PACIFIC LINGUISTICS
Se�ie� B - No. 16
THE TRANS-NEW GUINEA PHYLUM:
EXPLORATIONS IN DEEP-LEVEL GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
by
K.A. McElhanon
C.L. Voorhoeve
Department of Linguistics
Research School of Pacific Studies
THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-B16.cover ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the L�ngu�4 t�e C��ele 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series :
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EDITOR: S. A. Wurm.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C. L. Voorhoeve, D. T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton.
EDITORIAL ADVISERS:
B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Capell, University of Sydney N. D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G. N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B. C.
W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics
G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden
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subscriptions , should be addressed to : The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics , School of Pacific Studies , The Australian National University, Box 4, P.O. , Canberra , A.C.T. 2600 . Australia.
Copyright (§) The Authors . First published 19 70 .
Reprinted 1978 .
The editors are indebted to the Au stralian National University for
help in the production of this series .
This publ ication was made po ssible by an initial grant from the
Hunter Douglas Fund .
National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 048 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page.
O. INTRODUCTION 1 0.1. GENERAL 1 0.2. BACKGROUNV 3 0.3. SCOPE 3 0.4. VOCABULARY ITEMS 4 0.5. METHOV 5 0.6. OVERVIEW 6
1. PRELIMI NARIES 7 1.1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 MAP I 9 1.2. LANGUAGES OF THE CENTRAL ANV SOUTH NEW GUINEA PH YLUM 10 MAP II 11 1.3. LANGUAGES OF THE FINISTERRE-HUON PHYLUM 12 MAP III 13 1.4. FINVER LIST OF VOCABULARY ITEMS 14 MAP IV 15 1.5. SPEL LING 16 1.6. PRESENTATION OF THE VATA 18
2. VOCABULARY COMPARISONS 20
1. Arm, hand 20 2. Bone 22 3. Breast 24 4. Ear 26 5. Eye 28 6. Foot, Leg 30 7. Hair 32
111 iv
Pa.ge.
8. Head 34 9. Mouth, jaw 36 10 . Knee 38 11. Nail- 39 12 . Neak 40 13. Skin, bar>k 41 14. N08e 42 15. SpittZ.e 44 16 . Tongue 46 17. Tooth 48 18. Ur> ine 50 19 . Name 52 20 . EZder> Br>other> 54 2l. EZder> Si8ter> 55 22 . Mother> 56 23. I 58 24. We 60 25. You 62 26 . You (p Zur>aZ) 64 27. He 66 28. LOU8e 68 29 . Wing 70 30 . A8he8 72 3l. Rain 74 32. Road 76 33. Fir>e 78 34. Dog 79 35 . Leaf 80 36. Moon 81 37. Sand 82 38. Smoke 83 39 . Star> 84 40 . Sun 85 4l . Water> 86 42 . Wind 87 43 . FuZZ 88 44 . Long 89 45 . New 90 46 . Str>aight 92 47. War>m 93 v
Pa.ge 48. Burn 94 49 . Eat 95 50 . Shoot 96 51- Tie 97 52 . Say, speech 98 53. SZeep 100
3. CONCLUS ION 102
4. FURTHER OUTLOOK 103
5. LI ST OF SOURCES 104
BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-B16.cover ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. O. INTRODU CTION
0.1. GENERAL
From the nineteenth century onwards it has been known that the number of languages in the New Guinea area was multitudinous . The most recent estimates ( Wurm and Laycock, 19 61; Wurm , 1970 ) place this number in excess of 1,000, of which approximately 700 are regarded as Papuan ( i.e., non-Austronesian ) . Bringing order in this bewildering mass of languages is a formidab le task, and it was only af ter the lexico statistical method developed by Swadesh and expounded by Gudschinsky (1956) had been adopted that linguists had a tool with which they could hopefully tackle the classification of Papuan languages. After a slow start a great activity in this field developed during the last decade , and the existence of more and more groups of genetically re lated languages was posited. A first overall classification was devised by the Voegelins (1965); it was still rather vague , since most groups of purportedly related languages, except single language families . were indis criminately coined 'phylum' . The Voegelins posited a Central New Guinea Macro Phylum as follows· : Central New Guinea Macro-phylum ( by the Voegelins ) (1) East New Guinea Highlands Micro-phylum (2) Ekagi-Wodani-Moni Fami ly (3) Southeastern West New Guinea Phylum (4) Kamoro-Sempan-Asmat Family (5) Southern We st New Guinea Group (6) Ok-Oksapmin Phylum (7) Binandere Phylum (8) Kate Phylum (9) Ndu Family (10) Ndani Family (11) Various language isolates
1
McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-B16.1 ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2
The Voegelins also posited other phyla which were apparently unrelated to the Central New Guinea Macro-phylum, notab ly the Sentani Demta-Nimboran and the Kiwai Phyla. Since 1965 additional studies have been undertaken by members of the Australian National University and the Summer Institute of Linguistics, and many gaps in the New Guinea linguistic picture have been rapidly filled in. Wurm' s most recent survey of the results from these .studies ( Wurm, 1970) also asserts the existence of a Central New Guinea Macro-phylum but one differing slightly from that of the Voege lins . Including the addenda to Wurm' s article the following picture emerges: Central New Guinea Macro-phylum (by Wurm ) (1) East New Guinea ijighlands Phylum (2) Central and South New Guinea Phylum (3) West New Guinea Highlands Phylum (4) Finisterre-Huon Phylum (5) South-East New Guinea Phylum (6) Madang Phylum (7) Adelbert Range Phylum (8) Ramu Phylum (?) (9) Middle Sepik Phylum (?) (10) Upper Sepik Phylum (?) (11) Sepik Hill Family (?)
The establishment of the various linguistic groups constituting the proposed Central New Guinea Macro-phylum was based mainly upon lexico statistic evidence. In all but one case, viz ., Healey (1964 ), the appli cation of the method did not follow reconstruction so that there is the possibility that the presence of unrecognized loans skewed the results. Moreover, in many cases the data were scanty so that supposed cognates were identified solely by the use of the 'inspection method', ( see Gudschinsky, 1956). Therefore, one may regard the sub-classifi cation of many of these groups as tenuous and not adequately reflecting genetic relationship but still useful in the present context of New Guinea studies and the need to refer to particular languages as members of groups of languages. The evidence for linking the various linguistic groups together in a ma cro-phylum was largely typological, and of ten only a few lexical items ( e.g., pronouns in the singular number) were said to be cognate throughout most of the member languages. Wurm, in asserting the existence of the macro-phylum, stated that there is "the very real possibility that further changes, including additions, will occur in its proposed composition in the very near future in view of 3
the present rapid progress in New Guinea linguistics" (Wurm . 1970). The present writers suggest what may well be the first of a number of changes in the internal composition of the macro-phylum and present data to support this change .
0.2. BACKGROUNV
This study involves comparison of lexical items from two widely separated phyla which were posited independently by the lexicosta tistical method . The phyla involved are the Central and South New Guinea Phylum (CSNGP - Voorhoeve . 1968) and the Finisterre-Huon Phylum (FHP - Hooley and McElhanon . 1970 ). Since the appearance of his 1968 article . Voorhoeve has expanded the membership of the CSNGP and revised. its substructure . Map 2 presents the member languages and shows their grouping into lexicostatistically determined groups . Map 3 presents the same for the FHP . The stimulus for a closer study of the possible genetic relation ships of the two phyla came from independent ob s ervations by the authors which led to a converging of their interests . McElhanon in 1967 noted structural simi larities between the Telefol language of the Ok family (see P. He aley . 1964. 1965a. 1965b . 1965c. 1966) and the languages of the Huon Peninsula group . Voorhoeve . when studying the genetic relationship of the Asmat and Sentani language s (Voorhoeve . 1970). found evidence which pointed to the possibility that their proto-language had been spoken somewhere in the Sepik or Ramu River basins . At the same time . Voorhoeve noted that lexical data collected in the Madang District languages by Rev. John A. Z'graggen (1969) showed striking simi larities with comparable data in the languages of the CSNGP . In early 1969 McElhanon completed additional field studies in the Finisterre-Huon languages and began to look for genetic relation ships to the west. When they learned of each other's interests. the authors decided to pool their data for a detailed inter-phylic comparison of as many lexical items as possible in order to get a clearer insight into the genetic relationships between the two phyla.
0.3. SCOPE Whereas all the languages of the FHP could be included in the detailed comparison. it proved unfeasible to include all the languages of the CSNGP. For the 64 languages of the FHP a homogeneous and re liab le corpus of data was available in the 140 item basic vocabulary 4
collected by McElhanon and Claassen. On the other hand , data from the languages of the CSNGP ranged from extensive to scanty and from reliab le to unreliable. Moreover , the CSNGP includes thirteen stocks , of which nine have been only tentative ly identified. Added to this was the practical necessity of reducing the mass of data to more manageab le proportions . Therefore , only languages of the four established stocks were admitted and then only those for which adequate data were available. Omittep were the languages of the Tirio, Oriomo , Agob , Morehead , Upper Maro, Yelmek, Frederik Hendrik Island and Sent ani Stocks as well as the Duna language . Data from these languages were only included occasion ally when they seemed clearly to support or to clarify postulated interphylic re lationships. This is not to say that links with the other posited groups of languages were overlooked. Rather the vocabulary lists from these other groups , where available, were scanned for apparent cognate forms with the most stab le vocabulary items of the CSNGP and the FHP . Every study , however, must have a terminus , and so , unless the languages of a particular linguistic group showed an evident relationship , no further investigation of that group was undertaken. ThUS , in the course of the study it became apparent that the languages of the Binandere Family ( Wilson , 1969) showed a significantly high numb er of cognate vocabulary items so as to be included in the detailed comparisons .
0. 4. VOCABULARY ITEMS
The starting point for the compari son was the 140 item list from the languages of the FHP . A numb er of items were omitted , however, due to gaps in the data available for the languages of the CSNGP. As a result, only 85 of the items were compared, and 53 of these yielded interphylic series of probab le cognates . These 53 are :
arm hair ( of head) neck star ashes he new straight bone head nose sun breast I rain tie brother ( elder) knee road tongue burn leaf sand tooth dog long say urine ear louse shoot warm eat moon sister water eye mother skin we fire mouth sleep wind foot nail smoke wing full name spittle you you( pl. ) 5
The omitted 32 are :
back fat meat seed bird father mountain snake black fly night stand blood heart old stomach cloud hit one throw come know red tree cut liver root wet earth man see white
0.5. METHOV
The inspection method as outlined by Gudschinsky (1956) was used in identifying probab le cognates. However, the primary interest in comp aring the lexical data of the two phyla has been the identification of cognate morphemes, not the identifi cation of lexicostatistically 'equivalent' morphemes . Thus , allowance was made for semantic shifts which seemed plausible . The decision of what is or what is not plausib le was made on the basis of the writers' experience in the semantic structures of the more familiar languages of the phyla. Because of the expl oratory nature of the study , no attempt was made to systematically trace re gular sound correspondences . That these do seem to exist, appears from the random observation that Asmat initial y- corresponds in a number of cases to dz- in the languages of the Huon Peninsula (see items nO .18, 30, 40, 44, 51) . Neither was the construction of protoforms systematically attempted. This was done only in three cases in which a protoform proved to be a handy means to demonstrate the formal relationships between the cognate forms (see items No .14, 19 , 45, 53). During the investigation it appeared that a numb er of words which are synchronically monomorphemic, could be regarded as bimorphemic from the historical point of view . The identification of such bimorphemic forms depended upon the possibility of recognizing probab le cognates of one or both of the suspected constituents in other languages. Each case had t9 be decided on its own merits, and the evidence is given in the discussions following the presentation of the 6ata. The search for probable cognates across such deep-level boundaries as those of stocks and phyla is a hazardous task, and the authors have been painfully aware of the thin line which separates sound reasoning from conje cture . Therefore , they have decided not merely to present the series of interphylic cognates , but , whenever necessary , to include the reasoning underlying the postulated series. Further they have added to 6
these the remainder of the data in the main body of languages compared and arranged this data into intra-phylic series of probab le cognates . Moreover , available data from ad ditional languages were included if they were considered re levant . This form of presentation give s access to all data underlying the study and should enab le the reader to ascertain for himself the prob ab le validity of the postulated relationships . An additional advantage is , that a sizeable body of organised lexical data from widely divergent languages becomes available for further comparative study.
0.6. OVERVIEW
The main body of this study consists of three sections :
Section I contains all the background information needed in section 2: maps, lists of languages and language groups , a list of the items compared , notes on the spelling used, and an explanation of the arrangement of the data.
