Dc As a Service Testbed and Industry Collaboration on Standards/Gaps at Mw Power Level for Multiport Systems

Home , New Flyer, Paccar, SAE J3105, Truck stop

EPRI INFRASTRUCTURE WORKING COUNCIL MEETING

DC AS A SERVICE TESTBED AND INDUSTRY COLLABORATION ON STANDARDS/GAPS AT MW POWER LEVEL FOR MULTIPORT SYSTEMS

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THEODORE BOHN Principal Electrical Engineer November 18, 2020 Argonne National Laboratory 4:30-5:00 EST; Web Meeting [email protected], 630-816-7382 This work is supported by DOE-Vehicle Technology office, Lee Slezak program manager Disclaimers: Images used in this presentation in no way imply product endorsement; images not properly attributed to source/owner PRESENTATION TOPICS . An effort will be made by the presenter to skip over DC as a Service topics covered in previous presentation materials

. Overview of DOE supported MW+ Multi-port MD/HD EV charging industry group . Examples of MW level multi-port DC as a Service-like EV charging installations . DC as a Service (scaled power) MW level distribution testbed, candidate systems

. Discussion of related standards, gaps, collaboration opportunities; SAE J3068, SAE J3072, IEEE P2030.11 (DERMS), IEEE P2030.13 (Guide for Electric Transportation Fast Charging Station Management System Functional Specification), UL916 (control system safety), UL1741, IEEE 1547, etc.

2 MW+ MULTI-PORT MD/HD VEHICLE CHARGING INDUSTRY STAKEHOLDER SUBGROUPS/WORK GROUPS (~300)

. Year 1- collect input for gap analysis report; Year 2- examine state of industry via case studies; Year 3- conduct component-system level interoperability/control testing on DCaaS testbed . Utilities(22), planning services(14), site operators (21) Alliant, Black & Veatch, Burns & McDonnell, CTE, HDR Inc, AEP-Ohio, Duke Energy, EPRI, ITC Transmission, MG&E, PG&E, Seattle City Light, Southern Company, CTA-Chicago, Electrify America, EVgo, Tesla, Loves/Trillium, TA Petro

. EVSE/power electronics (21), couplers/cable systems (11), ESS (8) ABB, BTCPower, Chargepoint, Delta Products, Eaton, Efacec, Heliox, Siemens, PE Corp, Rhombus, Tritium, Marquette Univ., JMM Consulting, Huber-Suhner, ITT, Phoenix Contact, Power Hydrant, Rema, Schunk, Staubli, TE Connect, Amzur

. Vehicle OEM/components (18), end users-customers (4) Allison, Autocar Truck, BYD, Cummins, DTNA/Daimler, FCA, Ford, Gillig, MAN/VW Group, Navistar, New Flyer, Nova Bus, Orange EV, PACCAR/Peterbuilt, Proterra, Tesla, Xos, Transpower, Penske Leasing, Ruan Transportation, Zerology

. DOE Funded Labs, coordinators, contractors(15) ANL, NREL, ORNL, PNNL, U-Del, ThinkSmartGrid, EPRI, TSA-DHS, NHTSA, UL/kVA, NEMA 3 SYSTEM LEVEL ORIENTATION OF MULTI-MW, MULTI-PORT EV CHARGING SYSTEM COMPONENTS/POWER FLOW

4 MD/HD ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING (≥MW AND OTHER LEVELS)

Sub-MW Sub-MW level Battery DFMEA Failure Analysis charging (ChaoJi) Swapping 1500v/600A=.9MW DCaaS, DC Utility Conversion, Connection, Distribution Cyber- Load to EVS Everything Management

MD/HD Mechanized MW+ EV Systems, Infrastructure Charging planning services, Charging physical Interlocks implications of parking/charging Couplers, cables, cooling Sub-MW Sub-MW level wireless systems, ergonomics (AC,DC) charging* charging, over night, opportunity 5 MW MULTIPORT ELECTRIC TRUCK-BUS CHARGING COUPLERS

• SAE-IEC Combination Charging System (CCS) DC couplers (w/liquid cooled cables) can deliver up to 1000v/500A (.5MW) today

• The CharIN ‘Mega Charging System’ (MCS) coupler is under development; target capability of 1500v(max)/3000A(max){4.5MW}; prototype couplers under development. Lab prototypes have run at full 3000A. PLC vs CAN communication noise immunity testing.

