WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1993 Version: 2 January 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman

1993 001A (22307) Name: Kosmos-2230 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 January 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 988 x 1020 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Tsikada civilian navigational satellite as described for 1976 122A.

1993 002A (22309) Name: Molniya 1-85 Country: Russia Launch date: 13 January 1993 Re-entry: 15 November 2005 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 647 x 40609 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.

1993 003A (22313) Name: STS-54 Country: USA Launch date: 13 January 1993 Re-entry: 19 January 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 301 x 304 km, inclination: 28.5 °

S. Helms operating DSO-802

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts J. Casper (Cmdr.), D. McMonagle (Pilot), G. Harbaugh, M. Runco and S. Helms (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the flight was to launch TDRS-6 (1993 003B), which was released on 13 January 1993. The experiments included: 1. the Application Specific Preprogrammed Experiment Culture System (ASPECS), a demonstration of advanced scientific principles and concepts of force, motion and energy using toys and which was recorded on a video for distribution to schools; 2. the Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS) to study the hotter components of interstellar medium; 3. the Chromosomes Experiment (CHROMEX)-3 as described for STS-29 (1989 021A) but on this flight investigating seeds; 4. the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)-2 as described for STS-50 (1992 034A) which investigated 28 separate experiments of a commercial nature in the biomedical field, drugs development and other fields; 5. the Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE)-2 as described for STS-48 (1991 063A); 6. the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE)-6 as described for STS-41 (1990 090A); 7. the Ultraviolet Plume Instrument (UVPI)-7 experiment as described for STS-43 (1991 054A); 8. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-305D: Ascent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-306D: Descent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-307D: Entry Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance; • DTO-412: On-orbit Fuel Cell Shutdown; • DTO-520: Edwards Lakebed Runway Bearing Strength and Rolling Friction; • DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System; • DTO-648: Electronic Still Photography Test; • DTO-656: Payload and General Purpose Support Computer Single Event Upset Monitoring; • DTO-662: Extended Duration Orbiter WCS Evaluation; • DTO-700-3: Atmospheric Effects on Star Tracker Performance; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; • DTO-1210: EVA Operations Procedure/Trainer; 9. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-316: Bioreactor/ Flow and Particle Trajectory in Microgravity; • DSO-321: Frequency Interference Test; • DSO-322: Human Lymphocyte Locomotion in Microgravity; • DSO-476: Inflight Aerobic Exercise; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-604: Visual-Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation; • DSO-605: Postural Equilibrium Control During Landing/Egress; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-802: Educational Activities; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; and • DSO-903: Documentary still photography. Harbaugh and Runco made an EVA of 4 hours, 28 minutes on 17 January 1993 in a training programme designed to gain experience in the construction of the Freedom space station. The flight also tested the shutting-down and re-activation of one of the electricity generating fuel cells. Also a new waste collection system was tested. The flight landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 5 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes.

1993 003B (22314) Name: TDRS-6 Country: USA Launch date: 13 January 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + IUS Orbit: geostationary at 62 °W

Tracking and data relay satellite as described for 1983 026B. In June 1993 the satellite was relocated to 138 °W, to 62.5 oW in June 2012 and to 46 oW in January 2013.

1993 004A (22317) Name: Kosmos-2231 Country: Russia Launch date: 19 January 1993 Re-entry: 25 March 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 177 x 370 km, inclination: 67.2 °

Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1993 005A (22319) Name: Soyuz TM-16 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 January 1993 Re-entry: 22 July 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 257 x 308 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts G. Manakov (Cmdr.) and A. Polishchuk (Fl. Eng) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Vulkan and Manakov and Polishchuk were the thirteenth permanent (EO-13) crew of the space station. The back-up crews consisted of A. Artsebarski and Y. Usachyov as well as V. Tsibliyev and A. Balandin. On 26 January 1993 the spacecraft docked with the Kristall port of the Mir space station (1986 017A). The Soyuz TM-16 docking port was fitted with a APAS-89 docking module compatible with the Buran and Space Shuttle and intended to be used with the cancelled Buran-3 flight. The docking of Soyuz TM-16 was performed manually. An EVA of 5 hours, 25 minutes was conducted by Manakov and Polishchuk on 19 April 1993 during which they installed equipment on the Kvant-1 module which, at a later date, would accommodate additional solar panels initially fitted on the Kristall module. Another EVA of 4 hours, 33 minutes was made on 18 June 1993. On 22 July 1993 Soyuz TM-16 undocked and returned to Earth with Manakov and Polishchuk as well as Haignere, who had arrived on the space station by Soyuz TM-17 (1993 043A). They landed 140 km east of Dhezkazgan. The mission time for Manakov and Polishchuk had been 179 days, 1 hour, 44 minutes.

1993 006A (22321) Name: Kosmos-2232 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 January 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 616 x 39667 km, inclination: 62.7 °

Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1993 007A (22446) Name: Navstar 2A-9 Country: USA Launch date: 3 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20315 x 20382 km, inclination: 54.7 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-88, Navstar-22, Navstar-30 and SVN- 22.

1993 008A (22487) Name: Kosmos-2233 Country: Russia Launch date: 9 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 972 x 1021 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1993 009A (22489) Name: CDS-1 Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Pegasus Orbit: 642 x 871 km, inclination: 24.9 °

The Capabilities Demonstration Satellite (CDS) demonstrated two-way message and data communications for the Orbital Communications Corp (Orbcomm). The satellite had a mass of 14.5 kg and was also known as OXP-1. The Pegasus launch vehicle was released from the B-52 carrier aircraft over Wallops Island after having taken off from Cape Canaveral.

1993 009B (22490) Name: SCD-1 Country: Brazil Launch date: 9 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Pegasus Orbit: 722 x 787 km, inclination: 24.9 °

The Satelite de Coleta de Dados (SCD)-1 was a 115 kg satellite equipped with instruments to collect and re-transmit environmental data from automatic data collection stations throughout Brazil. The Pegasus launch vehicle was released from the B-52 carrier aircraft over Wallops Island after having taken off from Cape Canaveral.

1993 010A (22512) Name: Kosmos-2234 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 19117 x 19146 km, inclination: 64.8 °

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1993 010B (22513) Name: Kosmos-2236 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 18860 x 19131 km, inclination: 64.8 °

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1993 010C (22514) Name: Kosmos-2235 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 February 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 19198 x 19497 km, inclination: 64.8 °

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1993 011A (22521) Name: Astro-4 Country: Japan Launch date: 20 February 1993 Re-entry: 2 March 2001 Launch site: Kagoshima Launch vehicle: Mu 3S-2 Orbit: 536 x 650 km, inclination: 31.1 °

Also known as Asuka, the 420 kg satellite conducted astronomical observations in the X-ray wavelength to detect emission 10 to 15 billion light years away. The instruments consisted of four reflecting X-ray telescopes and two charged couple device detectors.

1993 012A (22530) Name: Progress M-16 Country: Russia Launch date: 21 February 1992 Re-entry: 27 March 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 191 x 254 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-16 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 23 February 1993. It first undocked on 26 March 1993 and retreated 70 m from the space station following which it docked again after 17 minutes. It next undocked on 27 March 1993 and re-entered.

1993 013A (22557) Name: Raduga-29 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 March 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: geostationary at 12 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A.

1993 014A (22561) Name: Start-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 March 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Start Orbit: 695 x 966 km, inclination: 75.8 °

Test flight of the Start launch vehicle. The 260 kg satellite carried various scientific instruments.

1993 015A (22563) Name: UHF-1 Country: USA Launch date: 25 March 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas I Orbit: 216 x 9735 km, inclination: 27.3 °

The UHF Follow-On series of military communications satellite replaced the Fltsatcom series of satellites as described for 1978 016A. The satellites were built by Hughes using the HS-601 platform, and the operational constellation consisted of nine satellites. Satellites carried 11 solid state transponders operating in the U band offering 39 communications channels. Later satellites carried additional and upgraded equipment. Malfunction of the Centaur upper stage prevented the satellite from achieving the desired geostationary orbit at 75 °W.

