Dictionary of Geotourism Anze Chen • Young Ng • Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian Editors Dictionary of Geotourism With 635 Figures and 12 Tables Editors Anze Chen Young Ng Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences The Geological Society of Australia Beijing, China Sydney, NSW, Australia Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian The Geological Society of China China University of Geosciences Beijing, China Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-13-2537-3 ISBN 978-981-13-2538-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-13-2539-7 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0 Jointly published with Science Press, Beijing, China ISBN: 978-7-03-058981-1 Science Press, Beijing, China © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for gecneral use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword 1 Nature inspires. Since time immemorial, nature has been a powerful source of inspiration to all human societies, irrespective of culture, religions, or civili- zation. Even the most mundane of us would be awestruck by the stunningly picturesque rocks of Huangshan in our country, the grandeur of the Alps in Europe, and the mystic volcanoes of Gunung Sewu in Indonesia. Nature’s flora and fauna are fascinating and beautiful, but without the unique, primordial landforms that host them, we self-absorbed Homo sapiens would perhaps be less impressed and humbled. Perhaps this is why geoscience and geotourism matter to academia in both natural and social sciences as well as they do to governments, businesses, and people who make a living in the fast-growing global tourism industry. I am highly impressed with the tireless dedication that Professor Anze Chen and his team have given to promoting geotourism through academic researches, teaching, as well as publishing. It is indeed an honor for me in presenting this new book Dictionary of Geotourism, which is an invaluable gift to students, followers, and simply all those interested to explore the wonders of nature and get to know what geotourism could bring to us and our community. I for one can say that I am among the advocates and practitioners of geotourism in my home city of Hong Kong in my previous and current positions in Government. Blessed with a highly unique volcanic landscape of hexagonal columns lined up in tens of thousands along the cliff walls of a stunning Pacific Ocean facing coasting line, Hong Kong has joined the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network since 2009 and is still holding this global status at the moment. Hong Kong is a strong testimony that our geopark, especially one that is situated within a stone’s throw from our bustling metropolitan city, has proven to be a rediscovered treasure that never fails to excite millions of visitors both local and abroad. v vi Foreword 1 My appreciation and admiration go to Professor Chen’s decades of dedica- tion and efforts in promoting tourism and earth science in China. I see this publication not just a masterpiece of Professor Chen’s contribution to the professional field he proudly represents, but also a useful tool that helps to better equip practitioners of geotourism in their pursuit of interest and excel- lence. I congratulate his great work. Secretary for Commerce and Edward Yau Tang-wah, GBS, JP Economic Development The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 16 July, 2019 Foreword 2 How wonderful it is to have a book dedicated to explaining the many aspects of Geotourism. While the term is relatively young, the concept of travelling to see landscapes for recreation and enjoyment has been around for a long time. The Chinese have characterized this as “Tourism Earth-Science,” and the China Tourism Earth-Science Research Association, founded in 1987, published A Grand Tourism Earth Science Dictionary in Chinese. This is a legacy of the pioneering work of the preeminent Chinese geologist, researcher, and educator, Professor Anze Chen, who brought together the fields of geography and geology with a view to finding the intersection of the two with tourism research. Much later, those interested in tourism and geology in the West sought to define and characterize “geo-tourism.” In Europe, the first published definition of geotourism as geology-based tourism was made by Thomas Hose. He defined it as the provision of interpretive and service facilities to enable tourists to acquire knowledge and understanding of the geology and geomorphology of a site including its contribution to the development of the Earth sciences. Further refinements were made by Hose. Inherent in these definitions was that geotourism is a vehicle to foster geoconservation, understand geological heritage (geoheritage), and appreciate geological diversity (geodiversity). Taken together, the notion is that geotourism as a form of tourism is underpinned by the concept of sustainability. In the early 2000s, the geoparks movement adopted this approach and reflected geotourism as being essentially “Geological Tourism.” In the USA, the National Geographic characterized geotourism as “Geo- graphical Tourism.” The Australian pioneers Professors Ross Dowling and David Newsome initially defined geotourism as being “geological tourism” but in recent years they have widened their definition by adding some of the National Geographic’s “geographical” elements into their definition. Today geotourism is being universally accepted as a combination of all of the approaches above and is being viewed as both a form of tourism as well as an approach to it, but one that firmly ties itself first to the geologic nature of an area’s “sense of place.” Such tourism development generates benefits for conservation (especially geoconservation), appreciation (through geoheritage interpretation), and the economy. While the definition has been debated and refined, there has been no stopping the interest and growth in geotourism around the world. The rapid vii viii Foreword 2 growth of the geoparks movement, and subsequent adoption of it by UNESCO, is reflected in the establishment of 147 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 41 countries in 2019. In addition, there are hundreds of more “national” level geoparks and as many “aspiring” geoparks in a movement which is taking the world by storm. Whereas geoparks are viewed as the “vehicle” for sustainable regional development, geotourism is the “engine” powering this phenomenal growth. Therefore, this book represents the engine “manual” with which to understand the subject. This dictionary is an essential repository of knowledge which defines and characterizes the many facets of geotourism. It will be a major source of knowledge for all those working in geology and tourism around the world. The dictionary defines and characterizes the large number of important terms which are used within geotourism. These include geodiversity, geoconservation, geotrails, geosites, geoparks, mining parks, world heritage, etc. The book is central to the understanding of the subject and will be sure to be used as a marquee reference by the growing number of geotourism aca- demics, researchers, practitioners, and professionals around the world. I recommend it wholeheartedly. Honorary Professor of Tourism Ross K. Rowling Edith Cowan University Austria Co-Editor, Handbook of Geotourism Founder, Global Geotourism Conferences Geotourism Advisor, UNESCO Global Geoparks Preface Geotourism can be defined as tourism which focuses on an area’s geology and landscape as the basis for providing visitor engagement, learning, and enjoy- ment. This form of tourism has been addressed academically as “Tourism Earth Science” in China. In Chinese, Dixue (地学) is a combination of “land” or “Earth” (Di) and “study” (Xue), which refers to earth study or earth science study. It is one of the six major basic sciences including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. Tourism Earth Science has turned out to be a newly emerging branch of science, falling under the category of earth science. The new discipline was first established by the first author of this dictionary in the 1980s in China by applying the theories and methods of earth science to serve the tourism industry. Tourism Earth Science has contributed greatly to advance the development of China’s tourism industry in a healthy and sustainable