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Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government. -
Caesar's Legion: the Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion
CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. flast.qxd 12/5/01 4:49 PM Page xiv ffirs.qxd 12/5/01 4:47 PM Page i CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 2002 by Stephen Dando-Collins. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authoriza- tion through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, email: [email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-09570-2. -
Journals of a Landscape Painter in Albania, &C
W M'f-ff sA* JOURNALS OT \ LANDSCAPE PAINTER IN ALBANIA. &c BY EDWARD LEAR A A \ w LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY. $u&Its!)ct fu ©rtjfnavo to %]n fHajesttr. 01 • I don: Printci clnilze and Co., 13, Poland Street. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MAP To face YENinjK VODHEXA MO.V A STIR A KM Rill II A TYRANA KROIA sk<5dra DURAZZO BERAT KHIMARA AVLONA TEPELKNT ARGHYROKASTRO IOANNIXA NICOPOLIS ART A SULI PARGA METEOR A TKMPE INTRODUCTION. The following Notes were written during two journeys through part of Turkey in Europe:—the first, from Saloniki in a north-western direction through ancient Macedonia, to Illyrian Albania, and by the western coast through Epirus to the northern boundary of modern Greece at the Gulf of Arta : —the second, in Epirus and Thessaly. Since the days of Gibbon, who wrote of Albania, — "a country within sight of Italy less known than the interior of America,"— much has been done for the topography of these and those who wish for a clear regions ; insight into their ancient and modern defini- tions, are referred to the authors who, in the present century, have so admirably investigated and so admirably illustrated the subject. For neither the ability of the writer of these B 1 2 l\ I R0D1 i 1 1 of journals, nor their -cope, permil an) attempt to follow in track of those on his pari the learned travellers: enough if he may avail himself of their Labours by quotation where such aid is necessary throughout his memo- randa <»!' an artist's mere tour of search among the riches of far-away Landscape. -
Bibliotheca Archaeologica 29
2 Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia a cura di Giuliano Volpe 29 hadrianopolis II. Risultati delle indagini archeologiche 2005-2010 • ISBN 978-88-7228-683-8- © 2012 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Comitato scientifico internazionale Darío Bernal-Casasola (Universidad de Cádiz), Jean-Pierre Brun (Collège de France, Paris), Michel Gras (CNRS), Daniele Manacorda (Università di Roma 3), Clementina Panella (Università di Roma Sapienza), Grazia Semeraro (Università del Salento), Salvatore Settis (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), Nicola Terrenato (University of Michigan), Giuliano Volpe (Università di Foggia) La collana è dotata di un sistema di peer review. In copertina: Hadrianopolis, L’area urbana da Nord. Sul retro: Coppa corinzia da Hadrianopolis. hadrianopolis II. Risultati delle indagini archeologiche 2005-2010 • ISBN 978-88-7228-683-8- © 2012 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it HadrIanopoLIS II Risultati delle indagini archeologiche 2005-2010 a cura di Roberto Perna e Dhimiter çondi Coordinamento e cura editoriale di Sofia Cingolani Bari 2012 hadrianopolis II. Risultati delle indagini archeologiche 2005-2010 • ISBN 978-88-7228-683-8- © 2012 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Volume realizzato dall’Università di Macerata nell’ambito del progetto REBED (fondi PT Regione Marche) Regione Marche Regione Gjirokastër Università di Camerino Università di Gjirokastër IMK Tirana IMK Gjirokastër Provincia di Ascoli Piceno Provincia di Macerata Comune di Urbisaglia Associazione Sistema Museale della Provincia di Macerata Legambiente Marche Associazione Arena Sferisterio Associazione Horizont Le attività della Missione Archeologica italiana ad Hadrianopolis e nella valle del Drino, in collaborazione con l’Istituto archeologico di Tirana, sono sostenute dal Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica Italiana, Direzione Generale per la Promozione e la Cooperazione Culturale. -