1993 016A (22565) Name: Kosmos-2237 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 March 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 851 x 879 km, inclination: 71.0 °

Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1993 017A (22581) Name: Navstar 2A-10 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20194 x 20453 km, inclination: 54.9 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-90, Navstar-31 and SVN-31.

1993 017B (22582) Name: SEDS-1 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1993 Re-entry: 30 March 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 306 x 1302 km, inclination: 36.2 °

The Small Expendable Deployer System (SEDS)-1 consisted of a 14 kg package that remained attached on the second stage of the launch vehicle and a 25 kg aluminium box which, for a period of 75 minutes, was released outwards on a 20 km tether. After 14 minutes of operation, the tether was severed and the payload and cable re-entered 35 minutes later. The orbital data is that given for the second stage of the launch vehicle. SEDS-1, which was previously known as Tether Dynamics Explorer (TDE), was deployed at an altitude of 720 km.

1993 018A (22585) Name: Kosmos-2238 Country: Russia Launch date: 30 March 1993 Re-entry: 9 December 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2 Orbit: 412 x 428 km, inclination: 65.0 °

US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

1993 019A (22588) Name: Progress M-17 Country: Russia Launch date: 31 March 1993 Re-entry: 2 March 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 187 x 238 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-17 docked with the rear port of the Mir/Kvant-1 space station (1986 017A) on 2 April 1993. The spacecraft undocked on 11 August 1993 and was placed in an orbit about 10 km below that of Mir to study the performance of the spacecraft on long duration flights.

1993 020A (22590) Name: Kosmos-2239 Country: Russia Launch date: 1 April 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 979 x 1011 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1993 021A (22592) Name: Kosmos-2240 Country: Russia Launch date: 2 April 1993 Re-entry: 7 June 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 196 x 342 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1993 022A (22594) Name: Kosmos-2241 Country: Russia Launch date: 6 April 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 620 x 39171 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1993 023A (22621) Name: STS-56 Country: USA Launch date: 8 April 1993 Re-entry: 17 April 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 295 x 307 km, inclination: 57.0 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts K. Cameron (Cmdr.), S. Oswald (Pilot), K. Cockrell, M. Foale and E. Ochoa (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. The principal objective of the flight was to fly the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS)-2 mission, using a Spacelab pallet (F008) and igloo as described for 1983 116A. The experiments carried were: 1. the ATLAS-2 payload comprising: • the Solar Constant (SOLCON) instrument as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); • the Solar Spectrum (SOLSPEC) instrument as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); • the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) instrument as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); • the Solar Ultraviolet Spectrum Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) instrument as described for STS-3 (1982 022A); • the Millimetre Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) instrument as described for the ATLAS-1 payload on STS-45 (1992 015A); • the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)-4 experiment as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); 2. the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV)-5 instrument as described for STS-34 (1989 084A); 3. the Solar Ultra Violet Experiment (SUVE) to study extreme ultraviolet radiation affecting the Earth's ionosphere; 4. the Experiment of the Sun Complementing the Atlas Payload and Education (Escape) to gather data on the Sun’s radiative effects on the Earth’s upper atmosphere; 5. the Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus ITA Experiments (CMIX)-2 as described for STS-52 (1992 070A), which on this flight conducted in excess of 30 separate experiments; 6. the Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE)-3 as described for STS-48 (1991 063A); 7. the HERCULES experiment as described for STS-53 (1992 086A); 8. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-9 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 9. the Space Tissue Loss (STL)-3 experiment as described for STS-45 (1992 015A); 10. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-20 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 11. the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM)-4 payload as described for STS-48 (1991 063A); 12. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-251: Entry Aerodynamic Control Surfaces Test; • DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-305D: Ascent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-306D: Descent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-308D: Vibration and Acoustic Evaluation; • DTO-319D: Orbiter/Payload Acceleration and Acoustics Environment Data; • DTO-520: Edwards Lakebed Runway Bearing Strength and Rolling Friction; • DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System; • DTO-653: Evaluation of the MK 1 Rowing Machine; • DTO-656: Payload and General Purpose Support Computer Single Event Upset Monitoring; • DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; 13. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-200: Radiobiological Effects; • DSO-321: Frequency Interference Test; • DSO-322: Human Lymphocyte Locomotion in Microgravity; • DSO-469: Inflight Radiation Dose/Distribution; • DSO-476: Inflight Aerobic Exercise; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter; • DSO-488: Measurement of Formaldehyde Using Passive Dosimetry; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-605: Postural Equilibrium Control During Landing/Egress; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-617: Evaluation of Functional Skeletal Muscle Performance Following Space Flight; • DSO-624: Pre- and Postflight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Submaximal Exercise; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-802: Educational Activities; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography; and 14. the Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-III-15 as described for STS-26 (1988 091A). The flight also deployed the Spartan-201-1 (1993 023B) satellite on 11 April 1993 and retrieved this satellite on 13 April 1993 using the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). After a flight of 9 days, 6 hours, 8 minutes the orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre.

1993 023B (22623) Name: Spartan-201-1 Country: USA Launch date: 11 April 1993 Re-entry: 13 April 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS Orbit: 295 x 311 km, inclination: 57.0 °

A satellite in the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool of Astronomy (Spartan) programme as described for 1985 048E. Spartan-201-1 was deployed by STS-56 (1993 023A) and collected data to study the physics of solar wind acceleration. The 1289 kg satellite carried; 1. the White Light Coronograph to measure the density and distribution of electrons in the solar wind; and 2. the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer to study the temperature and distribution of the solar wind's protons and hydrogen atoms. The satellite separated up to 322 km from the Space Shuttle before it was retrieved again.

1993 024A (22626) Name: Kosmos-2242 Country: Russia Launch date: 16 April 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 645 x 680 km, inclination: 82.5 °

Tselina D military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1970 113A.

1993 025A (22633) Name: Molniya 3-44 Country: Russia Launch date: 21 April 1993 Re-entry: 25 January 2004 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 671 x 40610 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Communications satellite as described for 1974 092A.

1993 026A (22638) Name: Alexis Country: USA Launch date: 25 April 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Edwards AFB Launch vehicle: Pegasus Orbit: 740 x 835 km, inclination: 70.0 °

The Array of Low Energy X-Ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) satellite, with a mass of 109 kg, surveyed the sky in three narrow bands of low-energy X-rays, adjacent to the ultraviolet, an area which, hitherto, had not attracted much attention. The satellite, which was also known as P89-1, carried six small telescopes which scanned the entire sky over a six month's period. The Pegasus launch vehicle was released from the B-52 carrier aircraft 130 km off the coast of Monterey. Initially the satellite failed to operate due to possible damage to the solar panels but at a later date it became possible to operate the instruments.

Some references have suggested that the launch also included the VHF Spectrum Utilization Measurement Experiment (VSUME) that was similar to Orbcomm’s Capabilities Demonstration Satellite (CDS) and was flown as CDS-2. However, this suggestion cannot be substantiated.

