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Scheinorchideen (Roscoea) Heinz Haberl

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Scheinorchideen (Roscoea) Heinz Haberl Scheinorchideen (Roscoea) Heinz Haberl Abstract Roscoeaspecies (Zingiberaceae)fascinate by theirorchidlike fowers. Hintsfor theircultivation andpropagation aregiven. Te speciesare shortlydescribed. Zusammenfassung Roscoea-Arten (Zingiberaceae)begeisterndurch ihre orchideenähnlichen Blüten.EswerdenKulturtippsund Hinweise zu ihrerVermehrunggegeben unddie einzelnen Arten kurz beschrieben. 1. Einleitung DerGattungsname Roscoea (Zingiberaceae) ehrt William Roscoe (1753-1831), Gründer desBotanischen Gartensvon LiverpoolimJah- re 1802.Die ersteBeschreibungeiner Roscoea stammt vondem englischen Arzt undPfanzen- kenner JamesEduard Smith (1759-1828), der auchBegründer der LinneanSocietyinNor- wich warund Abhandlungen überdie Flora vonEngland undGriechenlandpublizierte. Roscoea-Arten kommen im Himalaya in Höhen bis über4000 mvor.Einige habenein weites Verbreitungsgebiet, dasvon Pakistan über Kaschmir,Nepal,Sikkimund Bhutan bisnach China(Yunnan undSichuan)reicht. Im Laufeder Zeit interessierten sich zahlrei- chePfanzensammler,Botaniker undGärtner fürdie attraktiven Scheinorchideen, darunter weitläufgenFlusslandschaften desHimalayas derWienerJosef F. CharlesRock (1884- gefunden. Im Laufeder Jahrewurden gärtne- 1962)oder derEngländer Frank Kingdon rischdiverse Farbvarianten ausgelesen und Ward (1885-1958). In jüngster Zeit,seitChina wahrscheinlichaucheinige Hybriden erzeugt, dieGrenzenfürwestliche Besuchergeöfnet diekommerziell genutztwerden. hat, wurden zahlreicheExpeditionendurchge- führt, aufdenen fürwissenschaftlicheUntersu- 2. Äußeres Escheinungsbild chungenauchScheinorchideen gesammelt Roscoea-Arten werden je nach Art5bis 100cm wurden. Eine moderne Bearbeitung der Gat- hoch.Das Farbspektrum ihrer Blüten reicht tung Roscoea liegtvon Cowley (2007) vor. vonweißübergelb, rosa,rot,purpurbis violett Hiernach umfasst Roscoea 20 Arten,6Varietä- undmauve.Ihreorchideenähnlichen Blüten ten,21Formenund eine Hybridezwischen verleihenden Pfanzeneinen besonderen exoti- Roscoea cautleyoides und R. auriculata.Mögli- schenReiz. Leider sind dieBlütensehrkurzle- cherweise werden in Zukunftnocheinige neue big. Roscoeen habenein Rhizommit feischi- Scheinorchideeninden bisher unerforschten gen, verdickten Wurzeln, diesehrleicht brechen. DieStauden entwickelneinen aus Blätterngebildeten,steilaufragenden Schein- Abb. 1: Roscoeaalpina. stamm. Diemeist dunkelgrünenBlätter sind 85 lanzettförmig biseiförmig-lanzettlich und manchmal etwasbehaart.Ihr ährenförmiger Blütenstand umfassteineodermehrere Blüten, diemeist nacheinander aufblühen. Beieinigen Arten sind dieBlütendeutlichgestielt. DieBlü- ten werden bis6cm lang und5cm breit. Ihre Lippeist durchzweioft tief eingeschnittene Lappen charakterisiert.Eines der Blütenblätter stehtaufrechtund isthelm- biskapuzenförmig geformt. DieSamen reifenineiner Kapsel, wel- chezunächst vomPseudostammumschlossen wird undverborgenist. Erst zurReifezeit wird dieKapsel freigegeben. Im Laufeihrer Ent- wicklung bishin zurSamenreife verändern ScheinorchideenihreGrößeoft merklich und habendadurch einenganzunterschiedlichen Habitus. 