• SAE J3105(-1, -2, -3) Overhead Pantograph; 600kW-MW+ mechanized couplers

MCS

6 SAE J3068 COUPLER (IEC62196 TYPE 2) 6 MM PINS SUPPORTS 208VAC, 277VAC, 480VAC THREE PHASE, DC) • J3068 uses LIN, Differential J1939 CAN communication; 100kW AC • Tesla offers a 7 pin IEC62196 inlet with Supercharger on 6mm pins rated at 120kW; 375V(Model S battery)*320A (2x 160A pairs) • Mode Diagram below shows 140A single (2x70A pairs) • Extrapolating to higher (CCS-like) 1000vdc, 320A=320kW ($30 clones)

7 Tesla SuperCharger Adapters TRUCK CHARGING DISPENSER LAYOUT ROUTES POWER-CHARGING COUPLER TO VEHICLE ~3 WAYS: . Front/side: Curb/charging island mounted dispensers, cord retrievers . Overhead: On gantry or building structure, tethered cables/retrievers . Beneath: Flush mounted, pop up/drop down; no bollards

8 CASE STUDY: BUS DEPOT, 12X 150KW(?) OVERHEAD (PV CANOPY?) MEZZANINE CHARGING INSTALLATION • Observations on clearance height, cost of steel, cranes and scissors lifts to assemble, massive runs of conduit, long cord length/retrievers

9 CAVOTEC POP UP CHARGING CABLE EXAMPLES/CORD HANDLING WITH AND WITHOUT AUTOMATED CONNECTION SYSTEM (ROBOT)

10 BACK OF THE ENVELOPE- CLASS 4 DELIVERY VEHICLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CHARGING SPEED/DURATION

• Reference observation/SCE/CALSTART study on eStar, Smith vehicles https://calstart.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Battery-Electric-Parcel-Delivery-Truck-Testing-and-Demonstration.pdf • ~5kW AC charging rate, 12-15hr recharge(60kWhr), ~ 1kWhr/mile • Compared to Bollinger Deliver-E vehicle with 70kWhr,105, 140,175, 210 kWhr battery translates 70-210 mile range • Basic recharge rate/duration: 20kW=20 miles/charging hour, 3.5-10.5hrs 100kW=100 miles/charging hours; <1hr-2.1hrs

11 BACK OF THE ENVELOPE- CHARGING CLASS 8 LINE HAUL TRACTORS • Class 8 trucks loaded to 80,000lb GVW consumes ~2kWhr/mile (or more) • Replacing 400 miles range (800kWhr) in 30 minutes requires (2C) 1.6MW • Shorter route vehicles have smaller battery capacity, shorter recharge time • Overnight charging (8hrs) requires {average} 100kW for 800kWhr

Volvo VNR Tesla Semi Freightliner eCascadia

12 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF SITE PLANNING: ONTARIO CA

TA Petro area- Ontario CA truck stop ~600 parking spots (on left); again as many on right Electrifying up to 1200 parking/charging spots is an opportunity/challenge

13 LOCATION ACCESS TO POWER, SPACE FOR CHARGING EQUIPMENT? TA Petro area- Ontario CA, 8/16 dual fuel pumps/fuel island area;

8 stall fuel island

14 TRU ELECTRIFICATION TIMELINE (2023, 2026), COMPETES FOR AVAILABLE FACILITY UTILITY CAPACITY FOR EV CHARGING; MANAGED? . Mandate is nearly set for California eTRU anti-idle compliance - January 2023, all new trailers will have electric anti-idle capability (eTRU) - January 2027 ALL TRUs in California (in state/transit) need retrofit eTRUs . Smart Charging to leverage flexibility on powering more TRUs managing peak vs average; up to facility limit; safety disconnect and immobilization features

15 EXAMPLE: MN-DOT PARKING STALL LAYOUTS, TRUCK PAGE (14’W X 75’ MINIMUM STALL SIZE)-10 STALLS =140’; BURIED OR OVERHEAD DC BUS

Container building w/MV-to-DC Central conversion, chiller, coupled DC storage Overhead catwalk, Busway, cooling, data, DC/DC, cord handling.

