Crystal Representative Type of Karst Stone Forest Rock Cycle Landscapes in China Rock Fragment Reptiles Rock Glacier Landscape Research on Basic Theory and Development of Rock Islands Southern Lagoon, Palau Karst Tourism Resources Rock Landform Tourism Landscape Research on Karst Landform in Fangshan, China Rock Painting Research on Regional Tourism Development Rock Spine Landscape Research on the Tourism Development Strategy Rockfall Landscape in Western China Rock-Forming Mineral Reserve Géologique de Haute Provence, France Rocky Coast Resources of Tourism Earth Science Rocky Desert Landscape Resurgent Caldera Landscape Rokua Geopark, Finland Retrograde Metamorphism Ropy Lava Landscape Reunion Island’s Peaks, Cirques and Cliffs, Rose Quartz France Rosy Cloud Landscape Reverse Fault Round Peak and Long Ridge-Type Granite Reversed River Landscape – Hengshan Type Rhodonite Ruby Rhyolite Ruins of Ancient Quarries of Volcanic Rocks Rhyolite Landform Landscape of the Ruins of Pompeii City Yandangshan Rule of Territorial Differentiation Rhyolitic Rock Rural Geography Rhyolitic Structure Rural Landscape Ridge Rural Tourism Riegel Landscape Rutile Rift Lake Ruyang Dinosaur Geopark, Henan Rift Valley Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda Rime Landscape Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal Rimstone Dam Landscape Sai Kung Rhyolitic Rock Columns Landscape, Rimstone Landscape Hong Kong Ring Reef Landscape Saline Lake Rio Abiseo National Park, Peru Saline Lake Landscape Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras Salonga National Park, Congo Ripple Mark Salt Desert Landscape River Island Salt Marsh Landscape River Island Landscape San’in Kaigan Geopark, Japan River or Stream Terrace Landscape Sand River Trail Lake Tourism Landscape Sand Bar Landscape Riverbed Sand Bar Landscape, Shoal Landscape Rocca Di Cerere Geopark, Italy Sand Desert Roche Moutonnee Landscape, Saracen Stone Sand Desert Landscape Landscape Sand Landscape Rock Sand Spit Landscape xl List of Topics

Sand-Blowing Selenium Spring Sandstone Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania Sandstone Honeycomb Cave Group Landscape Semi-fixed Dune Landscape Sandstone Multi-coloured Dome Landscape Sequence Stratigraphic Unit Sandstorm Serengeti National Park, Tanzania Sangay National Park, Ecuador Serpentine Sangha Trinational Site Serpentinite Sanidine Settlement Geography Sanjiang Source Stone Seventh Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Sanqingshan Global Geopark, China Seventy-Two Happy Places Sanqingshan National Geopark, Jiangxi Shale Sapphire Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) Saryarka-Steppe and Lakes, Northern Kazakhstan Shanghang Zijinshan National Mining Park, Satellite Remote Sensing Fujian Sauropterygia or Sauropterygians Shangnan Jinsixia National Geopark, Shaanx Savanna Ecological Landscape Shanshui City Scale of a Geopark Planning Map Shantungosaurus giganteus Scapolite Shape of Minerals Scenic Area Shanwang Biota Scenic Area Regulations Shanwang National Geopark, Shandong Scenic Byway Shaoguan Furongshan National Mining Park, Schist Guangdong Schistosity Shape Stone Schlieren Shark Bay, Western Australia, Australia Science of Tourism Resources Shehong Silicified Wood National Geopark, Scientific Explanation Plan Sichuan Scientific Exploration Tourism Shell Beach Ridge Landscape Scratch Shengming Wu Screen-Like Granite Peak Shennongjia National Geopark, Hubei Sea Arch Landscape Shenzhen Dapeng Peninsula National Geopark, Sea Cave Landscape Guangdong Sea Chasm Landscape Shenzhen Fenghuangshan National Mining Park, Sea Level Rise Guangdong Sea of Clouds Shenzhen Pengqian National Mining Park, Sea Stack Landscape Guangdong Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis Shetland Geopark Seal Stone Shexian Inkstone Sea-Land Breeze Shidu National Geopark, Beijing Seashore Shield Seaside Shield Volcano Landscape Second Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Shihua Cave National Geopark, Beijing Sectoral Economic Geography Shilin Global Geopark, China Sedimentary Facies Shilin National Geopark, Yunnan Sedimentary Rocks Shilin-Type Stone Forest Landscape in Shilin Sedimentary Structure County, Yunnan Sedimentary Texture Shilongite Seismite Shingle Beach Ridge Landscape List of Topics xli