1993 027A (22640) Name: STS-55 Country: USA Launch date: 26 April 1993 Re-entry: 6 May 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 298 x 306 km, inclination: 28.4 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts S. Nagel (Cmdr.), T. Henricks (Pilot), J. Ross (Payload Cmdr.), B. Harris, C. Precourt (both Mission Specialists), H. Schlegel, U. Walter (both German Payload Specialists) using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the flight was to fly the Spacelab D2 mission using a Spacelab pressurised module (LM1) as described for 1983 116A. The experiments on board of the Spacelab concentrated on materials and life sciences research and the mission conducted fundamental research in the fields of materials sciences, life sciences, astronomy, Earth observation and robotics. The payload consisted of: 1. the Materials Sciences Experimental Double-rack for Experiment Modules and Apparatus, which incorporated the Parabolic Ellipsoid Heating Facility (ELI), the Gradient Furnace with Quencing device (GFQ) and the High Precision Thermostat (HPT), all of which were used for a range of material sciences experiments: • floating-zone-growth of GaAs; • floating zone crystal growth of gallium-doped germanium; • hysteresis of the specific heat cv during heating and cooling through the critical point; • diffusion of nickel in liquid copper-aluminum and copper-gold alloys; • directional solidification of Ge/GaAs eutectic composites; • cellular-dendritic solidification with quenching of aluminium-lithium alloys; • directional solidification of a Cu-Mn alloy; • thermoconvection at dendritic-eutectic solidification of an Al-Si alloy; • growth of GaAs from gallium solutions; 2. the Werkstofflabor (WL) as described for STS-61A (1985 104A), this time consisting of the Advanced Fluid Physics Module (AFPM) which supported five separate instruments, the Cryostat (CRY), the Gradient Heating Facility (GHF), the Heating Facility for Turbine blade-like Technology (HFT), the High Temperature Thermostat (HTT) and the Isothermal Heating Facility (IHF) which were used in a range of experiment: • oxide dispersion strengthened single crystalline alloys improved by re-solidification in space (OSIRIS); • impurity transport and diffusion in insb melt under microgravity environment; • cellular-dendritic solidification at low rate of aluminium-lithium alloys; • directional solidification of the LiF - LIBaF3 - eutectic; • separation behavior of monotectic alloys; • liquid columns' resonances; • stability of long liquid columns; • higher modes and their instabilities of oscillating Marangoni convection in a large cylindrical liquid column; • Marangoni-Benard instability; • onset of oscillatory Marangoni flows; • Marangoni convection in a rectangular cavity; • stationary interdiffusion in a non-isothermal molten salt mixture; • transport kinetics and structure of metallic melts; • nucleation and phase selection during solidification of undercooled alloys; • heating and remelting of an allotropic Fe-C-Si alloy in a ceramic skin and the effect of the volume change on the mold's stability; • immiscible liquid metal systems; • convective effects on the growth of gainsb crystals; • vapor growth of inp-crystal with halogen transport in a closed ampoule; • solution growth of GaAs crystals under microgravity; • crystallization of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes; • crystallization of ribosomal particles; 3. the Holographic Optics Laboratory (HOLOP) which used holographics to understand the heat and mass transfer in transparent materials: • Marangoni convection in a rectangular cavity; • interferometric determination of the differential interdiffusion coefficient of binary molten salts; • measurements of diffusion coefficients in aqueous solution (IDILE); • phase separation in liquid mixtures with miscability gap (NUGRO); 4. Biolabor (BB), a life sciences and biotechnology research device consisting of cell electrofusion workbench equipped with a microscope, a cell electrofusion control unit, two cell cultivation incubators, a 41 oC cooler and two middeck-mounted cooling boxes. The workbench accommodated a series of experiments: • development of vestibulocular reflexes in amphibia and fishes with microgravity experience; • comparative investigations of microgravity effects on structural development and function of the gravity perceiving organ of two water living vertebrates; • structure- and function-related neuronal plasticity of the CNS of aquatic vertebrates during early ontogenetic development under microgravity conditions; • immunoelectron microscopic investigation of cerebellar development at microgravity; • gravisensitivity of cress roots; • cell polarity and gravity; • influence of gravity on fruiting body development of fungi; • significance of gravity and calcium-ions on the production of secondary metabolites in cell suspensions; • influence of conditions in low earth orbit on expression and stability of genetic information in bacteria; • productivity of bacteria; • fluctuation test on bacterial cultures; • antigen-specific activation of regulatory t-lymphocytes to lymphokine production; • growth of lymphocytes under micro-g conditions; • enhanced hybridoma production under microgravity; • culture and electrofusion of plant cell protoplasts under microgravity: morphological/biochemical characterization; • yeast experiment HB-L29/yeast: investigations on metabolism; 5. the Materialwissenschaftliche Autonome Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit (MAUS), a materials sciences facility which was used in several experiments: • pool boiling; • gas bubbles in glass melts; • reaction kinetics in glass melts; 6. the Radiation Detector (RD), a set of four experiments in which different types of material and biological probes were exposed to different environmental conditions; 7. the Anthorack (AR) series of life sciences experiments for the study of human physiology in microgravity using a Blood Sample Collection Kit, Urine Monitoring System, High Speed Centrifuge, Respiratory Monitoring System, Ergometer, Peripheral Blood Measurement System, Manual Blood Pressure Measurement System, Limb Volume Measurement Device, Electrode Contact Impedance Meter, and Ultrasound Monitoring System to conduct a variety of experiments: • cardiovascular regulation at microgravity; • the central venous pressure during microgravity; • leg fluid distribution at rest and under lower body negative pressure; • determination of segmental fluid content and perfusion; • left ventricular function at rest and under stimulation; • peripheral and central hemodynamic adaptation to microgravity during rest exercise and lower body negative pressure in humans; • tonometry - intraocular pressure in microgravity; • the central venous pressure during microgravity; • tissue thickness and tissue compliance along body axis under microgravity conditions; • changes in the rate of whole-body nitrogen turnover, protein synthesis and protein breakdown under conditions of microgravity; • regulation of volume homeostasis in reduced gravity and possible involvement of atrial natriuretic; factor urodilatin and cyclic GMP; • effects of microgravity on glucose tolerance; • the influence of microgravity on endocrine and renal elements of volume homeostasis; • effects of spaceflight on pituitary-gonad-adrenal function in the human adaptation to microgravity and readaptation to terrestrial conditions; • pulmonary stratification and compartment analysis with reference to microgravity; • pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in microgravity rest and exercise; • ventilation distribution in microgravity; • effects of microgravity on the dynamics of gas exchange, ventilation and heart rate in submaximal dynamic exercise; • cardiovascular regulation in microgravity; 8. the Baroreflex (BA), an experiment that investigated the lightheadedness and reduction in blood pressures experienced in astronauts upon standing after landing; 9. the Robotic Technology Experiment (ROTEX), a six-jointed robotic arm associated with the Columbus module for the Freedom space station; 10. the Microgravity Measurement Assembly (MMA)-1 which provided scientists on board of the orbiter and those on the ground with real-time data on the microgravity levels; 11. a series of cosmic radiation experiments, comprising: • biological haze-particle dosimetry with biostack; • personal dosimetry: measurement of the astronaut's ionizing radiation exposure; • measurement of the radiation environment inside spacelab at locations which differ in shielding against cosmic radiation; • chromosome aberration; • biological response to extraterrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation and space vacuum; 12. the Crew Telesupport Experiment (CTE), a computer based system which allows graphics communications with the operations control centre; 13. the Galaktisches Ultraweitwinkel Schmidt System (GAUSS), an astronomy experiment; 14. the Modular Opto-electronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) for Earth observations; 15. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-236: Ascent Aerodynamic Distributed Loads Verification; • DTO-251: Entry Aerodynamic Control Surfaces Test; • DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-307D: Entry Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance; • DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System; • DTO-623: Cabin Air Monitoring; • DTO-660: Thermal Impulse Printer System Demonstration; • DTO-663: Acoustical Noise Dosimeter Data; • DTO-665: Acoustical Noise Sound Level Data; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; 16. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-202: Metabolic Investigations; • DSO-323: Evaluation of Samples Obtained from the Urine Monitoring System; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers; • DSO-486: Physical Examination in Space; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-617: Evaluation of Functional Skeletal Muscle Performance Following Space Flight; • DSO-618: Effects of Intense Exercise During Space Flight on Aerobic Capacity and Orthostatic Function; • DSO-625: Measurement of Blood Volumes Before and After Spaceflight; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-802: Educational Activities; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography; 17. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-10 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 18. the Reaction Kinetics in Glass Melt experiment to determine diffusion coefficients in order to verify mathematical models describing mass transport in glass melts; and 19. the Atomic Oxygen Exposure Tray (AOET) which was outside the pressurised module. The payload was also to include the Bremen Universitat Satellite (Bremsat), which was to be released. The satellite was, however, removed from the payload because of technical difficulties. It was eventually flown on STS-60 (1994 006A) and launched as 1994 006H. Of the 92 experiments, 32 were funded by the European Space Agency. The mission was scheduled for launch on 22 March 1993 but was aborted three seconds before lift-off due to a problem with the #3 main engine. After a flight of 9 days, 23 hours, 39 minutes the orbiter landed at Edwards AFB because of bad weather at the Kennedy Space Centre.

