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Abdul Wali Khan: a Political Study (1942-1990)

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Abdul Wali Khan: a Political Study (1942-1990) ABDUL WALI KHAN: A POLITICAL STUDY (1942-1990) RESEARCHER SUPERVISOR SAFI ULLAH KHAN MARWAT PROFESSOR REG#03-FSS/PHDHIST/S08 DR. RAZIA SULTANA VICE CHANCELLOR SBB WOMEN UNIVERSITY PESHAWAR DEPTT. OF HISTORY & PAKISTAN STUDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD DECEMBER 2015 ABDUL WALI KHAN: A POLITICAL STUDY (1942-1990) BY SAFI ULLAH KHAN MARWAT REG#03-FSS/PHDHIST/S08 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for PhD degree in History with specialization in Modern South Asia to Department of History & Pakistan Studies at Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad. DEPTT. OF HISTORY & PAKISTAN STUDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD DECEMBER 2015 FOR HUMANITY ABSTRACT My PhD thesis titled "Abdul Wali Khan: A Political Study (1942-1990)" covers 48 years long active political life of Abdul Wali Khan who was the second among three sons (Abdul Ghani Khan, Abdul Wali Khan, Abdul Ali Khan) of Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as ‘Bãchã Khan’ or ‘Frontier Gandhi’ during British Rãj in India. This research work deals with the socio-political and constitutional developments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and the role of Abdul Wali Khan during British Rãj. It also covers the political and constitutional developments in Pakistan and Abdul Wali Khan's role since 1947 until 1990. In British India, Abdul Wali Khan was an active member of his father's KP-based socio-political organization popularly known as the Khudã’ĩ Khidmatgãrs (KKs). KKs were in political alliance with the Indian National Congress (INC) since 1931 until 1947. Being a KK since his childhood, Abdul Wali Khan also joined INC formally in 1942. It was the beginning of his active politics. British arrested him in 1943 for his active participation in the Quit India Movement from the platform of INC. In 1947, he became Joint Secretary of INC. Being a Congressman, he opposed the idea and creation of Pakistan. To him, division of India meant a British conspiracy to divide the Indian Muslims. He was of the view that the British materialized their policy of "divide and rule" through the All India Muslim League (AIML). After creation of Pakistan in 1947, Abdul Wali Khan severed his connections with INC and declared his allegiance to Pakistan. However, his opposition to the idea of Pakistan during freedom movement became a liability for him through out his life. In Pakistan, he emerged as a strong provincial autonomist and spoke for the rights of deprived classes of the society. He was of the view that the ruling elite at the Center was the main usurper in Pakistan. Hence, mostly, he was kept behind the bars by consecutive governments of Pakistan on the charge of anti- state activities. Repeatedly, he was dubbed as a traitor. He was the first Pakistani who was charged for high treason and trialed under Article 6 of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. However, the charge could not be proved against him and the Court acquitted him. His opponents also titled him as a secular pro-Moscow socialist. In response, he declared that he was neither secular nor socialist. Briefly, it may be concluded from his political profile that he was a Pakhtun-cum-Muslim-cum- Pakistani nationalist who got himself recognized as a constitutionalist and democrat. Safi Ullah Khan Marwat Copyright © 2015 SAFI ULLAH KHAN MARWAT, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad. All rights are reserved. DECLARATION I, Safi Ullah Khan Marwat, PhD scholar bearing Registration No. 03- FSS/PHDHIST/S08 at the Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, do hereby solemnly declare that the thesis titled “Abdul Wali Khan: A Political Study (1942-1990)” submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the requirement of PhD degree in History with specialization in Modern South Asia is outcome of my individual and original research. The material I have consulted is acknowledged in the text. Concurrently, I have not submitted or published this thesis and, in future, I would not submit it to any other university, or institution for the award of any other degree. Signature________________ Safi Ullah Khan Marwat ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete this thesis. I thank my supervisor, Dr. Razia Sultana for her scholarly guidance. I am grateful to Dr. N. B. Jumani, Dr. M. Rafique Afzal, Dr. Riaz Ahmad, Dr. M. Naeem Qureshi, Dr. Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah, Dr. Khurram Qadir, Dr. Sayyid A. S. Pirzada , Dr. Safeer Akhtar, Dr. Ian Talbot, Dr. Gail Minault, Dr. Paula Newberg, Dr. Kamran Asdar Ali, Dr. Robert Nichols, Dr. David Gilmartin, Dr. Fazl-i-Rahim Marwat, Dr. Raj Wali Shah Khattak, Dr. Abdur Rauf, Dr. Samina Awan, Dr. Mujeeb Ahmad, Dr. Akhtar Hussain, Dr. Abdul Zahoor Khan, Syed Akmal Hussain Shah, Shakeel Ahmad Shah, Abdul Basit Mujahid, Zikria Shinwari, Yahya Shinwari, Bihram Khan, and Mashal Khan etc for their value addition to my research. I thank Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Directorate of Archives and Libraries Peshawar, the Bãchã Khan Research Center Peshawar, National Documentation Center Islamabad, National Archives Islamabad, National Library Islamabad, Supreme Court of Pakistan Library Islamabad, National Assembly of Pakistan Library Islamabad, Press Information Department Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly Library, National Archives, Washington D. C., USA, Lynden Baines Johnson Library, Perry Castañeda Librarry, and South Asia Institute in the University of Texas at Austin, USA, and Central Library of University of Pennsylvania in USA for their co-operation during my research. I am indebted to my family and relatives, especially parents, wife, and children, whose unending prayers and support enabled me to achieve this prestigous academic level. Safi Ullah Khan Marwat ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIML: All India Muslim League AJKMC: All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference AL: ‘Awãmi League AML: ‘Awãmi Muslim League ANP: ‘Awãmi National Party APAML: All Pakistan ‘Awãmi Muslim League APCC: All Parties Constitutional Conference APJAML: All Pakistan Jinnah ‘Awãmi Muslim League APP: Associated Press of Pakistan AT: ‘Awãmĩ Tihrĩk BDs: Basic Democracies BPLFAR: Balochistan People’s Liberation Front for Arms Resistance BNA: Balochistan National Alliance BRF: Balochistan Reserve Force BUP: Balochistan United Front CAP: Constituent Assembly of Pakistan CC: Constituent Committee CEC: Chief Election Commissioner CIA: Central Investigation Agency CID: Criminal Investigation Department CML: Council Muslim League CMLA: Chief Martial Law Administrator ConML: Convention Muslim League iii COP: Combined Opposition Parties CWC: Congress Working Committee DAC: Democratic Action Committee DMLAs: Deputy Martial Law Administrators DPRs: Defence of Pakistan Rules INC: Indian National Congress ISI: Inter Services Intelligence of Pakistan EBDO: Elective Bodies Disqualification Order ECP: Election Commission of Pakistan EP: East Pakistan EPRs: East Pakistan Rifles FATA: Federally Administered Tribal Areas FCR: Frontier Crimes Regulation FSF: Federal Security Force FPCC: Frontier Province Congress Committee HCC: Hyderabad Conspiracy Case IJD: Islamic Janatantarĩ Dal IJI: Islãmi Jamhurĩ Ittihãd IRP: Islamic Republic of Pakistan JIP: Jamã‘t-i-Islāmi Pakistan JML: Jinnah Muslim League JUIP (F): Ja‘miyyat ‘ulamã-i-Islam Pakistan (Fazlur Rehman Group) JUIP (H): Ja ‘miyyat ‘ulamã-i-Islam Pakistan (Ghulam Ghaus Hazarvi Group) JUP: Ja ‘miyyat ‘ulamã-i-Pakistan iv JUP (N): Ja ‘miyyat ‘ulamã-i-Pakistan (Nũrãni Group) JWP: Jamhũrĩ Watan Party KK: Khudã’ĩ Khidmatgãr KP: Khyber Pakhtũnkhwã LBJ: Lynden Baines Johnson LFO: Legal Framework Order MJAH: Markaz-ĩ- Ja‘miyyat-i-Ahl-i-Hadith MJUI: Markaz-ĩ-Ja‘miyyat ‘ulamã-i-Islam MLA: Martial Law Administrator MLRs: Martial Law Regulations MQM: Muhãjar Qõmĩ Mahãz, Present Mutahiddah Qõmĩ Movement NA: National Assembly NAP: National ‘Awãmi Party NDC: National Documentation Center NDF: National Democratic Front NDP: National Democratic Party NIC: National Identity Card NIP: Nizãm-i-Islam Party NPP: National Peoples Party NPT: National Press Trust NSC: National Security Council NWFP: North West Frontier Province PA: Provincial Assembly PAI: Pakistan ‘Awãmĩ Ittihãd v Pak PWD: Pakistan Public Works Department PCC: Provincial Congress Committee PCO: Provisional Constitution Order PDA: People’s Democratic Alliance PDM: Pakistan Democratic Movement PDP: Pakistan Democratic Party PID: Press Information Department PkMAP: Pakhtũnkhwã Millĩ ‘Awami Party PML: Pakistan Muslim League PNP: Pakistan National Party PODO: Public Offices Disqualification Order PsOW: Prisoners of War PPI: Pakistan Press International PRC: People’s Republic of China QML: Qã’id-i-A‘zam Muslim League RAW: Research and Analysis Wing RCO: Revival of the Constitution of 1973 Order RTC: Round Table Conference SCC: Sukkur Conspiracy Case SKMPPMM: Sindh-Karachi Muhãjir-Punjabi-Pathan Mutahiddah Mahãz TI: Tihrĩk-i-Istiqlãl TNFJ: Tihrĩk-i-Nifãz-i-Fiqqah’-i-Jafriyyah UNO: United Nations Organization USA: United States of America vi TRANSLITERATION In this research work, the transliteration method of the Manual Of Style (Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute Press, 1994) has been followed. The non- English words have been transliterated and written in italics. vii GLOSSARY Ãbiyãnah: Water tax imposed by government upon those farmers who irrigate their lands with the government sponsored
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