Shirakami-Sanchi, Japan Sinoceras Shiretoko, Japan Sino-Korean Block Shishan Volcanic Cluster Landscape, Haikou Sinosauropteryx Shizhuyuan Tungsten (Tin, Bismuth and Sinter Landscape Molybdenum) Deposit, Chenzhou, Hunan Sinter Tourism Landscape Shizuishan National Mining Park, Ningxia Sir Charles Lyell, Baronet Shock Metamorphism Sister Geopark Shopping Tourism Site Plan of a Tourism Area Shoushan National Mining Park, Fujian Sixth Group of National-Level Scenic Shoushan Stone Areas Shoushan Stone Deposit, Fujian Skiing Tourism Shouyun National Mining Park, Beijing Škocjan Caves, Croatia Shui Jing Zhu (Commentary on the Water Classic) Slate Sial Slaty Cleavage Sian Ka’an, Mexico Smoky Quartz Sichuan Geological Survey Route Series Snow Disasters Sichuan Wolong Giant Panda Sanctuaries, Snowline Sichuan Snowstorm Side Groove Landscape Snowy Landscape Sierozem Sobrarbe Geopark, Spain Sierra Norte di Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain Socotra Archipelago, Somalia Sightseeing Soda Straw Landscape Siguang Li Soil and Water Loss Siliceous Sinter Soil Classification Silicified Wood or Petrified Wood Soil Fall Landscape Silk Road Soil Geography Sill Soil Lime Sillimanite Soil Pollution Silt Soil Science Siltstone Solonchak Silurian Boundary Section in Ziyang, Ankang, Solution Cap Landscape Shaanxi Solution Marks Silurian Period Songliao Block Silurian System in the Three Gorges Areas of Songshan Global Geopark, China Hubei Songshan National Geopark, Henan Sima South American Plate Simangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa South China Block Simien National Park, Ethiopia South China Karst, China Sinan Wujiang Karst National Geopark, Guizhou South China Orogenic Belt Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka Southern Mountain Hengshan Sinian Period Space Tourism Sinian System in the Three Gorges Area of Space Tourism System Shaanxi East Special Animal Community Tourism Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Section at Special Tourism Planning Meishucun, Jinning, Yunnan Specialisation of Cultural Landscape Sinkhole, Ponor, Shakehole, Doline Karst Species Landscape Specific Science Activities for Youngsters xlii List of Topics

Specifications for Surveys of Tourism Resources Strombolian Type in China Strontium Water Speleothem Structural Basin Sphalerite Structural Geology Spinel Structural Grain Spinel Gem Structural Kinematics Spring Landscape Tourism Resources Study on Stone Forest Karst Landscapes in China Spring Tourism Landscape Study on Tourism Resources Landscape Srebarna Nature Reserve, Bulgaria Stylolite St Kilda, United Kingdom Subage and Substage Stalactite-Stalagmite Subbeticas Geopark, Spain Stalagmite Landscape Submarine Landscape Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Subterranean Stream Cave Landscape (Geochronologic) Scale Subtropical Desert Climate State Park Systems, U.S.A. Subtropical Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Statues Carved on Cliffs Ecological Landscape Staurolite Subtropical High Stegodon huanghoensis Subtropical Monsoon Climate Steppe Subvolcanic Rocks Stibnite Suichang Gold Mine National Mining Park, Stock Zhejiang Stone Age Suiyang Shuanghedong Cave National Geopark, Stone Egg Granite Landscape – Gulangyu Type Guizhou Stone Forest Landscape, Shilin Landscape Sulphate Spring Stone Gate Landscape of Volcanic Rocks Sulphur Flower Landscape Stone Ring Landscape Summer (Winter) Geology Camps for Youngsters Stone River Landscape Sundarbans National Park, India Stone Waterfall Landscape Sunstone Stonehammer Geopark, Canada Surge Tuff Stonehenge Granite Landscape – Hexigten Surtsey Island, Iceland Banner Type Surtsey Type Strait Landscape Sustainable Development Stratification Suture Zone Stratigraphic Classification Swamp Stratigraphic Correlation Swamp Ecological Landscape Stratigraphic Gap Swamp Facies Stratigraphic Tourism Landscape Swamp Landscape Stratigraphic Unit Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Switzerland Stratigraphy Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, Switzerland Stratigraphy and Rocks as Landscape Syenite Stratotype Symposium on the Construction of Geoparks and Stratum the Protection of Geoheritage in Western China Stria Syncline Striated Pebble Landscape Synclinorium Striation Synform Strike Synthetic Mineral Stromatolite Taï National Park, Ivory Coast List of Topics xliii