16 10 spots out each end

16 KING COUNTRY TRANSIT GARAGE SPACING EXAMPLE King County Transit garage facility plan excerpt (16 x 16’ gantry note?) 100 buses

17 MEZZANINE MOUNTED CHARGING EQUIPMENT

. Daimler Bus Factory: Heavy power electronics with larger footprint requires substantial structure above vehicles . Heliox, ABB stations; 2x pantographs, 2x CCS corded connectors

18 HAMBURG GERMANY BUS DEPOT, 44X 150KW (6.6MW PEAK) OVERHEAD/MEZZANINE CHARGING INSTALLATION • Long length charging cables (roof-to-ground), hanging down to near floor • Trading off service of cord handling systems/retrievers to cord replacement

19 44X 150KW (6.6MW PEAK) MEZZANINE CHARGING INSTALLATION

20 GRID-EMOTION™ CHARGING POINTS AND SYSTEMS, CONTAINERIZED CHARGERS AND DIGITAL SOLUTIONS Containerized charger and substation Your solution for fast energization • Prefabricated walk-in, modular outdoor enclosure • Up to 500kW power • Thermally insulated for increased • Grid-forming power converter equipment lifetime • Battery racks and battery management system • Robust and light weight design • Designed for grid integration of EV charging infrastructure depots • Wide range of ratings & capacities as well and terminals as layouts in steel, concrete and GRP • For power requirement up to 500kW and energy storage of • Protection degree: IP 43/23D 670kWh (MV switchgear/transformer) • Remote monitoring and control system • Standardised enclosure for fast delivery at site

21 DC AS A SERVICE/INTEGRATED PV-STORAGE W/SCADA POWER ELECTRONICS SA NB1400: {1.5MW, 500KW PORTS} NBSHV1400S at 1.5MW (1000vdc/1400A), 4x600kW pantographs; 6x 350kW CCS1, up to 20 total ports 40 sequential; Solar + storage coupled to the 1.4MW charging station skid, including the MV switchgear. https://www.proterra.com/press-release/proterra-chargers-enable-fleet-electrification/

https://power-electronics.com/wp-content/uploads/Descargas/Ingles/Leaflets/Mobility/Leaflet_Nube_station.pdf TESLA SUPERCHARGER V3 LAS VEGAS SITE; 24 X 250KW =6MW ELECTRONICS-DISPENSERS, (6 CABINETS) PV LOCAL GENERATION • Shared DC link between converter cabinets, liquid cooled 70kVA AC/DC modules, DC/DC converter output modules • 2.5MVA feed transformer

23 ORNL POWER ELECTRONICS: SST/DC DISPENSER APPROACH HTTPS://WWW.ENERGY.GOV/SITES/PROD/FILES/2020/06/F75/ELT204_MEINTZ_2020_O_5.7.20_754PM_LR.PDF

24 DELTA ELECTRONICS DCAAS XFC-SST ARCHITECTURE . Medium voltage converters on each phase leg; interleaved output converter(s) https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/06/f75/elt241_zhu_2020_o_4.27.20_642PM_LT.pdf

Motor Control Center (MCC) panel

25 COMMUNICATION PATHWAYS, PROTOCOLS, STANDARDS

Representative Protocols: - Energy System Interface (ESI role?) - OpenADR (utility side) - DNP3 (utility side) ? - MESA (energy storage, PV, metering) - Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) - ISO15118 (EVSE-EV link only) - Sunspec (IEEE 2030.5, SEP2) - EE Bus (building energy management)

26 ANL DCAAS TESTBED, BASED ON 1MW (~1200V/800A) BUSWAY Starline Busway version of DC as a Service test bed, rated at 1200v/800A=1MW 20kW building blocks

Chroma 62000D 1200vdc, ANL Smart Energy Plaza 18kW bi-directional (480/208v) (Bldg 300) Busway set; power supply 480v, 208v, 240v, DC (500A)

4 pole 400A, 1000vdc Starline busway (800A +/- DC)

Alencon ‘POD’ controller, ‘SPOT and BOSS’ 1500v 20kW, 99% DC/DC; (uni- bi-directional) battery, PV

DC Meters on hand… Wolfspeed 22kW, ~99% DC/DC in a Starline Tap Box – DC EVSE 140A-350A J3068 DC mode plug Intergrid 20kW, 99% DC PEV Emulators/loads {Representative device images- not uniform scale} DC/DC; battery, PV (500kW) 27 BI-DIRECTION DC CHARGING NODE; WOLFSPEED 22KW DC/DC CONVERTER