Section 2 contains the presentation of the interphylic series of cognates, the additional and residual data and annotations .
Section 3 contai ns a discussion of the results and a further out look.
The study is concluded by a list of sources for the word-lists used and a bibliography . 7
1. PREL IMI NARIES
1.1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Alphabetical list of abbreviati ons of name s of languages and language groups .
.:Wll Adelbert Range Phylum AGO Agob Family APA Awin-Pare Family ASK Asmat-Sempan-Kamoro Family AWY Awyu Fami ly BED Bedamini Family BEN Bensbach River Family BIN Binandere Fami ly BOA Boazi Family CSNG Central and South New Guinea Stock � Central and South New Guinea Phylum DUN Duna EHF Eastern Huon Family IDm.f. East New Guinea Highlands Phylum ENHS East New Guinea Highlands Stock ERA Erap Family FAS Fasu m Finisterre-Huon Phylum FIN Finisterre Stock GOG Gogodala GOG Gogodala-Suki Stock GOL Goliath Family GUS Gusap-Mot Family HUP Huon Peninsula Stock KAN Kanum KIM Kimaghama Family KIW Kiwai Family KIW Kiwai-Miriam Stock KOV Kovai � Madang Phylum MAR Marind Family MAR Marind Stock MIR Miriam MO Moraori MOM Mombum 8
MOR Morehead River Family MRS MorEi!head River Stock OK Ok Fami ly ORr Oriomo River Family PAN Proto-Austronesian !!A!:l Ramu Phylum Re S Rai Coast Stock SEN Sent ani Group SHF Sepik Hill Family SUK Suki URU Uruwa Family WAN Want oat Family WAR Warup Family WHF Western Huon Family YAQ Yaqay Family YEL Yelmek-Maklew Family YEY Yey YUP Yupna Family 1400 1500 A NIMBORAN GROUP 8 EAST NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS PHYLUM C MADANG PHYLUM O RAl COAST STOCK E SEPIK HILL fAMILY F RAMU PHYLUM G ADELBERT RANGE PHYLUM H RIGO LANGUAGES
lao \:.:/i":":-iPROPOSED TRANS-NEW GUINEA PHYLUM r::=JPOSSIBLE fURTHER EXTENSIONS OF THE PHYLUM
a laO 200 ! ! ! MILES 1400 1500 .,p DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. A.N.V. MAP I: THE TRANS-NEW GUINEA PHYLUM 1.2. LANGUAGES OF THE CENTRAL ANV SOUTH NEW GUINEA PHYLUM
CENTRAL AND SOUTH NEW GUINEA STOCK c. Begua-Zimakani
ASK Asmat-Sempan-Kamoro Family YAQ Yaqay Family a. Kamoro a. Yaqay b. Sempan b. Kayaghar c. Asmat c. Warkay
AWY Awyu Family ORIOMO RIVER STOCK a. Syiagha ORI Oriome River Family b. Yenimu a. Gizra c. Pisa b. Bine d. Aghu c. Gidra e. Kaeti
f. Wambon TIR Tirio (stock-level language isolate ) OK Ok Family PAHOTURI RIVER STOCK a. Kati Ninati
b. Kati Metomka AGO Agob Family c. Ni�gerum a. Agob d. Yo�gom b. Mikud e. Mianmin f. THal MOREHEAD RIVER STOCK
g. Telefol MOR Morehead River Family h. Faiwol a. Parb
1. Bimin b. Keraki j. Kauwol c. Dorro
APA Awin-Pare Family BEN Bensbach River Family a. Awin a. Southern dialects ('Peremka' ) b. Pare b. Northern dialects ('Setavl')
BED Bedamini (Beami) Family UPPER MARO RIVER STOCK a. Kubo YEY (language isolate) b. Samo Yey
c. Bibo MO Moraori (language isolate) d. Bedamini KAN Kanum (language isolate) e. Bosavi
BULAKA RIVER STOCK FAS Fasu (language isolate )
YEL Yelmek-Maklew Family DUN Duna (language isolate ) a. Yelmek MOM Mombum (language isolate ) b. Maklew
GOGODALA-SUKI STOCK FRED ERIK HENDRIK ISLAND STOCK
GOG Gogodala (language isolate) KIM Kimaghama Family
SUK Suki (language isolate) a. Klmaghama b. Ndom KIWAI-MIRIAM STOCK c. Rlantana
KIW Kiwai Family GOLIATH MOUNTAIN STOCK a. Kiwai (7) b. Wabuda GOL Goliath Family c. Turituri a. Korappun (Erok ) b. Naltje (T-Valley) MIR Miriam (language isolate ) c. Wanam
MARIND STOCK SENTANI GROUP MAR Marind Family SEN Sentani Family (?) a. Gawir a. Sent ani b. Bian b. Tanah Merah BOA Boazi Family c. Nafri a. Boazi b. Kuini 135" 140" SEN (SEEt INSET)
THE SENTANI GROUP ASK
5" 5"
' - ESTABLISHED BOUNDARY OF PHYLUM ----- PROVISIONAL BOUNDARY OF PHYLUM ESTABLISHED BOUNDARY OF STOCK
-+++ PROVISIONAL BOUNDARY OF STOCK
---- BOUNDARY OF FAMILY
•••••• BOUNDARY OF SUB-FAMILY 10" UNCL ASSIFIED LANGUAGES o 50 100 150 200 I I I I I I:: :'-:1 MILES 135" 140· NP 145" DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHV. A.N.U. MAP II: LANGUAGES OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTH NEW GUINEA PHYLUM 12
1.3. LANGUAGES OF THE FINISTERRE-HUON PHYLUM
FINISTERRE STOCK c. Finungwan d. Gusan WAR Warup Family e. Nimi a. Degenan f. Sauk b. Asat g. Numanggang c. Morafa h. Nakama d. Dahating 1. Nek GUS Gusap-l-1ot Family j. Nuk a. Gira k. Munkip b. Ngaing KOV Kovai (stock-level language c. Neko isolate) d. Nekgini e. Ufim HUON PENINSULA STOCK
f. Nahu WHF Western Huon Family g. Rawa } a. Kip URU Uruwa Family b. Zankoa Ono a. Komutu } c. Karako Komutu b. Hamelengan d. Sialum c. Kumdauron e. Nomu d. Worin} f. Kinalakna Worin e. Yawan g. Kumukio f. Mitmit h. Kosorong g. Mup 1. Burum h. Sindamon j. Mindik 1. Sakam k. Tobo j. Som l. Kube m. Timbe yup Yupna Family n. Selepet a. Kewieng o. Komba b. Nokopo p. Nabak c. Domung q . Momolili d. Nankina e. Bonkiman EHF Eastern Huon Family a. Dedua WAN Wantoat Family b. Migabac a. Awara c. Momare b. Leron d. Sene c. Want oat e. MAgob ineng d. Saseng } f. WAmora KAt, e. Bam g. Wemo f. Yagawak } h. Naga g. Irumu 1. Mape W. Mape ERA Erap Family j. Mape E. a. Mamaa b. Uri TOLOKIWA ASTROLABE O BAY SAKAR I BOGADJIM O
Malo; I .
• Tuom I
6°
FINSCHHAFEN
"OTami 15
HUON GULF
-- STOCK BOUNDARY ---- FAMILY BOUNDARY
o 10 20 30 MILES
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, A.N.U. MAP III: LANGUAGES OF THE FINISTERRE-HUON PHYLUM 1.4. FINDER LIST OF VOCABULARY ITEMS
Main Items section 2, No.: Main Items Section 2, No.:
arm, hand 1 warm 47 ashes 30 water 41 bone 2 we 24 breast 3 wind 42 brother 20 wing 29 burn 48 you s. 25 dog 34 you pl. 26 ear 4 Other items mentioned in the text: eat 49 eye 5 anus 32 fire 33 ball 36 foot, leg 6 bridge 32 full 43 bulge 10 hair 7 buttress 14 he 27 cluster 5 head 8 door 32 I 23 dream 53 edge knee 10 16,17 leaf 35 egg 5 long 44 face 14 louse 28 fever 47 moon 36 flame 16 mother 22 to fly 29 mouth 9 fruit 5 nail 11 hole 32 name 19 le ft hand 1 neck 12 level 46 new 45 mother's brother 20 nose 14 navel 5 rain 31 nostril 14 road 32 opening 32 sand 37 place, site 32 say 52 rim 16,17 shoot 50 river 47 sister 21 round 5 skin 13 shadow, soul 19 sleep 53 skull 8 smoke 38 smooth 46 spittle 15 snout 13 star 39 sprout 16 straight 46 support 1,12,17 sun 40 tree 13,33 tie 51 to urinate 18 vagina 32 tongue 16 vine 7 tooth 17 vital spirits 19 urine 18 way of dOing 49 ago
81NANDERE FAMILY a SUENA k NOTU
70 b ZIA l KORAPE C MAWAI m AEKA d YEKORA n BAREJI
C BINANDERE o BARUGA AMBASI f SAIROPE (HUNJARA) P q VEGA OF GONA - .... 9 DoaUD URU (OROKAIVA) , r WASEDA Morobee a , h KENDATA (OROKAIVA) A...... (OROKAIVA) 'J"� I d " JEGARATA-KAKENDETTA . ...!!' GUINEA' t) (OROKAIVA) S YEGA • -'-' T-" '-'-' .-;- PAPUA \ c j GAINA " \ e \ 'e \ \ lorna \ \ , 1m ' - - - al NANDERE FAMILY BOUNDARY I k" / �Popondetta, Kokodcf f r hl9 j ' ..... - , ..... - \ n , '? ? o 50 MILES
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, A.N.U.
MAP IV: LANGUAGES OF THE BINANDERE FAMILY 16
1.5. SPEL LING Most of the data used in this study has not yet been phonemicizedj the spelling is therefore phonetic and for practical reasons follows 1 Pike 1947 . A small part of the data - that of the Ok languages, of Asmat , Gogodala, Suki and Sentani , has been phonemicized. The remaining data have been recorded in an impressionistic spelling which is neither wholly phonetic nor wholly phonemic. This is the data from Kamoro , Sempan, the Awyu languages, Marind, Yaqay , and the Kiwai languages. In these cases the spelling as found in the sources has been retained. No attempt has been made to phoneticize the spelling : for the impressionistically recorded languages this would have been unfeasable because of insufficient information on phonetics given in the sources. Instead , the phonetic values of the symbols used in the phonemic and impressionistic spellings are listed below in so far as they deviate from the standard phonetic values of the symbols , and in so far as this deviation could be ascertained from the available sources. In the following , hyphens indi cate word-initial ( e.g. , p-), word medial ( e.g. , -p-), and word-final ( e.g. , -p) position of the phones except for the Ok languages in which the frame of reference is the syllable. For further details of the distribution of the phones the reader is ref erred to the sources mentioned in 1.5.
1 With the exception that in the phonetic spelling the symbol r is used everywhere for the flapped vibrant [r] 17
Symbol Deviations from .standard phonetic value
' > > p = ASK c: p-, p -., pw; AWY e,f: -Pi SUK -Pi YAQ a: p, ' P ; OK a,e: b-, p-.
= SUK -b- -It SEN a: b OK b: b- mb-. d: -b- b , -. , �; , , -P-. e,h,f: -Pi g: - It -.
= m m ASK c: b_, b -, -mb-, -m- , -m.
w = OK a: w- , v-, -w-, -v-. c: w-, It-, -w-, -It- • d: w-, · It- , h: -W-, -v-. ft ' f = SEN a: f, ft; OK f: f- , p _; g: ft. h: f-, p -, -f-, _ ft p _.
t = AWY a, f: - (. GOG t-, th-; KIW c: t, t h ,. . YAQ a: t, S h h- - t - -f-; - �- t . OK c: t -, .t , , d: t , .
d = AWY d: -f- ; SEN a: d, t, c·, OK b: d- , nd-. c: d-, ; v d-. , - r- h: - r- .
= n n ASK c: d-, d_, -n-, -nd-, -n. OK c: n, ':I.
v v v = , • • • r AWY a-c : r 1 , GOG r, 1 , SUK r, 1 , OK e: d-, - r-,
-1 ; i: d-, - r- t - 1 -.
v 1 = SEN a: Y ,• OK g: - r-, -1. , -1. + v = ' Y ASK c: Y-, x- J -.
v = 5 ASK c: S, s, e·, AWY c: s, 5 ,. GOG s-, ts- .
