Le Dee Viventi

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Le Dee Viventi Titolo originale: The Living Goddesses: Religion in Pre-Patriarchal Europe Traduzione di Martino Doni © 1999 Estate of Marija Gimbutas Published by arrangement with the University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles © 2005 by Edizioni Medusa - Viale Abruzzi, 82 - 20131 Milano [email protected] ISBN 88-7698-009-1 Marija Gimbutas Le dee viventi a cura di Miriam Robbins Dexter Introduzione ali 'edizione italiana Martino Doni medusa Ta arkhaia, tempora ignota Per un'epistemologia dell'archeologia Martino Doni ...il libro delle sonore argille, la libresca terra, il libro putrefatto, la diletta argilla che ci tormenta come musica e parola. (Osip E. Mandel'stam) I Il profano che visiti i siti della preistoria rimane il più delle volte delu- so per il fatto che, se non è stato iniziato ai misteri della disciplina, non capisce quasi nulla. Di fronte a lui ci sono solo calcinacci o mura peri- metrali malmesse, annerite da un pesante strato di polvere; le statuet- te, opere d'arte o presunte tali, non sono affatto come quelle che ven- gono riprodotte sui libri: i loro profili sono sbiaditi; i graffiti sono appena intellegibili; delle case rimane solo qualche buco; si fatica a distinguere ciò che è "antico" da ciò che è semplicemente parte del paesaggio. Andare a Lepenski Vir o a Tripolye non è come andare a vedere il Partenone o i monumenti di Abu Simbel. Per il profano (molto più che per il dotto) è giocoforza che l'archeologia della prei- storia abbia a che fare con un racconto o con un mito. Certo, volendo costruire un discorso scientifico converrebbe tralasciare il mito e affi- darsi alla storia e alla realtà. Ma quando il documento si riduce a un ammasso indistinguibile di pietrame, è difficile dar conto della storia o della realtà, solo l'acume del detective può individuare un nesso, seguire un tracciato, tentare un collegamento. E un detective non agi- sce mai da solo, è sempre accompagnato dal suo fedele assistente, quello che comprende i tic del geniale maestro, che traduce la sua furia induttiva-deduttiva in una narrazione lineare: prima c'erano solo sassi e sabbia, ma se si guarda bene ecco, lì si può vedere un'impronta, ed ecco una fossa, dentro ci saranno senz'altro resti animali, ed ecco un focolare, un altare, un corno di bue che adesso è qui per terra ma chis- sà, forse un tempo stava appeso da qualche parte, in effetti poco più in là c'è una grande pietra, ha un foro proprio in cima, il corno ci entra alla perfezione... e sul corno ci sono dei segni, sono due grandi giri di spirale, sono occhi, sono occhi di civetta, stavano sopra la grande pie- tra, guardavano i passanti con aria severa. E adesso due più due: un altare, una fossa delle offerte, una civetta che scruta dall'alto... c'è tutto il materiale per una storia, anzi per un mito, il mito di una reli- gione sommersa sotto strati di terra e di tempo. Che le pietre "parlino" (o "urlino", come diceva il poeta Mandel'stam dei tumuli armeni), è un assunto dei detective della preistoria. Ma la parola delle pietre va resa in un linguaggio accessibile, va distribuita, soppesata, distolta dai fraintedimenti e dalle ideologie. L'archeologo è sia Sherlock Holmes sia Watson. Non è soltanto il brillante cercatore di tesori, è anche il paziente catalogatore e redattore delle sue scoper- te, altrimenti non sarebbe tanto diverso dai tombaroli siciliani che "sentono" la presenza degli antichi sepolcri a partire da indizi miste- riosi. I reperti non vanno semplicemente raccolti, vanno interpretati, cioè messi uno accanto all'altro per costruire una coerenza. Da qui a dire che l'archeologia è una mitologia il passo non è così arduo. Le prove di un determinato passato, in qualunque modo le si voglia mettere, vanno tradotte in un linguaggio consequenziale che non differisce poi tanto dalla narrazione: la linearità del logos trova la sua affinità elettiva nel mythos che la racchiude. Ogni singolo reperto assume il ruolo delle funzioni narrative di Propp: si selezionano delle unità di significato tali da costituire la struttura di un racconto che poi andrà ricoperto di orpelli e abbellimenti. Nessuna scienza come l'ar- cheologia è tanto vicina al mito da imbastire con esso un'alleanza o una reazione circolare, dal momento che nessuna scienza come l'ar- cheologia mette in evidenza la problematicità della "verità storica". Perché l'archeologia della preistoria ha questi privilegi? Perché è in sé un paradosso: parla di ciò di cui converrebbe tacere; il suo coraggio non consiste tanto nell'andare a snidare sepolcri a dispetto delle male- dizioni e delle terribili minacce che decorano gli antri in cui sono nascosti, ma nell'osare descrivere tutto ciò come