1993 028A (22641) Name: Kosmos-2243 Country: Russia Launch date: 27 April 1993 Re-entry: 6 May 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 192 x 236 km, inclination: 70.4°

Kometa mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A.

1993 029A (22643) Name: Kosmos-2244 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 April 1993 Re-entry: 18 March 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2 Orbit: 204 x 274 km, inclination: 70.4 °

US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A. It is understood this was the first modified US-PU (U = Usoversenstvovannyj) version, with an increased ship location and targeting capability. This version has also been referred to as US-PM (M = Modifikirovanny) and was also known as article 17F120.

1993 030A (22646) Name: Kosmos-2245 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1398 x 1417 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 030B (22647) Name: Kosmos-2246 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1400 x 1418 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 030C (22648) Name: Kosmos-2247 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1404 x 1418 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 030D (22649) Name: Kosmos-2248 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1401 x 1418 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 030E (22650) Name: Kosmos-2249 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1410 x 1412 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 030F (22651) Name: Kosmos-2250 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1399 x 1419 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 031A (22653) Name: Astra-1C Country: Luxembourg Launch date: 12 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42L Orbit: geostationary at 19 °E

Communications satellite owned by the Societe Europeenne de Satellites (SES). The satellite, with a mass of 1700 kg, was based on the Hughes HS-601 platform and carried 18 transponders operating in the Ku band. Although considered in the same series, the satellite was different from that described for 1988 109B as the series number ‘1’ refers to the geostationary location rather than to a spacecraft generation..

1993 031B (22654) Name: Arsene Country: France Launch date: 12 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42L Orbit: 223 x 36075 km, inclination: 5.0 °

The Ariane Radio Amateur Satellite Enseignment (Arsene) radio amateur satellite carried a transponder operating at 435/145 MHz and a transponder operating at 435/2446 MHz. The satellite had a mass of 97 kg and was built by the French Radio Amateur Club de l'Espace. It was originally scheduled to be flown in 1985 but was cancelled due to lack of funding. Arsene was also known as Oscar-24 and AO-24 in the Amsat series of radio amateur satellites but the Amsat sponsored transponder failed to operate. The orbit was later modified to 17666 x 36193 km with an inclination of 1.1 °

1993 032A (22657) Name: Navstar 2A-11 Country: USA Launch date: 13 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20049 x 20264 km, inclination: 55.0 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-91, Navstar-32, Navstar-37 and SVN- 37.

1993 033A (22663) Name: Resurs F-17 Country: Russia Launch date: 21 May 1993 Re-entry: 20 June 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 194 x 285 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1989 038A.

1993 034A (22666) Name: Progress M-18 Country: Russia Launch date: 22 May 1993 Re-entry: 4 July 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 194 x 258 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-18 docked with the front port of Mir (1986 017A) on 24 May 1993. The payload included a Swiss made aluminium sculpture named 'Cosmic Dancer'. Progress M-18 undocked on 3 July 1993. The spacecraft carried a Raduga re-entry capsule as described for 1990 085A. It carried 93 kg of samples and was ejected after undocking. It re-entered the same day.

1993 035A (22671) Name: Molniya 1-86 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 May 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 454 x 40883 km, inclination: 62.7 °

Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.

--- Name: Gorizont Country: Russia Launch date: 27 May 1993 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Communications satellite as described for 1978 118A. Due to a failure of the second stage of the launch vehicle the satellite failed to achieve its geostationary orbit at 145 °E.

1993 036A (22675) Name: Kosmos-2251 Country: Russia Launch date: 16 June 1993 Re-entry: 10 February 2009 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 783 x 821 km, inclination: 74.0 °

Strela 2 military communications satellite as described for 1965 112A. On 10 February 2009 the satellite collided with Iridium-33 (1997 051C) and was shattered.

1993 037A (22684) Name: STS-57 Country: USA Launch date: 21 June 1993 Re-entry: 1 July 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Space Shuttle Orbit: 407 x 483 km, inclination: 28.4 °

Spacehab

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Grabe (Cmdr.), B. Duffy (Pilot), D. Low (Payload Cmdr.), J.E. Voss, N. Currie and P. Wisoff (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the flight was to fly the Spacehab-1 mission and to retrieve Eureca-1 (1992 049B). The Spacehab facility was built by McDonnell Douglas and extended the space in the Space Shuttle's mid-deck area by 31.14 m 3. Basically a pressurised module, it was connected with the mid-deck area in the same manner as the Spacelab facility, Spacehab provided up to 61 experiment lockers allowing a payload mass of 1360 kg. Alternatively payload racks could be fitted. Spacehab was 2.8 m long, 3.4 m high and 4.1 m in diameter and had a mass of 4367 kg. A main feature of the Spacehab facility, of which three have been built for NASA, was the quick turnaround time and payloads could be integrated as little as eight months before a flight was scheduled. Four Spacehab flights units (FU) were built and on this flight FU1 was carried. On the STS-57 flight the facility carried: 1. the Astroculture (ASC)-2 experiment as described for STS-50 (1992 034A); 2. the Gas Permeable Polymeric Membrane (GPPM) experiment to investigate enhanced polymers for the manufacturing of improved contact lenses; 3. the Equipment for Controlled Liquid Phase Sintering Experiments (ECLIPSE) which investigated the liquid phase sintering of metallic powders; 4. the Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP)-8 experiment as described for STS- 31 (1990 037A); 5. the Liquid Encapsulated Melt Zone (LEMZ) experiment used for the growth of GaAs crystals; 6. the Zeolite Crystal Growth (ZCG) payload as described for STS--50 (1992 034A); 7. the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)-3 experiment as described for STS-49 (1992 026A) which on this mission supported 27 separate commercial investigations in biomedical testing and drug development, controlled ecological life support system development and agricultural development and manufacture of biological-based materials; 8. the Organic Separation (ORSEP) experiment which allows the separation of cells and particles by a mechanistic technique unavailable on Earth; 9. the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-14 experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 10. the Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer (CPDS) which observed the many different types of nuclear radiation that bombards an orbiting space vehicle. It included a pair of Area Passive Dosimeters (APDs) and the Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC); 11. the Human Factors Assessment (HFA) experiment to investigate and evaluate human-machine and human-environment interfaces unique to spaceflight and which affect crew productivity and ultimately mission success. It comprised: • an evaluation of the acoustic environment (HFA-SOUND) to measure the noise environment on the orbiter; • an evaluation of the lighting environment (HFA-LIGHT) to obtain data on the lighting environment; • an investigation of the Spacehab transfer tunnel (HFA-TRANS) to establish the ease of crew and equipment transfer; • an evaluation of electronic procedures (HFA-EPROC) to facilitate future use of electronic flight procedures; 12. the Neutral Body Posture (NBP) experiment which investigated the changes in posture of the human body over the course of a space mission; 13. the Tools and Diagnostic Systems (TDS) experiment to demonstrate the maintenance of experiment hardware on-orbit and evaluate the adequacy of its design and the crew interface comprising: • the Soldering Experiment (SE); • the Diagnostic Equipment (DE) experiment; 14. the Three-Dimensional Microgravity Accelerometer (3DMA)-1 experiment which measured the effects of deviations of microgravity on other experiments; 15. the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS)-7 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 16. the Sample Return Experiment (SRE) which collected cosmic particles and orbital debris in the payload bay; 17. the Bioserve Pilot Laboratory (BPL)-1 experiment for biomedical and fluid studies; 18. the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Flight Experiment, containing two critical components of the Freedom space station’s environmental control system; and 19. the European Space Agency's Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility (APCF)-1 which provided biologically important protein crystals for analysis and the study of the physical mechanisms that govern their growth; Other experiments carried in the payload bay or mid-deck were: 1. the Consortium for Material Development in Space Complex Autonomous Payload (CONCAP) IV-1 which grew nonlinear organic (NLO) crystals by means of physical vapor transport in the weightlessness of the space environment; 2. the Super Fluid Helium On-Orbit (SHOOT) experiment to demonstrate the technology to resupply liquid helium containers in orbit; 3. the Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE)-3 payload as described for STS-41 (1990 090A); 4. the Vapor Diffusion Apparatus (VDA) to grow high-quality crystals of various proteins using the vapor diffusion method. The sample trays were installed in a Commercial Refrigerator/Incubator Module (CRIM); 5. the Support of Crystal Growth (SCG) experiment which provided 12 transparent autoclaves for the ZCG experiment; 6. the Application Specific Preprogrammed Experiment Culture Systems (ASPECS) as described for STS-54 (1993 003A), this time studying cancer cells; 7. the Thermal Enclosure System-Crystal Observation System (TES-COS) to observe equilibrium rates of the crystal growth process; 8. ten Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A): • G022: the Periodic Volume Stimulus experiment; • G324: an Earth photography experiment; • G399: a materials processing experiment using insulin; • G450: a crystal growth and fluid transfer experiment; • G452: a crystal growth experiment; • G453: an expertiment testing semiconductors; • G454: a crystal growth experiment; • G535: the Pool Boiling Experiment, which improved the understanding of the boiling processes in microgravity; • G601: an instrument to investigate high frequency variations; • G647: the Liquid Phase Electropitaxy experiment; 9. the Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment (FARE) as described for STS-53 (1992 086A); 10. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-21 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 11. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-11 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 12. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-603B: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-604: Visual-Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-618: Effects of Intense Exercise During Space Flight on Aerobic Capacity and Orthostatic Function; • DSO-624: Pre- and Postflight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Submaximal Exercise; • DSO-625: Measurement of Blood Volumes Before and After Spaceflight; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography; 13. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-412: Fuel Cell Shutdown; • DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System; • DTO-623: Cabin Air Monitoring; • DTO-671: EVA Hardware for Future Scheduled EVA Missions; • DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device; and • DTO-1210: EVA Operations Procedure/Trainer. Rendez-vous with Eureca was achieved on 24 June 1993 and the spacecraft was captured by means of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). As the solar panels could not be folded Low and Wisoff made an EVA of 5 hours, 50 minutes on 25 June 1993 during which, in the first two hours, they folded the solar panels manually. The remainder of the EVA time was devoted to tool handling exercises for the forthcoming STS-61 (1993 075A) Hubble service mission. The landing was delayed for two days due to bad weather conditions and after a flight of 9 days, 23 hours, 45 minutes the orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre.

