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01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page i VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV T H E LANDMA R K JULIUS CAESAR WWeeb Essays i For the Complete Works Gallic WWaar • Civil WWaar • Alexandrian WWaar Affrrican War • Spanish WWaar Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub Series Editor Robert B. Strassler V V V V V V V V VV VV V V V V VV VV V V V VV VV V V V V V V V V V V VV VV V V V VV VV V V V V V V V VV VV V V V VV VV V V V V V V VV VV V V V V V V VV VV V 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page ii ALSOINTHELANDMARKSERIES The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War The Landmark Xenophon’s Hellenika The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander FORTHCOMING The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis The Landmark Polybius: The Histories The Landmark Ammianus Marcellinus 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page iii THE LANDMARK JULIUS CAESAR W E B E S S A Y S FOR THE COMPLETE WORKS Gallic War, Civil War, Alexandrian War, African War, and Spanish War INONEVOLUME, WITHMAPS, ANNOTATIONS, APPENDICES, ANDENCYCLOPEDICINDEX Edited and translated by Kurt A. Raaflaub Series Editor Robert B. Strassler 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page iv The Landmark Julius Caesar is published by Pantheon Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. The Landmark Julius Caesar Web Essays copyright © 2017 by Robert B. Strassler and Kurt A. Raaflaub. They may be downloaded and printed for noncommercial use only. Any other use requires written permission of the copyright holders. www.landmarkcaesar.com and www.thelandmarkancienthistories.com First edition, December 5, 2017. Revised January 5, 2018 (pages vi–vii, 203–4, 207–9, 233). 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page v CON TENTS for The Landmark Julius Caesar Editor’s Preface by Kurt A. Raaflaub xiii Series Editor’s Preface by Robert B. Strassler xvii Introduction: Caesar’s Life and Works by Cynthia Damon and Kurt A. Raaflaub xxiii Summary by Book and Chapter lxv Key to Maps and Diagrams xcii GALLIC WAR · 1–8 ONE 1 TWO 49 THREE 79 FOUR 107 FIVE 131 SIX 171 SEVEN 201 EIGHT by Aulus Hirtius 269 CIVIL WAR · 1–3 NINE* 307 TEN 369 ELEVEN 401 ALEXANDRIAN WAR by Unknown Author 1 TWELVE 491 AFRICAN WAR by Unknown Author 2 THIRTEEN 543 SPANISH WAR by Unknown Author 3 FOURTEEN 605 *For the purposes of cross-references and indexing, this Landmark edition has assigned to the books of the com- bined works on Caesar’s wars the numbers one through fourteen, according to their chronological sequence. 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page vi CONTENTS APPENDIX A Who’s Who in Caesar John T. Ramsey, University of Illinois at Chicago 639 APPENDIX B Roman Currency and Units of Measurement Bryan Brinkman, Loyola Marymount University 665 APPENDIX C Roman Calendars, Dates, and Time Christopher S. Mackay, University of Alberta 668 APPENDIX D The Roman Military Christopher S. Mackay, University of Alberta 672 Ancient Authors 677 Glossary 685 Bibliography 695 Figure Credits 709 Index 711 Reference Maps and Directory 791 WEB ESSAYS The Internet has made it possible for us to include in our project essays on many more aspects of the corpus of Caesar’s works. They are freely accessible at www.landmarkcaesar.com. Editors’ Preface to the Web Essays by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Robert B. Strassler ix Caesar in His Time E: Caesar, Man of Letters Debra L. Nousek, University of Western Ontario 1 F: Caesar the Politician Martin Jehne, Technische Universität Dresden 6 G: Caesar and Pompey Dominic Machado, Wake Forest University 13 H: The Legacy of Rome’s Wars Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University 19 I: The Fall of the Republic Judy E. Gaughan, Colorado State University, Pueblo 25 J: The Legitimacy of Caesar’s Wars Erich S. Gruen, University of California, Berkeley 33 Caesar’s World K: Gaul in Caesar’s Time Olivier Büchsenschütz, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure 40 L: Oppida: Towns in Caesar’s World Ian Ralston, University of Edinburgh 44 vi 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page vii CONTENTS Caesar’s World M: Romans, Germans, and Germania (continued) Maureen Carroll, University of Sheffield 48 N: Caesar on Britain Tom Moore, Durham University 52 O: The Mediterranean State System Arthur M. Eckstein, University of Maryland 57 P: Late Republican Provincial Administration Nathan Rosenstein, Ohio State University 63 War in Caesar’s Time Q: The Roman Army Camp Duncan B. Campbell, University of Glasgow 68 R: The Rules of War Josh Levithan, Independent Scholar 73 S: Military Engineering and Sieges Duncan B. Campbell, University of Glasgow 79 T: The Economics of War Nathan Rosenstein, Ohio State University 84 U: The Commercialization of War Clare Rowan, University of Warwick 88 V: Military Logistics Nathan Rosenstein, Ohio State University 92 W: War and Geographical Knowledge Richard J. A. Talbert, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 97 X: Caesar the General and Leader Lukas De Blois, Radboud University, Nijmegen 102 Y: Civil War Strategies Arthur M. Eckstein, University of Maryland 109 Z: Patterns of Roman Land Warfare Jonathan P. Roth, San José State University 114 AA: Caesar at Sea Nicolle Hirschfeld, Trinity University 125 BB: The Chronology of Caesar’s Campaigns Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University John T. Ramsey, University of Illinois at Chicago 131 Literary Aspects of CC: The Roman Commentarius and Caesar’s Commentaries Caesar’s Commentaries Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University 203 DD: Caesar the Historian Christopher