THE LOṄKĀGACCHA REVISITED

Peter Flügel SOAS

Jaina Studies Panel 12th World Sanskrit Conference Helsinki 14 July 2003 Lokā/Loṅkā/Lauṃkā, c. 1415-1485

Loṅkāgaccha, founded c. 1471-1476 Kaḍuā, 1438-1507

Kaḍuā Gaccha, founded c. 1467-1507 Luṅkā nī Huṇḍī 34 Bol (L.D. Institute Mss. No. 4121)

Luṅkā nā Aṭṭhāvan Bol (L.D. Institute Mss. No. 2989)

Right Insight

Pkt. sammatta Skt. samyaktva “The Arhats and Bhagavats of the past, present, and future, all say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus: all breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented, nor driven away. (1) This is the pure, unchangeable, eternal law, which the clever ones, who understand the world, have declared: …(2) … (3)…” (Āyāra 1.4.1, tr. Jacobi 1884: 36). 1. eṇaiṃ uddesaiṃ ehavuṃ kahyaṃ jo sava prāṇa, bhūta, jīva, sattva na haṇivā | e dharma sūdhau | etalai dayāiṃ dharma te sūdhau | anai hiṃsāiṃ dharma te aśuddhau jāṇivauṃ | eha pahilu bola | 2. havai bīju bola likhīi chai | tathā samyaktva adhyayanaiṃ bījai uddesai ehavuṃ kahyuṃ che ke jo śramaṇa mahaṇā hiṃsāiṃ dharma prarūpaiṃ anai valī ehavuṃ kahai dharmanaiṃ kājiiṃ hiṃsā kartāṃ doṣa nathī, te tīrthaṃkare anārya vacana kahyuṃ | … | “Many and several in this world, Brāhmaṇas or Śramaṇas, raise this discussion: We have seen heard, acknowledged, thoroughly understood, in the upper, nether, and sidelong directions, and in all ways examined it: all sorts of living beings may be slain, or treated with violence, or abused, or tormented, or driven away. Know about this: there is no wrong in it. …” “That is the doctrine of the unworthy. … (4) … For all sorts of living beings pain is unpleasant, disagreeable, and greatly feared. Thus I say. (6)” (Āyāra 1.4.2.3-6, tr. Jacobi 1884: 38f.). 3. “There are as many āsravas [by means of which karman takes its effect upon the soul] as there are parisravas [by means of which the influence of karman is counteracted]. There are as many anāsravas [religious vows] as there are aparisravas [that by wich karma is acquired, e.g. desires], and there are as many aparisravas as there are anāsravas.” “He who well understands these words and regards the world according to the instruction (and understands), that which has been distinctly declared, that ‘wise man proclaims (the truth) here to men,’ who still belong to the saṃsāra, who are awakened, and have discrimination. (1) … (2)” (Āyāra 1.4.2.1-2, tr. Jacobi 1884: 37). 3. This teaching is against the scriptures (sūtra viruddha).

4. The passionless ones (Jinas) teach that liberation can only be achieved through the practice of dayā dharma. Sūy 17

5. Violence produces suffering, compassion produces liberation. 6. Disciplined monks perform atonements after unavoidable violence, others not.

7. Through image worship liberation cannot be achieved.

8. Liberation can only be gained through the practice of the 5 great vows etc. by the ascetics, and the 12 vows and the sāmāyika etc. by the laity. M.D. Deśāī (comp.) 1926-1944: Jaina Gūrjara Kavio

Muni Darśanavijaya (comp.) 1933: Paṭṭāvalī Samuccaya

Muni Jñānasundara 1936: Śrīmada Lauṃkāśāha

Ācārya Hastīmala (comp.) 1968: Paṭṭāvalī Prabandha Saṃgraha 1. Bhāṇā, dīkṣā c. 1474-76 2. Bhīdā, dīkṣā c. 1484 3. Nūnā, dīkṣā c. 1489 4. Bhīmā 5. Jagamāla, dīkṣā c. 1493 6. Sarvā, dīkṣā c. 1497 7. Rūpa, (svayaṃ) dīkṣā c. 1508-1512 8. Jīvā, c. 1494-1556 Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha, c. 1511-1527

Varasiṅha Pakṣa, c. 1555-1579 Kuṃvara Pakṣa, c. 1555-1579 Śrīmala Pakṣa, c. 1555-1579

Nāgaurī Loṅkāgaccha, c. 1511-1527

Uttarārdha Loṅkāgaccha, 1551 (1785) Rāyamalla, 1503

Bījāgaccha (Vaṃdhyagaccha), 1513

Vīrāmata, 1530 Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Moṭī Pakṣa (Varasiṅha Pakṣa), Vaḍodarā

Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Nānī Pakṣa (Kuṃvara Pakṣa), Bālāpura

Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Nānī Pakṣa, Jaitāraṇa/Ajmer (=Dhanarāja Pakṣa?) Ekalapātriyā Pantha, c. 1634