1993 038A (22687) Name: Kosmos-2252 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1409 x 1481 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 038B (22688) Name: Kosmos-2253 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1410 x 1425 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 038C (22689) Name: Kosmos-2254 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1393 x 1415 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 038D (22690) Name: Kosmos-2255 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1404 x 1417 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 038E (22691) Name: Kosmos-2256 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1401 x 1415 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 038F (22692) Name: Kosmos-2257 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1410 x 1420 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1993 039A (22694) Name: Galaxy-4 Country: USA Launch date: 25 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42P Orbit: geostationary at 99 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1983 065A and fitted with an additional 8 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite failed on 19 May 1998 due to an attitude control computer breakdown. It was acquired by Hughes Global Services as HGS-4.

1993 040A (22696) Name: Resurs F-18 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 June 1993 Re-entry: 17 July 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 187 x 271 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Earth resources satellite as described for 1989 038A.

1993 041A (22698) Name: Radcal Country: USA Launch date: 25 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1 Orbit: 791 x 900 km, inclination: 89.5 °

Military radar calibration satellite. In addition the satellite tested a more efficient way to recharge spacecraft batteries. Also known as P92-1.

1993 042A (22700) Name: Navstar 2A-12 Country: USA Launch date: 26 June 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20123 x 20246 km, inclination: 54.7 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-92, Navstar-33, Navstar-39 and SVN- 39.

1993 042B (22701) Name: PMG Country: USA Launch date: 26 June 1993 Re-entry: 30 August 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 193 x 870 km, inclination: 25.7 °

The Plasma Motor Generator (PMG) assessed the ability of a tether to generate an electric current. At an altitude of 865 km, a 27 kg end package was deployed on the end of a 1.5 km tether attached to the launch vehicle. It took 4 minutes to deploy the wire and a current of 0.3 A was observed.

1993 043A (22704) Name: Soyuz TM-17 Country: Russia Launch date: 1 July 1993 Re-entry: 14 January 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 219 x 372 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts V. Tsibliyev (Cmdr.), A. Serebrov (Fl. Eng) and J. P. Haignere (France) (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Tsibliyev and Serebrov were the fourteenth permanent (EO-14) crew of the space station. Their call sign was Sirius. The back-up crew consisted of A. Artsebarski, Y. Usachyov and C. Andre-Deshays (France) as well as A. Berezovoi and N. Budarin. The spacecraft docked with the front port of Mir (1986 017A) on 3 July 1993. Tsibliyev and Serebrov took over as the permanent crew on board of the whilst Haignere returned to Earth in Soyuz TM-16 (1993 005A) on 22 July 1992, along with Manakov and Polishchuk. Haignare’s mission lasted 20 days, 17 hours, 9 minutes. Whilst in space, Haignere conducted the a number of French experiments, collectively known as Altair: 1. the measurement of the dose rate and LET spectrum on Mir; 2. a study into the haptic perception in weightlessness; 3. the Illusions experiment; 4. a study of natural killer cells after the Altair mission (Immunology); 5. the Orthostatism (Diurese) experiment; 6. the Orthostatism (Echography) experiment; 7. a study of the radiation-induced chromosome damage in astronauts' lymphocytes; 8. the study of cardiovascular deconditioning and of hormonal systems involved in blood volume regulation; 9. the study of limb/body movement in microg; 10. Mental Rotation, a study of role of visual motor in operational activities; 11. Symmetry, another study of role of visual motor in operational activities; 12. the Synergy experiment; and 13. the Viminal vision action experiment. During their stay on the space station the cosmonauts made two EVA's to move the solar panels on Kristall to Kvant-1 as well as to build the 5 m high Rapan experiment mounting tower. The EVAs took place on 16 September 1993 (4 hours, 18 minutes), 20 September 1993 (3 hours, 13 minutes). During these EVAs they mounted the Rapana truss structure to Kvant-1. Rapana was a 5m long beam to which experiments could be attached. A further EVA took place on 28 September 1993 (1 hour, 52 minutes) during which the cosmonauts inspected the space station after a Perseid meteor shower and replaced some experiment packages. On 22 October 1993 they conducted an EVA of 38 minutes which was cut short from the planned 5 hours because of overheating of Tsibliyev's spacesuit. This was followed by a further EVA on 29 October 1993 of 4 hours, 12 minutes. These two EVAs were used to replace further experiment packages. During the meteor shower the two cosmonauts retreated into the Soyuz TM-17 spacecraft in case the space station would have been damaged. The damage was, however, restricted to a few holes in the solar panels. The spacecraft undocked on 14 January 1994 during which it bumped into the space station, just behind the docking port. No damage was done to the space station or the Soyuz TM spacecraft. Later that day it landed 215 km west of Karaganda. The mission duration for Tsibliyev and Serebrov had been 196 days, 18 hours, 45 minutes.

1993 044A (22709) Name: Kosmos-2258 Country: Russia Launch date: 7 July 1993 Re-entry: 8 June 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2 Orbit: 411 x 427 km, inclination: 65.0 °

US-PU military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A and 1993 029A.

1993 045A (22716) Name: Kosmos-2259 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 July 1993 Re-entry: 25 July 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 176 x 373 km, inclination: 67.2 °

Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A. It is likely that the satellite's systems did not operate properly as it re-entered within two weeks rather than after the customary 60 days.

1993 046A (22719) Name: DSCS III-7 Country: USA Launch date: 19 July 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas II Orbit: geostationary at 175 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1982 106B. Also known as USA-93 and DSCS III-B9.

1993 047A (22721) Name: Kosmos-2260 Country: Russia Launch date: 22 July 1993 Re-entry: 5 August 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 241 x 297 km, inclination: 82.3 °

Resurs T earth observation satellite as described for 1975 047A.

1993 048A (22723) Name: Hispasat 1-B Country: Spain Launch date: 22 July 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 90 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1992 060A.

