Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2018; 6(5): 45-68

ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Diversity, distribution, indigenous uses and NAAS Rating: 3.53 JMPS 2018; 6(5): 45-68 conservation of medicinal plants in central © 2018 JMPS Received: 21-07-2018 Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya Accepted: 26-08-2018

Pooja Kumari Pooja Kumari, SS Samant and Sunil Puri GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Abstract Himachal Regional Centre, Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is the rich repository of medicinal plants. Inhabitants are largely Mohal-Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, dependent on the forest resources particularly on medicinal plants. The present paper is an attempt to India assess the medicinal plants diversity of Central Himachal Pradesh of North Western Himalaya. A total of 400 species of medicinal value belonging to 111 families and 303 genera were recorded. Different plant SS Samant parts were utilized, of which leaf (161 spp.) was used in the majority of cases. 169 species were natives GB Pant National Institute of and 231 non-natives. Maximum number of native (148), non-native (157) and near-endemic (40) species Himalayan Environment and were found between 1800-2800m amsl, 02 species (Pimpinella acuminata and Angelica glauca) were Sustainable Development, found endemic to the Indian Himalayan Region. Maximum species (71) were used for fever (71), Himachal Regional Centre, followed by wounds (55), skin problems (53), dysentery (5) and Headache (26). Due to over explotitation Mohal-Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, and habitat degradation the population of many species is decreasing fast. India

Sunil Puri Keywords: Medicinal plants, diversity, indigenous uses, Himachal Pradesh Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management 1. Introduction Science, Bajhol, Solan, Health care and botany have evolved as an inseparable domain of human activity, the medicine Himachal Pradesh, India man (Vaidya) is often regarded as the first botanical professional in human history. Whereas

western medicine, as taught in most medical schools around the world, has largely switched from natural to manufactured drugs. Plant products are still of paramount importance in

traditional health care systems of developing countries. Traditional healers are also skilled botanists and have a great talent for locating the requisite plant from the green vastness that

makes up their natural pharmacy. Today's younger generations often have very different

ambitions and, therefore, these traditional skills are doomed to get lost even faster than the plants themselves. In non-hospital care, in most developing countries, traditional and modern systems operate independently without a clear hierarchy, whereas in rural areas only traditional healing and herbal self-care may be at hand. In these countries, there is a great

demand for medicinal plants that often come from the forests. Himachal Pradesh, one of the pioneer Himalayan states, is a rich repository of medicinal wealth, which occupies an important place in vedic treaties. The major population of Indian Himalayan Region lives in rural areas and the inhabitants are largely dependent on forest resources for their livelihood. The dependence of humans and livestock on this rich plant diversity is well known [11] phenomenon since time immemorial (Samant & Dhar 1997; Samant et al., 1998a) . The rich plant diversity of the IHR has been utilized by the natives in various forms such as medicine, food (edible), fuel, fodder, making agricultural tools, house building, small scale enterprises (i.e.,basket, mat, hat, kilta, etc.), and religious ceremonies (Samant & Dhar, 1997) [11]. 1,748 species of medicinal plants (Samant et al., 1998a), 675 species of wild edibles (Samant & [11] [10, 14, 16] Dhar, 1997) ; 279 species of fodder (Samant, 1998 a,b) ; 118 species of essential oil [12] yielding medicinal plants (Samant & Palni, 2000) ; and155 species of sacred plants (Samant & Pant, 2003) have been reported from the IHR. Due to habitat degradation, over exploitation Correspondence and changing environmental conditions, the biodiversity of the region is decreasing rapidly SS Samant (Samant et al. 1998 a,b) [10, 14, 16]. Extinction of these species may cause biodiversity reduction, GB Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and habitat loss, and alteration of natural ecological processes (Vitousek, 1990; Levine et al., 2003; [23, 6, 18] Sustainable Development, Serrill, 2006) . 142 species have been recorded in the Red Data Book of Indian Plants Himachal Regional Centre, (Nayar & Sastri, 1987, 1988, 1990) [7, 8, 9] and about 120 species of medicinal plants have been Mohal-Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, assessed for various threat categories of the (International Union for Conservation of Nature) India (Ved et al., 2003, 2005) [23, 24]. ~ 45 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

2. Material and Method 4,100m amsl. It is surrounded by two main rivers namely, 2.1 Study area Beas and Satluj. The area is veritable emporium of The study area comprises of two districts namely Mandi and economically important floristic diversity including medicinal Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh. The area lies between lat. plants. Climate varies from sub tropical to alpine types. The 31°-13'-50"and Long. 77°-23'-15"and falls largely under the vegetation comprises sub-tropical, temperate, sub-alpine and subtropical, temperate, sub-alpine and alpine regions of the alpine types. The inhabitants are largely dependent on floristic Himachal Pradesh (Fig.1). The altitude ranges from 800- diversity for their sustenance.

Fig 1: Map of the Study area

2.2 Data collection spp.) and Artemisia, Impatiens, Berberis, Terminalia, Rosa For the assessment of medicinal plants, surveys were and Viola (03 spp., each) were species rich genera. Maximum conducted in the selected villages along an altitudinalgr richness of medicinal plants (Total 305 spp; herbs: 194; adients. Local knowledgeable people including Vaidyas were shrubs: 64; trees: 47) were reported in the altitudinal range, interviewed and information on indigenous uses was 1800-2800m and decreased with increasing altitude (Fig.2). generated. The interviews were mostly individual. Interviews Some of the important medicinal plants of the altitudinal followed informal method and open ended rather than a strict zone, <1800m,amsl were Ageratum conyzoides Arisaema questionnaire. The language used while interacting with the tortuosum, Cryptolepis dubia, Centella asiatica Calotropis informants was the local dialect, Mandyali and in certain procera, Rauvolfia serpentina, etc. 1800-2800m,amsl were cases, Hindi also. The samples of economically important Heracleum candicans, Arisaema jacquemontii, Aristolochia plants were collected from their natural habitats with the help dilatata, Asparagus filicinus, Acorus calamus, Berberis of a local knowledgable hired person for further aristata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Swertia angustifolia, Aesculus identification. Fresh samples of the species were collected and indica, Ajuga bracteosa, Habenaria edgeworthii, Prinsepia identified with the help of local and regional floras utilis, Rubus biflorus, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Bergenia (Chowdhery & Wadhwa, 1984; Aswal & Mehrotra, 1994; ligulata, Verbascum thapsus, Urtica dioica etc; 2801- Dhaliwal & Sharma, 1999; Singh & Rawat, 2000; 2000; etc.) 3800m,amsl were Astragalus himalayanus, Corydalis [3, 2, 4, 22]. Some of the species of medicinal plants are not used cornuta, Morina longifolia, Swertia cordata, S.ciliata, by the natives, but their uses as medicine are known from Tanacetum dolichophyllum, Malaxis muscifera, Plantago other parts of the State and IHR. Such species have also been himalaica, Podophyllum hexandrum, Skimmia laureola, included under medicinal plants. The information was Picrorhiza kurrooa, Trillidium govanianum, Valeriana compiled and analyzed for the utilization pattern following jatamansi, Viola biflora, etc; and >3800m,amsl Allium Jain (1991); Samant & Palni (2000) [12]; Samant et al. (2001b, humile, Allium wallichii, Euphrasia himalaica, Pedicularis 2007a&b). Nativity of the species was identified following pectinata, Rhodiola heterodonta, etc. (Appendix 1). Anonymous (1883-1970) [1] and Samant (1998a), while the endemism of the species was identified on the basis of distribution of the species (Dhar & Samant, 1993; Samant, 1999) [5]. The species restricted to Indian Himalayan region were considered as endemic, whereas the species with extended distribution to neighbouring countries were considered as near endemic (Samant et al., 1998a).

3. Results 3.1 Diversity and Distribution Pattern Total 400 species (Angiosperms: 386; Gymnosperms: 04; Pteridophytes: 10) of medicinal plants belonging to 303 genera and 111 families were recorded. Of these, 49 species were trees, 79 shurbs and 276 herbs. Asteraceae (36 spp.); Lamiaceae (26 spp.); Rosaceae (18 spp.); Fabaceae (18 spp.);

Ranunculaceae (14 spp.) were the dominant families. Among Fig 2: Altitudinal distribution of medicinal plants in Central Himachal the genera, Persicaria (05 spp.); Hypericum, and Ficus (04 Pradesh. Abbreviations Used: Tr=Tree; Sh=Shrub; H=Herb

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3.2 Nativity and endemism and near endemics (40 spp.) species were distributed, Of the total medicinal plants recorded, 169 species were followed of 2801-3800m, amsl with natives (84 spp.), non- found natives to the Himalayan region and remaining species natives (36 spp.) and near endemics (35 spp.). In addition to were non-natives (231 spp.). In addition to it, 02 species it, the endemic species was distributed at both the altitudinal namely, Angelica glauca and Pimpinella acuminate were range. The distribution of native, non-native, endemic and found endemic and 81 species were near endemic to the near endemic species in the different altitudinal zones has Indian Himalayan Region. In the zone 1800-2800m, amsl been presented in the Fig. 3. The proportionate native and maximum number of natives (148 spp.), non-native (157 spp.) endemic species increase with increase altitude.

Fig 3: Altitudinal distribution of native (N), non-native (NN), endemic (E) and near endemic (NE) species in medicinal plants in central Himachal Pradesh Abbreviations used: N=Native; NN=Non Native; E=Endemic; and NE=Near Endemic

3.3 Utilization pattern and Indigenous uses wounds (51 spp.), rheumatism (41 spp.), headache (26 spp.), The medicinal plants available in the area have been used to Asthma (28 spp.), fever (23 spp.), bronchitis and blood cure various ailments. and the maximum species (55 spp.), purifier (17 spp., each), jaundice (12 spp.) and digestion (08 were used to cure dysentery followed by cough (54 spp.), spp.) (Table 1).

