Probability of Collision in the Geostationary Orbit*
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The Modern Broadcaster's Journey from Satellite to Ip
A CONCISE GUIDE TO… THE MODERN BROADCASTER’S JOURNEY FROM SATELLITE TO IP DELIVERY The commercial communication satellite will celebrate its 60th birthday next year but the concept is far from entering retirement. Nonetheless, as it moves into its seventh decade, the use of the satellite is rapidly evolving. As of 2020, approximately 1,400 communications satellites are orbiting the earth, delivering tens of thousands of TV channels and, increasingly, internet connectivity. Satellite communication is also a vital asset for the TV production industry, allowing live reportage to and from anywhere in the world – almost instantly. 1 Its place in the TV ecosystem is changing, much higher value. It was also well before the however, as it plays a reduced role in the on-demand content revolution. This trend delivery of video – a shift that several has led to the last major shift: the emergence underlying trends have accelerated. The first of multiplatform, over-the-top streaming is a massive proliferation of video content. over the last 15 years, which has eroded the dominance of the linear broadcaster. The Although satellite use in TV production rise of the streaming giants and specialist has been integral to high-profile live news platforms has forced broadcasters to increase and sports coverage, its role is waning. The their overall distribution capacity using last couple of decades has seen a massive Internet Protocol (IP)-centric methods. increase in live content from a broader range of leagues, niche sports, performance The trends impacting satellite’s role in events and 24-hour news networks. This the television landscape are forcing many expansion of content leads to the second broadcasters to look to their future and factor. -
Low-Cost Wireless Internet System for Rural India Using Geosynchronous Satellite in an Inclined Orbit
Low-cost Wireless Internet System for Rural India using Geosynchronous Satellite in an Inclined Orbit Karan Desai Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Electrical Engineering Timothy Pratt, Chair Jeffrey H. Reed J. Michael Ruohoniemi April 28, 2011 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Internet, Low-cost, Rural Communication, Wireless, Geostationary Satellite, Inclined Orbit Copyright 2011, Karan Desai Low-cost Wireless Internet System for Rural India using Geosynchronous Satellite in an Inclined Orbit Karan Desai ABSTRACT Providing affordable Internet access to rural populations in large developing countries to aid economic and social progress, using various non-conventional techniques has been a topic of active research recently. The main obstacle in providing fiber-optic based terrestrial Internet links to remote villages is the cost involved in laying the cable network and disproportionately low rate of return on investment due to low density of paid users. The conventional alternative to this is providing Internet access using geostationary satellite links, which can prove commercially infeasible in predominantly cost-driven rural markets in developing economies like India or China due to high access cost per user. A low-cost derivative of the conventional satellite-based Internet access system can be developed by utilizing an aging geostationary satellite nearing the end of its active life, allowing it to enter an inclined geosynchronous orbit by limiting station keeping to only east-west maneuvers to save fuel. Eliminating the need for individual satellite receiver modules by using one centrally located earth station per village and providing last mile connectivity using Wi-Fi can further reduce the access cost per user. -
Spacecraft System Failures and Anomalies Attributed to the Natural Space Environment
NASA Reference Publication 1390 - j Spacecraft System Failures and Anomalies Attributed to the Natural Space Environment K.L. Bedingfield, R.D. Leach, and M.B. Alexander, Editor August 1996 NASA Reference Publication 1390 Spacecraft System Failures and Anomalies Attributed to the Natural Space Environment K.L. Bedingfield Universities Space Research Association • Huntsville, Alabama R.D. Leach Computer Sciences Corporation • Huntsville, Alabama M.B. Alexander, Editor Marshall Space Flight Center • MSFC, Alabama National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center ° MSFC, Alabama 35812 August 1996 PREFACE The effects of the natural space environment on spacecraft design, development, and operation are the topic of a series of NASA Reference Publications currently being developed by the Electromagnetics and Aerospace Environments Branch, Systems Analysis and Integration Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center. This primer provides an overview of seven major areas of the natural space environment including brief definitions, related programmatic issues, and effects on various spacecraft subsystems. The primary focus is to present more than 100 case histories of spacecraft failures and anomalies documented from 1974 through 1994 attributed to the natural space environment. A better understanding of the natural space environment and its effects will enable spacecraft designers and managers to more effectively minimize program risks and costs, optimize design quality, and achieve mission objectives. .o° 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS -
Optical Satellite Communication Toward the Future of Ultra High
No.466 OCT 2017 Optical Satellite Communication toward the Future of Ultra High-speed Wireless Communications No.466 OCT 2017 National Institute of Information and Communications Technology CONTENTS FEATURE Optical Satellite Communication toward the Future of Ultra High-speed Wireless Communications 1 INTERVIEW New Possibilities Demonstrated by Micro-satellites Morio TOYOSHIMA 4 A Deep-space Optical Communication and Ranging Application Single photon detector and receiver for observation of space debris Hiroo KUNIMORI 6 Environmental-data Collection System for Satellite-to-Ground Optical Communications Verification of the site diversity effect Kenji SUZUKI 8 Optical Observation System for Satellites Using Optical Telescopes Supporting safe satellite operation and satellite communication experiment Tetsuharu FUSE 10 Development of "HICALI" Ultra-high-speed optical satellite communication between a geosynchronous satellite and the ground Toshihiro KUBO-OKA TOPICS 12 NICT Intellectual Property -Series 6- Live Electrooptic Imaging (LEI) Camera —Real-time visual comprehension of invisible electromagnetic waves— 13 Awards 13 Development of the “STARDUST” Cyber-attack Enticement Platform Cover photo Optical telescope with 1 m primary mirror. It receives data by collecting light from sat- ellites. This was the main telescope used in experiments with the Small Optical TrAn- sponder (SOTA). This optical telescope has three focal planes, a Cassegrain, a Nasmyth, and a coudé. The photo in the upper left of this page shows SOTA mounted in a 50 kg-class micro- satellite. In a world-leading effort, this was developed to conduct basic research on technology for 1.5-micron band optical communication between low-earth-orbit sat- ellite and the ground and to test satellite-mounted equipment in a space environment. -
Eie312 Communications Principles
EIE312 COMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES Outline: Principles of communications: 1. An elementary account of the types of transmission (Analogue signal transmission and digital signal transmission). Block diagram of a communication system. 2. Brief Historical development on communications: a. Telegraph b. Telephony c. Radio d. Satellite e. Data f. Optical and mobile communications g. Facsimile 3. The frequency Spectrum 4. Signals and vectors, orthogonal functions. 5. Fourier series, Fourier integral, signal spectrum, convolution, power and energy correlation. 6. Modulation, reasons for modulation, types of modulation. 7. Amplitude modulation systems: a. Comparison of amplitude modulation systems. b. Methods of generating and detecting AM, DBS and SSB signals. c. Vestigial sideband d. Frequency mixing and multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing e. Applications of AM systems. 8. Frequency modulation systems: 1 a. Instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, modulation index, Bessel coefficients, significant sideband criteria b. Bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal, power of an FM signal, direct and indirect FM generation, c. Various methods of FM demodulation, discriminator, phase-lock loop, limiter, pre- emphasis and de-emphasis, Stereophonic FM broadcasting 9. Noise waveforms and characteristics. Thermal noise, shot noise, noise figure and noise temperature. Cascade network, experimental determination of noise figure. Effects of noise on AM and FM systems. 10. Block diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio receiver, AM broadcast mixer, local oscillator design, intermodulation interference, adjacent channel interference, ganging, tracking error, intermediate frequency, automatic gain control (AGC), delay AGC, diode detector, volume control. 11. FM broadcast band and specification, Image frequency, block diagram of a FM radio receiver, limiter and ratio detectors, automatic frequency control, squelch circuit, FM mono and FM stereo receivers. -
Overview of Satellite Communications