3. Standorts-und Kulturbedingungen Scheinorchideensindankalte,trockeneWinter undheiße, nasseSommerangepasst. Siebevor- zugenlehmhaltige, humusreicheBöden über Kalkgestein. Je nach Artkommensie aufBerg- wiesen,anWaldrändern, in prallerSonne oder im Halbschatten vor. Manche scheinen in nur kleinenArealen alsEndemiten vorzukommen. Einige Arten erweisensichbei leichtem Winter- schutz (Vliesabdeckung) in Mitteleuropa als absolutwinterhart.SeitJahrengedeihen Roscoea auriculata und R.xbeesiana im Steingarten des Autors in einemetwas erhöhten Beet in Ge- meinschaftmit Cypripedium calceolus, Pleione limprichtii und Lilium martagon var. cattaniae. Roscoeen kommen am besten unter lichten BüschenoderimSteingarten zurGeltung.Al- lerdings istzumindest im pannonischen Klima, wieesinder Umgebung vonWienvorherrscht, aufSchutzvor strengerWinterkältesowie an- haltenden Regenfällen zu achten. In Gebieten mitWeinbauklima(z.B. Rhein- Main-Gebiet) sind diePfanzennicht ganz so Abb. 2(oben): Roscoeaauriculata ’Floriade‘. Abb. 3(Mitte): Roscoeaaustralis. Abb. 4(unten): Roscoea x beesiana ’Monique‘. Abb. 5(Seite87): Roscoeabrandisii ’Purple King‘. 86 empfndlich.Die Jungpfanzenvon R. purpurea wurden teils mitAcrylvlies, teils mitLaub und Fichtenreiserngeschützt. Roscoea scillifolia ver- bliebjedochohneSchutzmaßnahme. Im Pal- mengarten wurde dieErfahrunggemacht,dass dierosablütige Form im Frankfurter Klimaab- soluthartist, diedunkle Auslesedagegen ging verloren. DierosaFormverbreitetsichstark durchSelbstaussaat.InHeidelbergbraucht R. cautleyoides sogargar keinen Schutz. Diefolgenden Kulturhinweise beziehen sich aufdie Erfahrungendes Autors in seinem Gar- ten in Wien. Ohne Schutzmaßnahmen gibt es beiungünstigenkalten oder nassen Witte- rungssituationen Verluste der Pfanzen. Andau- erndeBodenfeuchtigkeit führtunweigerlich zumVerfaulen der feischigenWurzeln.Die Pfanzensollten deshalbentweder miteiner tro- Boden gesetzten Pfanzen. Arten mitgroßen ckenen Torfschichtund einerGlasabdeckung Wurzelstöcken undlangen feischigenWurzeln frostfrei gehalten oder im Spätherbst ausdem verlangenrelativ hohe unddeshalb großeTöp- Boden genommen undinVermiculitfrostfrei fe. Wenn Nachtfröstenicht mehr zu erwarten undtrocken überwintertwerden. sind,werden dieTöpfeins Freiegestelltund An günstigenStandortenbildensichim angegossen. Am Standort sollte vorallem später Laufeder Zeit größere „Klumpen“ vonWur- im HochsommerpralleMittagssonnevermie- zelstöcken. Sind mehrere Arten oder Sorten in den werden. Am besten werden zudem dieTöp- Kultur,werdensie am besten in größeren Ton- fe in dieErdeeingegraben, um ein Überhitzen töpfen gehalten, damitsie sich nichtdurchmi- desWurzelstockes wirksamzuverhindern. schen. Ende Februarwerden dieWurzelstöcke Manche Arten brauchenbis zumAustrieb in neuesSubstratgesetzt,belässtsie aber weiter einige Zeit.Nachder Blüte wachsendie Pfan- in frostfreien hellen Räumen. DieTöpfemüs- zenweiterund entwickelnihrevolle Größe. sentiefgenug sein,umDrainagesteineund Deshalbist der Bewässerungweiterhin Augen- Wurzelnaufnehmen zu können. Überden merk zu schenken. Wenn dieBlätter der Pfan- Austriebsknospen sollte sich eine 5bis 10 cm ze vergilben,setzt mandie Wassergabenab dickeSubstratschicht befnden. Dieobersten undlässtsie einziehen. Vorden ersten Frösten 2cmdes Topfes werden