Sexualité Et Parentalité Chez Les Adolescents Haïtiens Infectés Au VIH Par Transmission Verticale Ou Sexuelle: Quelles Normes, Quelles Valeurs Et Quelles Pratiques ?

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Sexualité Et Parentalité Chez Les Adolescents Haïtiens Infectés Au VIH Par Transmission Verticale Ou Sexuelle: Quelles Normes, Quelles Valeurs Et Quelles Pratiques ? Université de Montréal Sexualité et parentalité chez les adolescents haïtiens infectés au VIH par transmission verticale ou sexuelle: quelles normes, quelles valeurs et quelles pratiques ? Par Ascencio Junior Maxi Programme interdisciplinaire de Doctorat en sciences humaines appliquées Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Ph.D. en sciences humaines appliquées Juillet, 2017 © Ascencio Junior Maxi, 2017 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Sexualité et parentalité chez les adolescents haïtiens infectés au VIH par transmission verticale ou sexuelle: quelles normes, quelles valeurs et quelles pratiques ? Par Ascencio Junior Maxi Composition du jury Bibeau Gilles, Président-rapporteur Fortin Sylvie, Directrice de la thèse, membre Lemay Violaine, Codirectrice de la thèse, membre Bouffard Chantal, Examinatrice externe Hatem Marie, Membre Minn Pierre, Représentant du Doyen Résumé Le SIDA a été au cours de la première décennie de la pandémie une maladie létale. À compter de 1996, la disponibilité des antirétroviraux (ARV) a fait passer l’infection au VIH de maladie mortelle à maladie chronique. Ce progrès des sciences biomédicales a eu et continue d’avoir des effets sur l’espérance de vie des personnes touchées, notamment des enfants infectés par transmission verticale. Il a des impacts positifs sur l’état de santé des jeunes nouvellement infectés par transmission sexuelle. Ainsi, les enfants nés de mère séropositive peuvent vivre en santé et atteindre l’âge de l’adolescence. Ces jeunes infectés par ces divers modes de transmission forment un groupe particulier qui attire l’intérêt des chercheurs, des soignants et des parents. Sur le plan théorique, l’adolescence se caractérise par l’intériorisation des normes et des valeurs familiales. Elle se caractérise par la construction de son identité et la socialisation avec les pairs. Cette période est marquée en outre par une recherche d’autonomie vis-à-vis des parents. Elle représente aussi un moment important dans l’expérimentation des premières relations amoureuses et sexuelles. Fort de ces arguments, notre question portait sur les normes et les valeurs véhiculées par le réseau relationnel des jeunes de ce groupe particulier. Comment ces normes et valeurs influencent-elles leur comportement sexuel? Et comment perçoivent-ils la parentalité ? La méthode qualitative a été adoptée comme stratégie de recherche. Cette thèse s’est inspirée de l’interactionnisme symbolique et aussi de la phénoménologie scientifique proposée par Giorgi (1997). Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées pour la collecte des données et elles ont été enregistrées à l’aide d’un appareil audio. Trente adolescents infectés au VIH et âgés de 15 à 20 ans ont participé à cette étude en Haïti. Notre plan d’analyse a suivi les grandes étapes d’analyse en méthode qualitative décrites par Giorgi (1997). Des points saillants émergent des résultats de cette thèse. Les normes et les valeurs provenant du milieu familial se révèlent sans grande influence, car les jeunes entretiennent des relations amoureuses et amicales malgré l’interdiction des parents. Ils pratiquent la sexualité, et n'utilisent le condom que de façon très irrégulière. Par contre, la norme du secret liée à l’infection au VIH est strictement respectée. Dans les interactions avec les soignants, la valorisation du port du condom et l'observance thérapeutique sont deux éléments qui ressortent. L'observance thérapeutique est respectée à la lettre alors que le port du condom tombe à plat au profit des valeurs véhiculées par leurs pairs. Ces derniers valorisent d’ailleurs l’amour et la sexualité. Ils sont des conseillers privilégiés et ils jouent un rôle aussi important que les parents et les soignants dans la transmission des normes et des valeurs. Cependant, pour ce qui est de l’infection au VIH, la norme du secret prédomine. Ces résultats révèlent une perception de la parentalité empreinte de peur. Les filles bien qu’elles désirent devenir mères dans le futur se montrent conscientes des dangers d'une maternité précoce et des conséquences qui y sont attachées. Les garçons quant à eux se questionnent sur leur potentiel de paternité. Finalement, certaines recommandations sont proposées afin de mieux orienter les stratégies d’intervention et de prévention. Mots-clés : adolescence, VIH/SIDA, transmission