22kW Bi-directional; 900vdc bus, ~99% eff. https://www.wolfspeed.com/power/products/reference-designs/crd-22dd12n

- 250 x 190 x 55mm footprint - Microcontroller board built in with CAN communication (TMS320F28377DPTPT) - SiC MOSFETs - C3M0032120K (1200V, 32mΩ, TO-247-4) - EV charger requires fuses, precharge, output contactors, status display - Goal is to achieve IP67 with sealed unit, conductive cooling to mounting location - (2% loss*22kW=440W) 28 BUILDING TEST ARTICLES, CONTROLS; WOLFSPEED 22KW DC/DC CONVERTER 22kW Bi-directional; 380v-900v input, 200v-800v, 36A output, 8kW/l, CLLC resonant converter; 135-250kHz

29 PROOF OF CONCEPT DC METER INTEGRATED INTO CHARGING COUPLER ANL EUMD6m DC submeter (CAN communication), 40x60x6mm footprint; meter + OLED display (unpopulated circuit boards shown in these mockup photos; Phoenix Contact, Rema, H+S couplers) End goal is to produce a flexible circuit board version of meter and OLED display, inside cover, lower cable area Capacitive touch selector able to start/stop session, query vehicle charging rate/status via EVSE-PEV data link

30 BACK UP MATERIALS PENSKE ONTARIO CA; SIEMENS 6X150KW=900KW STATIONS https://taas.news/article/111832/Penske_Truck_Leasing_continues_to_expand_ heavy-duty_EV_charging_network 21 heavy-duty commercial vehicle DC fast-charging positions at Penske Truck Leasing's facilities in San Diego, Chino, Anaheim, Temecula and La Mirada Includes Fluency site located energy storage system to manage/shave demand

32 DCAAS CABLE DUCT BANK- PV, DATA CENTER INSTALLATIONS https://unitedwc.com/maxiamp-cable-bus/ ; alternative to busway/busbars

33 DCAAS CABLE DUCT BANK- LEVERAGING MV AC DISTRIBUTION, FOR DC

Similar but not the same is medium voltage AC (13.2kV) distribution in residential-industrial overhead settings; fused tap to transformer (DC-DC converter analogy), Compression taps/piercing taps for multiple parallel feeds. Example shows 4-house taps per node on secondary transformer, one tap block

34 SPECTRUM OF CHARGING LEVELS IN STANDARDS; ONLY TWO ARE PRESENTLY RATED FOR 1+ MW

~ 1.9kW (J1772) L1-AC ~ 3.3kW-~20kW (J1772) L2-AC ~ 20kW-100kW (J3068) AC (208/230/480vac three phase, w/onboard chargers) ~ 4kW-40kW (J1772-CCS) L1-DC (50-500v/80A limit) ~ 20kW-~150kW (J1772-CCS) L2-DC (basic, 50-500v/350A limit) ~ 150kW-350kW (J1772-CCS) L2-DC (XFC, 200-1000v/350A limit {850A/1000A TBD})

3.3kW-22kW (J2954) WPT1-4 wireless 60kW-590kW (J2954/2) WPT5-8 heavy duty wireless

~150kW-1200kW (J3105) L1-L2 DC mechanized coupler 3 formats (250-1000v/600A, 1200A limit) ~150kW-4500kW (HPCVC) DC (work in progress) (1500v/3000A limit)

35 ANL SMART CHARGING PLAZA INTEROPERABILITY CENTER- 1MW TOTAL CCS STATIONS (3X500A=1500A)

36 ANL SMART CHARGING PLAZA INTEROPERABILITY CENTER- INTERACTIONS OF AC/DC RESOURCES FOR EXPERIMENTS

37 ANL CHARGING PLAZA- LOCATIONS FOR MW+ TRUCK-BUS CHARGING INTEROPERABILITY TEST BED (MAST CLIMBER) 13.2kV Overhead Grid connections

PV array (2x 40kW)

2x400kW CCS Stations 200kW CCS (800kW/1000A) (500A/1000v)

38 STATE OF DC CHARGING EQUIPMENT; LOCATION OF ISOLATION MAGNETICS (CENTRAL XFRMR, DISTRIBUTED) • Examples of XFC system architectures (L-R);Signet 22kW modules-175kW rack, ChargePoint 32kW modules-125kW cabinet, BTCPower 50kW ‘power engine’ cassettes-200kW cabinet, 200kW PowerPak

