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Adaptability and Structural Design of Stadia

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Adaptability and Structural Design of Stadia Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). Institut für Hochbau und Technologie Zentrum für Hochbaukonstruktionen und Bauwerkserhaltung A-1040 Wien, Karlsplatz 13 / 2064 Institute for Building Construction and Technology Centre for Building Construction and Rehabilitation A-1040 Vienna, Karlsplatz 13 / 2064 DIPLOMARBEIT MASTER’S THESIS Adaptability and Structural Design of Stadia ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurs unter der Leitung von Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Andreas Kolbitsch Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Christian Schranz, M.Sc. Institut für Hochbau und Technologie Zentrum für Hochbaukonstruktionen und Bauwerkserhaltung eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen von Thomas Bader Matr.-Nr.: 0125636 Durlaßstraße 14, A-3163 Rohrbach an der Gölsen Wien, im Oktober 2007 .................................................. Abstract: The aim of this master’s thesis is to analyse recent developments in the design of stadia and their impact on the structural design. Major events like Olympic Games or championships in any sport have always been the booster for the construction of new stadia and the redevelopment of existing venues. In particular, the aim to make stadia adaptable in terms of use led to new challenges for the structural design. On one side, in order to increase event days per year, there are multi-purpose stadia for various sports, as well as for non-sporting events. Ancillary uses of stadia for hotels, leisure clubs, offices, and suchlike are required to increase the efficiency of a new development. Movable structures for seating tiers, pitches, and roofs developed for stadia that are suitable for various events. The design of these structures and their impact on the permanent structure is discussed in this thesis. On the other side, major events require stadia with pre-determined capacities, which may be unsuitable for a long-term use. For this purpose, demountable structures for spectator accommodation are used to increase the capacity just temporary for the duration of a major event. Such temporary structures can be used for stands and roofs, either as separate structures adjacent to the permanent structure or as structures built in the permanent structure. Furthermore, general concepts for the structural design of stands and roofs are discussed. In addition, case studies of recent developments for major events, multi-purpose stadia, and stadia in the UK are analysed. Due to a study in the UK, there are British guidelines discussed in this thesis. I Kurzzusammenfassung: Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist Entwicklungen in der Planung von Stadien und deren Auswirkung auf Tragwerkskonzepte zu analysieren. Großereignisse, wie zum Beispiel Olympische Spiele oder Meisterschaften in verschiedensten Sportarten waren schon immer der Motor für die Errichtung neuer Stadien, sowie für die Revitalisierung bestehender Sportanlagen. Adaptierbarkeit hinsichtlich der Nutzung im Besonderen hat zu neuen Herausforderungen an die Tragwerksplanung geführt. Um die möglichen Veranstaltungstage eines Stadions zu erhöhen, entstanden Mehrzweckstadien, die nicht nur für Sportveranstaltungen genutzt werden können. Um ein Stadion zu erhalten, das für verschiedene Veranstaltungen genutzt werden kann, wurden bewegliche Tragwerke für Tribünen, Spielfelder und Überdachungen entwickelt. Die Planung derartiger Tragwerke und deren Auswirkung auf die permanenten Tragwerke eines Stadions werden diskutiert. Andererseits erfordern Großereignisse Stadien mit einer vorgegebenen Zuschauerkapazität, die möglicherweise für eine Langzeitnutzung nicht geeignet ist. Aus diesem Grund werden temporäre, demontierbare Tragwerke verwendet um die Kapazität temporär zu erhöhen. Demontierbare, temporäre Bauteile können für Tribünen und Überdachungen, entweder als eigenständige Tragwerke angrenzend an permanente Tribünen oder integriert in bestehende Tribünenkonstruktionen, verwendet werden. Weiters werden grundsätzliche statisch konstruktive Konzepte für Tribünen und Stadiondächer beschrieben. Als Fallbeispiele werden Stadien von Großereignisse, Mehrzweckstadien und Stadien in Großbritannien untersucht. Aufgrund eines Studienaufenthaltes in Großbritannien werden zum Teil britische Vorschriften als Grundlage verwendet und diskutiert. II Preface: I want to thank those people who offered me the chance to study and who supported me during the last six years. It would have been tougher to achieve the aim without the support of my parents and my siblings; many thanks. Special thanks to my partner Martina for her continuous support. Thanks to Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Christian Schranz, M.Sc. for his ideas, his suggestions, and his supervision during my work on this master’s thesis. Due to his help at the very beginning, I had the chance to study abroad at the Institute for Infrastructure and Environment at The University of Edinburgh, in the UK. Thanks to the supervision of Professor J. Michael Rotter und Dr. Tim Stratford, I had an unforgettable time with lots of exciting experiences and memories. I want to thank Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Andreas Kolbitsch for his helpful suggestions. It was a pleasure to discuss the topic with engineers involved in the structural design of stadia during my time abroad. I want to thank Frank V. Murray BE Euring CEng FIEI MIStructE, Stephen Morley BSc (Hons) CEng MIStructE, and Bill Reid BSc CEng FREng FIStructE FICE MIHT for their time and the interesting and helpful suggestions. I was able to visit the Austrian stadia for the EURO 2008 thanks to Dipl.-Ing. Peter Haas. Special thanks to Johann Zöchling and Wilhelm Hönigsperger of the Hans Zöchling Ges.m.b.H. During my study, I was able to collect practical experience in this company. Vorwort: Ich möchte mich bei all jenen bedanken, die mir das Studium ermöglicht und mich während dieser Zeit unterstützt haben. Ohne den familiären Rückhalt durch meine Eltern und meine Geschwister wäre es schwieriger gewesen das Studium zu bewältigen; herzlichen Dank dafür. Ein ganz besonderer Dank gilt meiner Lebensgefährtin Martina für ihre fortwährende Unterstützung. Ganz besonders möchte ich mich bei Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Christian Schranz, M.Sc. für seine Ideen, Anregungen und die Betreuung während der Erstellung dieser Arbeit bedanken. Durch seine Hilfe zu Beginn dieser Diplomarbeit wurde mir zu Studienzwecken ein Auslandsaufenthalt am Institute for Infrastructure and Environment an der University of Edinburgh, in Großbritannien ermöglicht. Durch die Betreuung der Diplomarbeit an der University of Edinburgh wurde diese Zeit zu einer Unvergesslichen, die ich mit vielen spannenden Erfahrungen und Erinnerungen verbinde. Ich möchte Herrn Professor J. Michael Rotter und Dr. Tim Stratford für die gute Zusammenarbeit danken. Für die kritische und konstruktive Durchsicht der Arbeit danke ich Herrn Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Andreas Kolbitsch. Im Rahmen des Auslandsaufenthaltes konnte ich dankenswerterweise mit Frank V. Murray BE Euring C Eng FIEI MIStructE, mit Stephen Morley BSc (Hons) CEng MIStructE und mit Bill Reid BSc CEng FREng FIStructE FICE MIHT über praktische Aspekte diskutieren und dabei hilfreiche und wertvolle Anregungen und Informationen sammeln. Für die Unterstützung bei der Besichtigung der österreichischen EM Stadien 2008 möchte ich Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Peter Haas danken. Besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Johann Zöchling und Herrn Wilhelm Hönigsperger von der Hans Zöchling Ges.m.b.H. Während dem Studium durfte ich in diesem Unternehmen wertvolle, praktische Erfahrungen sammeln. III TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 HISTORY..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Definition of stadium and arena................................................................................1 1.2 Ancient Greek and Roman stadia ..............................................................................1 1.3 Sports for the people..................................................................................................4 1.4 Twentieth century stadia............................................................................................5 1.5 Recent developments...............................................................................................10 1.6 Summary and outlook..............................................................................................12 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR STADIUM DESIGN................................................................13 2.1 Basics.......................................................................................................................13 2.2 Masterplaning ..........................................................................................................14 2.3 External Planning ....................................................................................................14 2.4 Architectural Design................................................................................................15 2.5 Activity Area ...........................................................................................................16 2.5.1 Natural grass surface ..................................................................................16
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