Table 1: Utilization pattern of medicinal plants for curing various ailments/diseases

Sr. No. Diseases No.of Species Sr. No. Diseases No of Species 1 Anti-cancerous 1 49 Heart problem 6 2 Anaemia 2 50 Inflammatory 3 3 Asthma 28 51 Insecticidal 1 4 Antidote 12 52 Indigestion 4 5 Aphrodisiac 8 53 Jaundice 12 6 Anthelmintic 9 54 Joint problem 2 7 Abdominal pain 6 55 Kidney 3 8 Antiperiodic 1 56 Laxative 11 9 Aetitizer 1 57 Llllleuciderma 8 10 Antifertility 1 58 Leucorrhea 2 11 Astrigent 12 59 Leprosy 8 12 Blood purifier 17 60 Liver 12 13 Body pain 3 61 Lung 3 14 Boils 29 62 Malaria 9 15 Bronchitis 17 63 Menustral 1 16 Bone fracture 7 64 Menorrhoea 4 17 Burns 15 65 Nervous disorder 1 18 Cough 54 66 Nose bleeding 2 19 Cold 28 67 Piles 21 20 Cholesterol 1 68 Pimples 3 21 Cholera 11 69 Puragative 10 22 Constipation 5 70 Pulmonary 2 23 Cramps 3 71 Rheumatism 41 24 Colic pain 2 72 Sore 24 25 Convulsion 2 73 Stomachache 24 26 Cuts 26 74 Skin problems 53 28 Digestion 8 75 Scabies 6 29 Dysentery 54 76 Snake bite 24 30 Diuretic 17 77 Swelling 23 31 Dropsy 5 78 Stimulant 6 32 Dyspepsia 5 79 Syphills 4 33 Digestive disorder 5 80 Sedatives 3 34 Diabetes 3 81 Tonic 42 ~ 47 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

35 Debility 1 82 Toothache 19 36 Diarrhea 9 83 Tuberculosis 2 37 Eczema 10 84 Throat problem 7 38 Eye complaints 23 85 Ulcers 12 39 Epilepsy 10 86 Urinary Problem 13 40 Earache 13 87 Vomiting 2 41 Eruption 2 88 Veterinary 13 42 Emollient pectoral 1 89 Whooping cough 4 43 Febrifuge 8 90 Wounds 55 44 Fever 71 45 Gastric 17 46 Gout 3 47 Headache 26 48 Hair tonic 1

Amongst the medicinal plants, bark of Acacia catechu (Khair) used in passive diarrhea usually in combination with Cinnamon and Opium. The leaves, flowers, fruits and roots of Justicia adhatoda (Safed basooti) we extensively used for treating cold, cough, whooping cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. Roots and leaves of Barleria cristata (Sairyak) were used to reduce swellings, toothaches, anemia and inflammatory disorders. Bark of Terminalia arjuna (Arjun) was used in hypertension, heart attack, myocardial infarction, angina, coronary artery disease. fruits and seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum were used in toothache, cough, fever, itching leucoderma, piles and rheumatism; leaf of Bergenia ligulata (Pashan bhed) in treatment of boils, ulcers, kidney stone, cuts and wounds; roots of Valeriana jatamansi as antidote to sting of insect also in skin diseases.; roots of

Angelica glauca for dysentery, gastric complaints, stomache Fig 4: Statistics of plant parts used complaints and vomiting; whole plant of Pimpinella acuminata for dysentery; bulbs of Arisaema jacquemontii Abbreviations Used: AP=Aerial Part; Bb=Bulb; Bk=Bark; (Kida aloo) in stomachache, skin diseases, ringworm; and Fl=Flower; Fr=Fruit; Frb=Fruiting body; Frd=Frond; rhizome of Hedychium spicatum in asthma, blood Inf=Inflorescence; Lf=Leaf; Res=Resin; Rh=Rhizome; purification, bronchitis and nausea (Appendix 1). Different Rt=Root; Sd=Seed; St=Stem; Tu=Tuber; and Wd=Wood parts of the plants were utilized, of which the leaf was used in the majority cases (161), followed by whole plant (104 spp.), Appendix: Diversity, distribution, nativity, endemism and roots (108 spp.), fruits (68 spp.) and flowers (33 spp.) (Fig.4), indigenous uses of medicinal plants in Central Himachal (Appendix 1). Pradesh

AR Part (S) Family/ Taxa Local Name Habitat /s LF Nativity Indigenous uses (m) used Angiosperms Acanthaceae Decoction is given all fevers, Andrograhis paniculata 900- cough and common cold, it is an Kal-megh 2,13 H Ind or WP (Burm. f.) Nees 1400 ultimate drug for even fevers like chikunguniya Powder of roots, flowers givn with honey in Anaemia, 800- H Ind Or Barlaria cristata L. 1,2,3,4 WP headache, swelling in legs 2000 Burma powder of flowers also used in toothache Dicliptera roxburghiana 800- Juice of leaves is given twice a 1,2 H Ind Or WP Nees 2300 day to cure stomach infection Powder of flowers and leaves Saphed 900- given in Whooping cough, Justicia adhatoda L. 2,4,6,7 Sh As Trop WP basooti,Basunti 1700 Chronic bronchitis and in bronchial asthma Achyranthaceae Crushed seeds with warm water are taken during piles. Fresh stem is chewed for toothache. 800- Roots are applied as a paste Achyranthes aspera L. Putkanda 1,2,3,5 H As Trop WP 2500 around the joint to treat pain. Seed paste is used for snake bite. The burnt plant, ash along with mustard oil is applied to skin ~ 48 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

burns Decoction is given in Blisters in 800- A. bidentata Bl. Putkanda 1,2,5,9 H Reg Trop WP mouth, cholera, scorpion sting, 2000 swelling, whooping cough Agavaceae Cell sap is extracted and applied 800- Agave angustifolia Haw. Ramban 2,4,5,6 Sh Mexico Lf to burns, skin infections. Juice is 1600 helpful for digestive disorders. 1000- Powder of wholeplant asthma, Yucca gloriosa L. 2,3,4,5 Sh Amer Bor WP 1500 ulcers and leprosy Amaranthaceae Tea made from the leaves used 1500- Amaranthus spinosus L. Sariyara 1,9 H Am Bor Lf for treatment of diarrhea and 2500 excessive menustration 1600- Decoction is given in Emetic, Cyathula capitata Moq. 1,4 H Reg Himal Lf, Sd 2000 abortifacient 800- Paste of roots is used in Skin C. tomentosa (Roth.) Moq. 2,3 H Reg Himal Rt, Lf 2200 diseases 1000- Reg Himal Decoction is given as Liver Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. - 2,13 Sh Lf, Fr, Sd 1400 China protective Alliaceae Jangli lahsan, 3200- Allium humile Kunth 1,4 H Ind Or Lf Tonic to the digestive system. Farna 4000 2500- Reg Himal Crushed bulb used for purify the Allium wallichii Kunth - 1,4 H Lf, Bb 4100 Prace blood. Anacardiaceae Decoctions is used as to cure Reg Himal asthma, fever, appetite, 800- Pistacia integerrima Sw. Kakare 2,3 T Aegypt Fr irritability of the stomach, 2200 Persia chronic pulmonary affection, dyspeptic, vomiting & diarrhea Rhus javanica var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehder & Reg Himal Juice of fruit mixed with honey 800- E.H.Wilson Titri 1,2,3,4 T China Ins Fr, Wd is given in Gastric problem and 2200 Sandvic skin diseases Apiaceae Mixer of dried root powder with 2000- sugar is given to cure fever and Angelica glauca Edgew.* Chaura 1 Reg Himal Rh, Rt 2800 H cold.

Europe 1600- Oriens As Root extract is taken empty Bupleurum falcatum L. 1,3,4 H Rt 3050 Bor Reg stomach to treat liver disorders. Himal The leaves are taken with sugar as a memory enhancer. The 800- Reg Trop et Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Brahmi 2,4 H WP powder of the leaf is taken in the 1600 Sub Trop morning with water for cardiac disorder and blood pressure. Decoction of the stem and root is taken during fever. The paste 1800- prepared from the root is applied Heracleum candicans L. Badiyacha 1,8 H Reg Himal Lf, Rt 2800 on snake bite. Powdered shoot taken with water during giddiness in animals. 800- Whole plant juice used as a Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. 1,5 H Java Lf 2000 brain tonic, cures tonsils Pimpinella acuminata 2500- 1,5 H Reg Himal WP Decoctition is give in Dysentery (Edgew.) Cl.* 3700 Powdered roots cure foe 2000- H Reg Himal Rt P. diversifolia DC. 2,3,4,5 digestive disorders,cold and 3500 cough. 3000- Pleurospermum angelicoides (DC.) Cl.** H Reg Himal Rt Infusion given to reduce fever. 3650 3000- Pleurospermum candollii (DC.) Cl. H Reg Himal Rt Infusion given to reduce fever. 3850 Root powder mixed with ghee is Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O. 2800- Reg Himal Bhutkeshi 1,2 H WP applied to cure swelling in the Saxena** 3150 body after pregnancy. Apocynaceae 800- Root powder used in treatment Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sarpgandha 6 Sh Ind Or Java Rt 1700 of insomnia

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Araceae Rhizome rubbed with mother's milk to make a paste and licked 800- Reg Bor Acorus calamus L. Barin/ Bauch 5 H Rh, St, Lf to infant for immunity. 2200 Temp Decoction made to cure cold and cough. Rhizome paste mixed with oil is 2200- Arisaema jacquemontii Bl.** 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 H Reg Himal Bb applied in sprains and regains 3300 muscular strength. Used as a vermifuge in cattle, A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott 800- Biskaphar 1,2,3,4,5 H Reg Himal WP tuber juice applied to wounds of (Wall.) Schott 2200 cattle to kill parasites A crushed dried bulb in the 1200- Colocasia affinis Schott - 2,3,5,6 H Reg Himal Corm powder form is used for the 1700 treatment of jaundice. Araliaceae Powder of roots is given in 2500- Aralia cachemirica Dcne.** 2,3 H Reg Himal Rt Dysentery, gastric complaints, 3050 vomiting Europe Afr Mathodi, 800- Decoction used to treat skin Hedera nepalensis Koch. 1,2,3,5,7 Sh Bor As Fr, Lf Grumru 2500 diseases like itching and pimples Temp Aristolochiaceae 1800- Decoction of whole plant is Aristolochia dilatata Br. 1,2,3 Sh Ind Or WP 2500 taken in colic pain and ulcers Asclepiadaceae 950- PeruvAfr Leaf powder is consumed during Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Aak 2,9,12 Sh St, Bk, Rt 1100 Trop Ind Or liver malfunctioning A decoction of the stem is used 800- as a supporting drug in Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida 1,3 Sh Ind Or WP 1800 paralysis; of the root bark in rheumatim 1800- Decoction of whole plant is Marsdenia roylei Wt.** 2,5 H Reg Himal WP 2500 given in Cold and gonorrohea 1500- Europe Reg Juice applied to boils and Vincetoxicum hirudinaria Medik. - 2,13 H WP 2800 Cauc pimples Asparagaceae Crushed roots, twigs and leaves are mixed and applied on 2000- Reg Himal Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Sansarpali 1,3 H Tu, AP stomach to cure menorrhagia. 2800 Burma Tuber decoction is taken by women as a tonic after delivery. 800- Ind Or Afr Tuber decoction is taken by A. racemosus Willd. Sansarpali 1,2 Sh Tu 1700 Trop Austr women as a tonic after delivery. Asteraceae Paste made from leaves used for treating colds, feversand to 1800- Achillea millefolium L. Fye 1,2,3,6 H Europe WP reduce menstrual pain. Fresh 3050 leaves applied directlyto an aching tooth to relieve 800- Lf,Rt,Sd,Fr, Juice applied on wounds help in Ageratum conyzoides L. 1,2,4,9 H Reg Trop 2000 Fl clotting 2000- Leaf and stem paste is made and Ainsliaea aptera DC.** Durwa 1,2,3 H Reg Himal Rt 3050 applied to fractures. 2000- Decoction of whole plant is A. latifolia (D. Don) Sch.–Bip. 1,2 H Reg Himal Rt 3050 given in Colic pain 1800- Paste of flowers used as A. contorta Hk.f. 1,2,3,4 H Reg Himal Fl 3500 antibacterial 1500- WP, Lf Decoction of whole plant used A. triplinervis (Sims.) Cl. 1,2,3 H Reg Himal 3100 as diuretic Decoction of roots is given in 2000- Arctium lappa L. 6,8 H Europe Rt gastric painand paste used in 3050 burns Decoction of leaves is preferable 800- Reg Temp for abortifacition. Paste prepared Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Pamp. Kubsh 1,2,3,4,5,7 H Lf, Rt, Sd 2700 Bor from the leaves is also applied on wounds to relieve pain. 800- Ind Or Infusion given to treatthroat A. parviflora Roxb. ex D.Don** 1,2 H Lf, Rt, Sd 2200 Burma problem 2000- Infusion for treatment of A.roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser** Drubaha 1,2 H Reg Himal Lf 3050 indigestion and nausea; root

