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The Presence of Bangladeshis in Rome: Results of a Pilot Study

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The Presence of Bangladeshis in Rome: Results of a Pilot Study The Presence of Bangladeshis in Rome: Results of a Pilot Study Jana Kopecna Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Introduction In Italy, immigration has been a recent, but rapidly growing phenomenon. Over the past few decades, Italy has undergone an important transformation, shifting from an emigration country to an immigration country and becoming one of the most important destination countries for immigrants in Europe. According to the data of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), there were approximately 4.4 million foreign citizens residing in Italy on 1 January 2013, equal to 7.4% of the total residents. Considering the whole Italian territory, the three largest immigrant groups are Romanian (21.3% of the total foreign population), Albanian (10.6%) and Moroccan (9.7%). The immigrants from Bangladesh are now the 10th largest group, with 92,695 legally present individuals in Italy (2,1%) [ISTAT, 2012]. Obviously, the foreign citizens are not distributed equally on the Italian territory. Many of them have a specific settlement pattern with higher concentrations in certain areas of the country. Thus, despite the Bangladeshis represent the 10th largest immigrant community in Italy, they are the 3rd largest group in the Municipality of Rome [ISTAT, 2012]. It was only in the late 1980s that the first arrivals of Bangladeshi immigrants were registered in Rome and since then the capital city has become the principal destination of Bangladeshis arriving to Italy. According to the data of the Ministry of Interior, on 31.12.1991 there were 5,237 legally present Bangladeshis in Italy of whom 4,105 were registered in the Municipality of Rome [Knights, 1996b]. Two decades later, by the end of 2012, these numbers had increased to 92,695 for Italy and 21,643 for Rome [ISTAT, 2012]. Currently, with more than 23% of all legal Bangladeshis registered in the country, the capital city represents the largest and most compact community of Bangladeshis in Italy [ISTAT, 2012]. Furthermore, the Bangladeshis living in Rome represent, after the community in London, the second largest and complex community among the European capitals. The Bangladeshi community is now one of approximately 160 identifiable ethnic groups represented in Rome, but unlike numerous other groups, there are no bilateral structures accounting for its presence [Knights, 1996a]. Unlike Somalia or Eritrea, for instance, Bangladesh shares no historical, cultural or linguistic association with Italy; it is not geographically close like Tunisia and Albania and it is a predominantly Muslim state having no religious affiliation with Rome, unlike the community of Filipinos or Poles [King, 1993]. Therefore, the immigration flow from Bangladesh is a relatively recent phenomenon that has developed considerably and rapidly over the past two decades. Despite this significant increase, there have been very few published studies dealing with the presence of this immigrant group in Rome. At the time of the first Bangladeshi arrivals, Knights (1996b) studied their economic activities in Rome. In the particular structure of the migratory chain she identified one of the factors that drove immigrants towards Rome: people-trafficking organized by various regional dealers. However, Knights focused on the economic aspect of the “network economy” [Knights, 1996b]. A book about Bangladeshi migration in Rome, particularly in the area of the ex-sixth municipality (Pigneto and Torpignattara) has been published very recently, concentrated on the social and cultural transformation of one area of the capital city [Pompeo, 2011]. However, the fact that there are few studies on the topic may be also due by the lack of adequate statistical data that could allow more detailed analysis of the profile of this immigrant community. To fill this knowledge gap, we had organized a pilot study focused on the presence of citizens of Bangladesh living in the Municipality of Rome. Data and methodology The objective of the Survey Among Citizens of Bangladesh in Rome is to provide an introductive database of original statistical data on Bangladeshi immigrants that will be useful for acquiring new detailed information about this community, about its migration model, its behaviour and living conditions in the Italian capital city. The sample was obtained using the method “Centre Sampling Technique in Foreign Migration Surveys” developed by Blangiardo [Baio et al., 2011]. The main idea of this technique relies on the fact that all migrants residing in one area visit some of the local meeting points (centres) for migrants, which exist in the area. Once we had identified a sufficiently wide and heterogeneous set of these points, we selected 10 centres and then randomly chose the interviews among those that visit the proper centre. The interviewees were also asked to list all the centres that they usually visit. In this way, we were able to calculate the weights. Thus, the more centres each individual visit, the