1993 048B (22724) Name: Insat 2-B Country: India Launch date: 22 July 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 83 °E

Communications and meteorological satellite as described for 1992 041A. On 4 January 2004 the satellite was placed into a retirement orbit.

--- Name: NOSS 2-3 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1993 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan 403A Orbit: failed to orbit

Second generation military ocean surveillance satellite as described for 1976 038A. The launch vehicle exploded after 101 seconds. It has been suggested the launch vehicle also carried three SSU satellites as described for 1976 038C.

1993 049A (22729) Name: Molniya 3-45 Country: Russia Launch date: 4 August 1993 Re-entry: 31 December 2013 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 455 x 39147 km, inclination: 62.7 °

Communications satellite as described for 1974 092A.

1993 050A (22739) Name: NOAA-13 Country: USA Launch date: 9 August 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E Orbit: 860 x 876 km, inclination: 98.9 °

Meteorological satellite as described for 1979 057A. In addition to the normal range of instruments, which included Sarsat-5, the satellite carried the Energetic Heavy Ion Composition Experiment (EHIC) and the Magnetospheric Atmospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (MAXIE). EHIC and MAXIE have also been referred to as S86-7. Due to a failure of the electrical systems contact was lost on 21 August 1993.

1993 051A (22741) Name: Kosmos-2261 Country: Russia Launch date: 10 August 1993 Re-entry: 31 December 2012 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 613 x 39400 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1993 052A (22745) Name: Progress M-19 Country: Russia Launch date: 10 August 1993 Re-entry: 13 October 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 192 x 243 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-19 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 13 August 1993. It carried an external engine unit designated as Vynosnoy Dvigatelnoy Ustanovki (VDU) which was mounted on the xterior of the space station. The spacecraft undocked on 12 October 1993 and re-entered the next day. The spacecraft carried a Raduga re-entry capsule as described for 1990 085A. It carried samples and was ejected after undocking. It re-entered the same day.

1993 053A (22777) Name: Resurs F-19 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 August 1993 Re-entry: 10 September 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 188 x 267 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Earth resources satellite as described for 1989 038A.

1993 054A (22779) Name: Navstar 2A-13 Country: USA Launch date: 30 August 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20074 x 20221 km, inclination: 54.9 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-94, Navstar-34, Navstar-35 and SVN- 35, the satellite also carried a laser retroreflector known as ACRE and S93-2 which differentiated between onboard clock errors and satellite ephemeris errors.

1993 055A (22782) Name: Meteor 2-21 Country: Russia Launch date: 31 August 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 945 x 980 km, inclination: 82.5 °

Meteorological satellite as described for 1975 064A.

1993 055B (22783) Name: Temisat Country: Italy Launch date: 31 August 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 945 x 980 km, inclination: 82.5 °

The Telespazio Micro Satellite (Temisat) collected environmental data and distributed this data to users. The 32 kg satellite was built by Kayser-Threde.

1993 056A (22787) Name: UHF-2 Country: USA Launch date: 3 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas I Orbit: geostationary at 174 °W

Military communications satellite as described for 1993 015A. Also known as USA-95.

1993 057A (22789) Name: Kosmos-2262 Country: Russia Launch date: 7 September 1993 Re-entry: 18 December 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2 Orbit: 180 x 316 km, inclination: 64.9 °

Don military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1989 056A.

1993 058A (22795) Name: STS-51 Country: USA Launch date: 12 September 1993 Re-entry: 22 September 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 297 x 327 km, inclination: 28.5 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts F. Culbertson (Cmdr.), W. Readdy (Pilot), D. Bursch, J. Newman and C. Walz (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to deploy the ACTS communications satellite and to undertake the Orfeus/SPAS-1 mission. The mission also carried: 1. the Limited Duration Space Environment Candidate Materials Exposure (LDCE) experiment as described for STS-46 (1992 049A) exposing several materials to the atomic oxygen prevalent in low-Earth orbit; 2. the Auroral Photography Experiment (APE)-B as described for STS-43 (1991 054A); 3. the Chromosomes Experiment (CHROMEX)-4 as described for STS-29 (1989 021A), but on this flight investigating seeds; 4. the High Resolution Shuttle Glow Spectroscopy (HRSGS)-A instrument, also known as NRL-502A, to obtain high resolution spectra of the Shuttle surface glow; 5. the Investigation Into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP)-9 experiment as described for STS-31 (1990 037A); 6. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-3 experiment as described for STS-49 (1988 109B); 7. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-22 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 8. the Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-III-16 as described for STS-26 (1988 091A); 9. an IMAX camera; 10. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-476: Inflight Aerobic Exercise; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter; • DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-604: Visual-Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation; • DSO-605: Postural Equilibrium Control During Landing/Egress; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-617: Evaluation of Functional Skeletal Muscle Performance Following Space Flight; • DSO-621: In-Flight Use of Florinef to Improve Orthostatic Intolerance Postflight; • DSO-622: Gastrointestinal Function During Extended Duration Space Flight; • DSO-625: Measurement of Blood Volumes Before and After Spaceflight; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography; 11. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation; • DTO-305D: Ascent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-306D: Descent Compartment Venting Evaluation; • DTO-308D: Vibration and Acoustic Evaluation; • DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance; • DTO-319D: Orbiter/Payload Acceleration and Acoustics Environment Data; • DTO-412: On-orbit Fuel Cell Shutdown; • DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System; • DTO-656: Payload and General Purpose Support Computer Single Event Upset Monitoring; • DTO-660: Thermal Impulse Printer System Demonstration; • DTO-668: Advanced Lower Body Restraint Test; • DTO-671: EVA Hardware for Future Scheduled EVA Missions; • DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device; • DTO-700-5: Payload Bay Mounted Rendezvous Laser; • DTO-700-6: GPS On-orbit Demonstration; • DTO-700-7: Orbiter Data for Real Time Navigation Evaluation; • DTO-779: STS Orbiter Attitude Control Translational Thrusting; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; and • DTO-1210: EVA Operations Procedure/Trainer. On the first day of the mission, ACTS (1993 058B) was released and placed into its geostationary orbit by means of the Transfer Orbit Stage. Orfeus/SPAS (1993 058C) was released from the payload bay on 13 September 1993 and recovered again on 19 September 1993. On 16 September 1993 Walz and Newman made an EVA of 7 hours, 5 minutes to evaluate the portable foot restraint that was planned to be used on the forthcoming STS-61 (1993 075A) Hubble servicing mission as well as a range of tools. They also tested their ability to move about in the payload bay with the aid of a semi-rigid tether. The mission ended on 22 September 1993 with a landing at the Kennedy Space Centre. It had lasted 9 days, 20 hours, 11 minutes.

1993 058B (22796) Name: ACTS Country: USA Launch date: 12 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + TOS Orbit: geostationary at 100 °W

The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) was built by GE Astro Space for NASA, to test the feasibility of very small groundstations, demonstrate the feasibility of multiple communication facilities from a single platform and demonstrate the viability of 'spot beam hopping', in which the narrow beam of transmitted signal is shifted from one application to another. The primary payload of the 1474 kg satellite consisted of four transponders operating in the 30/20 GHz band and an antenna system which allowed 16 separate spot beams. The satellite conducted 31 communications experiments for public and private organisations.

1993 058C (22798) Name: Orfeus/SPAS-1 Country: USA Launch date: 13 September 1993 Re-entry: 19 September 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS Orbit: 270 x 304 km, inclination: 28.4 °

The Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (Orfeus), dedicated to astronomical observations at far- and extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths, was released from the payload bay of STS-51 (1993 058A) on 13 September 1993 by means of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). Using the German designed SPAS platform, Orfeus consisted of a Far-Ultraviolet (FUV) spectrometer designed in Germany and an Extreme-Ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer provided by the University of California at Berkeley. Data recorded by these spectrometers was complemented by that collected by the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). Also carried on the SPAS were the Surface Effective Sample Monitor (SESAM), a remote sensing camera and an IMAX camera. The Orfeus/SPAS-1, which had a mass of 3154 kg, was recovered on 19 September 1993.