Tai’an-Type Stone Forest, Xingwen, Sichuan Tenglong Cave Landscape in Lichuan, Hubei Taihang Mountains Carbonate Gorge-Group Tentative List of National Natural and Cultural Landscape (Mixed) Heritage in China Taihu Lake Landscape Tentative List of National Natural Heritages in Taihu Stone China Tailuge Gorge Landscape, Taiwan Tentative List of World Heritages Taining Global Geopark, China Terrestrial Facies Taishan Global Geopark, China Terrestrial Hydrological and Marine Factors of Taishan Stone Landscape Formation Taishan National Park, Shangdong, China Terrestrial Hydrology Taishan, China Tethys Taiwan Orogenic Belt Text Stone Taiwan Special Landscape (North Taiwan) Texture Stone Taiwan Special Landscape (South Taiwan) The 30th International Geological Congress Field Taiyuan Loess Landscape Trip Guide Taiyuan Xishan National Mining Park, Shanxi The Carnic Alps Global Geopark, Austria and Taklimakan Desert Landscape Italy Takyr Landscape The Chinese Academy of Tourism Earth Science Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La and Geopark Research, Geological Society of Amistad National Park, Costa Rica, Panama China Tancheng-Lujiang Fault The English Riviera Geopark, UK Tangible Cultural Landscape Tourism Resource The Pantanal Conservation Area, Brazil System The Sundarbans, Bangladesh Tangshan Kailuan Coal National Mining Park, The Travelogue of Xiake Xu Hebei Theme Park Tanlu Fault Theory and Practice of Protection and Tanzanite Development of Natural Heritage Site: A Case Taohe Ink Slab Study of Mount Yuntai Global Geopark, China Tarbosaurus or Tarbosaurs Theory and Practice of Tourism Earth Science: Tarim Block Earth Science Proceedings and Papers Tasmanian Wilderness, Australia Thermal Contact Metamorphism Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria Thermal Pollution Te Wahipounamu South West, New Zealand Thermal Spring Tectonic Landform Tourism Landscape Third Group of National-Level Scenic Areas Tectonic Rift Lake Landscape Three Gorges of Yangtze River National Geopark Tectonic Unit (Hubei, Chongqing) Tectonic Valley Landscape Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, Tectonics China Teide National Park, Canary Islands, Spain Thrust Fault Temperate Desert Climate Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries, Temperate Marine Climate Thailand Temperate Monsoon Tianchi (Heavenly Lake) Landscape, Changbai Temperate Steppe Mountains Ten Big Caves Tiankeng Landscape or Ceiling Pit Landscape Tengchong Hot Spring landscape Tianmen Mountain and Tianmen Cave Landscape Tengchong Volcanic Cluster Landscape, Yunnan in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Tengchong Volcano National Geopark, Yunnan Tianshan Orogenic Belt xliv List of Topics

