Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe Edited by Russell King, Gabriella Lazaridis and Charalambos Tsardanidis Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe This page intentionally left blank Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe Edited by Russell King Professor of Geography and Dean of the School of European Studies University of Sussex Gabriella Lazaridis Lecturer in Politics and Social Policy University of Dundee and Charalambos Tsardanidis Director Institute of International Economic Relations Athens First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41117-7 ISBN 978-0-333-98252-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333982525 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22615-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eldorado or fortress? : migration in Southern Europe / edited by Russell King, Gabriella Lazaridis, Charalambos Tsardanidis. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-22615-2 (cloth) 1. Europe, Southern—Emigration and immigration. 2. Immigrants– –Europe, Southern. I. King, Russell, 1945– . II. Lazaridis, Gabriella. III. Tsardanides,- Charalambos G. JV7590.E42 1999 331.6'2'094091822—dc21 99–33855 CIP Selection and editorial matter © Russell King, Gabriella Lazaridis and Charalambos Tsardanidis 2000 Chapter 1 © Russell King 2000 Chapter 8 © Gabriella Lazaridis and Iordanis Psimmenos 2000 Chapter 15 © Charalambos Tsardanidis and Stefano Guerra 2000 Chapters 2–7, 9–14 © Macmillan Press Ltd 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-74790-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Contents List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Preface and Acknowledgements xi Notes on the Contributors xiii Part I Introduction 1 Southern Europe in the Changing Global Map of Migration 1 Russell King Part II Labour Market 2 The Participation of Immigrants in the Underground Economy in Italy 27 Enzo Mingione and Fabio Quassoli 3 Migration and Unregistered Labour in the Greek Economy 57 Rossetos Fakiolas 4 Labour Market and Immigration: Economic Opportunities for Immigrants in Portugal 79 Maria Ioannis Baganha 5 Recent Immigration to Catalonia: Economic Character and Responses 104 Àngels Pascual de Sans, Jordi Cardelús and Miguel Solana Solana 6 Clandestine Labour Migration from Poland to Greece, Spain and Italy: Anthropological Perspectives 125 Krystyna Romaniszyn Part III Gender Relations and Social Exclusion 7 Immigrant Women in Southern Europe: Social Exclusion, Domestic Work and Prostitution in Italy 145 Giovanna Campani v vi Contents 8 Migrant Flows from Albania to Greece: Economic, Social and Spatial Exclusion 170 Gabriella Lazaridis and Iordanis Psimmenos 9 ‘Racists? Us? Are You Joking?’ The Discourse of Social Exclusion of Immigrants in Greece and Italy 186 Anna Triandafyllidou 10 Urban Restructuring, Immigration and the Generation of Marginalized Spaces in the Lisbon Region 207 Jorge Malheiros Part IV Questions of Policy 11 European Migration Policy: Questions from Italy 233 Corrado Bonifazi 12 Becoming a Country of Immigration at the End of the Twentieth Century: the Case of Spain 253 Joaquín Arango 13 Migration, Trade and Development: the European Union and the Maghreb Countries 277 Georges Tapinos Part V Migration and Security 14 Migration and Security in the Mediterranean: a Complex Relationship 299 Sarah Collinson 15 The EU Mediterranean States, the Migration Issue and the ‘Threat’ from the South 321 Charalambos Tsardanidis and Stefano Guerra Index 345 List of Tables 2.1 Regular, irregular and temporary jobs in Italy, 1981–95 38 2.2 Ratios between regular and informal jobs in Italy, 1981–95 39 2.3 Main immigrant nationalities holding residence permits in Italy, 31 December 1990 and 31 December 1995 42 4.1 Active population by sector of economic activity, Metropolitan Area of Lisbon and rest of mainland Portugal, 1981 and 1991 82 4.2 Legal foreign residents in Portugal, 1980–95 84 4.3 The Portuguese legalizations, 1992 and 1996: immigrants’ requests by nationality 85 4.4 Occupational distribution of foreign nationals in Portugal, average 1990–95 88 4.5 Occupational distribution of foreign nationals in Portugal, 1991 and 1994 97 4.6 Foreign working population in Portugal by area of origin, sex and type of work contract, 1992 and 1995 98 4.7 Immigrants in Portugal: type of contract for men and women, 1997 99 5.1 Estimated natural and migration increase, Catalonia, 1901–96 107 5.2 Foreign resident population by nationality, Catalonia, 1950–95 109 5.3 Total and foreign labour force by economic sector, occupation and nationality, Spain and Catalonia, 1991 111 5.4 Economic sectors with the highest volume of foreign workers, Catalonia, 1991 115 5.5 Employment characteristics of a sample of Africans in Girona province, 1995 116 5.6 Labour permits granted during the 1991–92 regularization process, Spain and Catalonia 118 7.1 Estimates of the numbers and distribution of foreign prostitutes in Italy 155 9.1 Quantitative analysis of interview texts with Greek and Italian officials 196 vii viii List of Tables 10.1 Population growth rates in mainland Portugal and the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon, 1940–81 211 10.2 Evolution of the population of the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon, 1940–81 212 10.3 Foreign population in the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon, 1960 and 1981 215 10.4 Segregation indices for selected groups of foreign and internal migrants, Lisbon Metropolitan Region, 1981 218 10.5 Segregation indices for the main foreign communities in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region, 1981 and 1991 225 10.6 Dissimilarity indices for the main foreigner groups in the 177 freguesias of the Lisbon region, 1991 228 13.1 Population indicators for the Maghreb countries 287 13.2 Population of Maghrebi origin in European countries, c.1980 and 1984 287 13.3 Simulations for Morocco: macro-economic results five years after free-trade implementation 290 List of Figures 1.1 Evolution of international migration trends in Southern Europe since 1950 6 10.1 Location of the ‘Cape Verdean Triangle’ in Lisbon 214 10.2 Foreigners in the municipalities of Lisbon, 1960 and 1981 216 10.3 Professional and employment characteristics of African and European immigrants in Portugal, 1995 220 10.4 The vortex of socio-spatial and ethnic segregation in the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon 223 10.5 The pattern of increase of African and European immigrants in the municipalities of Lisbon, 1981–91 224 10.6 Distribution of Africans in the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon by freguesia, 1991 226 10.7 Distribution of Europeans and North Americans in the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon by freguesia, 1991 227 ix This page intentionally left blank Preface and Acknowledgements This book stems from papers delivered at a conference on Migration, Security and Employment which took place on the Greek island of Santorini during 19–21 September 1997. The gathering brought together some 30 researchers from many European countries for three days of productive and stimulating discussion. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the conference themes, participants represented a rich variety of approaches: from sociology, geography, economics, demography and political science. The conference was organized by Russell King (Co-Director, Sussex Centre for Migration Research), Gabriella Lazaridis (Chair of the European Sociological Association’s Regional Network on Southern European Societies) and Charalambos Tsardanidis (Director of the Institute of International Economic Relations, Athens). The con- ference was part of the IIER’s and the ESA’s Regional Network’s programme of research into significant contemporary issues in Mediterranean and Southern European economies and societies. The IIER acted as the ‘host’ organizing body for the meeting, and the editors would especially like to thank Nikos Troulakis, Nelly Kambouri and Themis Smyrni, whose efforts were vital to the planning and smooth running of the event. Funding for the conference was generously provided by the NATO Office for Information and Press, the Greek Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Culture and the Aegean, the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad, the Greek Manpower Employment Organization and the Hellenic Tourism Organization. At the Sussex end, where most of the final editing took place, the editors are most grateful for the editorial assistance of Jenny Money, of the university’s School of European Studies.