verticale, Haïti, normes, valeurs, sexualité, ARV, parentalité, transmission sexuelle. iv Abstract The stigma of HIV had been a virtual death sentence for a long period of time. It is not until the year of 1996 that the ARV medicine became available which changed the fatal disease into a chronic disease. This biochemical advance continues to improve the life expectancy of the individuals infected, particularly children infected by vertical transmission. Subsequently, this progress has greatly improved the health and quality of life of the victims. However, the fear that continues to emerge among parents and researchers is to be noted. Despite the presence of the disease, children, once reaching adolescent age, have natural needs and curiosity to experience sexual interactions, and thus neglect the use of condom. The culture of secrecy transmitted by parents in regard to the correlation with being infected by HIV needs some attention. This argument stresses the norms and values by which this particular group of adolescents are influenced, and their perception relating to parenting. The qualitative method has been used as a research strategy. This method was inspired by the phenomenology and the interactionism symbolic approach. The researchers conducted a semi-directed interview using an audio device; thirty adolescent’s ages 15 and 20 infected by HIV were interviewed. The analytic view follows the steps of the qualitative method described by Giorgi (1997). The rationale of this thesis is, despite the norms and values transmitted by parents, adolescents still engage in sexual activities, rarely using condoms. However, the norm of secrecy associated with HIV disease was never strayed. During interactions with those adolescents, medical providers have noted a strict observance in the medical regiments; however the regular use of condom is neglected in conformity to the values of their peers. Those peers play an important role as well as the parents in the transmission of norms and values. Those adolescents clearly place more emphasis on experiencing love and sexual interactions than respecting the norms and values transmitted by parents. If we compare male and female, the girls worried about the danger of becoming pregnant and the consequences attached to it. The boys are more concerned about the responsibilities of being a father. This view associated with the disease is driven by fear. Furthermore, some recommendations have been provided in the orientation of intervention, and prevention of the HIV disease. Keywords : adolescence, HIV/AIDS, vertical transmission, Haiti, norms, values, sexuality, ARV, parenting, sexual transmission. vi Table des matières Résumé ...................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................... xii Liste des figures ...................................................................................................................... xiii Liste des sigles ........................................................................................................................ xiv Remerciements ........................................................................................................................ xv Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 PARTIE I : DESCRIPTION DE LA RECHERCHE : CADRES THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE ............................................................................................................ 5 Chapitre 1 - Particularités du contexte haïtien : problématique de la thèse ....................... 6 a) Le VIH dans les Caraïbes ............................................................................................. 6 b) Haïti : profil socio-économique et culturel ................................................................... 7 c) L’adolescent haïtien dans le contexte du VIH ............................................................ 11 Question de recherche ........................................................................................................... 12 Objectifs de la recherche ....................................................................................................... 12 Chapitre 2 - L’adolescence dans la littérature : thèmes utiles à la problématique ........... 14 Section 1. Notions : perspectives disciplinaires et consensus interdisciplinaires ................. 15 a) Variations : psychologie vs sociologie ....................................................................... 15 b) Consensus interdisciplinaire sur l’adolescence .......................................................... 18 1. Turbulence dans la transmission des normes et des valeurs familiales ................. 18 2. Tension entre attachement familial
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