Tianshui Mount Maijishan National Geopark, Tourism Earth Science Research and Tourism Gansu Resources Development Tianzhushan Global Geopark, China Tourism Earth Science Resource System Tibetan Dzi Beads Tourism Ecological Planning Tidal Bank Landscape Tourism Ecology Tidal Bore of the Qiantang River Tourism Economics Tidal Spring Landscape Tourism Environmental Protection Planning Tide Tourism Experience Tide Tourism Landscape Tourism Facilities Tikal National Park, Guatemala Tourism Geographical Environment Time Difference Tourism Geography Time Lag Tourism Geography (Book) Time Zone Tourism Geography in China Tombolo; Attached Island/Land-Tied Island Tourism Geological Environment Tongariro National Park, New Zealand Tourism Geology Tongchang Copper Mine, Dexing City Tourism Geology (Book) Tongling Tongguanshan National Mining Park, Tourism Landscape of Endogenic Geological Anhui Processes Tonglushan Copper-Iron Mine, Daye County Tourism Landscape of Exogenic Geological Topaz Processes Topographic Rain Tourism Market Toponomy Tourism Market Positioning Tornado Tourism Market Survey Torrential Ravine Tourism Landscape Tourism Marketing Tour System Planning of National Mining Parks Tourism Marketing Planning Tourism Tourism Mediator Tourism Aesthetics Tourism Motivation Tourism and Climate Tourism Object Tourism Anthropology Tourism of Natural Scenery Tourism Channel Tourism Planning Tourism City Tourism Planning Studies Tourism Commodities Tourism Products Tourism Community Tourism Project Tourism Decision-Making Tourism Project Planning Tourism Demand Tourism Region Tourism Demand Forecasting Model Tourism Resource for Escaping Heat Tourism Design Tourism Resource for Visitors Escaping Tourism Destination Marketing the Cold Tourism Development Strategy Tourism Resource for Visitors Looking for Clean Tourism Earth Science Air Tourism Earth Science and a New Dimension on Tourism Resource for Visitors Looking for Forest Tourism Development Clean Air Environments Tourism Earth Science Commodities Tourism Resource for Visitors Looking for Tourism Earth Science Industry Sunshine Resources Tourism Earth Science of Huangshan Tourism Resource Studies Tourism Earth Science of Mount Emei Tourism Resource System of Geological Tourism Earth Science Organisation Landscapes List of Topics xlv

Tourism Resource System of Geomorphological Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, Landscape Indonesia Tourism Resource System of Marine Landscape Tropical Savanna Climate Tourism Resource System of Plant Landscapes Tropical Storm Tourism Resource System of River Landscape Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve, Tourism Resources Madagascar Tourism Resources Development Planning Tubbataha Reef Marine Park, The Philippines Tourism Resources in Qinghai Province Tuff Tourism Resources Study Tuff Cone Tourism Route Planning Tuff Ring Landscape Tourism Science Tundra Tourism Service Facilities Planning Tundra Ecosystem Landscape Tourism Service Science Turpan Huoyanshan Geopark, Xinjiang Tourism Sociology Turquoise Tourism Subject Tuscan Mining Park, Italy Tourist Destination Type Geological Section Tourist Guide Type Section Tourist Hotel Types of Tourism Planning Tourist Map Types of Volcanoes Tourist Safety Research Typhoon Tourist Source Area Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia Tourmaline Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park, South Africa Tower Peak Granite Landscape (Low Mountain): Ultrabasic Rocks Chayashan Type Ultra-High-Pressure Metamorphism Tower-Shaped Granite Peak Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia Toya Caldera and Usu Volcano Geopark, Umbrella Effect Japan Unconformity Trace Fossil Underground River Cave Landscape Trace Fossil or Ichnofossil Underground River Tourism Landscape Trachyte Underwater ‘Dragon Eye’ Tourism Landscape Transition Swamp Landscape Underwater Eruption Transport Hub Unified Mountain and Basin-Building Transport Interchange Mechanism Transverse Dune Landscape Uniformitarianism Travel Agency United Nations Convention to Combat Travel Collection of Chuankang Chen Desertification (UNCCD) Travel Guide of Beijing Landscapes Unzen Volcanic Area Geopark, Japan Travertine Upper Cave Man Site Tremolite Upper Ordovician Hirnantian Global Stratotype Triangular Fault Facets Section and Point (GSSP) ‘Golden Spike’ at Triassic Period Wangjiawan, Yichang, Hubei Trilobite Fossil Urban Ecosystems Trinomial Nomenclature Urban Geography Tropical Monsoon Climate Urban Tourism Tropical Monsoon Forest Ecological Landscape Urho-Type Wind-Eroded ‘Castle’ Landscape Tropical Rainforest Uvala, Karst Depression Landscape Tropical Rainforest Ecological Landscape Uvs Nuur Basin, Mongolia/Russia xlvi List of Topics