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used to cure toothache 800- Tea of the leaves used to expel Bidens biternata Merr. & Sherf. 2,4 H Reg Trop Fr, Lf, Fl, Rt 1600 worms 1500- Ind Occ Am Leaves chewed for the treatment B. pilosa L. 1,2,3,4,9 H WP 2200 Austr of sore throat Ind Or 800- Decoction is given for purifying Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC. 2,4 H Malaya WP 2000 blood China As et Austr 800- Leaf helps to snuff during head Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. & Asch. 1,2,4 H Trop Ins Lf 1700 colds. Pacif Root powder taken with water 1800- Cirsium wallichii DC.** 1,2,3,4,5,6 H Reg Himal WP helps to cure gastric problems 2500 early morning Crushed leaves applied to 800- Ind Or Afr swelled part and tied with a Conyza stricta Willd. 1,2,4 H WP 2200 Trop cloth for few days Bone fracture, swelling Paste of whole plant is applied 800- Cyathocline purpurea Kuntz 2,5 H Ind Or WP on head for relieving Headache, 1800 intermittent fever 800- Paste of leaves against skin Erigeron bonariensis L. 1,2,5 H Am Austr Lf 1700 diseases 800- Decoction is used as tonic in E. multiradiatus (DC.) Cl. 1,4 H Reg Himal WP 2200 renal and stomach pain Paste of leaves used for healing properties, and applied to Eupatorium adenophorum Hort.Berol. ex 1400- Jameic healing of any kind of skin 1,2,4 Sh Lf Kunth 3500 Maxic wound, burn, or scald even speeding recovery time after surgery. Leaves juice helps to coagulate 1500- Mexic North Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 4,5 H Lf the blood of fresh cutsand 2500 Am wounds 1600- Crushed roots given to cure Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauv.** 1,2,3,4 H Reg Himal Rt 500 gastritis problems Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab- 2200- Paste of seed is applied on the 2,4 Sh Reg Himal Sd, Lf Straube** 2800 head for reliving headache 1600- Reg Himal Infusion of leaves taken in Inula cappa DC. Gadush 1,2 H Lf 2500 Java China urinary complaints The root counters excess stomach acid, peptic ulceration 2200- and gastritis. It is also applied I. racemosa Hk. H Reg Himal Rt 3800 externally to bruises, sprains, aching muscles, insect bites and skin inflammations To treat chest pain, paste of Laphangium affine (D.Don) Tzvelev 1900- 1,2,3,4 H Reg Magell Rt leaves is mixed with butter and 2600 rubbed over affected area 800- Paste of leaves is used against L. luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev Gorbagare 2,8 H Cosmop Lf 2500 skin diseases The paste of whole plant can be Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard Goi phul, 800- WP 1,2,3,4 H As Trop used in an ointment for treating & B.L. Burtt Brunn 2200 boils and abscesses. Paste of leaves and roots given 2500- Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. 3,7 H Reg Himal WP to cattle for the expulsion of gas 3700 from stomach Decoction of roots and flowers 2000- S. graciliflorus DC.** 1,2 H Reg Himal AP given in chlolera and periodic 3050 fever Flower is used in Akarkara 900- Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. 2,3,4 H Am Trop Lf,Fl,Sd toothache,fever,dysentery,cold 1500 and bronchitis Paste of leaves and flowering 1800- Reg Bor Solidago virga- aurea L. 1,2,3,4 H WP tops applied to the wounds for 2800 Temp their fast healing Infusion of leaves has been used 800- Sonchus asper Hill. 1,2,4 H Cosmop Lf in the treatment of 2200 diarrhea,fever,leprosy 800- A tea made from the roots is S. oleraceus L. 2, 4 H Cosmop Lf, 1800 used in the treatment of asthma

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and coughs 3000- Reg Himal A tea made from the leaves is Tanacetum dolichophyllum Kitamura Ghuggulu 1,4 H Lf 4000 Mexico said to calm the nerves Plant infusion taken orally in the 800- Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund 1,2,4,5,7 H Am Trop WP treatment of gall bladder, 2800 urinary disorders and gallstone Balsaminaceae 2200- Impatiens glandulifera Royle 1,2,3,6,7 H Reg Himal Sd, Fl Paste applied to burns. 3050 1600- Leaves paste is applied on I. racemosa Hk. f.** 5 H Reg Himal Sd, AP 2700 wounds. 800- The extract is used to treat I. scabrida DC.** 1,2,3,5 H Reg Himal Sd, WP 2600 intestinal worms. Basellaceae 900- The leaf extract is used in Basella alba L. Alugbati 2,11,13 H As Trop Rt,Lf 1300 wound healing activities. Begoniaceae 1500- Decoction used to cure Bristles Begonia picta Sm.** 1,2,3 H Reg Himal Lf 2000 on tongue, ulcer in mouth Berberidaceae Infusion obtained from dried 1800- stem, root bark and wood is used Berberis aristata DC.** Kasmal 1,2,4,7 Sh Ind Or WP 2800 to relieve eye complaints and jaundice. Dried flower juice is taken 800- B. asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Kasmal 1,2 Sh Reg Himal WP before a meal to cure gastric 1700 problems Infusion obtained from dried 2700- B. jaeschkeana Sehneid.** Kasmal 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr stem, root bark and wood is used 3050 to relieve eye complaints Dried roots boiled in water and concentrated under low temperature and dried resulting 800- in "Rasaont" which is used to B. lycium Royle** Kasmal 1,2,3,4,5 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr 2200 cure eye infections. Also, this decoction of root with honey is used for the treatment of jaundice Betulaceae Bark decoction applied 800- Alnus nepalensis D.Don Kosh 1,5 T Reg Himal Rt, Lf, Bk externally to treat swellings and 2200 body pains 1600- Lf, St Paste of leavesused to cure Cuts A. nitida (Spach) Endl.** Kosh, Kunish 5 T Reg Himal 2500 and wounds Bombaceae Ashes of root is mixed with 800- water and taken in abdominal Bombax ceiba L. Semal 1,2 T Am Austr Rt, Bk 1600 pain, acne, aphrodisiac, diarrohea, cough and dysentery Boraginaceae Crushed leaves mixed with 800- Frt, Lf,Bk Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Lasooda 6,11 T Austr. honey recommended for 1400 constipation 1200- Infusion given to reduce fever, Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall.ex Benth. Balraj H Rt 4000 treatment of urinary complaints 800- Ind Or Root is used in Dyspepsia and Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don 1,2,3,5,6,8 H Rt 3050 Burma digestive disorders 1200- Ind Or Infusion taken in Asthma, cough Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand 1,2,4,6 H Lf, Rt 3300 Malaya and vomiting 2700- Reg Bor Ind Whole plant is used Facilitates Eritrichium canum (Benth.) Kitam. - H WP 3200 Or children birth Brassicaceae Tea made from the dried herb 800- Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik 1,2,4 H Reg Temp WP considered remedy against 3050 haemorrhages 800- Europe As Aerial parts chwed to cure Thlaspi arvense L. 1,4 H WP 2500 Bor mouth sores Cactaceae Medicinal (Refrigerant, 980- Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw Nagphani 3,4,5,6 Sh Am. Austr Fr, Lf Gonorrhoea, ophthalmic, 1200 laxative, antipyretic,

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leucoderma, urinary complaints, tumours, piles, inflammations, anaemia, ulcers and the enlargement of the spleen Caesalpiniaceae One teaspoonful of its aqueous 1200- extract of its roots is given thrice Bahunia vahlii Wt. & Arn. Torr 2,3,4 T Ind Or Bk, Lf 1600 a day orally for the treatment of syphilis for three days. Pods are roasted and the powder is used as a substitute for 800- Cosmop Rt, Sd, Lf, quinine. The root bark has been Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. 1,2 Sh 1600 Trop Bk used for relieving intestinal worms, fever, tumors, cough, amenorrhea The root is used in decoctions 1000- against fevers, diabetes, diseases Cassia fistula L. Chakvad 1,2,4,6,8 T As Trop Sd, Lf 1500 of urinary system and constipation. The roots are used in the Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene 800- Cosmop Patwa ghas 2,4 H WP treatment of dysentery and 1800 Trop stomach pains The leaves and flowers are used 900- As. et Afr to make a sweetened tea that is Tamarindus indica L. Imli 1,2,3,5 T Fr 1800 Trop drunk by children as a remedy for measles Campanulaceae 2500- Flower infusion used in the Campanula argyrotricha Wall. ex DC. - 2,4 H Reg Himal Fl 3000 treatment of constipation They are laxative and dry up 3200- serous fluids, and are used in the Cyananthus lobatus Wall. - 1,2 H Reg Himal Fl, Lf 4100 treatment of various serous disorders and constipation Crushed leaves applied to 2000- swelled part and tied with a Codonopsis ovata Benth. 1,6 H Reg Himal Lf 2500 cloth, practice repeated for few days Cannabaceae Warm seed oil is massaged on the affected parts in case of As Centr arthritis. The oil is used to cure 800- Lf, Bk, Sd, Cannabis sativa L. Bhang 1,2,4,6,9 H Reg Himal paralysis and fever. Seed 2000 Fr, Fl, St Bor Occ powder with warm water for reproductive disorders.

Capparidaceae Decoction of root-bark used for 800- vomiting and for improving the Capparis zeylanica L. Aradanda 11,12 Sh Ind Or Rt,Lf,Fl 1100 appetite leaves in boils, swellings, piles and rheumatism Caprifoliaceae The fruits are used to initiate 2500- vomiting to treat stomach Sambucus adnata Wall. - 1,5 H Reg Himal WP 2710 disorders, to wash stomach to expel poisonous substances 1600- Seed juice is given to treat Viburnum cotinifolium Don** Dab 1,2,3,8 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Fr, Bk 2500 typhoid and whooping cough. Decoctised bark used as a blood 2200- V. nervosum D.Don** Tilenal 1,7 Sh Reg Himal Bk,Wd, St purifier and to regulate a 3050 woman’s menstrual flow Caryophyllaceae 1500- Reg bor Infusion given to reduce fever, Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Brit - H WP 3900 temp treatment of urinary complaints Decoction of whole plant is used 800- Cosmop Drymaria cordata Edgew. & Hk. 1,4,5 H WP in Asthma, burns, cold, 2100 Trop dysentery and headache he root is used in the treatment 1700- Gypsophila cerastiodes D. Don** 1,2,3,4,7 H Reg Himal WP of jaundice, lung diseases, 2700 rheumatism and typhoid fever Decoction belived to be useful 800- Sterllia media (L.) Vill. Bariyala 1,7 H Reg Temp WP in the treatment of chest 2000 complaints ~ 53 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Celastraceae Chopru / 1700- Infusion used in Dysentery, eye Euonymus tingens Wall 1,4,7 T Reg Himal Rt, Bk, Lf Jamana 2200 diseases and headache Chenopodiaceae Decoction of seed and leaves are prepared to treat intestinal 800- Reg Temp et Chenopodium album L. 1,4,6 H Lf, Sd worms. Seeds chwed in the 2500 Trop treatment of urinary problems

Combretaceae The Decoction of bark is used as Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn. 1200- tonic to lowers blood pressure 2,11 T Ind Or Bk 1700 and reduces blood cholesterol levels The fruit chewed is believed to cure cold, asthma and hoarse 1200- Ind Or voice. T.bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 6,11 T Fr 1700 Malaya The paste of the fruit is applied to the swollen skin.