= Potiyābandha Pantha ? Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Nānī Pakṣa Bālāpura 19. Mulacandra (died 1819) 20. Jagatacandra 21. Ratnacandra 22. Nṛpacandra (last gādīdhara) 1934 gaddī in Jāmnagara last seat in Bālāpura Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Nānī Pakṣa (Dhanarāja Pakṣa) Jaitāraṇa Yati Vijayarāja (Vajerāja) c. 1934 Yati Hemacandra (died in Vaḍodarā) Yati Bhikkhālāla (died in Vaḍodarā) (last gādīdhara) Gujarātī Loṅkāgaccha Moṭī Pakṣa Vaḍodarā 23. Ācārya Harṣacandra (died 1813) 24. Ācārya Jayacandra (died 1862) 25. Ācārya Kalyāṇacandra (1833-1899) 26. Ācārya Khūbacandra (died 1926) 27. Ācārya Nyāyacandra (died 1940) 28. Yati Svarūpacandra (1868-1956) 29. Yati Muni Devacandra (1891-1969) (last gādīdhara) Period in Office

Ācārya Harṣacandra (1809-1813) Ācārya Jayacandra (1813-1862) Ācārya Kalyāṇacandra (1862-1887) Ācārya Khūbacandra (1887-1926) Ācārya Nyāyacandra (1826-1940) Ācārya Kalyāṇacandra

Kāḷīdāsa Karṇāvata, Vīsā Osvāla born, Pālī 3.4.1833 dīkṣā, Jūnāgaḍha 11.5.1853 ācārya, Vaḍodarā 12.2.1862 title renounced, Uraṇa 9.12.1886 death, Uraṇa 30.8.1899

Ācārya Khūbacandra

Bhāvasāra dīkṣā, 1867 ācārya, Uraṇa 9.12.1886 death, Vaḍodarā 25.11.1925

Yati Manoracandra

Ācārya Nyāyacandra

Bhāvasāra dīkṣā, 1919 ācārya, 9.4.1926 death, Vaḍodarā 4.2.1935

Yati Svarūpacandra

Bhāvasāra born, Meḷvī (Halol District) 1868 death, Vaḍodarā 1956

Gurubhāī Kulacandra

(no information) Muni Devacandra born, Mumbaī 18.10.1891 death, Vaḍodarā 26.10.1969

Yati Hemacandra born, Mahuvā / Saurāṣṭra dīkṣā, Vaḍodarā 25.4.1939 (Yati Svarūpacandra) Calcutta Lectures 1951 death, Vaḍodarā

Yati Ratilāla

(no information)

Yati Bhīkālāla

(no information)

Yati Rājacandra

(no information)

Yati Subhāṣacandra

Vania, Subhāṣacandra Śāh born, Porbaṇḍar c. 1943 given to Yati Phūlacandra, c. 1946 “brahmacarya” dīkṣā, c. 1973 “yati” dīkṣā, c. 1998 from “Rāmrikh Vijay”

Bhāvasāra Loṅkāgaccha Upāśraya Moṭī Chīpavāḍa,Vaḍodarā

Bhāvasāra Loṅkāgaccha Upāśraya Nānī Chīpavāḍa,Vaḍodarā

Daily Rituals A. Upāśraya Moṭī Chīpavāḍa 1. Namaskāra Mantra 2. Micchāmi Dukkaḍaṃ 3. Bhaktamāra Stotra 4. Ratnakāra Paccīsī 5. Sāmāyika B. Mūrtipūjaka Neminātha Mandira 1. Aṣṭaprakārī Pūjā 2. Khāmasamaṇa 3. Āratī 4. Maṅgaḷa Dīvo A. Upāśraya Moṭī Chīpavāḍa 1. Pratikramaṇa

B. Mūrtipūjaka Neminātha Mandira 1. Khāmasamaṇa 2. Āratī 4. Maṅgaḷa Dīvo

C. Sonāṇāvīra Stutī

Porbandar Loṅkāgaccha Jaina Saṅgha Narasaṅga Khalā

Mumbaī Loṅkāgaccha Jaina Saṅgha Vālcanda Hīrācanda Mārga Guru Pūjā

A. 1. Namaskāra Mantra (3x) 2. Caturviṃśati-stava (3x) 3. Uvasaggaharaṃ Stotraṃ 4. Moṭī Śāntī B. 5. Maṅgaḷa Dīvo & Āratī to a. Cakra, b. Mandira Replica, c. Photo of Jina Statue 6. Kāyotsarga C. 7. Sonāṇāvīra Stutī & Āratī & Dhūpa Pūjā to Sonāṇāvīra

Annual Rituals Āyambila Oḷī Caitra Suda 7 Mahāvīra Jayanti Caitra Suda 13 Cāturmāsa Prārambha Aṣāḍha Suda 15 Māsa Śramaṇānuṃ Ghara Śrāvaṇa Suda 5 Pandaranuṃ Ghara Śrāvaṇa Vada 5 Aṭhṭhāīnuṃ Ghara Śrāvaṇa Vada 13 Paryuṣaṇa Parva Prārambha Saṃvatsarī Mahā Parva Bhādaravā Suda 5 Āyambila Oḷī Āso Suda 7 Jñāna Pañcamī Kārataka Suda 5 Loṅkāśāha Jayanti Kārataka Suda 15 Cāturmāsa Samāpti Loṅkāśāha Tithi (Arahaṭa) Caitra Vada 11 Kalyāṇacandra Tithi (Uraṇa) Śrāvaṇa Vada 10 Svarupacandra Tithi (Vaḍodarā) Āso Suda 6 Khūbacandra Tithi (Vaḍodarā) Māgasara Suda 9 Nyayacandra Tithi (Vaḍodarā) Mahā Suda 2