Vacation Climate Resources Volcanic Neck Landscape Vacation Tour Volcanic Rock Gorge Landscape Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve, Seychelles Volcanic Rocks Valley Landscape Volcanic Scoria Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes Landscape Volcanic Scoria Cone Landscape Valley-in-Valley Landscape Volcanic Sharp Peak Landscape Variscan Movement Volcano Vegetation Volcano Holy Landscape, Mount Ngauruhoe Vertical Cave Karst Landscape Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Vertical Crustal Movement Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Russia Vertical Zonality Volcano-Tectonic Depression Landscape Vesicular Structure Vredefort Dome, South Africa Vesuvius Volcano Landscape V-Shaped Valley Landscape Viewing Stone Vulcanian Type Vikos-Aoos Geopark, Greece Vulkaneifel Geopark, Germany Villuercas Ibores Jara Geopark, Spain W National Park, Niger Virgin Komi Forests, Russian Federation Wadden Sea, Netherlands and Germany Virunga National Park, Congo Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley), Egypt Visibility Wadi Rum Protected Area, Jordan Vitric Fragment Wafangdian Diamond Deposit, Liaoning Volcanic Agglomerate Walter Penck Volcanic Ash; Ash Wanchuan River Landscape, Hainan Volcanic Belt Wangwushan National Geopark, Henan Volcanic Bomb Wangwushan-Daimeishan Global Geopark, Volcanic Breccia China Volcanic Cluster Wanshan Mercury Mine, Tongren, Guizhou Volcanic Collapse Cave Landscape Wanshan Mercury National Mining Park, Volcanic Debris Flow Landscape Guizhou Volcanic Dome Landscape Wansheng National Geopark, Chongqing Volcanic Dust Warm Current Volcanic Earthquake Warm Swamp Landscape Volcanic Edifice Water Drop Quartz Volcanic Effusion Water Law of the People’s Republic of China Volcanic Eruptions Water Pollution Volcanic Explosion Water Quality Volcanic Facies Water Source Protection Volcanic Geothermal Energy Water Stone Volcanic Hazard Water System Volcanic Hot Spring Landscape in the Changbai Waterfall Mountains Waterfall Tourism Landscape Volcanic Lake Landscape Watershed Volcanic Landscape Waterton Glacier International Peace Park, Volcanic Lava Cave Tourism Landscape Canada and the U.S.A. Volcanic Mineral Spring Water-Well Tourism Landscape Volcanic Mud Wave-Built Platform Landscape Volcanic Mud Treatment Wave-Cut Cliff Landscape Volcanic Mudflow Landscape Wavy Flow Mark Landscape List of Topics xlvii

Wavy Lava Landscape World Natural and Cultural Heritage as A Mixed Weathering in Landscape Formation Property Weihai Jinzhou National Mining Park, Shandong World Natural Heritage Weihan Yin Wormkalk Weishan Lake Landscape Wu’an National Geopark, Hebei Weizhou Island Volcano Landscape Wu’an Xishimen Iron National Mining Park, Welded Tuff Hebei Wenchuan Earthquake Relics Landscape Wucheng Loess Weng’an Biota Wudalianchi (Five Connected Lakes) Volcanic Wenling Changyudongtian National Mining Park, Cluster Landscape Zhejiang Wudalianchi Global Geopark, China Wensu Yanqiu Geopark, Xinjiang Wudalianchi National Geopark, Heilongjiang West Lake Landscape in Hangzhou Wufeng Caifuxi-Type Stone Forest Landscape, West Norwegian Fjords-Geirangerfjord, Norway Hubei Western Caucasus, Russia Wufeng Geopark, Hubei Western Ghats, India Wugongshan National Geopark, Jiangxi Western Mountain Huashan Wulingyuan Scenic Area Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia Wulong Karst National Geopark, Chongqing Wetland Wulongshan National Geopark, Hunan Wetland Ecological Landscape Wuyishan, Fujian Wetland Park Xenolith Wetland Tourism Landscape Xi Guo Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino, Mexico Xi’an Ground Crack Whaleback Landscape Xiake Xu White Jade Xian’an-Type Stone Forest Landscape, Baoting, White Stone Hainan Wild Plant Protection Regulations Xiangyang Phosphate Ore Deposit, Hubei Wildlife Habitat Xianning Mount Jiugong-Hot Spring Geopark, Wildlife Nature Reserve Tourism Hubei Wildlife Protection Law of the People’s Republic Xiao Fan of China Xiaoqinling National Geopark, Henan Wildlife Tourism Xiaoshanba Bauxite Deposit, Xiuwen, Guizhou Willandra Lakes Region, Australia Xiaotangshan Hot Spring Landscape in Beijing William Morris Davis Xiaozhai Tiankeng Landscape, Fengjie, Wind Erosion – Type Granite Landscape – Chongqing Guaishigou Type Xihuashan Tungsten Mine, Dayu Wind-Abraded Geological Action in Landscape Xiji Hu-Oshizhai National Geopark, Ningxia Formation Xikuangshan Antimony Deposit, Hunan Wind-Erosion Lake Landscape Xin Wang Wind-Erosion Lake Tourism Landscape Xinchang Petrified Wood National Geopark, Window Zhejiang Wolframite Xindong Man Site Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada Xingkaihu Lake National Geopark, Heilongjiang World Cultural Heritage Xinglong National Geopark, Hebei World Heritage Xingtai Earthquake Relics Landscape World Heritage Convention Xingtai Valley Group Geopark, Hebei World Heritage List Xingwen Global Geopark, China xlviii List of Topics