1993 059A (22802) Name: Kosmos-2263 Country: Russia Launch date: 16 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 852 x 880 km, inclination: 70.6 °

Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1993 060A (22808) Name: Kosmos-2264 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 September 1993 Re-entry: 7 August 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2 Orbit: 429 x 437 km, inclination: 65.0 °

US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

--- Name: IRS-1E Country: India Launch date: 20 September 1993 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Sriharikota Launch vehicle: PSLV Orbit: failed to orbit

Earth resources satellite as described for 1988 021A. It made use of the engineering model of IRS-1A and was also known as IRS P-1. The launch vehicle failed due to problems with the attitude control system.

1993 061A (22823) Name: SPOT-3 Country: France Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 819 x 846 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Earth resources satellite as described for 1986 019A. In addition the satellite carried the POAM or S88-1 instrument which measured polar ozone and aerosols and the Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (Doris) instrument to facilitate accurate orbit determination and radiopositioning.

1993 061B (22824) Name: Stella Country: France Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 802 x 826 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Geodetic satellite fitted with 60 laser reflectors. The satellite, which was based on Starlette (1975 010A), had a mass of 48 kg.

1993 061C (22825) Name: Uribyol-2 Country: Korea Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 790 x 807 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Radio amateur satellite built entirely in Korea. The satellite, which was also known as Kitsat-2, Oscar-25 or KO-25, carried a store-and-forward transponder operating in the 145/435 MHz band, a CCD Earth imaging system as well as a GPS receiver. The satellite had a mass of 50 kg.

1993 061D (22826) Name: Posat Country: Portugal Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 794 x 823 km, inclination: 98.5 °

Technology satellite based on the Uosat satellite bus and built by a consortium of Portuguese aerospace companies. The satellite, which was also known as Oscar-28 and PO-28, had a mass of 50 kg, carried an Earth imaging camera, a CCD star sensor, a GPS receiver, and a digital signal processing experiment operating in the 145/435 MHz band.

1993 061E (22827) Name: Healthsat Country: USA Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 797 x 821 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Healthsat, which was based on the Uosat satellite bus, provided communications facilities between health centres. With a mass of 50 kg, it continued the services previously provided by Oscar-14 (1990 005B) and Oscar-22 (1991 050B). Healthsat did, however, not receive an Oscar designation.

1993 061F (22828) Name: ITAmsat Country: Italy Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 800 x 822 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Radio amateur satellite fitted with transponders operating in the 145/435 MHz band. The satellite had a mass of 10 kg and was also known as Oscar-26 and IO-26.

1993 061G (22829) Name: Eyesat Country: USA Launch date: 26 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 800 x 823 km, inclination: 98.6 °

Satellite with a mass of 11 kg built by Interferometrics in cooperation with Amrad of Virginia (USA) to collect environmental data and help vehicles to navigate through difficult terrain. The transponder operated in the 145/435 MHz band. The satellite was also known as Oscar-27 and EO-27.

1993 062A (22836) Name: Raduga-30 Country: Russia Launch date: 30 September 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: geostationary at 83 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A.

--- Name: Landsat-6 Country: USA Launch date: 5 October 1993 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan II Orbit: failed to orbit

Earth resources satellite owned by EOSAT and built by GE Astrospace using the Tiros N design. The instrumens of the 1740 kg satellite consisted of an Enhanced Thematic Mapper operating in the same seven bands as the Thematic Mapper of Landsat-4 (1982 072A) and Landsat-5 (1984 021A) but with an eighth panchromatic band 0.50 – 0.60 µm with a resolution of 15 m. The satellite failed to achieve orbit due to the failure of the Star-73 kick motor. Landsat-6 would have been fully compatible with Landsat-4 and -5.

1993 063A (22859) Name: FSW 1-5 Country: China Launch date: 8 October 1993 Re-entry: 28 October 1993 Launch site: Jiuquan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C Orbit: 209 x 300 km, inclination: 89.6 °

Recoverable satellite as described for 1986 019A. It was also known as Jian Bing 1A-5. The satellite carried a microgravity payload. Recovery of the re-entry module was planned for 16 October 1993 but the incorrect alignment placed the re-entry module into a higher orbit from which it re-enter on 12 March 1996. The re-entry module was designated as 1993 063H (22870). The main spacecraft was placed in a lower orbit and re-entered on 28 October 1993.

1993 064A (22867) Name: Progress M-20 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 October 1993 Re-entry: 21 November 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 191 x 242 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-20 docked with the rear port of the Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 13 October 1993 and remained attached until 21 November 1993. The spacecraft carried a Raduga re-entry capsule as described for 1990 085A. It carried a US crystallisation experiment and was ejected after undocking. It re-entered the same day.

1993 065A (22869) Name: STS-58 Country: USA Launch date: 18 October 1993 Re-entry: 1 November 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 282 x 291 km, inclination: 39.0 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts J. Blaha (Cmdr.), R. Searfoss (Pilot), R. Seddon (Payload Cmdr.), S. Lucid, W. McArthur, D. Wolf (all Mission Specialists), and M. Fettman (Payload Specialist) using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the flight was to fly the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS)-2 mission, using a Spacelab long module (LM2) as described for 1983 116A, which was supported by the Extended Duration Orbiter pallet consisting of tanks of liquid hydrogen and oxygen used for the orbiter's power cells for up to 18 days. The mission was exclusively devoted to understanding how the human body reacts and adapts itself to the zero-gravity environment. The experiments conducted on the flight were: 1. In-flight Study of Cardiovascular De-conditioning, to examine how microgravity induced changes affect the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems; 2. Cardiovascular Adaptation to Zero-Gravity experiment to study the reaction of the cardiovascular system to headward fluid shifts in microgravity; 3. Pulmonary Functioning During Weightlessness experiment to test the blood flow, lung diffusing capacity and other functions of astronauts; 4. Vestibular Experiments which involved a range of tests to study the response of the sensitive human vestibular system to microgravity; 5. Effect of Space Travel on Mammalian Gravity Receptors, in which the inner ear complex of rats was collected during the flight to determine whether spaceflight induced changes in gravity receptors are of a temporary or permanent nature; 6. Regulation of Erythropoiesis in Rats, to measure the reduction in red blood cell mass during the flight; 7. Regulation of Blood Volume During Spaceflight, an experiment to study the changing role of red blood cells during spaceflight by measuring the destruction rate of blood cells; 8. Fluid Electrolyte Regulation, an experiment to measure the onset of fluid shifts in the human renal and circulatory systems in low gravity; 9. Influence of Spaceflight on Erythrokinetics to measure control factors and red blood cell production in space; 10. Protein Metabolism During Spaceflight, to study the changes in body protein as a result of spaceflight; 11. Effects of Zero-gravity on Biochemical and Metabolic Properties of Skeletal Muscles, measuring the muscle mass decrease in rats as well as how cell and tissue chemistry is changed by weightlessness; 12. Bone, Calcium and Space Flight Investigations to study the effects of weightlessness on bone and changes in the calcium metabolisms of the rats. The 48 rats were carried in two Research Animal Holding Facilities (RAFH), which were augmented by a General Purpose Workstation (GPWS), a General Purpose Transfer Unit (GPTU), a Small Mass Measuring Instrument (SMMI) and a Refrigerator/Incubator Module (RMI); 13. Effect of Microgravity on the Electron Microscopy, Histochemistry and Protease Activities of Rat Hindlimb Muscle to compare the atrophy rates of muscles to oppose gravity and those muscles used for general movement; 14. Pathophysiology of Mineral Loss During Space Flight which studied the changes in balances of calcium entering and leaving the body; 15. the Urine Monitoring System (UMS) as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 16. the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE)-3 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 17. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-12 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 18. the Astronaut Science Advisor (ASA), a computer which enabled the astronauts to work more effectively and improve the quality of the space science experiments 19. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance; • DTO-623: Cabin Air Monitoring; • DTO-663: Acoustical Noise Dosimeter Data; • DTO-665: Acoustical Noise Sound Level Data; • DTO-667: Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer; • DTO-910: Orbiter Experiments Package-Orbiter Acceleration Research Experiment as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 20. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-325: Dried Blood Method for In-flight Storage; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter; • DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-611: Air Monitoring - Archival Organic Sampler; • DSO-612: Energy Utilization; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-617: Evaluation of Functional Skeletal Muscle Performance Following Space Flight; • DSO-620: Physiological Evaluation of Astronaut Seat Egress Ability at Wheels Stop; • DSO-623: In-flight LBNP Test of Countermeasures and End-of-Mission Countermeasure Trial; • DSO-624: Pre- and Postflight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Submaximal Exercise; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-802: Educational Activities; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography; and • DSO-904: Assessment of Human Factors. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 14 days, 0 hours, 12 minutes, the longest Space Shuttle flight to this date.