39 MODULAR/SCALABLE APPROACH TO SPACE CONSTRAINED MW+ MULTIPORT CHARGING INSTALLATIONS; DC BUSWAY

. Depiction of AC and DC power distribution segments; Four regions of pathway - Medium voltage AC feed to charging installation (overhead, buried cables) - DC output of medium voltage-to-~1000vdc to dispensers (bus bars/busway) - DC flexible cable from dispenser to PEV (passive/active cooled), robotized? - Vehicle inlet to battery terminals (w/safety systems); vibration-cooling issues . Access to the vehicle from EVSE determines length/pathway of charging cable Multi-drop DC bus, dispenser-coupler challenges Modular (50-250kW?) ‘Field Replaceable Power Stages’ (4/20x each)

DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC

13.2kVac 1000vdc

DC as a service- Utility challenges Depot charging- vehicle inlet/control challenges

40 EXAMPLE: HIGH POWER CCS COUPLER APPROACHING 1MW CAPABILITY; BRUGG 850-1000A 1000V (SWISS) The cable’s core is a strand arrangement in which finely-layered hollow structures allow the flow of coolant. The water-based cooling fluid is non-toxic and largely biodegradable. Utilizing a newly- developed CCS2 connector, the coolant can be routed directly to the contacts. The cooling system allows cable lengths of up to 7 meters.“…the Alligator-HPC was able to manage currents of up to 1,000 amps under laboratory conditions at an ambient temperature of 40° C.”

ANL 4000A, 1000vdc power supplies

41 RAILWAY WAYSIDE ENERGY RECOVERY- REFERENCE DATA (680VDC, 6KA)

42 EV CHARGING FACILITY/FLEET MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE PROVIDERS Item Company Product Name 1 AmpControl 2 Amply Amplify 3 Apparent Apparent 4 Chargepoint 5 Control Dynamix EV Auto Fleet Controller 6 Driivz 7 eIQ Mobility 8 Electriphi Electriphi 9 Enel X Juicenet 10 EV Connect 11 EV Energi 12 Fleet Carma 13 FuelForce EV 14 GPS to Go 15 GreenFlux 16 Greenlots 17 Gilbarco/Tritium EKOS, EVerse 18 Kitu Systems Convoy 19 Microgrid Labs Evopt 20 Nuvve 21 PowerFlex Systems 22 Proterra APEX 23 Samsura 24 Virta 43 POWERFLEX SYSTEMS; UL916 SAFETY CERTIFIED (AC CHARGING) https://www.powerflex.com/turnkey-solutions/

44 GILBARCO- EKOS, EVERSE MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS (ALLEN GOETZ) Images, details from Gibarco brochure, website content- https://www.gilbarco.com/us/products/ev-charging-management#ekos EVerse – A software platform that puts the control at your fingertips; in the office or on the road EVerse is a network software solution to manage both public and fleet EV charging. The solution enables charger management, including: •Remote diagnostics •Energy management •Scheduling of equipment •Collecting and reporting usage and utilization data •Processing payments The network software also includes a driver-facing mobile app that has a user-friendly interface and a multitude of desirable features, such as: •Locate a charger •Initiate a charging session •Get real-time updates on charging status •Driver support 45 GILBARCO- ENERGY KNOWLEDGE OPERATING SYSTEM (EKOS)

Fleet Management Easily manage all aspects of your fleet – drivers, vehicles, chargers, authorization methods, etc. Perform onsite and offsite transaction consolidation. End-to-end cloud-based platform that provides Fleet Managers with visibility into Internal Combustion Engines and Electric Vehicle fleet equipment, Electric Vehicle Chargers, driver management, fleet card support, fuel and charging management processes, inventory monitoring, compliance, and reporting. 46 GILBARCO- ENERGY KNOWLEDGE OPERATING SYSTEM (EKOS)

Energy & Sustainability Reporting Access your energy & sustainability reports along with your traditional fuel information. EKOS helps you plan for and control your power consumption through its energy reporting capability.