= - k ASK c: k, x', AWY e,f: - �; SUK k , kh-., q-; GOG -k-, ; Y ; -X-j KIW c: k, kh SEN a: k, q, x, k - OK a: g-, -g-, -k, -kh; b: -!-, - k, -!. c: kh-, -k-, -!-. d: . - k-, k-. , -k-, -!t-. e,f,g: kh- h: kh , k-', i: kh, h', f,g,i: -!-; h: -g-, -!t-.
9 = GOG - g-, -!t-; BOA a: g, 9 .
= x AWY c: -!t-, -x- .
q = YAQ a: q, qJ;< , J;<.
h = AWY f: h, s·, SEN a: h, s.
I = ASK c: i, L, ii; SUK i, L, e', BOA a: i, L', OK i, L.
e = ASK c: e, E, o·, AWY a-d: e, E • e,f: L, e', SUK E , al,' KIW c, MAR a , BOA a, YAQ a, OK a-i: e, E.
E = GOG E, al.
a = ASK c: a, al, (l', AWY a- c: a, al,' SUK, KIW c, MAR a:
a, (l', OK a-i: a, (l, II, a.
0 = YAQ a: e (? )
0 = ASK c: 0, 0, e', OK a-i , SUK, GOG , BOA a, YAQ a, SEN a, AWY d-f: 0, o. a- c: o.
= u ASK c: u, V', SUK u, u', BOA a: u, u', OK a-i : u, v, u. 18
In the Finisterre-Huon data final voiceless stops are unreleased and these are replaced by their fricative counterparts at the corres ponding point of articulation when followed by a vowel-initial suffix : thus p � w, t � r/l , k � hI! . Therefore final t, 1, r, final p, w, and final k, !, and h as given in the data represent morphophonemic variants . Voiced stops and affricate dz are generally prenasalized . The central vocoid [A] represents any central , mid to low phone . Generally this phone represents a sixth vowel phoneme or an allophone of phoneme la/. In the EHF family the final glottal stop represents a neutrali zation of the final voiceless stops p, t, and k of the WHF .
1.6. PRESENTATION OF THE VATA
For every lexical item, the presentation of the data falls into three or four parts, in the following order:
1. The interphylic series of cognates 2. The additional data (if available) 3. The residual data 4. Annotation.
The interphylic series of cognates are arranged in two columns , first the � forms are given, next the � forms . The ordering of the forms follows the division into stocks , fami lies and languages within the two phyla. The abbreviations used have been listed in 1.1.: the single letters used to mark individual languages are those used in the lists of languages given in 1.2 .• 1.3. and on Map IV. Each column of forms is followed by a column in which the series membership of the forms is indicated. The members of an interphylic series are indicated by Roman numerals (I, II); morphemes with which the forms occasionally occur in compounds are marked a,b,c, etc. Unidentified elements are always marked x. To show the morphemic structure of bimorphemic compounds one of the constituents will always be underlined . If only one of the constituents belongs to an interphylic series of cognates , this one will be underlined . If both belong to such a series, the first will be underlined . In trimorphemic compounds hyphens will indicate the morpheme breaks . The additional data comprise: - Additional cognates from languages outside the main body of languages compared, which may be subsumed under the same English gloss. - Cognate forms involving semantic shifts . If these are also treated elsewhere , cross-reference is given . - Other forms which are relevant . 19
The residual forms are arranged into two sUb-sections : � languages and � languages . The division into stocks is not indicated. The data are further arranged into intra-phylic series of probable cognates . Different series of cognates are separated by a diagonal . The annotations always contain a hypothesis concerning the inter phylic series of cognates . The first part of the hypothesis always runs as follows : 'There are (n) series of interphylic cognates (I, II . . ..)'.' That is , 'within the body of data compared the authors have discerned so far (n) series of probable cognates which stretch across the two phyla' . The hypothe sis can then be followed by comments and by notes. 20
2. VO CABUL ARY COMPARISONS
1. Arm, forearm (f)
CSNG --FIN ASK: c man WHF: a.d met e mete AWY: a be do h boro b bido i bArA c bide j b i r i d bodo k.l mAr i e It m.n bot f wi t I I P bet b ben OK: q bAt e pan f EHF: a ma r i g ban f b more i ben f c-j me GOG KOV: me GOG ma i
Additional : 1 OK e het. f.g feet forearm
Arm, hand (h)
CSNG FIN OK: e kol r h URU: a.b ket II g ku1 h i kA i 1 ba IIx f. s I k IiI g ERA: c kAlt g sakaa l II d kAyer h sikaa l e k i r APA: a krite f kel i kAi MAR j ki MAR: a sa Ilg a II WAN: b kahit d.e ke si1 f kes i
YUP: a kesit b k lsi r c.d kAs it 21
Additional : 2 II - OK e sikir foot. sakar Leg FAS klta fene naiL KIW a tu-�-pltu, c iglri naiL; a salro, b saklro, c haero foot. Leg MAR a klsld support ERA i klslr, j keslr foot SIN f, g iQgere, h 1geni, i IQgeni, k lQgo, 1 UQgo arm OK g tu, h tai, i talp upper arm KIW a, c tu, b tuwo arm; c tulpi upper arm
Re sidue : 3 � ASK a maare, b mafane / OK a tlnlQgung / c tani, d tiQki, g teiQ, h teQ (hand) , i talQ (hand) , BED e tagi / APA b atowe, BED daboga, a,b debe, c dob, e dabo / FAS hokono / SUK. kapsa / KIW a, c tu, b tuwo / BOA a plQgl / YAQ a marap-takere /
!:.!:!! WAR a or / b karA / c ose / GUS a atyl, b-d ati, e, f kandl, g kande / URU j karaQa, WAN a, c katak / ERA a kafe, b kAfoQ, g kafoQ, h kafaQ, k kafuQ /WHF f hollp, g sul1 /
Hypothesis: There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). In URU i, a member of series II has been combined with an unidentified element -ba
(x) • Comment : In the ab ove list it is assumed that the Ok forms, slkl 11, sikaal, and sakaal, show metathesis of the first and second consonant when compared with the WAN and YUP forms . The same is assumed for the KIW and BIN forms (lglri, iQgere etc. ) but with an additional loss of the initial consonant . It also seems possible that the Ok forms are old compounds originally containing a morpheme meaning upper arm (present day Ok tu, ta-) and a morpheme meaning Lower arm (*(l)kll) and thus are completely parallel to Kiwai a tu-igiri in tu-Iglrl-pltu naiL. OK -kill, -kaal would then correspond to FIN klr, kAyer, keslr, etc., and to Kiwai Igiri, BIN iQgere, etc. The initial i in the BIN and KIW forms then remains unaccounted for . Although it seems clear that all the forms of series II link up , the detai ls of their formal relationship must await further study .
Notes: 1. In Ok e,g these are additional to pan, ban, but seem to belong to the same series of cognates. 2. The semantic correspondence Leg/foot - arm/hand suggests that these meanings have developed from an earlier more general meaning Limb (see no. 6). 3. These forms come from a protoform *mabane and do not seem to belong to series I. Perhaps they link up with OK e afan, f awaan, g afaan, h abaan, i awan Left hand. '22
2. Bone
CSNG FIN OK: a,c kono WAR : b AtAt b kondo c oser d koo GUS : a ure e on b ute: r f-h kun URU : a,b,f,g kurat i kuun I c kudat APA : a kro d kArAt b ko e ka ra t BED : d koso h kuda? j kwa randzi GOG GOG gosa YUP : a ka ta r b ka t a a r KIW c kAya i KIW: a,b soro d kAd z i MAR WAN : a kwa tAl I MAR : a hia u I" b kotol YAQ : a ia c kwa tAe d hwa tAe e kwa lan f kundza1 g konzar
ERA : a kode? b kAt l i d kod za r e kudar,kat f kutul g kit i r h kwada i kwanda k kwadzi j ,s a i 1 II HUP WHF : p kaset, I kandzit 23
a set d sa ra e s iwi t f h iwi t g suwit h s i i? i-k s i � it 1 sir m ha i t II n ha�i t
0 s i I) it q se:t
EHF : a sir d s i e e.f.i.j s i a? g sie? h hia?
Additional: I - MOR Parb qa t. Dorro goat, Keraki goat; AGO Agob kut ENHS Duna kunl
Residue :
� ASK a emae. b emake. c emak. AWY a boge . b begi. c bagi . d bigi / e mirap. f mit / BED a dio / b.c kibi . FAS kiki / KIW c kako / SUK budu / BOA bazag /
� WAR a doruk / GUS d- f wimbi. g wembu / URU i SipAg Ai . ERA c saburi? / EHF c yo? KOV yo / EHF b llwe /
Hypothesis: There are two interphylic series of cognates (I . II).
Comment : The formal relationship between the � and � members of both series is still far from clear. Possible proto-forms of the CSNG and the FIN are respectively *kwondzo and *kwandzat. KIW a,b soro could equally belong to either series I or II. and in fact the whole of series II might link with I. Much further rese arch is needed. 24
3. Breast
CSNG FIN AWY : a,b ome WAR: a mum c no b manA I e c } am mamE f om I GUS : a sutyi OK : . a-d muk b sus I II e mo f susu } f-h muuk c,d mam e APA : a tutE II ama g nomo b bu URU : a,b BED : a,b bu I muk } c,d,f-h mum e bo e mum c tor } II i d toto mom j WAm GOG YUP : c GOG : omo muma d mum
--KIW WAN : b moma KIW: a-c amo I I MAR ERA : b mAmAm c-e MAR: a bub mom f-h,j,k nom BOA : a toto II i num
--HUP WHF : a I)amu d,e,f,g namu k,l namu m,n,p nam
0 dimA q na h adzu l,j dzudzu KOV : suyo II EHF : c sutu d,e soso? f,h,j susu a namu b amu? I g,l } mOl) 25
Additional :
I - SEN a nima, ORI b �ame , YEL a momo , ENHS Duna : amu BIN a-e ,l,n ami ; f-i ,k,m emi
Residue : l � ASK a ao, b awo, c aw, YAQ a abur /
� YUP a,b na�, WAN d,e,f,g nono�, ERA a n+nok / WAN a takwApu lA / c �WAm /
Hypothesis: There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). The members of 2 series II are suspected Austronesian loans (from PAN *t'ut 'u breast )
Notes : 1. The ASK and YAQ words possibly link with series I. 2. All the PAN re ferences have been taken from Dempwolff , 1938. 26
4. Ear
CSNG FI--N AWY : a toro ERA : a,e,e,f du I b I d t turu t dzu e suru HUP-- d su-ke-to I+IIa WHF : a ket e keretop IIa e,f kedzap f �top Ia g �zap OK : b kende II h �d zi
a --kenekot i-k �t sap
e --keehoo lIb 1 �t saw d t kenoot m,n �dop
e koron 0 �sap IIa i kaluun II t EHF : a �dza? j karuun b,e hade ? f tilaa I) I d kod ze g tuluun , t e �za? toloo l) f had za? APA : a ke:ndoke: IIx g ha t s e? a Ia BED : --duwew i-k ka-d ze ? b d u: ri I e du : r t d ke e kiB liBn
KIW II KIW: a,e gare
MAR BOA : a gla
Additional: BOA b kea, e gia, zia ENHS Duna : konane; Kewa : kaale, kaane; El)a: kale
Residue : l � ASK a I Ini, b iane, e yen, zane / APA b mogame: / FAS senaki / GOG igibi / SUK iakadgu / MAR a kem bet / YAQ a mono /
![f WAR a nAm, b ArAm, c orAm / GUS a amui / b-d asipl, e osumbo, f osumbi / g sote / URU a ondu, d ol)gom, e ondom, f olom, g ondom, h okom, i odom / b gorAma, e kArAma / j dzukun, WAN f sukuna, g sukun / URU k gabAk / YUP a,b kos lm / e kwem / d kArim / WAN a 27
ma rAk, b mo rok, c m� Ak, d mA IAk. e ma la, ERA b magi!. g,h mag i, k ma get / i,j pawa / WHF d klnam / p wak / q bAbAs ln / KOV ana /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). The members of these series occur as free forms or as the first constituent in (old) compounds . As the second or third constituent of compounds , at least two series of probable cognates occur : series (a) meaning hole, passage, road (see no .32), and series (b) meaning leaf (see no .35). The identity of the element marked (x) could not be ascertained.
Comment : It may be possible that series I and II link together. Forms of both series occur within three different families (AWY . OK, BED). Their main formal difference is between initial t and k, which is a well attested correspondence between languages within the two phyla. Healey (1964) constructed one protoform for both series within the OK 2 family : *caluun.