Xingwen Shihai National Geopark, Sichuan Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Xingyi National Geopark, Guizhou Yeshan National Mining Park, Nanjing, Jiangsu Xinxiang Fenghuangshan National Mining Park, Yichun Granite Stone Forest National Geopark, Henan Heilongjiang Xinyang Jingangtai National Geopark, Henan Yigong National Geopark, Tibet Xiu Pei Yimengshan National Geopark, Shandong Xiuyan Jade Yingcheng National Mining Park, Hubei Xixia Dinosaur Eggs Yingde Stone Xixia Funiushan National Geopark, Henan Yingyu Yang Xuan Zang Yixing potter’s Clay Deposit, Jiangsu Xueyu Cave Landscape in Fengdu, Chongqing Yiyuan Mount Lu Geopark, Shandong Xujiayao Man Site Yizhou Shilin Geopark, Guangxi Xun Zhao Yonghe Yellow River Geopark, Shanxi Xuyi Xiangshan National Mining Park, Jiangsu Yongjing Dinosaur Footprints Yakushima, Japan Yosemite National Park, U.S.A. Yanchuan Yellow River Shequ National Geopark, Youyang Geopark, Sichuan Shaanxi Yu Gong (The Tribute of Emperor Yu) Yandangshan Global Geopark, China Yu Gong Area Map (Map of Nine Provinces of Yandangshan National Geopark, Zhejiang Tribute of Emperor Yu) Yangbajing Geothermal Spring Landscape Yuanmou Man Site Yangbajing National Geopark, Tibet Yuanmou-Type Soil Forest Landscape Yangchun Lingxiaoyan National Geopark, Yuhua Stone Guangdong Yulong-Liming-Laojunshan National Geopark, Yangjia Fluorite Deposit, Wuyi, Zhejiang Yunnan Yangshan National Geopark, Guangdong Yuncheng Salt Lake Halite-Sodium Sulphate Yangshao Culture Deposit, Shanxi Yangtze Block Yungang Grottoes Yangtze Platform Yunju Stone Sutras Yanqing Silicified Wood National Geopark, Yuntaishan Global Geopark, China Beijing Yuntaishan National Geopark, Henan Yanshanian Movement Yunting Lu Yaoru Lu Yunxian Dinosaur Eggs Yaozhou Zhaojin Danxia Geopark, Shanxi Yunxian Dinosaur National Geopark, Hubei Yardang Landform Yunyang Longgang National Geopark, Yardang Landscape Chongqing Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon Landscape Zabuye Lithium-Magnesium-Borate Deposit, Yashan Geopark, Anhui Tibet Yeliu-Type Landscape Zaozhuangshan Xiong’ershan National Geopark, Yellow Brown Soil Shandong Yellow Earth Zesheng Yin Yellow Jade Zhada Soil Forest National Geopark, Tibet Yellow River Sanmen Gorge Landscape Zhangjiajie Global Geopark, China Yellow River Stone Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest National Yellow Soil Geopark, China Yellow Wax Stone Zhangjiajie-Type Landscape Yellow-Brown Earth Zhangshiyan Landform Yellowstone Caldera Landscape Zhangshiyan-Type Landscape List of Topics xlix

