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The Outsiders The Outsiders WEST AFRICAN MIGRANTS AND XENO-RACISM IN NORTHERN ITALY By Lisa Kuijpers Title: The Outsiders. West African migrants and xeno-racism in northern Italy. Author: Lisa Kuijpers Student number: 3025004 Study program: Human Geography Specialisation: Conflicts, Territories and Identities Supervisor: dr. Haley Swedlund Second reader: dr. Joris Schapendonk Date: 08-08-2016 Cover photo: Seconds before the storm breaks during a ‘Refugees Welcome’ manifestation in Milan. 15 June 2015. Taken by the author, Lisa Kuijpers. iv Alexa, and the other guests, and perhaps even Georgina, all understood the fleeing from war, from the kind of poverty that crushed human souls, but they would not understand the need to escape from the oppressive lethargy of choicelessness. They would not understand why people like him, who were raised well-fed and watered but mired in dissatisfaction, conditioned from birth to look towards somewhere else, were now resolved to do dangerous things, illegal things, so as to leave, none of them starving, or raped, or from burned villages, but merely hungry for choice and certainty. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2013), Americanah, London: Fourth Estate, p. 276 v vi ABSTRACT Migrants have always been present in the Italian society, but their numbers where small until the late 1970s. After that, Italy changed from a mostly emigration country into an immigration country. Italy was reluctant to embrace this change and held on the old image for a long time. This also meant that policy- making on the topic of migration started relatively late in Italy. Nowadays, there are many policies that restrict migration. These have, however, not stopped migrants from coming to Italy. In a world that is changing and in which record-breaking numbers of people are fleeing their homes, migration has become a more relevant topic than even before. Prejudice towards migrants has probably existed since the first migrants arrived in Italy. This study explores how West African migrants in Italy experience xeno-racism and if these experiences influence their desire to either stay in Italy or migrate elsewhere. It builds on existing literature on the topics of migration and mobility on the one hand, and xenophobia and racism on the other. It also draws on interviews with West African migrants in and around Milan. The findings from this study show that xeno- racism does not look like an important factor in migrants’ decision-making at first glance. Looking deeper, though, we see that xeno-racism influences migrants’ lives in many – sometimes indirect or hidden – ways. Because of xeno-racism, migrants do not get the same (economic) opportunities as the native population. For many, that could be a reason to want to leave Italy and search for a place with better opportunities. Xeno-racism prevents migrants from developing to their full potential. The paradox is that Italian society needs migrants on the labour market, but that they are unwanted and unwelcome at the same time. Looking closely and critically at xeno-racism is therefore not only important for the lives of migrants, but for Italy as well. Key words: West African migrants – mobility – xeno-racism – Italy – Milan vii viii PREFACE I am grateful to many people for their help and support during my thesis writing process. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Haley Swedlund. Thank you for all your support and feedback, and for the interesting conversations we had. Secondly, I would like to thank Joris Schapendonk, who is not only the second examiner of this thesis but who was also the supervisor of my research internship. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to work on your project and for your advice and support during my fieldwork period. I would also like to thank my fellow students on this project for sharing their experiences and insight. I am grateful to my interviewees and all of the other people and organisations I met with in Milan. Thank you for sharing your stories, answering my questions and introducing me to others. Last but definitely not least, I would like to thank Francesco, my fellow student and friend who was supposed to be my partner in the field. He unexpectedly passed away just weeks before we were supposed to leave. I wish we would have had more time to talk and study together, but he has inspired this research even when he was not there in person. Grazie, amico. ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. vii Preface ............................................................................................................................................... ix List of figures .................................................................................................................................... xiii List of tables ..................................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 An introduction to the research ................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Research objective and question ...................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Concepts and theories ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Methodology and methods ................................................................................................ 3 1.1.4 The case study .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.5 Fieldwork in Italy ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Relevance of the research ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Scientific relevance ........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Societal relevance ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Thesis structure ........................................................................................................................ 6 2. Theoretical framework .................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Migration and mobility .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Borders and bordering ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Otherness and othering ................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Migrants and migrant reception ....................................................................................... 12 2.1.4 Mobility and migration ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Racism and xenophobia ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Racism, xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiments ...................................................... 16 2.2.2 Institutional, state and political racism ............................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Racism, prejudice and stereotypes ................................................................................. 21 2.2.4 Xeno-racism .................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................... 23 3. Methodological framework ........................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Research methodology .......................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Research methods ................................................................................................................. 25 3.2.1 Theory and literature study .............................................................................................. 26 3.2.2 Collection of empirical data ............................................................................................. 26 3.2.3 Analysis of the data ......................................................................................................... 27 4. Racism and migration: the Italian case ........................................................................................ 29 4.1 A history of migration in Italy .................................................................................................. 29 4.1.1 Italy: from emigration to immigration country .................................................................. 30 4.1.2 Twenty-first century migration in Italy .............................................................................. 36 4.2 Racism in Italy .......................................................................................................................
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