■ A m ir. C o l e r A f t e r GOl b b C. JULII CAESARIS DE BELLO CIVILI. Ca b s a e ’S Ci v i l W a r . EDITED FOIl TIIE USE OF SCHOOLS, WITH REFERENCES TO THE LATIN GRAMMARS OF GILDERSLEEYE, ALLEN AND GREENOUGH, AND HARKNESS. BY B. PERRIN, Ph.D., PROFESSOR o r GREEK IX Al)ELBEUT (FORMERLY WESTERN RESERVE) COLLEGE. NEW YORK AND NEW OKLEANS: UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1902, C o p y r i g h t , 1882, By UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York C\ PA(o o* 6c k - In compliance with current copyright law, U.C. Library Bindery produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1992 DEDICATION. TO THE CLASS OF ’83, OF THE HARTFORD HIGH SCHOOL, WITH WHOM HE FIRST READ THE CIVIL WAR, AND TO WHOSE NEEDS MANY OF THE PRESENT NOTES WERE ORIGINALLY ADAPTED, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THE EDITOR. M684072 PKEFACE. In preparing the notes for this school edition of Caesar’s Civil War, the freest use has been made of all available helps, especially the editions of Dobe.renz and Kraner-Hofmann, and the commentaries of Goler. Appendix I contains brief biographies of the principal persons men­ tioned in the history. Appendix II contains a condensed and connected account of the constitution and working of the Roman government in Caesar’s time, prepared specially for this edition by Mr. T. D. Goodell, of tht? Hartford High School, following the authority of Lange. Appendix III contains a brief summary of Caesar’s military organization, in the preparation of which Dittenberger, Riistow and Goler have been most ser­ viceable. These appendices are designed to make good, so far as possible within narrow limits, a lack of the larger and expensive classical diction­ aries on the part of many students of Caesar who do not look forward to a full course in Latin, and to serve as an outline-guide to further reading for those who do. Appendix IV, finally, contains all important variations in the text of the present edition from that of Nipperdey (Ed. minor, Lips., 1881). besides many corrections and suggestions from former colleagues in the Hartford High School, and from other friends, the Editor is under special obligation to Mr. T. D. Goodell, for cordial assistance in every part of the work. Very valuable criticism has also been received from Professor B. L. Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University, to whom proofs of the book have been submitted. B. P e r r in . H u d s o n , Ohio, May, 1882. INTRODUCTION. (T r a n s l a t e d f r e e l y f r o m D o b e r e n z .) 1 Gaius Julius Caesar was born in July of the year 100 B.C. During his youth therefore occurred the civil war between Marius and Sulla, that bitter struggle between the aristocrats and the peo­ ple, between the rich and the poor, which ended with the conquest ■of the latter, and the tyranny of Sulla. This conflict and its issue must have made a great impression upon such a gifted youth as Caesar, whose many talents had been most carefully trained and developed, and who was led by the high position of his family (his father was Praetor) to take a close interest in ijolitical affairs. He craved honor and renown, influence and power. Sulla’s example showed him that the republic had come into such a condition that it was easy for a bold and resolute man, provided he could secure the support of a strong party, to put himself at the head of the govern­ ment. Sulla had done this with the aid of the aristocrats; Caesar put himself on the side of the people, and reached his ends by a con­ flict with the Senate and aristocratic party. This policfy was no doubt largely due to his relationship to Sulla’s great antagonist Marius, who was his uncle, and who had introduced -him to public life. His persecutions also at the hands of Sulla naturally drove him into die opposite party. In 83 Caesar married the daughter of Cinna, a supporter of Marius. Sulla ordered him to break the marriage. Caesar refused to do it, and* lost by his refusal the office of priest to Jupiter, which Marius had caused to be given him in 87, the dowry of his wife, and his own property. He fled the city, and wandered about the Sabine mountains in a vain attempt to escape the spies of Sulla. He was finally captured, and obliged to ransom himself with a large sum of money. At last Sulla pardoned him, but said to those who had begged him off, “ There is more than one Marius in 5 6 INTRODUCTIO X. him, and the nobles may well look out for this loosely dressed boy.” 2 Caesar began his struggle against the nobility immediately after Sulla’s death (78 B.C.), by accusing Dolabella, a supporter of Sulla, of extortion in his province of Macedonia. He made a good im­ pression on the people by his eloquence, and by his bold opposition to the party in power. The acquittal of Dolabella by the Senate increased the hatred of the people toward the nobles. 3 In the winter of 76 Caesar went to Rhodes to study under the famous rhetorician Molo. From here the third Mithridatic War (74-63) brought him into Asia Minor, where he raised troops on his own authority, and upheld the Roman power. During his absence from Rome he had been chosen into the college of pontiffs (see App. II, 15), and on his return was elected military tribune by the people, a choice which showed that he already stood high in their favor. This favor steadily increased as lie continued to uphold the interests of the people against the party of the nobles, to favor all laws intended to restore the political rights of the people which Sulla had removed, and to delight the masses by unbounded gener­ osity, especially during his Aedileship (65). To rise by means of the people, to break the power of the Senate and aristocracy, and then to rule over both, this was Caesar’s deliberate plan, which he gradually carried out with the greatest carefulness and precision. 4 Pompey had very great reputation and influence at Rome after Sulla’s death. He was six years older than Caesar, had been ail eager supporter of Sulla, had helped to found and sustain his insti­ tutions, and ranked now as the greatest general of his age, and the chief of the aristocratic party. But this party distrusted, envied, and feared him, and lie therefore sought to get the good will of he people, especially during his consulship in 70, by restoring the power of their tribunes which Sulla had curtailed. Caesar sup­ ported him in this measure, and so an alliance arose between them, in which Caesar seemed to have a minor importance, and to setve mainly the interests of Pompey, but in which he was really carryi ig out his own private designs. The more Pompey was supported'by Caesar and the people, the greater became the distrust of the nobfes toward him, and the easier it was to deprive the aristocratic paity of their great leader. INTRODUCTION. 7 5 After Caesar had served as Praetor in 62, lie received Hispania Ulterior as his province. He returned from there to Rome in 60, •with wealth and military fame, and was elected consul for the next year. His colleague was the aristocrat Bibulus, who had almost no influence at all compared with Caesar. In order now to carry on his plans with greater success, Caesar makes an ally of Crassus, the wealthiest man of his times, reconciles him to his former enemy, Pompey, and forms what is called the First Triumvirate, a union of shrewdness, renown, and riches, by which Caesar hoped to rise in power, Pompey to maintain his power, and Crassus to make more money. Nothing was to occur in the state which was displeasing to either of the three. The marriage of Pompey to Caesar’s daughter Julia, made the league the stronger. 0 With the help of these two allies, Caesar now, as consul, carried measures which made him still more popular with the people, and weakened the power of the Senate, while he appeared to be working only for the interests of Pompey and Crassus. On motion of the •xibune Vatinius, the people voted that after his consulship Caesar should have Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum as his province, for five years, with a force of three legions. Gallia Transalpina and a fourth legion were soon added. Now Caesar had what he wished; i province where rich booty and great fame could be won, and yet near enough to Rome to allow him to watch and manage what tran­ spired there. In 58 he began the Gallic war, by which he increased the territory subject to Rome, won fame and wealth, and secured a trained and devoted army, on which he could unhesitatingly rely. 7 Crassus and Pompey remained in Pome, and supported the inter­ ests of the triumvirate. In 56 the three men met at Luca to arrange their plans for the future. It was decided that Pompey and Crassus Should be consuls for the next year, and then receive provinces.