1993 066A (22871) Name: Intelsat-701 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 22 October 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 174 °E

Communications satellite owned by Intelsat and built by Loral Space Systemsn using the LS-1300 platform. The 1495 kg satellite carried 26 transponders in the C band and 5 transponders in the Ku band. On Intelsat- 704 (1995 001A) the number of transponders in the Ku band was increased to 10 whilst on Intelsat-705 (1995 013A) and subsequent satellites the number was increased to 14. In December 2011 the satellite was moved to 157 oE and to 29.5 oW in October 2013..

1993 067A (22875) Name: Kosmos-2265 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 October 1993 Re-entry: 11 August 2003 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 301 x 1592 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Yug minor military satellite as described for 1979 100A.

1993 068A (22877) Name: Navstar 2A-14 Country: USA Launch date: 26 October 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: 20107 x 20264 km, inclination: 55.1 °

Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-96, Navstar-34, Navstar-35 and SVN- 34.

1993 069A (22880) Name: Gorizont-28 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 October 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: geostationary at 90 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1978 118A.

1993 070A (22888) Name: Kosmos-2266 Country: Russia Launch date: 2 November 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 967 x 1031 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1993 071A (22904) Name: Kosmos-2267 Country: Russia Launch date: 5 November 1993 Re-entry: 28 December 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 198 x 279 km, inclination: 70.4 °

Neman military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1991 049A.

1993 072A (22907) Name: Gorizont-29 Country: Russia Launch date: 18 November 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: geostationary at 130 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1978 118A. The transponders were leased to the United States Rimsat Corp., whilst the orbital spot is that allocated to Tonga. The satellite has also been referred to as Rimsat-1. In 1996 the satellite was sold to Mabuhay Satellites as Agila-1 and was relocated to 153 oE.

1993 073A (22911) Name: Solidaridad-1 Country: Mexico Launch date: 20 November 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 109 °W

Communications satellite owned by Mexico and built by Hughes using the HS-601 platform. The satellite, with a mass of 2780 kg, was fitted with 18 transponders in the C band, 16 transponders in the Ku band and a single transponder in the L band. It was later renamed as Satmex-3.

1993 073B (22912) Name: Meteosat-6 Int. Agency: Eumetsat Launch date: 20 November 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 0 °

Meteorological satellite as described for 1977 108A.

1993 074A (22915) Name: DSCS III-8 Country: USA Launch date: 28 November 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas II Orbit: geostationary at 60 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1982 106B. Also known as USA-97 and DSCS III-B10. In April 2013 the satellite was moved to 112 oW.

1993 075A (22917) Name: STS-61 Country: USA Launch date: 2 December 1993 Re-entry: 13 December 1993 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 588 x 594 km, inclination: 28.4 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Covey (Cmdr), K. Bowersox (Pilot), S. Musgrave (Payload Cmdr.) T. Akers, J. Hoffman, K. Thornton and C. Nicollier (ESA) (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. Astronaut G. Harbaugh had been designated as a back-up Mission Specialist. The purpose of the flight was to revisit the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (1990 037B) and repair and service this observatory and for this the orbiter carried a modified Spacelab pallet as described for 1983 116A and identified as the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier (ORUC). After a launch delay of only one day due to weather conditions, the mission intercepted the HST by flying around it. Using the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), Nicollier captured the HST on 4 December 1993, 47 hours, 21 minutes after launch and lowered it into the payload bay 38 minutes later. The mission carried only enough fuel for one attempt to intercept. During the first EVA on 5 December 1993 Musgrave and Hoffman replaced the faulty gyroscopes. The EVA lasted 7 hours, 54 minutes. The next day, during an EVA lasting 6 hours, 36 minutes, Thornton and Akers removed the solar arrays. One of these was rolled up an and stored for return to Earth, whilst the other had to be dumped into space as it was damaged and could not be rolled up. During the same EVA the new solar arrays were installed although they were not unrolled. On 7 December 1993 Musgrave and Hoffman conducted the third EVA of 6 hours, 47 minutes during which they installed the replacement Wide Field Planetary Camera. The fourth EVA of 6 hours, 50 minutes was conducted by Thornton and Akers on 8 December 1993 during which the Corrective Optics Unit was installed. Finally, on 9 December 1993, Musgrave and Hoffman made a final EVA of 7 hours, 21 minutes to perform other primary servicing tasks including the replacement of one of the HST drive assemblies that controlled the solar array attitude, the magnetic sensing system, fuses for the gyroscopes and several other instruments. Two additional EVA's, which had been provided for if required, were not undertaken. HST was released again on 10 December 1993, 193 hours, 0 minutes after launch and 145 hours, 1 minute after having been placed in the payload bay. The mission carried 280 various tools, six times as much as was expected to be required. In addition the flight carried: 1. the Shuttle Radiator Assembly Demonstration/Two Phase Integration Thermal System (SRAD/TPITS) to evaluate the on-orbit thermal performance of a representative portion of an integrated two-phase thermal bus and on-orbit constructability of a space station radiator elements using Remote Manipulator System and EVA techniques; 2. two IMAX cameras; 3. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-23 instrument as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 4. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-648: Electronic Still Photography Test; • DTO-656: Payload and General Purpose Support Computer Single Event Upset Monitoring; • DTO-667: Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer; • DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device; • DTO-700-8: Global Positioning System Development Flight Test; • DTO-1211: Water Dumps at 10.2 psi Cabin; 5. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-200: Radiobiological Effects; • DSO-326: Window Impact Observations; • DSO-469: Inflight Radiation Dose/Distribution; • DSO-483: Back Pain Pattern in Microgravity; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter; • DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers; • DSO-489: EVA Dosimetry Evaluation; • DSO-604: Visual Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation; • DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; • DSO-617: Evaluation of Functional Skeletal Muscle Performance Following Space Flight; • DSO-624: Pre and Postflight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Submaximal Exercise; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-901: Documentary Television; • DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; and • DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. The flight landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a mission duration of 10 days, 19 hours, 58 minutes.

1993 076A (22921) Name: NATO-4B Int. Agency: NATO Launch date: 8 December 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: geostationary at 6 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1991 001A. Also known as USA-98.

1993 077A (22927) Name: Telstar-401 Country: USA Launch date: 16 December 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIAS Orbit: geostationary at 97 °W

Communications satellite owned by AT&T and based on the Martin Marietta GE-7000 platform. The satellite was fitted with 24 transponders operating in the C band and 24 transponders in the Ku band. It had a mass of 3375 kg. On 11 January 1997 the satellite suffered a massive power failure. The cause of the failure has been attributed to the magnetic storm which followed a large hydrogen and helium solar flare which was observed on 6 January 1997.

1993 078A (22930) Name: Direc TV-1 Country: USA Launch date: 18 December 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 102 °W

Direct television broadcasting satellite owned by Hughes and based on the Hughes HS-601 platform. The satellite, which was also known as Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS)-1, had a mass of 2860 kg and was fitted with 16 transponders operating in the Ku band.

1993 078B (22931) Name: Thaicom-1 Country: Thailand Launch date: 18 December 1993 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 78.5 °E

Communications satellite owned by Shinawatra Satellite Public Co. Ltd. and based on the Hughes HS-376 satellite platform. The satellite, with a mass of 1080 kg, was fitted with 10 transponders operating in the C band and 2 transponders operating in the Ku band.

1993 079A (22949) Name: Molniya 1-87 Country: Russia Re-entry: in orbit Launch date: 22 December 1993 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 446 x 39206 km , inclination: 62.8 o

Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.