larger the inclusion probability and the lower the weight. On the other hand, the larger and more visited the centre is, the smaller is the inclusion probability, and so the weight is higher. The structured questionnaire was translated into Bengali, the mother tongue of interviewees. Five native Bangladeshis with a good knowledge of Italian language were recruited for this study. They were trained to ensure that the interviewers had understood all the questions in the questionnaire and were able to conduct the survey competently. Afterwards, trained interviewers were sent to 10 selected centres in determined days and hours based on the ex-ante information about the attendance intensity. The fieldwork was carried out over the period of 10 weeks, from July until the end of September 2013. Overall, 314 detailed structured face-to-face interviews with citizens of Bangladesh (aged 18 and older) were collected. Essentially, the pilot study was designed to obtain information related to the 1- individual characteristics (i.e. gender, date of birth, district of origin, citizenship, etc.); 2- family (i.e. marital status, number of children and siblings, dependency and care of parents, where live family members, etc.); 3- housing conditions (i.e. type of accommodation, number of rooms and bedrooms, accommodation equipment, etc.); 4- education and work (i.e. highest qualification, employment situation before leaving Bangladesh, current employment condition, personal and family income end expenses, etc.); 5- migration history (i.e. date of arrival in Italy and in Rome, main reason for coming to Rome, intended length of stay, role of migrant social network, etc.). Unlike the official statistics, the survey provides detailed information not only about the regular component, but it captures also the presence and profiles of the irregular Bangladeshis that live in Rome. Some preliminary findings The survey preliminary results reveal Bangladeshis as a relatively young and gender asymmetrical immigrant group. In fact, one of the interesting aspects of this community is its gender structure that is characterized by overwhelming majority of males and with that related occurrence of relevant gender differences. Recently increasing number of Bangladeshi women indicates that there has been a substantial change in the family patterns of Bangladeshis living in Rome [Knights, 1996b; ISTAT, 2012]. The average age of the respondents is 32.4 years, differing slightly by gender: 33.4 years for males and 27.8 years for females. Most of the interviewees have relatively high educational background when compared to the situation in Bangladesh. While almost 83% of the sample has secondary education (completed at circa 17 years of age) as the highest level of education achieved (83% for males and 81% for females), according to the results of 2011 Bangladesh Census this group represents in Bangladesh only 10% of the population in question (12% for males and 9% for females) [IPUMS, 2011]. As predicted, the survey captured both legally (77%) and illegally (23%) present Bangladeshis, showing significant gender differences. Referring to the legally present respondents, for males predominates the residence permit for subordinate employment (60%), while for females prevails the family reunion permit (79%). As would be expected, all of the female respondents are present in Rome regularly. We may presume that all of them entered in Italy as a wife of their husband, who arrived in Rome as the first member of the family. This assumption is confirmed by the fact that all women of the sample are married and live with their husband in Rome. Furthermore, nearly 60% of them have children (all their children live in Rome). On the other hand, about 66% of male respondents are married and of those not more than 33% live with their nuclear families in Rome (only those who are married have children). Thus, the presence of the nuclear family of the respondent in Rome is closely related also to the housing conditions, especially to the level of household’s overcrowding. One of the indicators of the level of crowding is the number of persons per room. For female respondents the average number of persons per room is much lower than for male respondents (1.8 and 2.7, respectively). Nevertheless, when applying the definition of Eurostat of the overcrowding rate, 98.1% of Bangladeshi males and 71.2% of Bangladeshi females from the sample live in Rome in overcrowded households [EUROSTAT, 2014]. This study aims to present the preliminary results of the pilot study concerning wide variety of demographic, economic and social characteristics of Bangladeshis that had chosen Rome as their destination for temporary, long-term or permanent migration. What are their living conditions like? How do the living conditions vary according to the legal status of the respondent? How different is the situation of those who came in Rome alone, sending regularly remittances to their nuclear families left in Bangladesh and those, who managed to bring their families to Rome. These are only few of the questions that we would like to answer in this report by using the results of the pilot study.
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