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MIGRATION, ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT a Students’ Handbook GLOPEM - MA in GLOBAL POLITICS AND EURO-MEDITERRANEAN RELATIONS Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Catania Course on ‘Migration and Development’ MIGRATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT A Students’ Handbook Maurizio Malogioglio Veronica Alongi, Giuseppe Cannata, Chiara Cantale, Mads Rugaard Christensen, Laura Lanzafame, Kristina Mikhailova, Andrea Nobile, Giorgia Pennisi, Anel Ubina ReShape Online Papers Series Paper no. 15 – March 2021 MIGRATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ReShape Paper no.15 © Copyright 2021, Jean Monnet Centre, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Catania, via Vittorio Emanuele 49, 95131 Catania, Italy. ISSN 2281-910X How to quote: Malogioglio Maurizio et als. (2021), Migration, Economic and Social Development. A Students’ Handbook, ReShape Paper no.15, Jean Monnet Centre, University of Catania pg. 2 MIGRATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Foreword Although migration broke in international studies and course books about 20 years ago,1 probably migration studies as an academic discipline are still not well established in academic institutions of higher learning but the gap is being rapidly bridged in a synergy between such disciplines as development economics, sociology, anthropology, political science, international relations, law and, last but not least, journalism. This trend will help to avoid a silo approach when studying such a multifaceted phenomenon as migration. In recent years, students of the class on Migration and Development at the Master Course on Global Politics and Euro-Mediterranean Relations - GLOPEM - have asked whether manuals or handbooks could be used. Indeed, there are such publications, edited and written by leading scholars. The problem is that not only they can be voluminous, and not very affordable by students, but some of the topics that they cover need to be updated every year in such areas as flows of migrants and refugees, remittances, legal developments, multilateral and bilateral agreements. For this reason, the Handbook on Migration, Economic and Social Development is based on an elaboration of my classes, my professional experience at FAO and IOM and, typically, on a literature review, albeit far from being exhaustive. Remarkably, however, the handbook includes a good number of contributions from GLOPEM students. The intention is to update and review the handbook regularly, with new data from international sources and students’ research papers. Some topics escape from the review such as crisis management, a more thorough review of the European asylum system which will be the bone of contention of the next EU negotiations. Other topics not covered refer to the free circulation of foreign workers within the EU, security concerns, integration and human rights, subjects about which GLOPEM has considerable expertise to offer in the various classes. 1 Fulvio Attinà, TACKLING THE MIGRANT WAVE: EU AS A SOURCE AND A MANAGER OF CRISIS, Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, Sección ESTUDIOS, Vol. 70/2, Julio-Diciembre 2018 pg. 3 MIGRATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Detailed Table of Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8 Part I: Trends, Theories and Types of migration ........................................................................ 13 Chapter 1 Migration and economic Development ................................................................ 14 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Flows and Stocks of migrants ...................................................................................................................... 14 Misconceptions about migration regions .................................................................................................... 15 Historical trends .......................................................................................................................................... 17 A quick overview of the evolution of economic theories related to labour migration. .............................. 18 When does migration occur? ...................................................................................................................... 20 Where do migrants come from? The Migration Hump and the Migration Band: It takes money to migrate ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 The Migration rhetoric ................................................................................................................................ 22 Remittances ................................................................................................................................................. 23 Characteristics of remittances ..................................................................................................................... 24 Making the transfer of remittances more cost effective in order to free resources for investment and development at home ................................................................................................................................. 26 Official versus informal remittances ........................................................................................................... 26 Monopolies imposed by the Money Transfer Operators- MTOs: The Exclusivity Clauses ......................... 27 Transparency of remittances contracts ....................................................................................................... 28 Impact of mobile telephone companies on the price of transferring remittances ..................................... 29 Mobile money transfer applications, eWallets (electronic wallets) and smarthphones ............................ 31 The new digital market for remittances: Facebook, Telegram, Walmart ................................................... 32 Summary Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2 Migration and Climate Change. By Laura Lanzafame ............................................. 36 Summary Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3 Transnationalism, Diasporas and Social Remittances ............................................ 43 Definitions of Diasporas, social remittances and channels of transmission ............................................... 43 Social remittances ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Pathways through which Diasporas transfer social remittances ................................................................ 45 Social Remittances and their impact on communities of origin: Ideas and aspirations ............................. 45 Policies for Diasporas as strategic actors and for the integration-inclusion in the country of residence... 49 Summary Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 4 The Political economy of migration. Alternative views on migration ..................... 56 pg. 4 MIGRATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Migrants are not too many! ........................................................................................................................ 56 The conflicting view: it will not be migration that will help Italy (and Europe) to stop the demographic and possible economic decline .................................................................................................................... 58 Another view: needed but not welcomed................................................................................................... 60 Summary Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 5 Co-development .................................................................................................. 66 Migrants’ role in development. Co-development and Its Models ............................................................ 66 Three Models of intervention promoted by development agencies: Free Market (Anglo-Saxon), Bancarization (Spanish), Financial and Technical Support (French-Italian) ................................................ 67 Policies for Governments and Aid Agencies. Providing investment services to migrants and their families at home ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 What governments can do to promote an environment conducive to the investment of remittances: One stop shops for migrants ............................................................................................................................... 71 Summary Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................
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