Notes: 1. At first sight the ASK forms seem to link with II: I Inl, lana, yen , zane would point to a protoform *dzane or *dzlane . Among additional data from the Kamoro dialects . however. are forms Ih!n! and ifini in which h and f are reflexes of an earlier bilabial stop . Mombum iper links with these forms . On the basis of all these forms it is now possible to construct a protoform *dzipare or *dz!pane. At present it cannot be established whether or not *dzl bare ultimately links with *coluun . It should be noted that a probable cognate of *dzipare occurs in the Kiwai languages : sepate ear- lobe , and that Marind kembet may also belong to the *dzlpa re series. 2. In the following the symbol c will be used when the t - k corres pondence is found amongst the reflexes of the proto-sound . The t - k correspondence is found on all levels and it is suspected that in all cases an original velar stop shifted to a dental position (with or without an intermediat e palatalized stage , as for instance in ASK c: c) under influence of one or more front vowels in its immediate environment . 28
5. Ey e
CSNG FIN AWY : a,b kir-o WAR : a dabal Ia } Ia-b e,f �r-op b �I)a Ix e e } ,!0..r i- mogo } Ia-c �I)e d ,!0..o- mogo GUS : a d e: OK : . a .t!..n-op } b de I b kon-yop Ia-b e ta d .!..n-dop d te: e .t!..- oP . ,!0.. -op I-b e �I)i } e kin } f �I)i Ix f,g ti in Ia g �I)e h,1 k i in URU : e,g dan APA : a �r;) - I)e: Ia-x d,f daar b kere-mo Ia-c e ta r BED : a h dar diaha Ix 1 b,e h iiiwa } �pu l YUP : a,b FAS : hi I daefll e daon GOG d daeln GOG : a tao Ia Ia WAN : e ndapu KIW g �p ur KIW: a,b da ma r i } Ia ERA : e e damare dflfur d �p ur MAR g da u MAR : a k i : nd } Ia h dawa YAQ : a kin d j daon k dae a da b de HUP
WHF : a de I h dza 1,j dze p dz i
0 si e dzon n se n q dzin Ia m dewun 1 kiw k ,!0..p 29
d �I) f dz i 1an
KOV : dzll)o
EHF : b dzol)o c dOl)e Ix d.e dzel)e f.i.j dzil)=> g dZ=>l)e h dZ=>l)a
Additional: BIN a giti moka. e gisi moka . b.c,d,j .k,l,o diti. f hirl. g,i tlhl, h tlt l, m kitl AWY c mugo, d mUgo, egg ; a,b ro, e.f r�p fruit OK a.b yop fr uit YUP d buun round WHF n puru cLuster of fruit
Re sidue : � ASK a mame , b ma nake , c ma nmak / SUK itumku / BOA bei /
� URU a tat / b raha / WAN a.b ,c ka i / d ndaik / f enzAke /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I). The members of this series appear in many languages as the first constituents of old com pounds . In all these cases the second constituent is a member of a series of probable cognates meaning baZL (series a) . This second constituent has been subjected to severe reduction and only traces of its presence remain in most of the forms . Perhaps because the original compound had lost its bimorphemic character, secondary compounds have been formed in the AWY and OK languages by the addition of a morpheme meaning ba LZ, frui t (series b) or egg (series c). Unidentified elements occur in APA a, BED a,b,c, WAR a-c, KOV and in all EHF forms . Those elements containing the velar nasal may have been function morphs of one kind or an other. Comment : The Binandere forms link with series Ia. Notable is BIN a gitimoka which shows a striking resemblance to AWY kirlmogo . The mean ing of -moka could not be ascertained, but it also is probab ly a morpheme meaning baZZ, fr uit and cognate with AWY -mogo. Supporting evidence is found in the Rigo language s, which show probab le cognates ne and ne-meko eye and meko frui t. Probab le cognates of moka , me ko and mogo also occur in Asmat ma nmak eye and moko-per naveL ( = the pLace where the frui t (moko) is connected with (per) the body). 30
6. Foot, leg
CSNG FI--N AWY : a kitu YUP : b kulul)a
b-d ki t o ' ERA : a kwane e ,f kondok b koyol) OK: b kondo · I c korol) d kono d kolol) I e,g kayol) APA: a khatike f k:>y:>I) FAS : korake h kada
OK : e s i k i r, k kAda sa ka r i k is i r } II
--KIW j kes ir II KIW: a sai ro --HUP b sak i ro WHF : h kan i haero c i ka na j kAna , kAn i I k h+n i
EHF : a hani
Additional : I - fo ot, leg: MOM kal)k, SEN a odo, KIW (Kerewa) kono, (Goari ) kwano knee : OK a ka l)-tom, ERA a ,c kal)-karil) arm, hand: URU j ka ra l) a, WAN a,c ka tak left hand: GUS e kwal), URU b ka ndAk, c,d,f kando?, e kandoke , h kandoi, i kwan, YUP a,b kpandA, d kwal), WAN c kwane, ERA d kwan, WHF a ,d-g , l kana , h kpan i, i kwan i, j,p ka ni , m,n kane II - MAR a kisid support.
Residue : � ASK a maw , b mawi, c ma i / OK a yon, c don , g-i yaan / APA b tamakere / BED a aboga, b homo , c ham, d emo / GOG ei / SUK paparu / MAR a ta :gu / BOA a wa�a iap / YAQ a ramu / 31
� WAR a i,A,or I b yom,Ar I c e,atho I GUS a arA, b-d ta r I e kee, f ki, g ke , WHF a,g,o kl, d keg , e,f,m ke i, n ko i, q kAt, EHF b
kige, c hiQke , d kege, e kigo, g klke, h kiga I f 51?, WHF 0
set I i klfu I KOV e! I URU a kAlam, b haram I c,h o r u I d,f,g et, e eet I i· gatAn i I j ka lwA, WAN b ka ipu, c kep i, e kewln I YUP a kandap I c kAman I d t+m+n I WAN a mbArAQ, d YAlkQA mbu lA I f kAndeli seQi I g konom I
Hypothesis : There are two interphy1ic series of cognates (I, II) . Series II links with series II of arm, hand (see no. l). 32
7 . Hair
CSNG --FIN ASK: a wi r i GUS : b u i I b fin i } I e wi } c fin f hu III g u } AWY : c ro } II e,f ron URU : b rom - } e -dim III IV BED : a t:lWE III h dem b,e tawa } - d,f i!.rol) FAS : iti I e .!lrol)
--KIW g dziol) III II KIW: a,e muso j �rol) } IV b muho YUP : a �fl l) MAR ERA : g,h dumu - } III IV YAQ : a rumb III IV - i dom
--HUP WHF : a dzou d dzo e,f,i, j,p,q dzup g dzomor III IV
h,k,l --dzu m dumut n �mot
0 sflmot
EHF : a dzoi b dzowe? e dofo? e dZ:lwe III f dZ:lw U g dZ:lw:l i dzou
Additional: I - EHF a wi ti? vine !:1A!2 vi I i. u 1 i. u 1 u. u r u. uri hair IV - WHF n mot vine EHF d meyo, emu?, h mi ? vine III - BIN a,e,h tu, f,g,i hu hair 33
Residue : � AWY a mo!o , b mo , d xabu-mu / OK a ambo-topu� / b ambo-kiml / c-i see Zeal / APA a tene / b ose, BED d osa / e mesafon / GOG tit a / SUK nigbagu / MAR a izmi, BOA a izlm /
� WAR a got, b gArA / c AyA / GUS a yepyl / c ame, d mi / URU a YAin / i dakam, YUP a da�uan, b da�wa l, d dA�gAm, WAN a ndA�gAm , b nda�gam, c nda�gem, d nda�gam, ERA j dA!Am / WAN e nayl / f nAme t / g pundzi , ERA d pudzi / a sak, b sAsa?, c sesa?, k s+sa / e ambun / f mimbltem / EHF d sokod i?, h hoko?, j slkl /
Hypothesis: There are four interphylic series of cognates (I, II, III, IV) . Members of II, III, and IV combine to form compounds . The forms of series II are probab le Austronesian loans , linking with PAN *daun Zeal.
Comments: At first sight series I seems to link with PAN *pu lu body hair. However, the widespread occurrence of high front vowels in the members of this series added to the fact that the protoform of the series may have had a final stop (evidence: EHF a wi ti ?) make the equation with PAN *pu lu unlike ly . The simi larity of forms like WHF dzomor, dzumut to PAN�' �mbut hair seems accidental. 34
8. Head
CSNG . FIN-- ASK : a �pao I II GUS : e,d pit III f kemba I II e kuwus., I III - kUwis URU : a kau t I III AWY : a,b xeiba - d big III e --xaiba
e -kuei t d -xaba
g,h -kuwit e kembian
i -kubir OK : e Epa m I II k -kublk f daboom I III WAN : b kuhit g duboom - d,e kusit h �boom f kay" APA : b keba - g �
BED : a -odiu Ia ERA : a,k --k"i
b -ukibi Ib b --k i i I e ukib } e } --kee
SUK : -tibodu h -kubam I II i kambam } KIW - -- 1 III KIW: a,e =.puru HUP
b �p uru } WHF : a -Jewu t m kau t MAR -
0 -kfluk MAR : a pa II I III EHF : e,f �i dza? BOA : a -kawa I II g �pitse? i,J �poru ?
KOV: buno III
Additional : I - OK J guu II - ASK c fa bone in: kuwus fa skull III - AGO a bun, bin head; SUK budu bone ; BIN a.b eetu. c hetu bone ; YUP d buun round. da-bin eye-balZ; WHF n puru cZuster of fruit. I II - BIN e kopuru . g �o�oru. h hohoru , J ko�iri , k kopiri, d gibadza head
a - BED a diu bone b - BED b kibi, e kl : b bone. 35
Residue : � ASK b oweke / AWY f' Qg ln / OK a,b kotorok / c aboka ra / APA a poee / BED d tlaruma / e pesAI / FAS wamo / GOG ganabl / YAQ a muku /
� WAR a tAnam / b AmA, c nume / GUS a tAbo, b tapoQ, e,g tapa, WAN a tapaQ / URU b yei l, c YAII / j magA / YUP a ga+Am / b
bUSUQA, C biAgA, d buluQA / WAN b,d QgwapAk / ERA c ka rag ubaQ, d kArumAn / f nemb+, g meb i / j awu / WHF d-g mam / h waQ / i nArup, j ,k noruk, 1 oruh / n kun / q dOQgon / EHF a fufu?, b,c hodo? , h woto? / d kumo /
Hypothesis : There are three interphylic series of cognates (I, II, III). Members of I and II , and of I and III sometimes combine to form compounds . In BED members of I are comb ined with morphemes meaning bone (a,b).
Comment : All the members of series I seem to share the general meaning top . The original meaning of the members of series II and III is difficult to trace . The fact that members of these series occur as free forms with the meaning head, bone, ba tZ, or round would point to the possibility that they denoted a hard , round object . The position in series III of WAN b -hit, d,e sit is tenuous . Perhaps these old morphemes link with series II of bone (see no . 2). 36
9a. Mouth, jaw ( j )
CSNG FIN -- ASK : a mwe GUS : a ma b mea b magok I c me c,d mak e-g mal)go AWY : c xa te I a,b xateto ERA : g,k mal) -- } Ia d xa to - HUP e,f mal)got WHF : a } I al)a OK : a,b mOl)got f al)o C �tem Ia d m0!1kotkono } Ib i ma!1katkun j
APA : a 1)� lamE Ia BED : a moga b ma ga r a c ma ga : r d magato
FAS : a kay fakatu j GOG GOG: magata
SUK : mada j I KIW -- KIW : a maga ta
C magota boga j MAR MAR : a bake magol j
BOA : a ma I)kaI)ka
Additional:
BIN a-e ,k be, f,i,m pe, j ,l beka , 0 b?e AWY c makab l ahin OK g baka speak, b meya-kat lip
ENHS Duna : akora mouth , aka top rim of pot; Kewa : aga , a l)ga ; E l)a : ��u RCS ma l)gEsE, ma ngam , ml l)ge E:lA!l aganl , aga , magam ahin � akam, a�am jaw 37
Residue : � KIW b mubasoro / SUK tauka / YAQ a mem /
� WAR c wo / URU a,b mi luwA / c tu? , d.e tU!, f du!. g du?, h dug / i gi / j gok / YUP a gen ko!a , b genka , WAN c �gene, e �gena / YUP c duun / WAN a,b ma iy, f menyl, g mendz l, ERA b mi , e.f,i,j me , g,k ma , h mA / WAN d nzol ik / ERA a don+, c dinime, d dzinAm / WHF d koi / g gbl / h kpaa , k,l koa, EHF d kou / WHF i,j numbu / m-o lau / p dAP SAk / q dZAmbut / EHF a ena? / i,j l mau / d kou / 1 Probably AN loans .