Overview of Satellite Communications Dick McClure Agenda Background History Introduction to Satcom Technology Ground System Antennas Satellite technology Geosynchronous orbit Antenna coverage patterns 2 COMMUNICATION SATELLITES Uses Example satellite systems 3 Why Satellite Communications? Satellite coverage spans great distances A satellite can directly connect points separated by 1000’s of miles A satellite can broadcast to 1000’s of homes/businesses/military installations simultaneously A satellite can be reached from ground facilities that move Satellites can connect to locations with no infrastructure Satellites adapt easily to changing requirements Some Common SATCOM Systems The INTELSAT system provides globe-spanning TV coverage The Thuraya satellite-based phone system covers all of Saudi Arabia and Egypt DoD Military Communications Satellite System Links field sites with Pentagon and US command centers DirecTV, Echostar Direct-to-home TV XM Radio, Sirius Satellite radio-to-car/home Hughes VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) systems Links GM car dealers, Walmart, Costco, J C Penney, etc. to their accounting centers Common Satellite Orbits LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Close to Earth Photo satellites – 250 miles Iridium – 490 miles Polar Orbit Provides coverage to polar regions (used by Russian satellites) GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) Angular velocity of the satellite = angular velocity of earth satellite appears to be fixed in space Most widely used since ground antennas need not move Circular orbit Altitude: 22,236 miles Can’t “see” the poles 6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND People Early satellites Evolution 7 Historical Background: People Arthur C. Clarke Highly successful science fiction author First to define geosynchronous communications satellite concept Published paper in Wireless World , October 1945 Suggested terrestrial point-to-point relays would be made obsolete by satellites Unsure about how satellites would be powered John R. -
High Latitude Communications Satellite By
I I High Latitude Communications Satellite By I Brij N. AgrawaIt Naval Postgraduate School I Monterey. California This paper presents preliminary design of a high latitude communications satellite. The satellite provides a continuous UHF I communications for areas located north of the region covered by geosynchronous communications satellites. The satellite orbit is elliptic with 63.40 inclination with perigee at 1204 km altitude in I the southern hemisphere and apogee at 14930 km altitude. The orbit period is 4.8 hours. The system consists of three satellites equally spaced in mean anomaly. It is launched by Delta II launch I vehicle in three satellite staked configuration. The spacecraft uses three-axis-stabilization consisting of three reaction wheel system. Solar array surface is always normal to sun rays by spacecraft I rotation about yaw axis and solar array drive rotation. The propulsion subsystem is a catalytic monopropellant hydrazine subsystem. consisting of four 38-Newton and twelve 2-Newton I thrusters. Electric power is provided by GaAs solar cell and nickel hydrogen batteries. I INTRODUCTION Geosynchronous spacecraft have been widely used for communications satellites. Three equally spaced geosynchronous spacecraft can provide global I communication network. However, geosynchronous spacecraft can not provide communication for high latitude areas. A spacecraft design project was undertaken at the Naval Postgraduate School in Fall 1989 to perform I preliminary design of a high latitude communications satellites (HILACS). The paper presents the results of this study including some recent work. I SATELLITE MISSION The mission of the satellite system is to provide continuous communications for areas above 60 0 N latitude. -
5G New Radio Evolution Meets Satellite Communications: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions
1 5G New Radio Evolution Meets Satellite Communications: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions Xingqin Lin, Björn Hofström, Eric Wang, Gino Masini, Helka-Liina Maattanen, Henrik Rydén, Jonas Sedin, Magnus Stattin, Olof Liberg, Sebastian Euler, Siva Muruganathan, Stefan Eriksson G., and Talha Khan Ericsson Contact: [email protected] the development cycle and the costs of satellite manufacturing Abstract— The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) and launching processes have been dramatically reduced [5]. completed the first global 5th generation (5G) new radio (NR) A major driver of the success of terrestrial mobile networks standard in its Release 15, paving the way for making 5G a over the past few decades has been the international commercial reality. So, what is next in NR evolution to further standardization effort yielding the benefits of significant expand the 5G ecosystem? Enabling 5G NR to support satellite economies of scale. The 3rd generation partnership project communications is one direction under exploration in 3GPP. There has been a resurgence of interest in providing connectivity (3GPP) has been the dominating standardization development from space, stimulated by technology advancement and demand body of several generations of mobile technology. The for ubiquitous connectivity services. The on-going evolution of 5G international standardization effort helps ensure compatibility standards provides a unique opportunity to revisit satellite among vendors and reduce network operation and device costs. communications. In this article, we provide an overview of use In contrast, the interoperability between different satellite cases and a primer on satellite communications. We identify key solution vendors has been difficult and the availability of technical challenges faced by 5G NR evolution for satellite devices is limited, leading to an overall fragmented satellite communications and give some preliminary ideas for how to communications market up to date [6]. -