CAESAR's STRATEGY in the CIVIL WAR by FREDERICK WILLIAM
CAESAR'S STRATEGY IN THE CIVIL WAR by FREDERICK WILLIAM CADMAF B.A., University of British Columbia, 1949 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of CLASSICS We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1957 ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to determine Caesar's strategy in the Civil War of Rome, 49 B, C. to 45 B. C. The Civil War with all its political intrigues has received less attention than the Gallic War but it is in many mays more interesting. Roman is pitted against Roman with an empire as the prize for the victor. Caesar is struggling for his life against forces in Italy and other parts of Europe who do not wish to see Rome ruled by a Dictator. The Civil War rings the death knell of the Republic and heralds the birth of the Empire. The basic works for this study are the three books of the Civil War (De Bello Civili) written by Caesar himself, the Alexandrine War (De Bello Alexandrino), the African War (De Bello Afrioo) and the Spanish War (De Bello Hispanienal), all of doubtful origin but nevertheless im• portant and of great value to the student of military strategy. I have referred often to the Letters of Cicero, which reveal much information about the military scene at the time of Caesar's march through Italy. Cicero's work is the only contemporary account of Caesar's activities available to the scholar, but I have supplemented this by a study of later historians of Rome. -
Atlas of Ancient & Classical Geography
mm '> Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/atlasofancientclOO EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE ATLAS OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY this is no. 451 of ere'Rjr&izdstis LIB%tA CRjT. THE PUBLISHERS WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES ARRANGED UNDER THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS! TRAVEL ^ SCIENCE ^ FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ^ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS ^ ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ' ROMANCE THE ORDINARY EDITION IS BOUND IN CLOTH WITH GILT DESIGN AND COLOURED TOP. THERE IS ALSO A LIBRARY EDITION IN REINFORCED CLOTH J. M. DENT & SONS LTD. ALDINE HOUSE, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 E. P. DUTTON & CO. INC. 286-302 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK ATLAS OF>S ANCIENT Jg & CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY (EVERY LONDON &.TORONTO PUBLISHED BYJ M DENT &SONS DP &.IN NEWYORK BY E P DUTTON & CO First Issue of this Edition . 1907 Reprinted .... 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1914, i9*7> 1921, 1925, 1928 1 3"537& Or 1033 A8 All rights reserved PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN INTRODUCTION Dr. Butler's atlas, which for a time filled the place in the series taken by this volume, has only been laid aside in response to a demand for better maps, clearer in detail. The new maps are designed to lighten the search for the place-names and the landmarks they contain by a freer spacing and lettering of the towns, fortresses, harbours, rivers and so forth, likely to be needed by readers of the classical writers and the histories of Greece and Rome. -
Pharsalia (Aka "The Civil War") by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