9b . Mouth (Lip)
CSNG FIN 1 AWY : a,b bonaxa WAR: a mo r c bunaxa b mo IIc d bomga YUP : d mon II e �ga } HUP f bonop IIa -- WHF : e,f bun OK : e pan II
f-i --boontem } IIa APA : b E.2..d ame
Additional : SEN a boney Up AGO a bod Up ORI b tageboro mouth ASK c mon deep ho Ze, out in the trunk of a sago paZm to aZZow easy aooess to the oaprioorn beetZes, the Zarvae of whioh deveZop in the sago pith OK b mbo�ml beard.
Hypothesis: There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II) . The members of I and II occur as free forms or as the first constituents in comp ounds . As second constituents , members of three series of probab le cognates occur : morphemes meaning hoZe (a). bone (b) or skin (c); see nos.32, 2, 13. Comment: Series I is of interest because probab le cognates occur in a numb er of Melanesian languages outside the New Guinea mainland (see Ray , 1907, p.49 4). Members of series I occur in AWY and MAR languages with the meaning tooth (see no.17).
Note : 1. These forms mean externaZ part of the mouth; AWY d also means Up. 38
10 . Knee
CSNG . FIN ASK : a l1:.!..po URU : a turuk } III b iJl.!.po b t u I c yina, e,f tur zini I c g:>rug AWY : f kerop I II d k:>ndug I g gotu? OK : g,h katuun h gorug i katin YUP : c geruk BED : e kulau I ERA : a,c aI FAS : ka kuna kaf)� HUP MAR EHF : a- c fa xl BOA : a katuk � f t I r I? } KIW I i t i r j? , KIW: a-c popu II turu?
KOV : pupo II
Additional : ASK c popu buZge (yina popu 8woZZen knee )
Re sIdue : � AWY a bokin / b bu-be gi , c bagl bu, d bUmo, e wambUon / OK a kaf) tom, b kondo tom, APA a tama / b owgumu / BED a iabu, b iburl , c ibi Ii / d muguni / GOG asmi sl / SUK ituma regu / MAR a mi g / YAQ a yambu /
� WAR a imdam / b inmA / c rame / GUS a anyi / b daf)gumAt, c tarakum, d takuma / e,f poto, g p:>t:> / URU i we lgAn l / j mu ruk / YUP a tukuAI, b tukwa l / d mUAk / WAN a,b sopl / c mun, d mu n / e topAk- / f f)g uka le, g gukurl / b mAndamuf), d munmembAn, e mundAn, f m+ndan, g,h mUf), i,j m+n / k kAdatmu / WHF a,e wawE t, d w:>w:> r, m p:>wut, n pawut, p,q pet / f hat, g sat / h,l simif), i-k,o slmin / EHF d duke , e,g dief), h d:>ka f), j dikaf) /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). In ASK and in AWY compounds occur containing members of both series as constituents . Members of series I occur as the second constituents of compounds in ERA a,c and EHF a-c. Comment : The first constituent in ERA a,c is a morpheme meaning Zeg (see no.6, additional). The first element in EHF a-c could not be identified. Formally series I falls into two subseries : (1) forms with initial t, Z, Y or no initial consonant , and (2) forms with initial k or g. The protoform would then be constructed with an initial *C- . 39
11. Nail
CSNG FIN ASK : b fi t i URU : j pi tp it c fie fit , ERA : d faro pedzAm e fen OK : e porol) f fu I f,g bulul) I g fir, fider h bud Ul) h fida i burul) i pusut, I BED : d ifi pindzut e ifi j pindzul k fider
FAS : ki taf--ene aI HUP KIW -- WHF : m pik KIW: a tu-igi ri- bI � p pAruk MAR MAR : a iti r } I YAQ : a r i
Additional : SH a phitsAkam
Residue : � AWY a doxo � OK a duk, APA a doke, b dage / AWY b dose / c kia, d bed i moxo, f muk / e mbetit, OK b mbatit / c tani tup / BED a bi� / b,c kig� / GOG kaboa / BOA qand is /
� WAR a ogutur / b sina / c atpa i / GUS b ka suwak / e gawadzil), f ngawa te / g kend ipi / URU a,b kes lp / c tubog , e dubok / d tit / f soot / g siup, h sorip / i kAi l SiWAI , YUP a tsil-tsil / b sisip / c geal)a / d amAndzaap / WAN a tehir A / b I)gup / c tut / d kw inai / e sel)A / f kAndew / g tAk, ERA b kl i / a dina?, c
dinal) / WHF a dzol ip, b dzoip, d sal ip, e dzolt, k sllep, 0 sAIAP , EHF a sori, d dziwi ri, e sore, f.i,j sorikj?, g dzoroi , h h:Hiki? / b fil)a? / c lifo? / WHF h koso?,· j keset /i kambA / 1 bopo? / n peka t / q dzll)gAgAI) /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I). In FAS and KIW its members occur as the last constituent of a compound of which the preceding part means hand, forearm (see no . l) . 40
12 . Neck
CSNG --FIN OK: a,b ketek URU : j tek
c kete YUP : a,c tek f,g d ita k b tAEk h ge ta k WAN : d tawAk i rita k I e tek GOG f ka tAk SUK : kun i g k:>t:>k MAR ERA : a kode I BOA : a konE b kAdA g kod i h kad i d kunkun
--HUP WHF : o,p gandu
Residue : � ASK a ikiki / b imahi , c yimas. yumus / AWY a mU-boge, b tU-beg i /
c gubi, e �gemben, APA a keben / b kugumu / BED a,b mu / c musma r / d konomagi / FAS maw i / GOG ma da / KIW a,c ma ?u, b ma ka komu, MAR a mbaku / YAQ a rob /
EliE WAR a �gel, b gAlA, c goldi� / GUS a bu�, b bU�E , c puntai, d,f pu�i , g pu�e, URU a bu�a, c,d,f,g ba �a , e,h pa�a , i bo�a / e
dug:>� / URU b sa la / YUP d gWAYAk, WAN a �gulAk, b �gul:>k, c
�guYAk / ERA c wani / e buk�an / f bAbor / i,j bim / k buwut /
WHF a ebi, d ubi, e ebe , f,g eme , 1 ebi, m imbe, n ombe, EHF a,b,
d,i,j ube, c umpe , e uba, g upe / f ma rY? , h mar:>? / WHF hare / i-k dZAl / q to�osa� / KOV �a l0 /
Hypothesis : There is one interphy1ic series of cognates (I). 41
13. Skin/Bark
AWY : a-d xa URU : b kep
e kota d,f gIlt
f kotae e klb
g glb OK : a.b.d ka t c btlp c kaa h gJdJP e ar
g.h kaa l YU P: a gJP
i kaa r b.c gAp I d gup APA: a ka re
WAN : b.c Og up I BED : b kJrJfu f O gup a kJrJ g gup c k I a r I
d kadofo ERA : a ge·
e kapo b 9 I k
c gl fP FAS : kau d gupI
h gerAp
i 9 A I Ap k gIrl m
Additional : l:la12 kana, ga na , ga le, ga ra URU a kA IAP. i kept j karAP . YUP b kandap. d kAndAP. WAN d ka tAP. f ko lawa . g kAndAP. ERA d kAdAP. e kadap . f kadlp tree GOL a-c ka l tree. a ka l pho!a bark
Residue : l � ASK a plkl rl. b pltlnl. c pleIn / APA b slga / BED b sIb I / GOG 2 kaka . SUK ka ka / KIW a.c tama . b tamakere / MAR a rur / BOA a O gusum / YAQ a rumb /
� WAR a mer- / b mAS ' / C sare / GUS a Abe / b taga / c.d ma t / e gJbi . f kowl . g kowe / URU i tur. WAN d tul / a tange / e paw.p /
ERA e.f.g gl t / j sAogAn / WHF a sol •• e sela. f h.la. h-j sele / d ma d zl . g mon dz l. EHF h mJdzJ . j mJdzl / WHF k,l sAbAI , EHF seber / WHF m,n hJk. o-q sAk. EHF b soho •• c sofo •• d sJkJ, e saa •• f.g saha •• h sakI. / KOV 51010 /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) .
Comment : The linking of the CSNG and the � forms is based on the assumption that the BED forms are the most archaic. There is an obvious link with words meaning tree in the FIN and GOL languages. The BED b form kJrJfu means bark. skin being slbl. One may suspect that the BED forms kJ rJfu and kadofo correspond to GOL ka l-phoga and are therefore old compounds . This would imply that the FIN forms are old compounds as well. The ERA forms allow one to construct the formula *gArA-p ik or *g ArAp-plk as their protoform. The protoform *p lk would then be cognate with GOL phoya . and possibly with the ASK forms (pikl rl etc.). The matter needs further investigation .
Notes : 1. body hair. 2. Probable cognates of BIN e tamo skin. 42 14. N08e I CSNG --F N -- Ix mi rimu GUS : e umu ASK : a -- I b mimake I a f um i } e mi g omu OK : a �k ono URU : a kuruk }II lIb } b kur::>k b , d �kono e , minukoo Ib e-f taman -- Ix f-i mutuum g ta nma h tama r I APA : a koe II i tAnma b kene } j tamna BED : a , d mi YUP : a tomno b,e mi n i I b tomon i GOG e tame GOG : mina } d tamA SUK : umuku Ib -- ERA : a t Iml I MAR Ix g time YAQ : a tama I)k i,j time h tima d tama e dama k mimin e b kiniiI) II
Addi tiona1 :
I - ASK a miriti top of n08e , e minkum 8nout OK a muu-tem n08tri L, b mutu-tem n08tri L GOG umina buttre88 SEN a ba fa ce
I - RCS tumu, tumo n08e � no, nome , numu n08e BIN a,b &eno, e heno, d mena, e,j,k,l,o mendo, f bende, g mb ende, h,m mende , i bende n08e ; e mendo- to n08triL
Re sidue : � AWY a,b si, e sinto, d sipayo / e tOl)gut / f ambo-top / FAS sape / KIW a,e wod l / b sarugo / MA R a al)gip / BOA a keso /
� WAR b sagan, e sege, GUS a teg ai, WHF d sag ari, e s::>g::>re , f h::>l)gore, g sOl)gore , i sAl)gArA, j sAl)gAra , k sA�Ara, 1 siraya , 4 3
o SAQgAn , q siQgeQ, EHF a segela, b sogo, c sOQke , f,i,j soge, g soke? , h hog i / d tino, e tina ? / KOV samo / GUS b ora , c,d ura / WAN a nom , b-e inam, g inami , f enYAmy i / ERA e Qandon, f Qamda , WHF h nendu / a sot / m,n home / p QEQ /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II), the members of which .occur either as free forms or as the first constituents of compounds . The second constituent in these compounds is a morpheme meaning fr uit (aj see eye , no .5) or bone (bj see no .2). The constituents marked x could not be identified. The forms of series II are probab le Austronesian loans (from PAN
Comment : The equation of forms like ml ri with those like taman may seem far-fetchedj still, they all seem derivab le from a protoform *tVmVdV (the quality of the vowels is left undecided). The following chart clarifies the formal re lations between the forms of series I. An examp le may show how the chart is to be read :
* t V 1 m V 2 d V 3
ASK m r , - I ,- that is : within the ASK fami ly none of the available data showed a reflex from * t or *V1 j all the data showed a reflex m from *m and a reflex i from * V 2 j part of the data showed a reflex r from *d, the rest showed no reflex of *d j likewise , part of the data showed a reflex from V 3 ' the rest showed no reflex .