Powdered dried fruit made into a paste and taken with jaggery is 1200- T.chebula Retz. 11 T As Trop Fr malashodhana, removing 1600 impurities and wastes from the body Commelinaceae 800- Ind Or Commelina paludosa Bl. 4,7 H WP Paste is applied to insect stings 2000 Malaya 1500- Ind Or Paste of plant is used in Cyanotis cristata (L.)D.Don 1,2,4 H Rt,AP 2000 Malaya Veterinary diseases Convolvulaceae It is also used in the treatment of epilepsy, leukoderma, cuts and 800- Evolvulus alsinoides(L) L. Sankhpushpi 2 H Amphigtrop WP ulcers. Shankhpushpi is brain 1200 tonic and primarily used for improving brain functions Treatment of physical weakness, abnormal behaviour, sinking of 1100- Amphing Ipomoea quamoclit L. Nagarbel 2,13 H Lf,Sd,Rt voice, bleeding from cuts and 1500 Trop wounds, piles, snakebites. Used as purgative. Coriariaceae 800- Reg Himal Coriaria nepalensis Wall. Fanai 2,4 T St, Lf, Fr Paste is applied on burns 2000 China Crassulaceae 2930- Powdered seeds given to expel Rhodiola heterodonta (Hk. & Th.) A. Boriss. 1,2,4 H Reg Himal AP 4000 the worms from the stomach 2000- Crushed leaves applied to skin Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. Ohba - 1,4 H Reg Himal Lf 3000 ailments for fast healing Reg Himal Decoction of leaf along with 2500- Sedum ewersii Ledeb. - 2,3,4 H Sibir Lf, St milk is given during severe 3200 Altaic stomach ache. Cucurbitaceae 900- Seeds are taken with milk for Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C.Jeffrey Shivlingi 2,6,12 H Ind Or Rt,Sd 1400 female fertility 800- As Trop et Paste is allpied on burns and Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi 1,2,4 H Fr 2000 Sub Trop snake bite The oil extracted from the roots is used as a pain killer. the plant 800- Lf, Rt, Sd, Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. 1,2 H Cochinch is used for curing snakebite 2300 Fr poisoning and the juice of the plant is applied externally Cuscutaceae The juice of the plant, mixed with the juice of Saccharum 1000- Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akash-Bel 2,3,4,5,6 H Ind. Or St officinarum, is used in the 1400 treatment of jaundice and bilous disorders Dioscoreaceae 800- Root tuber juice taken in the Dioscorea. bulbifera L. Tardi 1,2,4 H As Trop Tu 2000 treatment of roundworms also

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used to alleviate constipation 1600- Tuber paste applied externally D. deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth 1,2,3,4,7 H Ind Or Tu 2800 for Rheumatism. Dipsacaceae 2200- Infusion of leaves is used to Dipsacus inermis Wall 1,2,4 H Reg Himal Lf 3250 treat acne 2900- Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.** 1,7 H Reg Himal Rt Leaf paste is applied on the skin. 3050 Ehretiaceae Bakli/ Bakaar/ 800- As et Austr Decoction applied externally on Ehretia acuminata R.Br. 2,4 T Bk, Fr, Wd Banchaula 2000 Trop bleeding to promote healing Elaeagnaceae 800- The fruits and flowers are used Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.** Geai 1,2,4,7 Sh Ind Or Fl, Fr 1800 to treat sores and ulcers Ericaceae 2000- Infusion of leaftaken in Cough Gaultheria trichophylla Royle - 1,3,4,5 H Reg Himal Lf, Fr 3500 and cold 800- Reg Himal Crushed plants applied in Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Airean, Ehran 1,2,3,5 T WP 2000 Japan treatment of skin inflammation 1400- Crushed flowers are snuffed to Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Brash 1,2,3,5,7 T Reg Himal Fl, Lf 2200 stop nasal bleeding. Euphorbiaceae Infusion taken in 1100- Ind Or Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh Danti 1,3 Sh Lf,Sd,Rt anthelmintic,alexiteric, diuretic, 1500 Malaya asthma and bronchitis used for breathing disorders including asthma, bronchitis, 2000- Europe As Euphorbia pilosa L. 1,4,8 H WP and chest congestion. It is also 3050 Bor used for mucus in the nose and throat, throat spasms Powder plant given in the 2600- E.stracheyi Boiss. - 1,5,6,7 H Reg Himal AP, Latex treatment of cold,cough, fever 3000 and headache 800- Falconeria insignis Royle Dudhla 2,3 T Ind Or La Used as Germicidal 1900 latex are to cure toothache, as a mouth rinse to treat bleeding gums, as a haemostatic J. curcas 800- Lf, Sd roots are used for treating Jatropha curcas L. Safed arand 2,9,12 Sh Afr. Trop 1500 eczema, scabies, ringworm and gonorrhea where these diseases are caused by fungi and bacterial infections 800- As et Austr A decoction of the leaves is used Mallotus philippensis Mull. Kambal 1,2,4 T Sd, Fr 1500 Trop in the treatment of diarrhoea A decoction of the fruit is considered stimulant and is drunk to improve endurance 970- Phyllanthus emblica L. Aambla 2,9,11 T As. Trop Fr during hard physical work or as 1400 an aphrodisiac. It is also taken to treat impotence and tiredness after prolonged diarrhoea) Leaves and seed oil are applied 800- Sd, Rt, Lf, Ricinus communis L. Arand 2,4,7 Sh Reg Trop topically for joint pains. Oil is 1600 Fr also helpful during pregnancy. Fabaceae Seeds soaked in the water given 3000- Astragalus himalayanus Klotz. - 2,4,5 H Reg Himal Lf, AP,Sd to the patiens suffering from 4000 leprosy A juice, which naturally exudes from cracks and wounds in the 1200- Ind Or Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Dhak 6 T Sd,Fl,Bk,Lf bark, hardens into a most 1600 Burma beautiful, ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent gum Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi 800- Paste is applied in Rheumatism 2,4,8 H As Trop Rt, Lf, Fr Merrill. 1600 and wounds 800- Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth. 1,2,4 H Ind Or Rt Used as Purgative 1800 1100- Ind Or Decoction of leaves prepared Dalbergia sissoo DC. Tahli 6,9 T Lf,Bk,Wd,Rt 1600 Afghanistan and taken against vomiting Desmodium elegans DC. Chagla, Kathi 800- 1,2,3,5,7,9 Sh Reg Himal AP, Rt, Wd Bark juice used in the treatment

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2500 China of ulcers Antidote to snake venom, 800- As Trop asthma, bronchitis, cough, D. gangeticum (L.) DC. Chagla 2,4,8 Sh WP 2200 Austr dysentery, eye infection, fever, tonic, vomiting Powdered rootswith milk given 800- As Trop D. microphyllum (Thunb.) DC. 1,2,4 H Rt to the patients suffering from 2000 Austr urinary ailments 800- Leaf decoction given in the Flemingia semialata Roxb. 1,2,3,4 Sh As Trop Rt, Lf 1700 treatment of tuberculosis 800- Ind Or Juice valuedin treating F. strobilifera R.Br. 1,2 H Rt, Lf 2000 Malaya rheumatic problems 1600- Leaves are boiled and given Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand. Kali Kathi 1,2,3,4,5,7 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Wd 2800 against dysentery and diarrhea 800- Infusion used in the treatment of Lathyrus aphaca L. 2,4 H As Trop Sd 1200 leucorrhoea Ind Or Used to relieve 1800- Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 1,5 H Malaya Afr Fl stomache/intestinal pain due to 2800 Trop worm 1600- Powdered plant given in the Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi 2,4 H As Trop WP 2500 treatment of fever and headache 1100- As et Afr Paste appliedon the Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 1,4,6 H WP 1600 Trop infectedlesions of the skin The whole plant is boiled and 800- Geront taken in the case of menopause Trifolium repens L. 1,6,8 H WP 2500 BorTemp and is a health drink recommended for women. 2000- Infusion usedin dysentery and Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. 1,2,4 H Geront Trop Rt, Sd 2800 other stomache disorder Fumariaceae 800- Europe Afr Paste applied on the infected Fumaria indica Pugsley 1,2,4 H WP 1800 Bor lesions of the skin 2400- powdered roots given with water Corydalis cornuta Royle - 2,4 H Reg Himal Rt 3500 or milk to cure malarial fever Gentianaceae 1800- Powdered plant given in the Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 1,8 H Reg Argent WP 2500 treatment of fever and headache Powdered plant given in the 2800- G.carinata Griseb.** 2,8 H Reg Himal WP treatment of cold, cough, fever 3250 and headache Infusion taken internally in the 1600- Swertia angustifolia Buch.- Ham. ex D.Don 1,4 H Reg Himal WP treatment of liver malaria and 2400 fever 2700- Pellets given with luke water for S. cordata (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Cl** Charaite 1,2 H Reg Himal WP 3500 curing the stomache trouble 2700- Decocted leaves given to reduce S. cilliata (G.Don) Burtt - 1,3,4 H Reg Himal Lf 4000 fever 2000- Infusion taken internally in the S. paniculata Wall.** Charaite 1,2,3,4,8 H Reg Himal WP 2600 treatment of fever Geraniaceae 1500- Ind Or Juice taken in treating rheumatic Geranium nepalense Sw. Jibru ghass 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 H Rt 3100 China problem 2200- Europe As Powdered roots given to reduce G. pratens L. 1 H WP 3050 Bor fever Hypericaceae 1600- As Temp Or Paste applied on wounds for Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murr. 3,4 H WP 2600 Austr As quick healing An infusion of the flowers in 800- olive oil is applied externally to H. oblongifolium Choisy** Kharau 1,5,7 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Fl 2200 wounds,sores ulcers swellings and rheumatism 1900- Europe As Paste applied on wounds for H. perforatum L. 1,2 H Rt 2400 Bor quick healing An infusion of the flowers in 1800- Reg Himal olive oil is applied externally to H. uralum Buch.-Ham. Bani Wakra 1,5 Sh Sd, Lf 2500 China Japan wounds,sores ulcers swellings and rheumatism Hypoxidaceae 800- Paste applied on wounds for Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. 1,2,4 H As Trop Rh 2000 quick healing Hypoxis aurea Lour. 1600- 1,2,4,8 H Cochinch WP Infusion used to relieve swelling