Pharsalia (aka "The Civil War") by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) A.D. 39 - A.D. 65 BOOK I THE CROSSING OF THE RUBICON Wars worse than civil on Emathian (1) plains, And crime let loose we sing; how Rome's high race Plunged in her vitals her victorious sword; Armies akin embattled, with the force Of all the shaken earth bent on the fray; And burst asunder, to the common guilt, A kingdom's compact; eagle with eagle met, Standard to standard, spear opposed to spear. Whence, citizens, this rage, this boundless lust To sate barbarians with the blood of Rome? Did not the shade of Crassus, wandering still, (2) Cry for his vengeance? Could ye not have spoiled, To deck your trophies, haughty Babylon? Why wage campaigns that send no laurels home? What lands, what oceans might have been the prize Of all the blood thus shed in civil strife! Where Titan rises, where night hides the stars, 'Neath southern noons all quivering with heat, Or where keen frost that never yields to spring In icy fetters binds the Scythian main: Long since barbarians by the Eastern sea And far Araxes' stream, and those who know (If any such there be) the birth of Nile Had felt our yoke. Then, Rome, upon thyself With all the world beneath thee, if thou must, Wage this nefarious war, but not till then. Now view the houses with half-ruined walls Throughout Italian cities; stone from stone Has slipped and lies at length; within the home No guard is found, and in the ancient streets so Scarce seen the passer by. -
Antropónimos, Topónimos Y Gentilicio Copia.Pdf
ANTROPÓNIMOS MÁS FRECUENTES ! Cesarianos -- Acilius, legado ⁃ C. Antonius, hermano de Marco Antonio, apresado por Pompeyo. ⁃ M. Antonius, integrante del segundo triunvirato, pariente de César por parte de madre. ⁃ Decimus Iunius Brutus, legado de César, hijo adoptivo y uno de sus asesinos. ⁃ Caius Sextus Caesar, pariente de César ⁃ Calidius, gobernador en la Galia ⁃ Calvisius Sabinus, legado de César ⁃ Caninius Rebilus, lugarteniente de César ⁃ Canuleius, legado de César ⁃ Cassius L. Longinus, legado de César ⁃ A. Clodius, amigo de César ⁃ Cornelius Balbus, primer hispano que se convirtió en senador; gaditano, amigo de César. ⁃ Crastinus, centurión ⁃ Curio, tribuno de la plebe, amigo de César ⁃ Domitius, legado de César ⁃ Fabius, legado de César ⁃ Marcius Rufus, cuestor de Curio ⁃ Plancus, oficial del ejército ⁃ Plotius, oficial del ejército ⁃ Pomponius, jefe de escuadra ⁃ Roscius, legado ⁃ Rufus, orador partidario de César ⁃ Saxa, hispano amigo de César, tribuno y después gobernador en Siria ⁃ Scaeva, centurión ⁃ Statio Murco, legado ⁃ Sulpicius, mandatario de la flota ⁃ Sylla (P. Cornelius), sobrino del dictador y legado de César ⁃ Tillium, legado de César ⁃ Trebonius, legado de César ⁃ Tuticanus Gallus, galo al servicio de César ⁃ Valerius, legado de César ⁃ Volcatius Tullus, oficial de César ⁃ Volusenus, prefecto de la caballería ! Pompeyanos: -- R. Acutius, personaje importante del bando pompeyano ⁃ Afranius, legado de Pompeyo en Hispania ⁃ P. Attius V. general que huyó de Auximo a África ⁃ Caecilius, centurión de Afranio ⁃ L. Caesar (“adulescens”, “filius”), hijo de un legado de César en la Galia. ⁃ C. Longinus, mandatario de una parte de la flota. _ Coponio, mandatario de una parte de la flota – Deiotarus, rey de los gálatas, aliado de Pompeyo ⁃ Domitius, Aenobarbus, cónsul, enemigo de César ⁃ Egus, jefe galo, antes aliado de César ⁃ Favonius, oficial del ejército ⁃ Hegesaretos, jefe tesalio, partidario de Pompeyo ⁃ L. -
Caesar's Crossing of the Adriatic Countered by a Winter Blockade
The Mariner's Mirror The International Quarterly Journal of The Society for Nautical Research ISSN: 0025-3359 (Print) 2049-680X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rmir20 Caesar’s Crossing of the Adriatic Countered by a Winter Blockade During the Roman Civil War Ian Longhurst To cite this article: Ian Longhurst (2016) Caesar’s Crossing of the Adriatic Countered by a Winter Blockade During the Roman Civil War, The Mariner's Mirror, 102:2, 132-152, DOI: 10.1080/00253359.2015.1054681 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2015.1054681 Published online: 04 May 