Prot oform : t m d V 3 ASK m r,- I , - OK m i , u n , t u,uu BED m n , - I ,-
GOG u , - m i ,U n , - a,- YAQ tam a Q(k) ------GUS u ,o m I , u URU t a,A m a,- n , r a , - YUP t o,a m 0, A , - n , - 1,0,-
ERA t,d i ,a m I ,e , E ,a n , - e,-
BIN rTb , m e n , nd e,o b , . , h 44
15 . SpittZe
CSNG FIN ASK: a matao GUS : e tuto b ma� f tu� aI c me � URU : a,b a� AWY : c ma se c i � xl a xa -te ) d-f o� b xa� g yi - bI � d xas i h 12:.!!.£. e,f ka- tet i oi�miflk xlc BED : d tefo I} YUP : b � xl OK : a pflmok C � xII d t i bw a t b,d kamok } f,g mook WAN : g iw i t BED : a ERA : --ma hau II j iw i t b makiJ b wll k c makou a dep MAR ) d dzeep e dip MAR : a kall xl -- f deflp HUP WHF : d saw a t f,g nepa j s+&-+t I k sAeat 1 s+fE: ? m towut n top
0 tAP P dzawa k q dzupati
EHF : a-c sofo? d s' oo? e tofa ? f tufa? g tofe? h tofa? i,j t i fa ? FIN GUS : g muke II 45
Additional: I - BIN kos iwa
II - RCS mukE, mo kuo , muku
Residue : APA b teregE / KIW a gereduru / BOA a QgefaQq / YAQ a dak / l WAR a mot lm / b min�u, mu�o / GUS a mortAt / b asume , d asuma / 1 1 1 1 URU j kaYAk kaYAk / YUP a motsok , ERA j matuk , k ma luluk , l h,i ma ruruk , g me rit / WHF a,e me kat / h sulaa? / i su§ut / KOV anuQ /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II), the members of which occur as free forms or as the second constituents in compounds . In ASK and AWY , the first constituent is a morpheme meaning mouth (see no. 9). The identity of the first constituent in the other compounds could not be ascertained. The last constituent in URU i means water (see no.41).
Comment : The protoform of I probably contained a final alveodental or alveopalatal stop which dr opped out in most languages. AWY e,f -tet would then have lost the intervocalic labial consonant , but would have retained the final consonant .
Note : 1. These forms are probab ly old compounds , the second constituent of which (pu, �o , ok, uk, Ak) is a morpheme meaning water (see no. 41). 46
16 . Tongue
CSNG FIN ASK: a rnare I WAR : a mE1E I b oma ne c mala- } xl c komen GUS : a �pli AWY : a-d fage b .!!£bll1 i . c mE lepi- OK : a.b 01) I II f .!!!..!..p i c hool) II f.i fool) g �pu g f i 1 a I) URU : c momb lr h falal) d �pi r BED : b merema l Ix e mlllwin f !!!!!.p i r GOG I II g motbin GOG : �p ila I II h motbir i mlllbin j memb i
YUP : a me.+- b me l } I
WAN : d mllmb l III f mebet- g mEmber
ERA : a .!!!..!..mbeal) b mllmbem c mimbi d mambEm I II e mEmbim f membem g ma mbam h ma b ila k i memben j mamben k �bim HUP WHF : a bel akam- } d bal akam- IIa 47
e neberam f nemba lam g nem belam n nimb i lam bII
0 nembllam p namba lam q nambalal)
EHF : b belu c bel l,borl d bero e-g na� } bII h-j na�
Additional :
I - ASK c men edge, point, rim
II - WHF d,e bolam, f balam, 1 b+lal) fZame EHF aboral), d bero, e-h borul), i borul) fZame � Kaian memral) � perla, ml lalu
Re sidue : � AWY e ol)gat I f anop I APA a tl :, b te I BED a I, c Irl, d erl, FAS aru I BED e san I KIW a-c wototorope I SUK kanka I MAR a unom, YAQ a Inem I BOA a nasam I
� WAR b mlnl)a , YUP c mll)an, d mien I GUS a tOP A / URU a,b elAk I WAN a,b yembl, c yemb lna I e memsae I WHF h nese lal), i,j neselam, k etselam, 1 ets elal), EHF a nedzeral) I m elewet I KOV bll)loI
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II), the members of wh ich occur as free forms or as constituents in compounds. Some of these compounds contain a member of each series. Memb ers of series I also occur compounded with morpheme s meaning sprout (a) or eat (b) .
Comment : Series I includes forms meaning edge, rim, tooth (see no.17). Members of series II occur as free forms with the meaning fZame in EHF languages. The second constituent in the WHF a,d forms (kam) is probab ly related to the word me aning sprout in other languages of the same family : n kom, f kom, a,b ,c kpom. The first constituent in WHF e-q probably is the verb root *nV- to eat (see no. 49). 48
17. Tooth
CSNG FIN ASK : a tit I } WAR : a me:n b hi I b ml c sis c ma l
OK : a �a mbo IIx GUS : a ma ta I b �kondo IIa b ma t I c n II)I c maat I e n I I) d ma s I
g 1) 1 1) e me:to III i 1)1I I) }n f mi t I mete APA: a p h e:te: g b pe:re:, URU : a,b mAtap ma re: c ma n BED : a,b moya d,e,h ma r III d pese f maa r
e pes g man GOG j gAe:n GOG : poso YUP : a,b ge:n c I)gena e I)gen }n WAN : a ma l b maha f mendaun
g men
ERA : a,b ml III c,e,f me d mAye i,j me: k ma HUP WHF : a I)e:,!. d I)e � xl e e:ze:t g ezet } f,p dzet h dzot i,J dzi t k dZL t I dZLr I m dot n,o sot q dv, t
KOV : dzoQo
EHF : b,e-J m i ? } In c mu ?
Additional: I - OK g tit 8upport of bridge ASK c sis 8upport of hou8e; men edge, point BIN a-e ,k,o dl; f-i ,m tl, 1 diaka ; n dika II - ENHS : Duna nee
Residue: � AWY a,c,d maga , MAR a maQgat, YAQ a maQger (see mouth no.9) / AWY b tare / e Imban / f inlm / OK h ka il / KIW a,c lawa / b ibu poka / SUK tamki /
� YUP c duun / d mlpm / WAN c nzol lk / ERA g,h maQ (see no .9) / EHF a ena? / d kon /
Hypothesis : There are three interphylic series of cognates (I, II, III). In the OK languages, forms of II occur combined with a morpheme meaning bone (a) or an unidentified element (x). Also th e first element in WHF a,d,e could not be identified.
Comment : The ERA, WAN and EHF forms also mean mouth (see no .9, series III). It should be noted that the forms in series I probably link with the WHF and EHF forms meaning bone (see no. 2). The semantic link would be 8upport, since the semantic combinations tooth/8upport and bone/ 8upport have both been found. 50
18. Urine
--CSNG FIN ASK: a yl GUS : e sondo I I c I. yl } b pu� b Itake g usore-- Ia AWY : e erok URU : a I at f �o k } b h I at a y I t I c fie b yltu d hlet xII I c y I e hu� d I s I f fie:? g plat OK : a,b,d �mun } h fie:t e,h -Iman Ib 1 p I a r f,g -Imaan h �m an j p.!..!:!.!. YUP : a I APA : a ute: } sit b b uri } pu� I c,d p.!..i..!. BED : b ar WAN : c plat
ERA : b f I --f I?
c fla--t d p� e,g,k fie:t x I I f f I a r j p.!..2..
--HUP
WHF : a wo-l d wadzl 1 pusa? e sazo f hazl - x2I h-k tasl n a s I g,p,q sand i } } I 0 sand" m suluk Ia EHF : a fusa?--
b fo--dz l c fOI).!l.l xI I
d f I -d I e-j fodzl
KOV : sulo Ia 5 1
Additional : 1 I - BIN a SUSU j KAN yerkaj KIM c yan xa - WAN c piokj ERA a feAk, i pia� I - ASK c (central dialect) ii zi- urinate I - EHF e-j fadzi dzi-j d fidzi dzi-j WHF f hazi-, p sandi tasand i, urinate
Residue : � OK c namun / BED d bnyn / SUK guni / KIW a one / MAR a kono, YAQ a qoto / BOA a �qa ia /
� WAR c puem / GUS a witwit /
Hypothesis : There is one interphy1ic series of cognates (I), the members of which occur as free forms or as constituents of compounds . In ASK b, AWY e,f, WHF m, and KOV , they are combined with a morpheme meaning water (see no .41, series II) . The second constituent in the OK forms may link with series IV of the words me aning water . The meaning of the first consti tuent in the FIN and HUP comp ounds could not be ascertained.
Comment : The morphemic status of Xl is shown by the words in WAN c, ERA a,i (additional forms ), in which this element appears in comb ination with a morpheme meaning water (ok , Ak , a�) .
Note: 1. BIN a susu either links with x2I or is a reduplicated form of I. It is unlikely that it would be an Austronesian loan (from PAN *t'ut'u, mi Zk, breast) . 52
19. Name
CSNG --FIN ASK : a u WAR : b AWAnum }rr b I wahe. GUS : a WAnA e yuw us, yuwas , b,d waw zoas I e ob i ' f AWY : a-d f i owe g owo e up f i p WAN : f,g wop OK : f,h win } ERA : b WAP g un, win II d wop i wi in e wup f yip g,k wow
URU : a hut I b kut
--HUP WHF : e kpe t f kpot g kpor h,k kpat i,j kpet 1 kpa r m,q bt n,o kut p kw it
EHF : a kpa r
Additional: I - SHF a yufat, b ovas , e wufa; ENHS (Kewa) bi , ibi SEN do, BIN a dzadzo , b yadzo , e dao , dou ASK e yipi vitat spirits ; ylpir shadow, Bout II - MOM ur; RCS wEni , wEnlm; !:'lliQ wEn , vEnl, wanl
Residue : � OK a anl �go , b anyi �go, d anl �ko / e dune / APA a,b hi , BED a-e hu / d di5 / GOG gagi / SUK yaka / KIW a,e pa ina, b mas ira / 53
� WAR a maQg i, c mana , URU c,e-g, j man, d maan, h manug, YUP a maQ, b ma i, c,d man , WAN a,c uman, b uman, d manA, ERA j mane / URU i gin, WAN a Qgen / ERA a utaQ, c witaQ / h kikiu / i ko i / WHF a EQEt, d aQara / EHF b dzoQ�, c dOQe , d dzeQe , e dzeQo , f dzi Qo, g dzb �e, h dzoQa , i,j dzlQa /
Hypothesis : There 'are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II).
Comment : The inclusion of such formally divergent forms as yuwus , kpat, wup, and dou in one series rests upon the following considerations : When we find y- corresponding with z- in Asmat dialects , the proto sound probab ly was *C- (see items 18, 30., 44, 51 for ASK c y- , z - from possible *C-) . When Asmat 5 corresponds to Sempan h, the Kamoro correspondence is always t, and the established protosound is *t. In this case no Kamoro cognate is available, but it may be inferred that Asmat 5, Sempan h are in this case also developments from *t. If the SHF forms are really cognates of the Asmat forms , then the intervocalic consonant in the protoform would have been *p, since in all the better known languages of the � fricatives are either allophones of stops or probably have developed from stops . There is evidence that *C- occurred in the immedi ate environment of high-front vowels (see no .4, note 2) . The protoform may there fore be constructed as *Cipat. There is evidence that the initial kp- in the HUP language s developed from kVp- by the loss of the first vowel (see nos .8, 42 , 45) . One can therefore posit a protoform *kVpVt from which kpat etc. developed. The symbol *C- implies the occurrence of initial k in the daughter langua�s ; therefore the protoform *kVpVt might very well link with * Cipat, and the possible protoform of the whole series would be * CipVt. Most of the members of series I can be accounted for by this protoform; exceptions are the forms with initial w. Either one may assume that the initial k in the k- series was labialized ( wufa, from *kwupat, etc.) or one may assume that , pre ceding u the semivowel tends to become w by assimilation to u. 54
20. ELder Brother
CSNG FIN OK : a amba GUS : a kAkAI } II b ambal) b,d kak c bap I e AbA,apa f abaab f pa g baab g pe h baabnak Ix YUP : a pe GOG b pal I GOG : a kaka II c bal)A d paamA
WAN : a pa iye b paiyi c paa HUP EHF : b kaka? c kake f,g haha? h-j kaka ? }n
Additional: BED b babo, c ba :b mother 's brother
Residue : l � ASK a poka, b pota, c epue , epee, OK e hek, f-i fik / AWY a yaxe, b yaxo, d exo / c kapu / e anet, f net / APA a I)goe / b aya, BED a,b aya / c OE , d ore / e atAI / FAS mamania / SUK awagan i / KIW a-c naramu dubu / b namu dubu / MAR a namek / BOA a za / YAQ a mon /
� WAR a tAte / b AnAI)Am, c anem / URU a,b tat, i,j dat, ERA g,h da r, i-k dal, WHF a,e tat, d ta , f,g tatal), h-k,p,q dat, 1 da r,
n ata, 0 AtA, EHF a dae / WAN e samln / f tuu, g towa , WHF m teu, ERA d towa / b gw lal), c wiak, e kuyal) / f noru / EHF d kpamu / e oa / KOV a /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic ser ies of cognates (I, II).