parte integrante del presente, nel mettere in luce dei legami sottilissimi tra un tempo lon- tano e un oggi che solo grazie a quel legame acquista senso. Come sia che i Baschi parlino una lingua stranissima, è l'archeologia che lo spie- ga; che l'uomo nasca molte volte e che sia il risultato più o meno for- tuito di molteplici vicende è ancora una volta la narrazione del passa- to remoto che lo stabilisce. L'abisso del passato è soprattutto un gran- de contenitore di narrazioni, di miti. È con ogni probabilità motivo di scandalo, per una scienza che nasce dalle frange del positivismo, mac- chiarsi in modo così compromettente con il "mito". Ma lo scandalo nasce solamente da un duplice fraintendimento, relativo a che cosa sia il mito e a che cosa sia la storia. II Mito e storia nascono insieme, non sono una coppia separabile. Sono come la dea doppia dell'antichità, come Demetra e Persefone.1 Vediamo qualche esempio. Il filosofo Sesto Empirico nella sua opera Contro i matematici, mise in atto una distinzione tra mito e storia che agli occhi del lettore di oggi appare non solo comprensibilissima, ma addirittura ovvia: la storia, dice Sesto, spiega come andarono realmen- te le cose, mentre il mito racconta eventi irreali e lo fa come se fosse- ro accaduti veramente.2 Il positivista si compiace di quanto acume e disincanto sprizzino dalle pagine dell'Empirico, e il senso comune si consolida proprio a partire da questa frattura tra fantasia e realtà, tra l'esattezza di un reportage documentato e la superstizione di una leg- genda metropolitana. Poi però, e qui il lettore moderno smarrisce deci- samente il filo del discorso, Sesto sembra rimangiarsi tutto: dai suoi scritti emenge che la differenza tra mito e storia non è di tipo conten- tutistico, perché, a quanto pare, "la verità storica riguarda azioni, luo- ghi, epoche e figure di uomini illustri, ma anche quelli di eroi e di dèi!".3 Mito e storia dunque hanno una medesima stoffa, solo che il mito esagera nella confezione, si dilunga inutilmente su alcuni parti- colari che la storia riporta in modo più sobrio. Tutto il disincanto illu- ministico di Sesto Empirico si squaglia come neve al sole di fronte a una constatazione simile: la storia pesca a piene mani in ciò che la pre- cede, non si discosta affatto dalla "malattia linguistica" del mito e delle credenze (e anche delle ideologie che oggi chiameremmo "etnocentri- che", come la reverenza di un Pausania di fronte a tutto ciò che, per quanto strambo ai suoi occhi, è pur sempre "greco").'1 Ma il campione della frontiera che separa ciò che va detto da ciò che va rubricato sotto la voce "fantasia" è forse Diodoro Siculo, ed è cam- pione proprio perché esibisce anch'egli una buona dose di ambiguità. L'ambizione di Diodoro è quella di raccontare tutta la storia: così rac- coglie una quantità sterminata di documenti (facendo la gioia della posterità erudita), li mette in fila e li connette, con l'acribia di uno sto- rico moderno (e probabilmente lo storico moderno è tale proprio per- ché è stato preceduto da pionieri come Diodoro) fino a giungere alla guerra di Troia. A questo punto si ferma: la storia finisce qui, dopodi- ché le fonti a sua disposizione sono infarcite di dèi e dee che se le suo- nano e se le cantano, nulla di documentabile, di argomentabile, fole o, come dice Suzanne Sai'd, "pattumiera della storia".5 Gli albori del dis- corso razionale sulle radici storiche dell'uomo sono segnati dalle colonne d'Ercole; importa poco che si tratti della guerra di Troia, o del regno di Cecrope come nel "Marmo di Paro", o delle guerre persiane 0 dell'impresa degli Argonauti, ciò che conta è che vi sia un limite invalicabile, oltrepassato il quale non si è più sulla tranquilla linea costiera della storia ma si prende il largo del mito: da qui in avanti è cosa degli dèi, come dice Rilke, un po' come nei primi rudimentali ten- tativi di tracciare un quadro geografico della terra, dove "qui ci stanno 1 leoni" definiva un intero continente inesplorato. Per quanto riguarda la concezione del tempo storico, anche Diodoro non dà in apparenza alcun motivo di stupore: è tutto chiarissimo, anzi è esattamente quello che si pensa ai giorni nostri, solo si sposta avanti o indietro nella linea temporale il limite tra storia e preistoria (contras- segnato oggi, e non è un caso, dalla nascita della scrittura), ma il prin- cipio è identico. E però Diodoro Siculo a ben vedere mischia le carte. In una maniera simile a quella che abbiamo visto in Sesto Empirico, viene mostrato un limite non per ciò che esso ha di insuperabile dal punto di vista dei contenuti - e infatti Sesto parla con una certa tran- quillità di dèi e di eroi - ma per ciò che esso stesso rappresenta.
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