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2000 Lamiaceae Leaf powder is applied to cure mouth ulcers. Decoction of leaves helps to cure internal 800- Ajuga brachystemon Maxim.** Neel kanthi 1,2,4,5,7,8 H Reg Himal WP sores. The juice from the leaves 2500 is helpful for diabetic person. Juice applied on scalp for killing lice. Leaf decoction used in the 800- Afr Trop Ind Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham.** Neel kanthi 1,2,4,5,7,8 H Lf treatment of fever and acts blood 2600 Or As Or purifier 980- Infusion given in the treatment Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze - 1,3,5 H Ind Or Lf 1500 of urinary problems 800- Oriens Ind Juice applied to cuts as blood Clinopodium umbrosum Koch. - 1,2,4 H WP 2700 Or purifier 1600- Infusion of leaves for stomache Elsholtzia flava (Benth.) Benth. Pothi, Jaunkra 1,2,4 H Reg Himal Lf 2000 upsets and painful menustration 1600- E. fruticosa (Don) Rehd. Pothi, Jaunkra 1,2,4 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Fr, Sd Infusion taken to relieve sciatica 2200 1600- Paste is applied on internal E. strobilifera Benth. 1,2 H Reg Himal Lf, Inf 2700 burns 2000- Reg Himal Leaves are used in gastric Isodon coetsa (Buch - Ham. ex D.Don) Kudo Chichri 1,2,3,4,5 H Lf 2500 Burma complaints Decocted leaveas are taken 1500- internally as a tea in the I.rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd 2,4 Sh Reg Himal Lf 2600 treatment of feverJuice applied to cuts and wounds I.lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (Benth.) H. 2000- H Reg Himal Infusion usedin dysentery and 1,4 Lf Hara 2600 other stomach disorders Decoction of leaves is taken twice a day against diarrhoea. 800- Europe As Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Podina 4,6 H Lf, WP Crushed leaves are used to cure 3050 Bor joint pain. Paste of leaves is used for snakebite. 800- Europe As et Infusion taken in Indigestion, M. piperita L. 1 H Lf 1800 Afr Bor malarial fever Leaf paste is applied on wounds. 800- Ind Or Arab Micromeria biflora Buch.-Ham. 1,2,4,5 H Lf Leaves are chewed against 2100 Afr Trop diabetes. 2000- Infusion usedin dysentery and Nepta royleana Stew. 1,8 H Reg Himal WP 2800 other stomach disorders Infusion of leaves and flowering 1600- stem taken internally to treat Origanum vulgare L. Bantulsi 1,2,3,4,5,78 H Europe As WP 3000 cold, mild feverish illness, indigestion, Phlomoides bracteosa (Royle ex Benth.) 2000- Infusion acts as eye drops to 1,3,6,7 H Reg Himal Fl Kamelin & Makhm.** 3300 cure inflammation of the eyes 800- P. mollis Spr. 1,4 H Ind Or Sd Used in Rheumatism 1500 1800- Poultice used as dressing for Pogostemon benghalense (Burm.f.) Kuntz** 1,2,4 Sh Ind Or Lf 2300 wounds The whole plant is boiled and 2000- filtered and taken against Prunella vulgaris L. Patindu 1,2,4,8 H Reg Temp WP 2800 cerebral problems and also during heavy breathing. 800- Powdered plant taken with water Roylea cinerea Baill. Karnait 1,4 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Rt 1700 to cure sore mouth 800- Dried roots are powdered and Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada** Guadra 1,2,3,4,6 H Reg Himal Rt, Lf, Fl 2200 taken with water during cough. 2000- Infusion used as gargle in the S. moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.** 2,4,8 H Reg Himal Rt 3200 treatment of sore throats Europe 1400- Decoction given in the treatment S. nubicola Wall.** 2 H Austr Oriens Lf, Rt 2200 of cold and cough Reg Himal Juice of leaves and flowers used 800- Scutellaria scandensBuch.-Ham. ex D.Don** 1,4 H Reg Himal Lf, Fl in treatment of diarrhea and 2100 dysentery 2000- Europe As et Powdered plant taken with water Thymus linearis Benth. Ban jira 1,2,4,8 H WP 3050 Afr Bor tocure stomache disorders Lauraceae

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800- The dried bark is used to treat Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Ebern** 1,5 T Reg Himal Bk, Lf 1600 stomach-ach Freshly pressed juice of the Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momi. & Hara ex 1800- Pangain, Paror 1,2,4,5,7 T Reg Himal Fr, Lf whole plant is considered Hara 2800 effective hair tonic Liliaceae Dried rhizome powered is taken 2500- Reg Himal with milk to cure Leucorrhoea Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Salam-Mishri 1 H Tu 3250 As Bor and menorrhagia and problems in the kidney. 2000- Europe As P. verticillatum (L.) Al. Salam-Mishri 1,2,3,4 H Tu Tuber increase appetite 3300 Bor Linaceae 800- AP Decoction is used to cure Mouth Reinwardtia indica Dumort.** Piyan 1,2,5 H Ind Or 1800 sores 800- Europe As Paste applied on the boils Viscum album L. Rhini 10 Sh WP 2000 Temp wounds and burns Lythraceae 800- Paste applied on the skin Ammannia baccifera L. Dadarbutti 12 H Geront. WP 1300 considered as rejuvenator Flowers powder used against 1400- As et Afr dysentery and is helpful to Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Dhwe 1,2,4 Sh St, Fl, Rt 1700 Trop control uterine bleeding. Stem paste used for healing wounds. Malvaceae 1100- Paste is considered effective Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medikus - 2,6 H Geront. trop Bk, Fl, Lf 1500 against intestinal problems Decoction is given in headaches, 800- Fr, Sd, Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Atibala 12 H As Trop gonorrhea, bladder infection, 1100 Bk,Lf,Rt pile complaints Paste is applied in 900- Europ Sprains,aching muscles, insect Althaea officinalis L. Khatmi 5 H WP 1300 Oriens bites, skin inflammations, splinters 800- Infusion taken in skin diseases, Hibiscus syriacus L. Gudhal 6 Sh Geront Rt,Bk 1200 dizziness and stomachic Juice mixed with little salt is 800- Europe As et Malva verticillata L. 1,2,6,8 H WP taken orally in the treatment of 2000 Afr Bor fever Powdered leaves mixed with 2000- Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss Wk. 1,2,4 H Ind Or WP black pepper to cure gastric 2300 problem 1700- Paste applied on sores for fast S.cordifolia L. 1,3,4 H Reg Trop WP 2200 healing Decocted stem and roots 800- Urena lobata L. 1,2,4 Sh Reg Trop Rt, St considered as digestive and 1600 stomachic Martyniaceae Entireplant expressedin to juice 900- Martynia annua L. Bichoo ghas 2,4 H Amer Bor WP and applied on back to treat 1200 backache Mimosaceae decoction of bark mixed with milk used to cure cough; Apply 1100- Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Khair 2,13 T Ind Or Bark Katha lemon slice and taken 1700 regularly empty stomach for cure piles decoction of the leaves and bark 100- A. nilotica (L.) Delile Kikker 13 T Afr As Trop Bark, leaves in water twice a day to get relief 1500 from bleeding uterus Decoction of roots or root 800- Fl, Sd, Bk, powder is taken against tumors. Albizzia lebbek Benth. Siris 1,2 T Geront Trop 1500 Rt, Lf Stems are recommended against stress and depression. Melastomataceae Powdered roots used internally 1400- Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. Ex Don** Kubsh 1,2,8 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf in the treatment of urinary 2000 disorders Meliaceae 800- The dried seed powder is taken Melia azedarach L. Darek 1,2 T Reg Himal Lf,Fr,Sd 1700 with warm water against Piles

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Decoction of plant is given to 800- Malaya Toona ciliata M.Roem. Tooni, Tun 1,5 T Bk, Fr, Lf treat dysentery and gastric 1600 Austr problems. 1400- Malaya Cold infusion of the leaves used T. serrata (Royle) Roem. Darlein 1,5 T St 2200 Austr to improve appetite Menispermaceae 1000- Lf& Rt Decoction used in the treatment Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob Chireta 2,6 H Burma 1500 of fever Powdered roots used internally 800- Cissampelos pariera L. 1,2 H Reg Trop WP in the treatment of urinary 2000 disorders 800- Extract of the root is taken for Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Bis-khapar 1 H As Trop Tu 1600 the relief of stomach pain The stem is soaked in warm 1000- Ind Or water and applied externally to Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Gilloy 10 H WP 1600 Malaya reduce swelling and pain in joints. Moraceae 800- Afr Trop Fruits used to relieve Ficus palmata Forsk. Fegra 1,2 T Fr, Lf 1800 Arab Ind Or constipation Decocted leaves and flowers 800- Afr Trop F. pumila L. 1,2 T Fr, La considered as digestive and 2000 Arab Ind Or stomachic 1000- Ind Or Fruits used to relieve F. racemosa L. Umreya 1,2 T Fr, La 1500 Burma constipation 800- F. religiosa L. Pipal 1,2 T Ind Or Lf, Fr, Bk Decoction used to lower fever 1500 Myricaceae 1400- As Trop et Powder of fruit is given to cure Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex Don Kaphal 1,2,3,4 T Bk, Fr,Wd 2400 Sub Trop relieve indigestion Myrsinaceae Reg Himal 1600- Afr Austr et Paste applied on the boils, Myrsine africana L. Kanaru 1,2,3 Sh AP 2500 Trop Ins wounds, burns Azor Myrtaceae 1200- Temp Trop Powder is given to diabetic Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jamun 2,6 T Bk,Fr,Lf 1600 Asia patients Oleaceae 1500- Lf Decocotion given in menustral Jasminum dispermumWall. Banmalti 1,4,7 Sh Reg Himal 2000 disorders 1600- Fl, Lf, Rt Flowers infusion taken orally to J. humile L. Banmalti 1,7 Sh Reg Himal 3100 reduce the fever Powdered leaves mixed with 1800- Ind Bor Occ J. officinale L. Banmalti 1,2,3 Sh Fl, Lf, Rt black pepper to cure gastric 2900 China problem 1300- Juice taken orally in the Olea ferruginea Royle Kahu,Jaitoon 2,12 T Reg Himal LF, Fr 1600 treatment of urinary problems Onagraceae 2200- Europe As Paste applied on sores for fast Circaea alpina L. 1,2,3 H WP 3100 Bor Am Bor healing 1800- Europe As Crushed leaves applied tocuts Epilobium angustifolium L. 1,3 H WP 3200 Bor Am Bor and wounds Orchidaceae 1800- Paste applied on sores for fast Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.** 1 H Reg Himal Lf,Bb 2600 healing 1600- Leaf juice mixed with honey Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. 1,2,7 H Reg Himal Lf, Rt 2200 given to cure bronchitis 2900- Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo** 4,8 H Reg Himal Tu Paste used to bone fracture 3500 1600- Leaf juice mixed with little salt Epipactis. heleborine (L.) Crantz 1,2,3 H Reg Himal Lf, Rh 2200 used to treat fever Cold infusion of the leaves used 2400- to improve appetite; infusion Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. 1,2 H Reg Himal AP 2800 held in mouth as a treatment for toothache 1600- Paste applied on the skin Habernaria intermedia Don** Sirab 1,2,7 H Reg Himal Tu 2000 considered as rejuvenator 800- Juice taken orally in the H. marginata Hk.f. ex Collett 1,2 H Ind Or Tu 1500 treatment of urinary problems H. pectinata (Sm.) D.Don** 1500- 1,2 H Reg Himal Lf,Tu Paste applied on Snake bites and ~ 59 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