Zhangye Danxia Geopark, Gansu Zhenzhi Yang Zhangzhou Littoral Volcano National Geopark, Zhijindong Cave National Geopark, Guizhou Fujian Zhiyu Man Site Zhangzhou Volcano Landscape, Zhangzhou Zhongping Fu Zhanhuang Zhangshiyan National Geopark, Zhucheng Dinosaur National Geopark, Hebei Shangdong Zhanjiang Huguangyan National Geopark, Zigong Dinosaur National Geopark, Sichuan Guangdong Zigong Global Geopark, China Zhaomian Chen Zigong Triassic Brine Deposit, Sichuan Zhaozhuang Zhongxin Coal National Mining Zircon Park, Shandong Zircon Gem Zhashui Karst Cave Geopark, Shanxi Zirkustal, Firn Basin; Icehouse Landscape Zhenghe Fozishan Geopark, Fujian Ziyuan National Geopark, Guangxi Zhengzhou Yellow River National Geopark, Zoisite Henan Zongyangshan Fushan National Geopark, Anhui Zhenxi Gao Zoning Map of Geoparks Zhenyang Wu (Young Ng) Zoo Tourism About the Editors

Professor Anze Chen is a research scholar at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. He specializes in petrology since the 1960s with early publications such as “Micro-structure of Igneous Rocks” and “Structure of Kimberlite.” In 1985, he set up the Tourism Earth Science Research Associ- ation of China and began promoting tourism earth science as a new academic discipline. His major publications in the past decade include “The Principles of Tourism Earth Science,”“Research on the Karst Landscape of China,”“Gran- ite of Huangshan in China,”“China’s Geomorphological Landscape,”“The Dictionary of Tourism Earth Science,” and the latest English version of The Principles of Geotourism. Professor Chen is the initiator of the concepts of geotourism and geopark in China. He submitted a detailed proposal in 1985 to the State Council on the establishment of geoparks in China and has made significant contribution to China’s national geopark development in the past two decades. He is currently a member of the National Geopark Assessment Board of the Ministry of Land and Resources. His major works in recent years involve the establishment of tourism earth science as an independent academic discipline in both Chinese and overseas universities.

li lii About the Editors

Dr. Young Ng is a geoscientist at Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark and advisor of several other UNESCO global geoparks in China. He is a pioneer in geotourism, geological heritage conservation and geoparks in the Asia Pacific region and has been awarded various medals for his contributions in geological heritage conservation including the Hong Kong Government’s Medal of Honor in 2012. He is the original proposer and advocator of the Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark and the founder of its Recommended Geopark Guides (R2G) System. Dr Ng is experienced in training, planning, nomination, assessment, and revalidation of national and global geoparks and world heritage sites since 2006. He co-authored The Principles of Geotourism in 2015, the first English version of the Chinese geotourism book extensively used as a textbook in universities in China. His research interests are in geotourism, geological heritage conservation, geoparks, and sustainable development. He is currently a member of the advisory committee of the National Geotourism Strategy Reference Group of Australian Geoscience Council, assisting the formulation of geotourism strategy and policies for Australia. He is also a member of the Geotourism Standing Committee of the Geological Society of Australia and a founding member of the Geotourism Forum of Ecotourism Australia. About the Editors liii

Professor Erkuang Zhang is the deputy secretary and deputy chair of the Tourism Earth Science and Geopark Research Sub-Committee of the Geolog- ical Society of China. He has played a significant role in the establishment and development of the sub-committee since 1985. He is also a contributor to chapter three entitled “Basic Formation Conditions of Natural Tourism Resources” of the book The Principles of Geotourism. Professor Zhang had led the research and survey team in the compilation of the 1:2,000,000 map of “Distribution of tourism earth science resources in China.” His other important publications include “Discussion on the Distribution Pattern, Development and Utilisation of Tourism Earth Science Resources in China,”“Characteris- tics and Development of the Tourism Earth Science Resources of Hebei Province, China,”“Tourism Resource of Danxia Landform in Yanshan Region,”“Tourism Resource of Ancient Underground Warfare Tunnels Along the Song Liao Border,” and “Historical Wonder of Underground Great Wall.”

Professor Mingzhong Tian is a professor and a Ph.D. research supervisor of the School of Geosciences and Resources of the China University of Geosciences (Beijing). He is an awardee of the Special Allowance of the State Council and a member of the Assessment Board of National Geoparks. His research interests are in quaternary ecological environment and geology, geological heritage value assessment and planning. He has been working on liv About the Editors many projects at national, provincial, and local levels under the Ministry of National Science and Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources, and different local governments in the areas of geological heritage survey, assess- ment, planning, nomination, establishment, and setting guidelines for Chinese national geoparks.