Comment : The element nak in OK h baabnak has not been identified. The forms in series II are suspected Austronesian loans (from PAN *kaka ' eLder sister) .
Note : 1. These forms mean his eLder brother; the corresponding forms listed in series I mean my eLder brother. 55
21. Elder Sister
CSNG FIN ASK : a upuha URU : c,f,g na? b Iplta I d,e n .!.!. ) h n.!:!.,!. c ep ic AWY : a n I ) ERA : j AW it b,e nen l aI c dinalli? . f nan i f nanaebe d enl --HUP aI
OK : a on i WHF : e I)� c on an I f nawen g una I) g naw i 1 h,k,l n� KIW i,j n� KIW : a ablda b mab--la EHF : a nawln c mab ira aI MAR MAR : a namuk-- }
Additional : MOR nln, YEY nel)goan , MKL I)ena
OK g nab inal)my sister OK e,f,i nel), g,h neel) younger sister
Residue : � AWY c de / OK b ambal) / APA a POE , b pe / BED a,b 5w5 , c 5w / e sapalyo / GOG naya / SUK ga l /BOA a zan / YAQ mun /
� WAR a wAl Ie / b bAb / c Ol)gAp / GUS a us Em / b,d upa / e ku�, f kuwl , g kuw� / URU a mArA, C mAlA / i YAwim, j YAwe , WAN d YApe , l a hAmi , b h�mi , c sAml , YUP b sami , EHF e yame / YUP a nal) / c bo l, d be l /WAN f wanat, wan�r / ERA a UbeAI) susu? / b gw ial) tami l) / d m�k / e kuyal) lahep / g wiwl , h,k wi , i wlwu / WHF a klarl, d ke ra rl / m,n tou / 0 pona / p ip, q lip / EHF b,c,f,g,i, j sel) / d kpae / KOV a /
Hypothesis: There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) .
Comment : It seems that many forms contain an old pronoun root n(V) lsg. ; in KIW b,c the root is m(V)- (a) . Note the simi larity of OK g nab lnal) and WHF g naw i 1, EHF nawin. The OK tern is redundant (Healey ,
1962 ) and may therefore be an archaic form. Healey tentatively analyses the term as follows : n- my + ab (meaning? ) + Inal) sister. An alterna tive analysis would be : na- my + ab i nal) sister . The form ab inal) would then correspond with WHF aw i l, aw in, EHF aw in, KIW ab ira, ab ia, ab ida,
ASK ep ic, ipita, to me ntion the more obvious links with series I.
Note : 1. YUP a nal) links with series I of cognates meaning mother (see no .22) . -----l 56
22. Mother
CSNG FIN ASK : a enea , WAR : a,b ma enae e mam e enew GUS : a mam OK : a nal) b mllm b enal) d na e,h nel) e name d ena f n i m i APA: a me: g nama b ama I URU : a,b ma BED : d ame e,d,f,g ma? e ama e mel) h miol) FAS : ama 1 mi i GOG YUP : a,b me l) SUK : amu WAN : a,e mil) KIW b mi I) KIW: a-e ma ramu d mel) f me l) g mil)
ERA : a mial) I b,d,f,1 mel) e mi e,g,h mil) j me k mi
HUP WHF : a na ga d na e-g nal) h nama 1 naml)i j namlln k na I)gi 1 nel)g ia m meme
n mama o-q mam I EHF : a nal)ge? I , b,e nel)ga? , d-h nel)ga? 1,j mal)ga? I 57
Additional: I - SEN a nake
II - KIM a mamu, MOR mam , BIN a mia, SHF a �m it, b �n J a, c
than�, d may
Residue : � ASK b wehe / AWY a,b wlnl, c nl , e now , f no l / d api /OK e
awok , f awook, g ook, i auk / BED a dua , b uya , c u( / GOG agl /
MAR a vu , BOA a vu, YAQ a vu /
� YUP c nuuna, d nun l / WAN e tenYA /
Hypothesis: There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) .
Comment : Although all the forms of series I appear to link together, it is unclear in which way they link up . A possib le development would be a protoform *nama�g (I), leading to:
a. nam�I , na�gi , na�, etc . b. namAn , namo , momo , amo , etc .
c. ma�go, ne�go , etc.
KIW a-c ma ramu would seem to contain the possessive pronoun root ma my (comp are eZder 8i8ter, no .21) . It is possible that forms like mam , mamo developed independently from baby talk (LaZZworter) . 58
23. I
CSNG FIN ASK : a,b noro WAR : a ne: 1 c no/n.o r b nA c na AWY : a no b-d nu GUS : a,d na e no b nAwe f nu e no f,g no OK: a-d ,i ne 1 e ne/nere URU : a,b,i nAk f na/nl la c,d,f-h no? g,h na/na la g nok j na APA: a no b no YUP : a-c nak I d nA BED : a-c a d na WAN : a,c,e nA e ne f,g nAk
FAS : a ano ERA : a nO!jo? b GOG nAgA/na c nok I GOG : a ne: d na I) SUK : a ne e,f,i,j nAk MAR g nu MAR : a nok h na/na!ja k nO!jo BOA : a no HUP YAQ : a ano WHF : a-d na e,f no
g-l n I m,n no
o,q nA p nAI)
EHF : a n I b na c nane d nan l e-g no h nOI)
1 nor is the emphatic pronoun , nere , nl la, and na la are emphatic pronoun roots . 59
Additional : SEN da, EHS Kewa nl
BIN a-d,e,k,m,l na; a,b nane (emphatic) SHF n a. an . ? ani . a n e; � d a ? d a
Residue : l � KIW a-c mo
Hypothesis: There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . The root underlying
all the members of the series is nV- in which V may have been any vowel except a high-front vowel (compare we , no .24). All elements following this root in the present-day forms are , or were , separate morphemes .
Comment : In so far as these elements still function as morphemes they mark different degrees of emphasis or contrast, e.g. ,
ASK c (Asmat ): no non-emphatic
nor emphatic; ab solute form
nam contrastive
BIN a (Suena) : na non-emphatic (Wilson , 1969b ) nane emphatic
naka nane hyper-emphatic
nama respectful
In a few languages (FAS , YAQ a, SHF ) a vowel precedes what seems to be the root , but there is evidence that these forms have lost the initial consonant of the root (see we , no .24).
Note : 1. KIW ma possibly developed from *nVma, compare FAS ana (from *nano ?) I subject; namo I ob ject . 60
24. We (p LuraL)
CSNG FIN ASK: a nare WAR : a nu b naro b nA l c na/nar c ne
OK : a nup GUS : a,b n i b nub d nE c n i i g n::> l e ni/niri URU : a,b nA f nu 1 c-h n::> g,h nu/nulu i,j n i i nuu I YUP : a-d n i APA: b n i WAN : a,c,e-g n i BED : d n i n I ERA : e niyo a,c-f,j ,i n i I b,g,k in
--KIW HUP KIW : a- c nimo WHF : a-c I)e MAR -- d i MAR : a nok e-g,m-o ne BOA : a n i h n::> i-l,p, YAQ : a indok q n i EHF : a,d,e ne b,c no 2 f n'Un::> g,h n::> 2 i,j ni/n::>
1 the first form is the non-emphatic pronoun root , the second is the emphatic pronoun root . 2 inclusive/exclusive distinction. 61
Additional : MOM num, KAN nl , MOR nle, KIM a- c nl BIN a naka re , b nae, c nage, d nati, m nako , 1 namane Orokaiva: naQgo SHF nAm, d nAmo
Residue : l � . AWY a no,o , b,c nugu, d nugu, e nOQgu, f naQgu / BED a oy, b aye, c ay / FAS isi, GOG se / SUK e /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . The root underlying all the forms of the series is nV- in which V prob ab ly was a high-front vowel . The ERA forms with initial vowel seem to have lost the initial n of the root . The same may have happened in YAQ a: we indok, from *nindok parallel to I ano from *nano(k) . For the elements following the root see I, no .23.
Comment : In the FHP languages, non-singular number is divided into dual and plural number by the addi tion of a dental/alveolar or velar ob s truent and a dental/alveolar or velar nasal respectively . These suffixes have been omitted in the data listed here .
Note : 1. The Awyu forms have not been included in series I since the root in these forms is identical with the root of the singular forms . In the Awyu language s the plural is forme d by affixing a pluralizing suffix. 62
25. You
CSNG FIN ASK : a,b oro WAR : a ge l c o/or b gl\
AWY : a go c ga b-d gu GUS : a ga e I)go b gl\we f I)g u d ka 2 e OK : a tep ge f,g b ep ke
c kep URU : a,i gl\k I e kep/kerep b kl\k f kab/ka ltab c,d,f-h go? g kab/ka lab I e gok h,i kab j ga
APA : a,b go YUP : a-c gak
BED : e ge d gl\ KIW WAN : a,e,e I)gl\ KIW: a, e ro f I)gl\k g gl\k I b arapu ERA : MAR a gO!o? b gu MAR : a O! c gok BOA : a go d-f ,h gl\k YAQ : a aq HUP WHF : a-d ge e go f gOl)o g-I 9 i m-o go p gl\l) q gl\ EHF : a ge b-d ga e-j go
KOV : gok I the first form is non-emphatic, the second emphatic 2 = you (ma Ze person) in OK a-i Additional : EHS Duna go, KIM a uOgu, b Ogo, c �e, MOR ka OK a tup, b,c kup, e op/orop, f kub/kultub, g kub/kulub, h kub, i ku you (fema Ze per8on) ASK c orap you aZone. onZy you
Residue :
� . BED a-c n5 / d ti / FAS ne / GOG t, SUK e /
� ERA g du, i,J dAk, k do /
Hypothesis : There is one interphy lic series of cognates (I). The root underlying all the members of this series is *gV- or *kV- in which the vowel may have been any vowel except a high-front vowel.
Comment : The initial consonant has been dropped in ASK, OK e (femaZe series ) and possibly also in MAR a and YAQ a. For the elements follow ing the root , see I, no .23. OK a tep is assume d to have developed from *kep. 64
26 . You (plura l)
CSNG FIN ASK : a ka re WAR : b t i b taro c te: c ca/ca rl GUS : a d i OK : °a tip b y i b kip,yip d ye: c dip f,g ye f Ip/iripl URU : a,b 5A g i b c,f,h 50 h i b/ iiib 1 d,e ho i ib g 50 APA : b 9 i i 5 i BED : b n i j dzi I c nie: YUP : a,d dzi d t i r i b z i e giyo WAN : a,c 9 i I FAS : re e dzi KIW f 5 i KIW: a- c nigo g i GOG ERA : a,b ,d-f, i-k 5 i GOG : de: g he SUK : de i hi
MAR --HUP BOA : a zu WHF : a-c I)i d I)e e,m,n ye f,g e i-l,p i q Ii
0 ze
1 the first form is non-emphatic, the second emphatic 65
Additional : MOR klE, KIM a 10gl, c kl, b ntJo BIN c nlge, k,m l Ogo
Residue : l � AWY a gO!O , b,c gugu , d gUgu, e neogl, f ogaogu / MAR a eoh , 2 YAQ a aeok /
Elif WAR a duotu-mu O / GUS e ene / EHF a,b oe , c oa , d-j " 00, KOV 00
Hypothesis: There is one interphylic series of cognates (I). The root underlying the forms of series I is *gV- or *kV- in which the vowe l prob ab ly was a
high-front vowel. For the elements following the root , see I, no .23.
Comment : In the � languages, non-singular number is divided into dual and plural number by the addition of suffixes containing a dental/ alveolar or ve lar ob struent and a dental/alveolar or velar nasal respe ctively . These suffixes have been omitted in the data listed here . The high-front vowel is assumed to have caused the development of initial *k or *g to consonants of the (alveo)dental series in many of the present-day languages. In a number of languages (OK f-i , WAN i, WHF f,g,i-l,p) the initial consonant of the root has disappeared.