2000 arthritis 1800- Juice taken orally in the Herminium lanceum Thunb. ex Swartz. 1,2,7 H Java Bb 3300 treatment of Urinary diseases 2800- Infusion used externally to treat Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze 1,5 H Reg Himal Bb 3200 skin diseases 2000- Decoction used as Blood Platanthera edgeworthii (Hk.f. ex Collett)** 1,2,3,7 H Ind Or Tu 2800 purifier tonic 1600- Infusion given in the treatment Satyrium nepalense D.Don 4,8 H Ind Or Tu 2500 of dysentery Extract of leaves and flowers 1100- Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. - 4,8 H China Tu used to cure diarrhea 2800 andarresting haemorrhages Oxalidaceae Fresh juice is mixed with a Amphig 800- pinch of Kali Mirch used orally Oxalis corniculata L. Malori 1,2,5 H Temp et WP 2200 for piles. Leaf paste used for Trop gum problems. Juice mixed with butter is 1500- O. latifolia Hk.f. 1,4,7,8 H Mexico WP applied to muscular swellings, 2500 boils and pimples Papaveraceae Root paste is anti-inflammatory 800- Am Bor on external application;also Argemone mexicana L. 1,2,4 H Sd,Rt 1500 Mexico applied on scorpion and insect bites Parnassiaceae 2700- Paste of tuber is applied on Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle** 1,8 H Reg Himal Tu 3400 snake bite Pedaliaceae The seed is diuretic, emollient, galactogogue, lenitive and tonic, and acts as a tonic for the liver and kidneys. It is taken 900- internally in the treatment of Sesamum indicum L. 11 H As Trop Rt,Lf,Sd 1800 premature hair loss and greying, convalescence, chronic dry constipation, dental caries, osteoporosis, stiff joints, dry cough etc. Pittosporaceae The bark is aromatic, when freshly cut, and is said to possess narcotic properties. It was used locally in chronic 900- bronchitis and as an antidote to Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle** Thira 6,13 T Reg Himal Br, Rt 1300 snake poison. The plant yields an essential oil, which was used as a tonic, stimulant, and was considered specific for certain skin diseases. Phytolaccaceae Powdered roots used internally 2000- Reg Himal Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Zharka 3,7 H Lf in the treatment of urinary 2500 China disordered Plantaginaceae 2900- Paste of crushed leaves is Plantago himalaica Pilg.** Isabgol 1,4,6 H Reg Himal Sd 3100 applied to boils. 2000- Seeds given in the treatment of P. lanceolata L. Isabgol 1,4,5,6 H Reg Himal Lf 2800 constipation 1500- To treat stomach disorders, Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Benth.) D.Y. Hong - 2,4 H Reg Himal Rt 2700 inflammations or wound healing Poaceae As Trop 1400- Used in the treatment of Apluda mutica L. Mushkneti 1,2,3,4,5,7 H Pdynes WP 2500 constpation Austr 800- Arundinella nepalensis Trin. Garein 1,4,7 H Ind Or WP Used as Ointment 2000 Inflorescense of the plant is 800- Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats. Dantu ghass 1,8 H Reg Trop Lf expressed in to juice used in the 1600 treatment of cold and cough Cynodon dactylon (D) Pers. Doob 800- 1,2,5 H Cosmop WP The leaf extract is inserted

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2500 through nostrils. Highly valued locally as remedy 1200- Desmostachya bipinnata (L.)Stapf. Kusha 1,2,5 H Madag WP for treating tumours, kidney and 1700 bladder ailments Cosmop 800- Eleusine indica Gaertn. 1,4,7 H Trop et Sub WP Infusion taken to reduce fever 1800 Trop 800- Poultice applied on the cuts and Heteropogon contortus L. Kumbri 4,7,8 H Ind Or WP 1700 briises for quick healing Medicinal (Antidote, fever, 800- Reg Calid Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. 4,5,8 H AP, Rt intestinal parasites, liver 1900 complaints, piles, tonic) 800- Lf Extract of leaves used to cure Saccharum spontaneum L. Surah 1,2,3,4 H Geront Trop 2000 diarrhoea Podopyllaceae Decoction of root is taken to Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) 2900- Ban Kakri 1,3,5,7 H Reg Himal Fr, Rt, Sd cure asthma. The paste is T.S.Ying 3700 applied to joints. Polygonaceae Fagopyrum acutatum (Lehm.) Mansf. ex 1600- Reg Himal Leaves cooked are helpful in 1,4 H Lf K.Hammer 2800 China constipation Infusion of leaves and flowering 800- Europe As F. esculentum Moench 1,4 H Rt, Fr, Lf shoot is used internally in the 2000 Bor treatment of high blood pressure Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse 1500- 1,2,3,4,6,7 H Reg Himal Lf, Rt Paste applied on insect sting Decr. 2600 800- P. capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Gross 1,2,3,4,5,6 H Reg Himal WP Paste applied on insect sting 2000 As et Afr 1600- Paste applied on skin to reduce P. nepalense Meisn. Nalora 1,2,3 H Trop et Sub Lf 2000 swelling Trop 800- Geront Trop Decoction is taken in Cough, P. plebium R.Br. 3,5,7 H WP 2200 et Temp gastric problems 1800- Dewcoction used asblood P. recumbens Royle ex Bab.** 1,2,6 H Reg Himal WP 2500 purifier 1600- Crushed leaves used in the Polygonum molle D. Don - 1,2,3 H Reg Himal Lf,Sd 2600 treatment of boils As Occ Ind Decoction applied to dislocated 1800- Rumex nepalensis Spr. Malora 1,2,4,5,6 H Or Malaya Lf, Rt the bones;Paste applied to 3300 Afr Austr swollen gums Primulaceae 1600- Reg Himal Paste of leaves applied on snake Lysimachia lobelioides Wall. 1,2 H Lf 2200 Java bite Decoction of the stem helps to 1800- relieve menstruation pain. Stem Primula spicata Franch Kauri 1,2,3,6,7 H Reg Himal Fl, Lf 3050 and leaf mixture are taken against liver disorders. Punicaceae 800- Europe Chutney of fruit is taken in case Punica granatum L. Daru 1,2,7 T Fr 1800 Austr Maurit of vomitting Ranunculaceae Powder of root is taken with gur 2200- Reg Bor Actaea spicata Wall. ex Royle 1,7 H Rt and ghee for correcting 3600 Temp menustral flow Dried bulb in powdered form is 2500- Anemone obtusilobaD.Don** 1,2,6 H Reg Himal Rt, Sd applied to cuts, burns. 3850

2200- Plant juice is given to stop A. rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Carbini mamiri 1,2,4,6 H Ind Or WP 3700 vomiting 1800- Rt, Lf Powdered leaves are rubbed into A.vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. 1,4,6,8 H Reg Himal 3200 the scalpto treat lice 2500- Reg Himal AP Paste is applied in condition of Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle** 1,2,3 H 3400 Ind Or Ring worm, eczema Leaf juice used to relieve 2800- Clematis barbellata Edgew.** 1,2,3,4,5 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Rt stomache, especially those 3100 caused by indigestion Paste of the stem or root barkis 1400- C. dubia (Endl.) P.S.Green 1,2,5 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Rt pressed against the teeth to 2000 relieve toothache 1800- Juice applied externally to cuts C.montanaBuch.-Ham. ex DC. 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Rt 2600 and wounds

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Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hk. f. & 2700- Powder of roots is applied in 1,4,6 H Reg Himal Rt Th.** 3200 teeth to relieve toothache 2800- Extract of whole plant acts as D. vestitum Wall. ex Royle** Kelulu 1,4,6 H Reg Himal WP 3400 antidote to snake bite Decoction of leaves is taken as 1600- Ind Or Ranunculus abortivus L. 1,2,4,5,6 H WP coolant and help to treat urinary 2800 Malaya tract infection. 2500- Plant paste used in the treatment R. hirtellus Royle ex D.Don 1,6 H Reg Himal AP 3050 of gout Mamiri 1500- Root infusion considered a good Thalictrum foliolosum DC.** 1,2,3,5 H Reg Himal Rt 2600 remedy in treating indigestion 2600- Paste of roots with mustard oil T. secundum Edgew.** Katmeena 1,3,6 H Reg Himal Rt 3050 used on swelling Rhamnaceae Rhamnuspurpurea Edgew. 1400- 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Fr,Wd, Lf Infusion is taken to reduce fever ** 2000 R.triquetra (Wall.) Brandis ** 800- Juice of bark is considered good 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Bk 2200 in Dysentery 1400- Paste is applied in case of R. virgatus Roxb. Chathau 1,2,4 Sh Ind Or Bor Fr, Lf, Wd 2200 Emetic, infection of spleen Rosaceae Crushed leaves applied to the 1600- Reg Bor wounds to check bleeding; root Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Kanaula 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 H AP, Rt 2800 Temp used in the treatment of coughs, cold and diarrhoea The stolons are crushed and 1600- Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl.** Rhiunsh 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Fr, St applied to cuts and wounds to 2200 arrest bleeding. 2000- Juice used in the treatment of C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Chinchri 1,2,4 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf 3500 ulcers Ind Or Decoction or the fresh leaves are 1600- Duchesnea indica Focke 1,2,3,4,5,9 H Malaya Lf,Fl, Fr, Rt crushed and applied externally 2500 China as a poultice to reduce fever 2800- Juice used asear drops to cure Geum elatum Wall. ex G.Don** 1,2,4,5 H Reg Himal Rt 3200 earache 2800- Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd.** 1,2,3,4,6,8 H Reg Himal Lf Juice used in treating indigestion 3400 The juice of theplant is used in 1800- P. fulgens Wall. ex Hk.f.** Dora 4,8 H Reg Himal Rt the treatment of profuse 3000 menustration Root extract used to neutralize 1600- Prinsepia utilis Royle Bekhal 1,2,4,5 Sh Reg Himal Sd, Fr poison in the body. 2600