B. Krebs, Stanford University 210 vii 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page viii CONTENTS Literary Aspects of EE: Caesar’s Portrait of “Caesar” Caesar’s Commentaries Keith Fairbank, Brown University 214 (continued) FF: Caesar the Ethnographer Hester Schadee, University of Exeter 223 GG: The Gallic War as a Work of Literature Debra L. Nousek, University of Western Ontario 229 HH: The Gallic War as a Work of Propaganda Alexa Jervis, Buckley School, New York 236 II: The Literary Art of the Civil War Luca Grillo, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 241 JJ: The Civil War as a Work of Propaganda Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University 246 KK: The Cultural Legacy of Caesar’s Commentaries Debra L. Nousek, University of Western Ontario 255 LL: The Origins of the Corpus of Caesar’s Works Jan-Felix Gaertner, University of Cologne 260 MM: The Non-Caesarian War Books Jan-Felix Gaertner, University of Cologne 265 NN: Editing Caesar Cynthia Damon, University of Pennsylvania 271 OO: After Caesar Hester Schadee, University of Exeter 275 Defining Episodes in PP: Caesar’s Invasions of Britain Caesar’s Campaigns Duncan B. Campbell, University of Glasgow 282 QQ: The Siege of Alesia Duncan B. Campbell, University of Glasgow 285 RR: The Conquest of Uxellodunum Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University 288 SS: Trench Warfare at Dyrrachium Duncan B. Campbell, University of Glasgow 294 TT: From Defeat at Dyrrachium to Victory at Pharsalus Gregory S. Bucher, University of Maryland 297 UU: Alexandria Kurt A. Raaflaub, Brown University 304 Bibliography 311 viii 01_Caesar Web essay cov_fm_Jan5_1018.qxp_Caesar 1/6/18 2:44 PM Page ix EDITORS’ PREFACE TO THE WEB ESSAYS Kurt A. Raaflaub and Robert B. Strassler The Web essays collected and published on our website, www.landmarkcaesar.com, are an integral part of The Landmark Julius Caesar. The Contents section shows how these essays fit into the plan of the entire work. The printed volume, published in December 2017, contains an Introduction on Caesar’s life and works; a detailed chronological sum- mary of the events covered in the complete corpus of Caesar’s works; a new translation of these works with brief chapter summaries and explanatory notes; four appendices that offer brief biographies of persons who recur frequently in these works and explain ele- mentary matters such as Roman time and date counting, Roman units of currency and measurements, and the organization of the Roman army; a list of ancient authors cited in the volume, a glossary, bibliography, and a detailed index. The corpus of Caesar’s works comprises eight books of the Gallic War, three books of the Civil War, and three individual war narratives by unknown authors who were probably officers in Caesar’s army and thus participated in the events and provide a dif- ferent perspective on Caesar the general and leader. To emphasize the coherence of the entire corpus, we have numbered the books in sequence, with the Gallic war of 58–50 B.C.E. covered by Books 1–8 of The Landmark Julius Caesar, the civil war of 49 and 48 by Books 9–11, wars in Egypt, Anatolia and other parts of the Roman empire in 47 by Book 12 (Alexandrian War), the second round of the civil wars in 46 by Book 13 (African War), and the last round of the civil wars in 45 by Book 14 (Spanish War). We have taken advantage of the opportunities offered by the Internet which, unlike printed books, knows no page limitations. We asked experts in various fields to write com- pact essays on issues that we hope will help the readers gain a deeper understanding of the world in which Caesar lived and acted, of his life and career, of the structure of the Roman state and government, of multiple aspects of Roman warfare, of various aspects of Caesar's writings, and of defining episodes described in his works.
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  • Celtic Britain

    Celtic Britain

    1 arfg Fitam ©0 © © © © ©©© © © © © © © 00 « G XT © 8 i imiL ii II I IWtv,-.,, iM » © © © © © ©H HWIW© llk< © © J.Rhjsffi..H. © I EARLY BRITAIN, CELTIC BRITAIN. BY J. RHYS, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon/). Honorary LL.D. (Edin.). Honorary D.Litt. (Wales). FROFESSOR OF CELTIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD J PRINCIPAL OF JESUS COLLEGE, AND LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY. WITH TWO MAPS, AND WOODCUTS OF COIliS, FOURTH EDITION. FUBLISHED UNDER THE D.RECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE. LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. ; 43, queen victoria street, e.c. \ Brighton: 129, north street. New York : EDWIN S. GORHAM. iqoP, HA 1^0 I "l C>9 |X)VE AND MALCOMSON, LIMITED, PRINTERS, 4 AND 5, DEAN STREET, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. These are the days of little books, and when the author was asked to add one to their number, he accepted the invitation with the jaunty simplicity of an inexperienced hand, thinking that it could not give him much trouble to expand or otherwise modify the account given of early Britain in larger works ; but closer acquaintance with them soon convinced him of the folly of such a plan— he had to study the subject for himself or leave it alone. In trying to do the former he probably read enough to have enabled him to write a larger work than this ; but he would be ashamed to confess how long it has occupied him. As a student of language, he is well aware that no severer judgment could be passed on his essay in writing history than that it should be found to be as bad as the etymologies made by historians are wont to be ; but so essential is the study of Celtic names to the elucidation of the early history of Britain that the risk is thought worth incurring.