Geosynchronous Satellite GF-4 Observations of Chlorophyll-A Distribution Details in the Bohai Sea, China
sensors Article Geosynchronous Satellite GF-4 Observations of Chlorophyll-a Distribution Details in the Bohai Sea, China Lina Cai 1, Juan Bu 1, Danling Tang 2,*, Minrui Zhou 1, Ru Yao 1 and Shuyi Huang 1 1 Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (R.Y.); [email protected] (S.H.) 2 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing (LORS), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 24 September 2020 Abstract: We analyzed the distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chla) in the Bohai Sea area based on data from the geosynchronous orbit optical satellite Gaofen-4 (GF-4), which was launched in 2015, carrying a panchromatic multispectral sensor (PMS). This is the first time the geosynchronous orbit optical satellite GF-4 remote-sensing data has been used in China to detect the Chla change details in the Bohai Sea. A new GF-4 retrieved model was established based on the relationship between in situ Chla value and the reflectance combination of 2 and 4 bands, with the R2 of 0.9685 and the total average relative error of 37.42%. Twenty PMS images obtained from 2017 to 2019 were applied to analyze Chla in Bohai sea. The results show that: (1) the new built Chla inversion model PMS-1 for the GF-4 PMS sensor can extract Chla distribution details in the Bohai Sea well. -
Evolution and Future of Broadband Satellite Services Brennan Price ITU Satellite Symposium November 29, 2018 Corporate Overview 2018 About Echostar
Evolution and Future of Broadband Satellite Services Brennan Price ITU Satellite Symposium November 29, 2018 Corporate Overview 2018 About EchoStar We are a global powerhouse • Multibillion-dollar public company (NASDAQ:SATS) • Operates and manages 24 satellites—the world’s 4th largest commercial geosynchronous satellite fleet • World’s #1 consumer high-speed satellite internet service, HughesNet®, with over 1.3 million subscribers in the Americas • Leading global provider of satellite broadband technology and services—approximately 50% market share with over 7 million systems shipped to customers in over 100 countries on five continents • First commercial satellite network with Walmart, named one of the top 20 strategic business decisions of the 20th century by Fortune magazine © 2018 EchoStar November 29, 2018 3 Company Structure © 2018 EchoStar November 29, 2018 4 Worldwide Locations © 2018 EchoStar November 29, 2018 5 EchoStar Satellite Services © 2018 EchoStar November 29, 2018 6 Satellite Fleet • 24 owned, leased, and managed satellites • World’s fourth-largest commercial geosynchronous satellite fleet © 2018 EchoStar November 29, 2018 7 Satellite Services • Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS) ‒ Capacity for Direct-to-Home (DTH) service providers ‒ DISH Network and Dish Mexico • Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) Mexico ‒ Full and part-time Ku-band transponder capacity ‒ Enterprise, broadcast, and government services applications • Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) ‒ Mobile, public safety, and transportation applications © 2018 EchoStar -
Regulation of Global Broadband Satellite Communications April 2012
REGULATORY & MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 REGULATION OF Switzerland www.itu.int GLOBAL BROADBAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Broadband Series APRIL 2012 Printed in Switzerland Telecommunication Development Sector Geneva, 2012 04/2012 Regulation of Global Broadband Satellite Communications April 2012 . This report has been prepared for ITU by Rajesh Mehrotra, Founder and Principal Consultant, Red Books. The report benefited from extensive review and guidance from the team of the Regulatory and Market Environment Division (RME) of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT). ITU wishes to express thanks to John Alden for editing the paper and to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) for their comments and advice. This report is part of a new series of ITU reports on broadband that are available online and free of charge at the ITU Universe of Broadband portal: www.itu.int/broadband. Please consider the environment before printing this report. ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Regulation of global broadband satellite communications Table of Contents Page Preface .......................................................................................................................................... iii Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... -
<> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA
1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A