Fruit extract is given for liver disorders; crushed branches Shada, 1000- soaked in water used in Prunus armeniaca L 1,5 T Reg Caucas Sd, Fr, Wd Khumani 2200 pregnancy. Decoction of bark is concentrated and applied to the joints. 2200- Reg Himal Decoction of leaves is given Rosa macrophylla Lindl.** 1,2,3,4,7 Sh Fl 3200 China during stomach infection. Decoction of flower and leaf is 800- Reg Himal R. moschata L. Kuja/ Shami 1,2,3,4,5,7 Sh Lf, Fr, Wd taken against diarrhea. The paste 1800 China is applied on wounds. Root paste eaten at morning helps to control excessive 2000- R. sericea Lindl. 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Fr, Fl bleeding. The leaves are crushed 3400 and taken with warm milk to treat stomach worms. 1500- Decoction considered as Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Akhaey/ Heer 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Fr, Rt 2500 stomachic 1500- The fruit is chewed to treat R. ellipticus Don Akha 1,2,3,4,5 Sh Ind Or Fr, Rt 1800 blemishes 1800- Decoction is taken to relieve R. niveus Thunb. Akha 1,3 Sh Reg Himal Fr 2600 stomache Kalanche, Kala 1500- Decoction is taken to relieve R. paniculatus Sm.** 1,4 Sh Reg Himal Lf, Fr akha 2600 stomache Juice mixed wuth salt and taken 2800- Reg Bor et Sibbaldia cuneata Hor. ex Kuntz 1,2 H Fr, Rt orally to get relief from 3050 Austr bodyache S.bella Sims. 2700- 1,3 Sh Reg Himal Sd Juice used in the treatment of

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3050 gastric trouble Rubiaceae

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Madanphal 900- Decoction applied externally as 6,13 H Geront Trop Fl & Bk 13000 a poultice to reduce fever

2200- Europe As Galium rotundifolium L. 1,2,3,4,5,8 H AP Paste applied on insect sting 3050 Temp 800- Extract of leaves used to cure Leptodermis lanceolata Wall.** Bilan 1,2 Sh Reg Himal Bk, Lf 3050 diarrhoea Extract of leaves and flowers 1000- As et Aust Pavetta indica L. Papri 9,12 H Rt,Lf used to cure diarrhea 1400 Trop andarresting haemorrhages As Trop et The infusion of the rootsis used 800- Rubia cordifolia L.** 1,2 H Temp Afr Rt, St internally in the treatment of 2400 Trop stones in the kidney Rutaceae Decoction of leaves and fruits 1200- Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bil, Bil patri 2,13 T Ind Or Lf,Fr are taktn in stomache 1600 infection,dtsentery Decoction of roots is given 2000- Reg Himal Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hk.) Reichb. Pissumar 1,2,3,4,5,9 H Rt against dysentery. The paste of 2900 Japan root is applied on cuts, wounds. Medicinal (fevers, liver complaints and intestinal 1100- Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC Gingging 13 Sh Ind Or St,Rt,Bk,Lf worms, especially in 1500 children.Stems and roots of plant used on ulcers) Luke warm decoction is applied Kurry 900- Lf, Fl& Bk Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. 2,9,13 Sh Ind Or topically on swelling of foot and patta/Gandhela 1400 legs. 2500- Skimmia laureola (DC.) Zucc.** Ner 1,2,4 Sh Reg Himal Lf Decoction is used in toothache 3550 Decoction used as gargle for throat irritation and fever. Stems Tirmara, 800- Reg Himal Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 2,4,7 Sh Fr, Sd and fruits are useful for dental Trimbar 1800 China problems. Paste made from fruit is useful for scabies. Sapindaceae 1000- Fr& Bk The paste of seeds used in Sapindus mukoros Gaertn. Reetha 6,9,13 T As Trop 1600 scalpof hair for healthy hair Mehndu 900- Bk, Lf Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. 2 Sh Malaya Paste applied against snake bite 1200 Saururaceae 1500- Decoction is used in the Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 1,5 H As Temp Lf, Rt 2000 treatment of worms Saxifragaceae 1800- Juice usedas blood purifier; also Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex Don 2,3,5 H Reg Himal Lf 2800 in toothache Root juice used for dissolving Bergenia pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Pashan 1500- 1,2,3,5 H Reg Himal Lf, Rh stones in the kidney; externally C.Y.Wu & J.T.Pan bhed 2000 applied as a poultice to boils Root juice used for dissolving 2800- Saxifraga parnassifolia D.Don** 3,7 H Reg Himal Rt stones in the kidney; externally 3050 applied as a poultice to boils Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus L. 1000- Reg. Juice used in the treatment of Snapdragon 11,12 H Lf,Fl 1400 Mediterr the gastric trouble 2800- Juice applied to forehead to Euphrasia himalaica Wettst** 2,4 H Reg Himal Lf 4000 relieve headache 800- Fruit used in the treatment of Lindenbergia indica Vatke. 4,5,7 H Ind Or Lf 1800 worms 2500- Juice used to prepare Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex Benth.** 2,7 H Reg Himal WP 4000 constipation 1500- Crushed leaves applied tocuts Scoparia dulcis L. 4,7 H Reg Trop WP 1800 and wounds Smoke of flowers and leaves useful for asthma. Infusion of 800- Europe Afr whole plant is used for snake Verbascum thapsus L. Gaddi Tamaku 1,2,4 H Sd 2800 Reg Himal bite. Paste of leaves in applied to boils. Crushed leaves given with warm water for constipation.

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Smilacaceae Europe 1400- Leaf decoction given given to Smilax aspera L. 1,2,7 Sh Oriens Ind Rt, Lf, St 2000 cure fever and stomache Or Solanaceae The plant is used internally in the treatment of asthma and Parkinson's disease, excess causes giddiness, dry mouth, 800- Datura innoxia Mill. 4,7 H Geront Trop Lf, Sd, Fr hallucinations and coma.; 1600 Externally, it is used as a poultice or wash in the treatment of fistulas, abscesses wounds and severe neuralgia. The leaves are fried or heated and used for formentation in case of arthritis,swellings etc.; 800- Cosmo Trop D. stramonium L. Datura 4,7 H Lf, Sd, Fr The leaf juice, 1-2 drops is 1700 et Temp externally applied as ear drops for ear ache, and also be massaged over swellings Infusion of plant is taken in 800- condition of Eczema, itching, Nicotiana tabacum L. 4,7 H Am Austr WP 1800 toothache, wounds, veterinary antihelminthic 1400- Paste applied on boils, cough, Solanum americanum Mill. 1,2,4,5 H Amphig Fr, Lf, Fl, Sd 2500 skin diseases 800- Decoction taken in condition S.indicum L. 1,2,4 H Reg Trop Fr 1800 asthma, fever, colic The paste of whole plant is 800- applied on swollen and painful S. virginianum L Sch. & Wendl. 1,2,4,5 H Geront Trop Fr, Rt 2000 joints in arthritis. This gives relief in the swelling and pain. Symplocaceae The bark is astringent, cooling and tonic. It is useful in the treatment of menorrhagia, bowel Reg Himal complaints, eye diseases and Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. 1500- Lodge 1,2 T Burma Bk, Lf ulcers. It is also used as a gargle 2000 China Japan for giving firmness to spongy and bleeding gums. The juice of the bark is applied externally to sprains and muscular swellings. Thymelaeaceae 1800- Considered laxative and helps Daphne papyracea Wall. ex Stued.** Kania/ Patrori 1,2,3,4,5,7 Sh Reg Himal Rt, Lf 2800 reducing fever Tiliaceae Fresh leaves are boiled in water to prepare decoction which is 800- Lf, St, Fr, further concentrated at low Grewia oppositifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don** Bihul 1,2,4 T Reg Himal 1600 Bk temperatures. The concentrated paste is applied to cure joint pains. Trillidiaceae the rhizomes are used to trboils, dysentery, and inflammation, Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don 2800- 1 H Reg Himal Tu menstrual and sexual disorders, ** 3050 as an antiseptic and in wound healing Ulmaceae Bark of this plant is crushed to 1600- Ulmus wallichiana Planch.** - 1,2 T Ind Or WP make fine paste and boiled 2000 applied on skin infection Urticaceae As et Afr 800- 1,2,3,5 Decoction of leaves used to cure Boehmeria platyphylla D.Don Siar Sh Trop Ins Lf, St, Bk 1800 Dysentery and eczema Pacif Paste is applied on thescalp of 800- Reg Trop et Parietaria debilis Frost. 1,2,4,5 H Rt hair for remove of Dandruff, 2000 Sub Trop hair problems 1800- P. umbrosa Blume 1,7 H Reg Himal Lf Paste applied on wounds 2600 ~ 64 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Root juice used to treat constipation; fresh leaf juice Kugsh/ Bicchu 800- Reg Bor Urtica dioica Jacq. ex Wedd. 1,2,4,5 H WP, Lf applied externally in the buti 2300 Temp treatment of headaches and swollen joints Infusion very helpfulin the treatment of excessive 800- Urtica hyperborea Jacq. ex Wedd. 1,2,4 H Reg Himal WP menustration; externally plant 2100 poultice is used to treat skin complaints Valerianaceae 2000- Reg Himal Pounded leaves used as a Valeriana hardwickii Wall. Nihani/ Nakh 1,2,7 H WP 3050 Malaya poultice to treat boils. Root juice applied to forehead to 800- H V. jatamansi Jones Nihani 1,2,3,4,5,7 Reg Himal WP relieve headache; eyedrops; 3050 paste applied externally to boils Verbenaceae The leaves of the Lantana Camara plant contain potent insecticidal properties. That can Choti podari/ 800- be used to repel and even kill Lantana camara L. 2,9,1213 H Am Trop Lf, Fr Ujarru 1500 harmful insects. L. Camara can then be used to prevent malaria due to its ability to repel and even kill mosquitoes Pseudocaryopteris foetida (D.Don) P.D. 800- Root juice given for diarrhea Rumri 1,7 Sh Reg Himal Lf Cantino** 2000 and dysentery A decoction of the stems is used in the treatment of burns and scalds; fresh berries are pounded 800- As Trop et Vitex negundo L. Banha 1,2,4 Sh Lf, Fr, Rt to a pulp and used in the form of 1600 Sub Trop a tincture for the relief of paralysis, pains in the limbs, weakness etc. Violaceae Decoction given to cure 2800- Reg Bor Viola biflora L. Banafsha 1,7 H Lf, Fl stomache ailments like 3050 Temp indigestion Ind 800- Decoction taken to cure cold, V. canescens Wall.** Banafsha 1,2,3,4,5,7 H OrMalaya Lf, Fl 2500 cough and malerial fever China Leaf decoction given to cure Ind Or fever andstomachache;decoction 1800- V. pilosa Bl. Banafsha 1,2,4,7 H Malaya Lf, Fl prepared from leaves and 2600 China flowers is effective against sore throat Zingiberaceae JungliElaayachi 800- H Ind Or Decoction of Rhizome used in Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe 2,3,5 Rh 1300 China bronchitis and dyspepsia. JungliAdra 800- Used to kill bacteria; and as a A. zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. 2,3,5 H Ind Or Rh 1300 stimulant Decoction of rhizome is used Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht 900- again Kide ki chali 2,3,7,8,9 H Austr Rh,St 800 dysentery,fever,asthma,intestinal worms,purgative 800- Ind Or Paste of leaves is applied on Globba marantina L. Banse 1,2,4 Sh Lf 1700 Burma woundsand Sores 800- Paste of roots is applied on G. racemosa Sm. 1,5 H Reg Himal Rt 1700 headache Ban halder, 800- Grounded rhizomes given with Hedychium spicatumBuch.-Ham. ex Sm.** 1,2,3,4,5,7 H Reg Himal Rh, Lf Shau 2200 milk to purify the blood 2500- Paste used to heal veterinary Roscoea alpina Royle** 2,3,4,8 H Reg Himal Rt 3050 cuts and wounds Zygophyllaceae Decoction is given in urinary Tribulus terrestis L. Gokharu 1100- diseases in painful micturition, 1,4,6 H AmphigTrop WP 1600 suppression of urine. cough and asthma Gymnosperms Pinaceae Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle** Tosh 2200- 1,2,3 T Reg Himal Res, Lf, Wd Decoction of needles is taken to