mitMulch oder Grit werden dieWurzelstöckeaus dem Topf ge- aufgefüllt. Dies verhindertdas Austrocknen nommen undtrocken überwintert. Pfanzen wieauchden Austrieb vonBeikräutern. Nach können auchinden Tontöpfen in einemfrost- dem Einsetzenmüssen dieWurzelstöckestark geschützten Raum biszum Frühjahr überwin- angegossenwerden. Danach lässtman das tern. DieseMethode istzwarwenigerzeitauf- Substratbis zumneuerlichenGießen austrock- wendig, hataberden Nachteil, dass die nen. Biszum Austrieb werden diePfanzen Ausbildung der neuen Wurzelstöckenicht kon- mildfeuchtgehalten. trolliertwerden kann. Währendder Wachstumsperiode brauchen BeiPfanzungen im Garten ist ähnlich vor- diePfanzenvielFeuchtigkeit, aber keineStau- zugehen wiebei den Topfkulturen. Winter- nässe. Es istdaraufzuachten,dassdie Erde nie undNässeschutzinder Frostperiodemüssen ganz austrocknet. DieTopfkultur hatden Vor- unbedingtbeachtetwerden. Werden dieWur- teil, dass dieBewässerungkontrolliertund bes- zelstock-Kolonien im Laufeder Jahrezugroß, serdosiert werden kannals beidirektinden sollte geteilt werden. Dieganzjährige Pfegeim 87 Stelle verhindert. Einguter Wasserabzug wird miteiner zwei Finger hohenSchicht ausKalk- steinund/oder Bimskies erreicht, diemit einem passenden Stück Vlies überdecktwird. Wird dasSubstratnicht jährlich erneuert, sind wäh- rendder Wachstumsperiode 14-tägige Gaben vonFlüssigdüngernangebracht. Idealist es, zumGießen Regenwasserzuverwenden. Bei guter PfegebeginntinWienjenachWitterung dieBlütezeit Ende Aprilmit Roscoea cautleyoides undsetzt sich biszum Oktober mit R. purpurea fort,wobei dieHauptblütezeit in dieMonate Juni bisAugustfällt. Beifeuchtem Sommer kann R. cautleyoides sogarein zweitesMal im September zurBlüte kommen. Roscoeen sind sehrrobuste Pfanzen. Bisher sind keineSchäd- linge undKrankheiten bekannt geworden,die Glashaus istnur zu empfehlen, wenneinestän- zumVerlust vonPfanzenführen. Blattläuse dige Durchlüftunggegebenist. Roscoeen undRoteSpinnmilben werden mithandelsüb- wachsenpraktisch in jeder Gartenerde. Anzu- lichen Spritzmittelnbehandelt.Die größten streben isteinemöglichstpH-neutrale Zusam- Gefahren fürdie Pfanzengehen vonNackt- mensetzung. schneckenaus. BesondersguteErfahrungenmachteder Au- tormit folgender Mischung:35% Rhododen- 4. Vermehrung dronerde,(fertigesSubstrat),35% Cyclamen- DieVermehrungvon Roscoea istauf zweierlei erde,(fertigesSubstrat),10% Quarzsand, Artund Weisemöglich. DasTeilender Rhizome (Rasenquarz),5%Edasil(Lehmgranulat), samt der feischigenWurzeln nach dem Heraus- 5% Vermiculit (mineralischer Zuschlagsstof), nehmen ausder Erde istdie sichersteMöglich- 5% Seramis(Ziegelsplitt), 5% Föhrenrinden keit.Nachdem Absterben der oberirdischen (5-mm-Schnitzel),vermischt mitetwas Holz- Triebe werden dieWurzelballensorgfältig aus kohlegrus. Dazu wird einwenig organischer demSubstratgenommenund dieumgebende Dünger (Blut-,Fisch-oderKnochenmehl), Erde vorsichtig ausgespült.Die alten Wurzeln oder Wurzel-Turbo untergehoben. werden herausgebrochen, ohne dabeidie neuge- Um dasRhizom herum hatsichetwas grob- bildeten helleren Wurzelnzubeschädigen. Vor- körnigerSandbewährt, der einFaulenandieser sichtist geboten,denndie neugebildeten Wur- Nach Erfahrungvon Helmut Rau von
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