47 GILBARCO- ENERGY KNOWLEDGE OPERATING SYSTEM (EKOS)

Fuel Site/Inventory Management Easily monitor and know the status of your fleet equipment at a glance. By utilizing EKOS, Fleet Managers can efficiently and effectively monitor Fuel Sites, EV Charger Sites and fuel Inventory. 48 RAILWAY WAYSIDE ENERGY RECOVERY- FEASIBLE? POSITIVE ROI?

Discussion Topic: It has been discussed at past conferences that DC power systems already exist for rail transit (some over 100 years old) and in the right situation it may be possible to bridge EV charging DC systems to existing electric railway distribution systems. (i.e. upgrade to a DC microgrid)

Questions of the day: - Is this even possible? - Is it feasible? - Is it permissible? (crossing over jurisdictions)

- Challenges include compatibility of DC operating voltage(s), pulsating loads on wayside station (-5 MW for 30 second acceleration, +3MW for 30 second braking) - Could large EV charging systems recover braking energy that is dissipated in resistors? - Would EV batteries ever be used to peak shave train acceleration loads?

49 RAILWAY WAYSIDE ENERGY RECOVERY- REFERENCE DATA (CONED)

4MW/21kWhr per acceleration cycle vs 2MW/10kWhr recovered on braking

Reference papers (via Tom Canada, Southern Company) Aachen “Wayside energy recovery systems in DC urban railway grids” ; http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/764134/files/764134.pdf . WMATA- Energy Storage Demonstration Project Final Report; https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA0086_Research_Report_Summary.pdf NY Metro- Wayside Energy Storage for Regenerative Braking Energy Recuperation in the Electric Rail System https://www.conedison.com/- /media/files/coned/documents/our-energy-future/our-energy-projects/regenerative-braking-energy-recuperation.pdf 50 CLASS 8 ELECTRIC TRUCK EXAMPLE: PETERBILT MODEL 579 W/MERITOR-TRANSPOWER EPC POWERTRAIN (8X44KWHR) • Twelve Class 8 Electric Peterbilt 579’s being built for Port of Long Beach • Recent DOE FOA award to PACCAR/Peterbuilt for 1MW wireless charging version, with subcontract to WAVE/Utah State University • 490 HP, ~250 mile range, 350-440 kWh, recharges in less than five hours • Uses the first five gears of an Eaton AutoShift 10-speed transmission

51 TESLA SEMI (BATTERY PLACEMENT, INLET LOCATION, POWER PATHWAYS); 300-500 MILE RANGE; $150K-$180K Batteries under cab, inlet just ahead of first rear axle, street side

52 DAIMLER ECASCADIA CLASS 8; PILOT FLEET W/PENSKE

53 DAF-PACCAR STRAIGHT TRUCK BATTERIES BETWEEN FRONT/REAR AXLES, INLET BEHIND FRONT WHEELS

‘Filler door’ access; dust/dirt protection; compatibility with robotic coupler actuators Inlets rated for MW+ (and coexistence with CCS/other couplers)

54 CUMMINS EOS CONCEPT URBAN TRACTOR

• Class 7; 18,000lb tractor weight • 140kWhr, 100 mile range

55 NEURON PROTOTYPE CLASS 8 TRACTOR

56 SAFETY RELATED TECHNOLOGIES: ANL DC METERING, EATON ‘BREAKTOR’ 350A/1000VDC, 10KA INTERRUPT . 5 millisecond actuation . Self triggering . Combines functions of - fuses - pyro switch - contactor

ANL 500A-1000vdc Submeter TCF Commercial product in 2020(?)

57 MODULAR POWER ELECTRONICS APPROACH- SCALABILITY EXTRAPOLATING TRACTION DRIVE INVERTER POWER DENSITY TO FUTURE WBG/LIQUID COOLED DC/DC CONVERTERS John Deere Electronic Systems- PD400 Dual 700vdc, 450A each continuous output, 280kVA; 30kg 395 x 330 x 185mm; (17x14.5x8.2”); 1300 cm2, 24.1L volume Hypothetical 4x280kW=1.12MW, 120kg, ~100L - Target: 250kW rack mount DC/DC converter module (4x=1MW); 5U high/50kg? UPS/Rectifier Chassis-like blind mate power racks Payton Planar Transformer 20kW (100kHz), 3kg

http://www.paytongroup.com/webfiles/files/5000.pdf

https://www.deere.com/assets/pdfs/common/industries/electronic-solutions/macneil-pd400-product-sheet.pdf 58