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3050 treat cough, asthma A decoction of the wood is used in the treatment of fevers, 1500- flatulence, pulmonary and Cedrus deodara (Royle ex D. Don) G. Don** Kelo, Diar 1,2,3,5 T Reg Himal Res, Lf, Wd 2300 urinary disorders, rheumatism, piles, kidney stones, insomnia, diabetes etc A hot decoction of the leaves is applied locally to treat sprains. 800- Sd, Wd, Res The resin is applied to boils, Pinus roxburghii Sarg.** Chir 1,2,3,4,5 T Reg Himal 2200 heel cracks, and on either side of the head just above the eye to alleviate swelling. Taxaceae Tea is prepared to treat asthma Rakhala/ 2400- Taxus baccata wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger 1,2,3 T Reg Himal Bk, Lf, Wd and high fever. Bark is used for Talispatra 3050 treatment of cancer. Pteridophytes Adiantaceae Decoction of fresh leaves used 800- in case of treatment of jaundice. Adiantum capillus- veneris L. Barin 1,2,3,4 H Frd, Lf 2200 The whole plant is crushed and applied to boils. Decoction used to expel worms; 1800- paste applied to forehead and A. venustum D. Don 1,2,3,5 H Frd 3050 chest to relieve headache and chest pains Athyriaceae 800- Frd Boiled vegetable consumed to Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Linger 1,2,4,5 H 1800 relieve Constipation Botrychiaceae Root tuber juice taken in the 2000- Botrychium schaffneri Underw. 2,4 H Rt, WP treatment of roundworms; also 2800 used to alleviate constipation. Dryopteridaceae Juice/ extract of the dried rhizome is given in epilepsy and leprosy. The paste of fresh 800- Dryopteris cochleata C. Chr. 2,7 H Rh rhizome, stem and stipe is 1600 externally applied on cuts, wounds, ulcers, swelling and pains. Fresh paste of rhizome and fronds is externally applied in snake and dog bites. The 1800- D. sparsa Kuntz 2,4,7 H WP decoction of dried rhizome, stem 2900 and stripe is used for blood purification and as tonic for strength Infusion of plant considered Hippochaete debilis (Roxb. ex Vaucher) 800- Khasra ghass 1,5 H WP laxative also applied to carious Ching 2000 teeth Equisetaceae Decoction applied externally on 1800- Equisetum arvense L. 1,5 H WP bleeding wounds to promote 3050 healing Pteridiaceae Leaves has been used to treat 1600- Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. 1,2,4 H Rt, Frd,WP sores of any type and also to 2500 bind broken bones in place 1500- Fronds used to cure sores and Pteris biaurita L. Puai 1,3,7 H Frd 2000 wounds Abbreviations Used: LF=Life Form; Fn=Fern; H=Herb; Sh=Shrub; T=Tree; Afghan=Afghanistan; Afr=Africa; Am=America; Amphig=Amphigaea; Arab=Arabia; Arct=Arctic; As=Asia; Austr=Australia; Bor=Boreal; Caucas=Caucasus; Centr=Central; Cosmop=Cosmopolitan; et=And Geront=Gerontia; Himal=Himalayan; Ind=Indian; Occ=Occidetalis; Or=Oriental; Reg=Region; Subtrop=Subtropical; Temp=Temperate; Trop=Tropical; Polynes=Polynesia; Ins=Insular; min=Minor; Medit=Mediterrenean; Maurit=Mauritius; 1=Shady moist forest;, 2=Dry forest; 3=Riverine; 4=Rocky; 5=Bouldary; 6=Degraded; 7=Camping site; 8=Alpine; moist slope; 9=Alpine dry slope; 10=Glacial moraine;, 11=Shrubbery;, 12=Water coarse; 13=Land Slide; LF=Life form; H= Herb; Sh = Shrub; T = Tree; AP= Aerial part; Bb= Bulb; Bk= Bark; Fl= Flower; Fr= Fruit; Infl= Inflorescence; Lf=Leaf; Rh= Rhizome; Rt= Root; Sd= Seed; St= Stem; Tu= Tuber; WP= Whole plant; Wd= Wood; Res= Resin; Frd= Frond; Tw=Twig La= Latex;* = Endemic;**= Near endemic

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4. Discussion and conclusion Terminalia chebula, Acorus calamus, Cinnamomum tamala, Plant diversity is still indispensable for human well being and Swertia cordata, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Taxus provides all or a significant number of the remedies required wallichiana, etc. are high value and exploited by the in health care. Himachal Pradesh is a rich repository of inhabitant for their own use and trade. Occurrence of 169 medicinal wealth and the Indian Himalayan Region support native, 2 endemic and 61 near endemic medicinal plants 1748 species of medicinal plants of which 643 species are indicates the high conservation value of the region. The found in Himachal Pradesh (Samant et al., 1998a; Samant et extinction of medicinal plants and medicine men, however, al., 2007a). In present study, 400 species of medicinal presents a more hidden health risk. Therefore there is need to importance were reported from the Central Himachal Pradesh. make proper policies and do implement these to conserve the Local people in this region, especially older age people, tribal forests and medicinal plants. Farmers and local people should people and women heavily use these traditionally available be encouraged to cultivate medicinal plants in their barren and medicinal plants for health and believe that these are easily fallow lands. Therefore, to maintain the medicinal plant available, less expensive and have no side effects as compared wealth, assessment of population using quardrate method, to modern medicine. Occurrence of 400 species of medicinal standardization of propagation protocols for plants in Central Himachal Pradesh showed the high species massmultipication, awareness among the inhabitants and richness of medicinal plants in the area. Furthermore, plants involvement of local inhabitants, Forest Departments in the ex growing in this region are of immense use in herbal as well as situ and in situ conservation and promotion under cultivation pharmaceutical industries (Samant et al. 2007a). The recorded have been suggested. medicinal plants are highly valuable for various medicinal uses namely stomach disorders, fever, nausea, vomiting, piles, 5. Acknowledgement cancer, arthritis, diabetes, dysentery, diarrhea, skin diseases, Authors are thankful to the Director, GBPNIHESD, Kosi- cuts and wounds, asthma, typhoid, bronchitis, jaundice, Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand and Scientist In-charge, kidney and bladder stones, leprosy, and various other GBPNIHESD, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, diseases. Over exploitation of whole plants, roots, tubers, Himachal Pradesh for the financial assistance and seeds, fruits, flowers, and barks of most of the species may encouragement. Local villagers are acknowledged for their lead to their early extinction from the area. Amongst kind help and cooperation throughout the study period. medicinal plant, Allium humile, Aconitum heterophyllum, Acacia catechu, Angelica glauca, Andographis paniculta, 5.1 Photos of some notable medicinal plants

6. References 8121101492 En Icones, Keys. Geog. 1999, 6. 1. Anonymous. Index Kewensis Plantarum 5. Dhar U, Samant SS. Endemic plant diversity in the Indian Phanerogamarum. 1883-1885; 1(2):1883;1886-1970. Himalaya I. Ranunculaceae and Paeoniaceae. Journal of 2. Aswal BS, Mehrotra BN. Flora of Lahaul-Spiti: a cold Biogeography. 1993; 1:659-68. desert in North West Himalaya. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh 6. Levine JM, D'antonio CM. Forecasting biological Mahendra Pal Singh iii, 761p.-illus., col. illus.. ISBN invasions with increasing international trade. Conservation 8121100992 En Keys Plant records. Geog. 1994, 6. Biology. 2003; 17(1):322-6. 3. Chowdhery HJ, Wadhwa BM. Flora of Himachal Pradesh: 7. Nayar, MP, Sastry ARK. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Analysis. Flora of India series. 1984, 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1987, 1. 4. Dhaliwal DS, Sharma M. Flora of Kullu District 8. Nayar, MP, Sastry ARK. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. (Himachal Pradesh). Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1988, 2. Mahendra Pal Singh 744p.-illus., col. illus.. ISBN 9. Nayar, MP, Sastry ARK. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. ~ 67 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1990, 3. 10. Samant SS. Diversity, distribution and conservation of fodder resource of west Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the Third Temperate Pasture and Fodder Network (TAPAFON), Pokhra, Nepal. 1998; 9:9-13. 11. Samant SS, Dhar U. Diversity, endemism and economic potential of wild edible plants of Indian Himalaya. The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 1997; 4(3):179-91. 12. Samant SS, Palni LM. Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of essential oil-yielding medicinal plants of the Indian Himalayan region. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 2000; 22(1B):671-84. 13. Samant SS, Butola JS, Sharma A. Assessment of diversity, distribution, conservation status and preparation of management plan for medicinal plants in the catchment area of parbati hydroelectric project stage-III in Northwestern Himalaya. Journal of mountain science. 2007; 4(1):034-56. 14. Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LM. Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya. Gyanodaya Prakashan, 1998. 15. Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS. Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Potential and Prospects. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 2001b. 16. Samant SS, Dhar U, Rawal RS. Biodiversity status of a protected area of west Himalaya.1-Askot Wildlife Sanctuary. Int. J. Sust. Develop. & World Ecol. 5:194- 203. 1998b; (1):1-11. 17. Samant SS, Pant S, Singh M, Lal M, Singh A, Sharma A, et al. Medicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh, Northwestern Himalaya. Int. J Biodivers. Sci. Manage. 2007b; 3:234- 251. 18. Serrill WD. Restoration of Native Plants on Catalina Island California. Native plants journal. 2006; 20(1):4-14. 19. Sharma PK. Studies on Phytodiversity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Parvati Valley, Himanchal Pradesh (Doctoral dissertation, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry; Solan). 20. Sharma PK, Chauhan NS, Lal B. Observations on the traditional phytotherapy among the inhabitants of Parvati valley in western Himalaya, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004; 192(2-3):167-76. 21. Singh PB. Medicinal plants of Ayurvedic importance from Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Bulletin of Medicinal and Ethnobotanical Research. 1993; 13:172-208. 22. Singh SK, Rawat GS. Flora of Great Himalayan National Park: Himachal Pradesh, 2000. 23. Vitousek PM. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos. 1990; 57:7-13. 24. Ved DK, Kinhal GA, Ravikumar K, Prabhakaran V, Ghate U, Vijaya Shankar R, et al. Conservation assessment and management prioritization for the medicinal plants of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttaranchal. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore, India, 2003. 25. Ved DK, Kinhal GA, Ravikumar K, Prabhakaran V, Ghate U, Vijaya Shankar R, et al. Conservation assessment and management prioritization (CAMP) for the wild medicinal plants of North-East India. Medicinal Plant Conservation. 2005; 11:40-44.

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