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 7 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rmir20 Download by: [90.112.38.60] Date: 11 May 2016, At: 08:08 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2015.1054681 © The Society for Nautical Research The Mariner’s Mirror 102:2 (May 2016), 132–152 Caesar’s Crossing of the Adriatic Countered by a Winter Blockade During the Roman Civil War Ian Longhurst During the Roman Civil War that broke out in 49 bc between Julius Caesar and Pompey naval operations played a critical role. In order to confront Pompey’s army quickly in the Balkans, a major amphibious crossing of the Adriatic was undertaken by Caesar’s army. The text of Caesar’s Civil War and other sources, including Lucan’s epic poem Pharsalia, pose problems for understanding the campaign. -
Caesar's Civil War
■ A m ir. C o l e r A f t e r GOl b b C. JULII CAESARIS DE BELLO CIVILI. Ca b s a e ’S Ci v i l W a r . EDITED FOIl TIIE USE OF SCHOOLS, WITH REFERENCES TO THE LATIN GRAMMARS OF GILDERSLEEYE, ALLEN AND GREENOUGH, AND HARKNESS. BY B. PERRIN, Ph.D., PROFESSOR o r GREEK IX Al)ELBEUT (FORMERLY WESTERN RESERVE) COLLEGE. NEW YORK AND NEW OKLEANS: UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1902, C o p y r i g h t , 1882, By UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York C\ PA(o o* 6c k - In compliance with current copyright law, U.C. Library Bindery produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1992 DEDICATION. TO THE CLASS OF ’83, OF THE HARTFORD HIGH SCHOOL, WITH WHOM HE FIRST READ THE CIVIL WAR, AND TO WHOSE NEEDS MANY OF THE PRESENT NOTES WERE ORIGINALLY ADAPTED, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THE EDITOR. M684072 PKEFACE. In preparing the notes for this school edition of Caesar’s Civil War, the freest use has been made of all available helps, especially the editions of Dobe.renz and Kraner-Hofmann, and the commentaries of Goler. Appendix I contains brief biographies of the principal persons men tioned in the history. Appendix II contains a condensed and connected account of the constitution and working of the Roman government in Caesar’s time, prepared specially for this edition by Mr. -
Rrënjët, Janar 2011
∑ ∑ er scoprire le radici e zbuloshe rrenjet dell’albero gene- e trungut gjinetik P alogico bisogna T patjeter duhet te essere muniti di conoscenza jesh i paisur me dituri e ku- e coraggio, cose che a noi rajo, te cilat ne shqiptareve albanesi non mancano. nuk na mungojne. «Le stelle non si vergogna- «Yjet nuk e kane per turp te no di sembrare lucciole, ma duken si xixellonja,por dhe anche le lucciole si onorano xixellonjat e kane per nder di sembrare stelle». te duken si yjet». ∑ ∑ Anno 9 Distribuzione gratuita in: . Anno 8 Mensile di attualità e cultura italo-albanese . DistribuzioneAlbania, gratuita Australia, in: Numero 1 . Mensile di attualità e cultura italo-albanese . Belgio,Albania, Canada, Australia,Germania, . numero 2 Direttore editoriale: Hasan Aliaj Belgio,Grecia, Canada, Francia, Germania, Italia, Aprile 2011 Direttore editoriale: Hasan Aliaj Grecia,Stati Francia, Uniti e SvizeraItalia, . Giugno 2010 Stati Uniti e Svizzera Kombi nuk mundGiorgio Castriota të shitet Gjergj dhe Kastrioti të blihetGjergj me Kastrioti para itën e martë në, në Muzeun Historik Scanderbeg Skenderbeu tin shqiptar,Scanderbeg dhe do të mundin të keqinterpretojnë Kombëtar, Shoqata Atdhetare Kultur- ligjet themeltare dhe kushtetutën e Repuplikës së Dore “Labëria” nën siglën “Kombi nuk di Rembrandt i Rembrendit Shqipërisë.by Ftesa Rembrandt për debat është ftesë për një proçes mund të shitet dhe të blihet me para”, orga- transparent dhe të hapur, jo vetëm për çështjen e nizoi tryezën e rrumbullakët me mbështetjen l nostro “Scanderbeg” di Rembrandt van Rijn esi- nga Fotaq Andrea France kombësisëur Scanderbegnë Shqipëri, painted por edhe by thepër prominent çështjen mëpaint të- e 73 shoqatave të tjera kombëtare e lokale, ste.