Notes : 1. The Awyu forms have not been included in series I since the root in these forms is identical with the root of the singular forms . In the Awyu languages the plural is formed by affixing a pluralizing suffix. 2. The MAR and YAQ forms possib ly link with series I. 66
27. He
CSNG FIN ASK : a are WAR : c yen b aro 1 URU : c,f,h yu c a/a r g yo I AWY : a-e e j eflk f ye i e OK : a,b ye YUP : c no } 1 II e e/e re d nu f a/ala1 I WAN : a,c,e-g U g 1/1 1 a 1 a h a ERA : ado k i e ada b,c,f,g ad l APA : b yo I h ande BED : a,b y a e . I)and I k c yo d In d ya ,e i,j En e e HUP-- GOG WHF : a- c el)e GOG : oba d yal)a e,g yok SUK : u,ub f II yogo KIW-- m,n yok KIW : a,c nou 0 zok b nuabu p flk
q 1 fI h e I i-I I
EHF : c,e-g e d oe a ye b el)e i,j 11)0 h YOl)a 1 non-emphatic/emphatic 67
Additional : II - BIN a-d,l nu, k,m umo, e awa , owa I - OK a,b yu, e 0, oro, f,g u, ulu she ASK c a, ar this e, er that, there (in the distanoe), ya, yaka ther{ e (near you) emo he, this (near me) , amo he, that (near you) , omo he, BIN i that (yonder) , eremo this (emphatio) , aramo that (near you, emphatio) , oromo that yonder (emphatio)
Re sidue : � MAR a anep, YAQ a arep / BOA a ndene /
� WAR a ow / b go / GUS a I� / b �atA / d ai Qo / URU a,b wa, d,e woro?, ERA f WA / YUP a,b u�un /
Hypothesis: There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). The root underlying the forms of series I is yV, in which V stands for a non-high-front vowel. For the elements following the root , see I, no .23.
Comment : It is unclear whether or not there is any connection between series I and series II . In at least a number of languages there is a close connection between - if not identity of - the 3sg . pronoun and demonstrative pronouns as is shown in the additional data. The Asmat form yaka seems to link with the forms yok, yogo etc. in the WHF languages . 68
28. Louse
CSNG FIN ASK : a namo WAR : a imar) OK : a tim b yumun b im GUS : a im I c kw im b,f,g imi e,h,i kim c,d i mi r)
f,g tim e tomor)
FAS: yapani URU : b I kuya men aI a,c-g imon --KIW h tamAn KIW : a-c nimo I i imAn GOG j tAmAn GOG : ami WAN : a kaiy'i mbam }a I --MAR b t::>mun YAQ : a nambun c,d tAmun e amun I ! f,g imAn I ERA : a,c Vim b,h tumu r) I g tumu n i tim j emen k mi
--HUP WHF : a,e emen d yaman I f yomen g imen h i mOr) i-k i mi n 1 i mi r) m-o imen p emin q lAm
EHF : a yomi !) b,c,h y ::>me!) d ime e,f,i,j imar) g i me r) 69
Additional : SEN a mi; � mi , me i; � iman, eman , nima, n+ma�, im+ BIN a dzimi ; SHF nAma , nAmis, nAmu, neme
Residue : � ASK c wombak / AWY a go, b gu, c,d a�gu, e,f �gut / APA a hu�le / b �, BED b ow / e tekeape / SUK daka , MAR a mbamb / BOA wu �g /
� YUP a iyet, b,c iat, d Ayet / ERA d SAWAn / e s�gum , f s�gume� / KOV apalau /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . Memb ers of this series occur as the second constituents in compounds in URU b and WAN a. The first constituent has tentatively been identified as a morpheme me aning head ( see no .8) . Comment : Related forms are also found in a number of Melanesian languages along the coast of south-east New Guinea (tuma , tumani, see Ray , 1907). The series does not seem to be of Austronesian origin . 70
2 9. Wing
CSNG --FIN AWY : e mboro WAR : a pur f mbu rui b pay I OK: e,i pe r c pe:r f-h ba I GUS : a WAre:rn
• a mburu b,d,e wi r i b purukap Ia f wire
GOG URU : a,b hit
GOG : ita c fo? I SUK : i t i } d,f,g fo t e hot h fit i pi r
j pit -
YUP : b pAr I d pi i
WAN : a,g pi r b,d-f pi I
c piA
ERA : a,b , c fir d pi r e,f fu r g papa l h papa r i papau j papao k pApa l
KOV : bala
Additional :
BIN b,c wa t i to fLy : ASK c pi, AWY a boro, b buru, c busu, OK a.won wene 71
Residue : � ASK a yaru, c yoro I b opo I AWY a yaxa-boge, b yaga-begl I c ba I d tefio I APA b ditere , BED e tltlare I b arafa-glbi, c ara:f-gib I d augia, FAS auwa I KIW a tamu I MAR a tah, BOA a taf I YAQ a yakuwi I
� YUP a poeop, WHF p pop I YUP c saee I WHF a,e kplmgim, d kpimdim, f kpiogalap, g kp10gim, h eog ao, i gioga , j kpeogam, 1 kpeogao, m piogim, n,o peogam, q po�om , EHF a kpegao, b kpege?, c kpage?, d foge, e,f faga?, g fake? I h-j to? I
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) .
Comment : In OK b, a member of this series occurs as the first constituent in a compound. The second constituent probab ly denotes the upper part of a limb as shown by OK b ben kop uppe� a�m . The members of this series are cognate with the members of series I of arm, . forearm ( see no.l) . 72 30 . A8he8 -- CSNG FIN ASK : a eao I WAR : b n flbfl I c yowomic, GUS : a denflbfl zoomit } Ix c ta� bI AWY : e ko� d si� ) f ko� e nembo OK : e-g kutab aI f,g nombo h kutub HUP i kuteeb WHF : b dzefe APA : a t i we I c dzepe - d dziu BED : a dasu h too? b,d da--subu } bI I c dasuf KOV : tep
FAS : ko a EHF : a,b defe c GOG dape d dzoe? uku-ru aI GOG : e dzofo irs i cI --SUK : g dzafe KIW KIW: a tuwo I
Additional: I - OK g a- tib, i uk-tem, kip white a8he8 ; BED d dem, KIW a-c tema , FAS katema 8moke , MOM timbwo a8he8 , ASK c �s e fireplace (se mud) a - GOL a,b uk fire b - BED a dow, b doro, c dau, d daru, e de , GUS a dit, C thltE, d thl fire , see no .33. c - GOG i la, KIW a,c era, b kera fire 1 I - BIN a- c,e aeE�, f ae i�, h amlsa a8he8
Residue : 2 � ASK b yuhawa / AWY a senagoto, b slnaro, d sinako / c takl / OK a ltpot, b alpo / APA b unEkamE / KIW b �onobere , c kunaro / MAR a gum / BOA a poqaq / YAQ a pop / 73
� WAR a erAp-mep, c mAp, WAN c miup, URU g upmop / a kuel , b kuh l / c,f fOQ, ERA f kafuruQ, g kudufuruQ, h furuQ, k kundufuruQ, WAN b �o lIQ / URU d,e It / h isi? / i kAlp / j
kokot, WAN d,f,g kut, ERA d kot / YUP a aeAlak, C kAlak, d kArak, e kweA'k, ERA i kWA loQ, j ko loQ / WAN a yuwit / e munuk / ERA a konomboQ, b kunAmbAQ, c kAnumboQ, e nAmbum / WHF a,e-g,i,
j ,m kau, n kou, 0 kAU , P ko , q ko / k kAma , 1 homa , EHF f himo , h-j kome /
Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) , the members of which often occur as the second constituents in compounds . The firs t constituent in these cases seems to be a morpheme meaning fire. There are three series of morphemes meaning fire , (a, b, c) of which at least (b) is interphylic (see fire , no .33) . The morphemes of series I are related to morphemes meaning 8moke in BED d, FAS , and KIW a- c.
Notes : 1. The firs t constituent in the BIN forms for a8he8 is related to the first constituent in BIN 1 �ea-raka fire and YUP a aeA- lak a8he8. 2. ASK b yuhawa contains a root yuha which corresponds with ASK c V is firewood . The formal similarity to ASK c yowo seems therefore to be accidental . 74
31. Rain
5 ok yar)go CSNG FIN suuk } wa i OK : e woom GUS : e III I bip } i weeb a-c II f komo? wa ib URU : d,e } g komu? wae j II jc h kamok f-h IVa 'hiJi APA : a sAkok ' hiJ �ak BED : a YUP : a Ia wi i? b ERA : IVa gui jIll b gi l GOG a goama gw i GOG : f
-- -- g,h,i, k SUK : IV xe , he i koya } HUP MAR kie !fae " a l a WHF : a MAR : a kia III i,j BOA : a kia k,l hae III EHF : a kio c oyo d hoe e koe g kue h water i,j
NOTE : Forms marked ' also mean
wa , ga Additional : - kut , kuya, ku i, ki?, BIN a- f g-i ,k,m yar), *?ut'an, rain; - kamia k, amik Me lanesian languages of the Huon Peninsula : III Residuefrom: PAN IVa l " � kee / te / a, aa / murup, mi rip / am / omoe / kibu / hanD / yao / ASKwi a wia, wisarb,c e, AWYwihar a,be /,d c aqaide / f OK a,b ,d APA b BED d e FAS KIW a b c YAQ a 75
� agA, agu / a / tupu� / sono / ole, b Ale / nebi I / suwa , hOP A, hopo , C SOP A / WAR a b c GUS d f,g URU a peen / tUpuA / mbuk�A / pimasA / iWAn , i YUP b WAN a b URU iWAn / gurl / na�g i / j kan / sakorop / merem / o�c ga t / d map, WANq ma d, ma? / e ko� /f,g tonok ERA/ d gelok / c howoe / ait / WHF d e f g,o,p EHF WHF h m n
Hypothesis : EHF f KOV .
There are four interphylic series of cognates (I, II , III , IV) . waterMemb ers of I and IV occur as the firs t constituents in compounds . Th e second constituent in the*?utse 'acomn,pou rainnds. , (a) , is an old morpheme me aning (see no . 41) . The members of series III are suspected Austronesian goama *goamak loans , from PAN kee Comment : SUK a may perhaps have de ve loped from (IVa) . kee Note*kebe: , 1. ASK a does not linkibk withu series III, as one would expect . Diale ctical forms in Kamoro show that developed from an earlier perhaps re lated to BED d 76
32. Road
mawtawe ore CSNG maw i� FIN c � ASK : ac ma iYEi GUS : e-g II a� b } aI URU : xl yon tom a�� re ip gd am� } bI OK : fa 1 i i b e -- eg i 1 eeb duma h 1 a i b HUP I numa 1 raib WHF : ac luma b m dop toqotap dap I MAR yandoao k� cI BOA : a df ha� e YAQ: a bI g ke� xl a i g� CSNG a r i ° mll.!.6.2. BED : a c or i n b }II yefe f yofo EHF : b yape } I
Addi tional : h teguyefo; � raup opening, hole ipa, yafa, c yof; to, top; cI - MaRtem, teem, I - am(Kealan , dame) , c taim, teb, qop, ASK10 am b AWY a-d e,f OK a-e f-l APA a b BED MAR a YAQ a hole in ground 10m, f rom, g dom , lam, o,m 10m WHF n unoaaupied plaae duma , dum, m we lam, we lom abandoned vil lageWHF sita,d,ee kowu� (kow i floor,j spaae ) door im�, WHFb ime a�, k,l,jc yima�, yim�, yimn �, zima�; ab i�, afi�WHF, n c awll, yombu!££; mo�, g ASKmo� a vine beAWYtw ee a n trees,b used as bridge bye tree-dwe llWHFin g n animals EHF mU!£R, mo�, dllp, 1 d+? , dip; do? vagina q kllP , ko i WHF a 1 anus g,fn hotu?, 1 l,atj a-tu? k EHF a,b,d-h WHF d EHF 77
Residue : � tEnE / utlgi / BED nogo / isu / nabldi, napru / gabo / Isas / APA a b d e GOG SUK marAn, C mar / yam / kEtA / bigu / arapuk, m KIW a- c MAR a sinA� / ko lu, ka lu, EHF j kari / tero? / b GUS a b weWARap a / kAEp, j kewA, W kepi , e kewa / koc sit, � dko sit, kAUREt,a WAN b kahit, kasit / URU tAf eiei / h kAndet,i kandet, ANkA dit,c kAdet, YUPkad it a / kAdbimin a�, kAdApmAc � / talEk,a,b terak,d te lak,YUP k dtE 1E / WHF WAN kanaf , g ERA c d,f e a j,k kAna, 1 h+na / set / q kAtArAm / EHF si� / atam / b g j,h i h,i
Hypothesis: p a KOV (I, II) . I II There are two interphy lic series of cognatesfo ot, Zeg, The members of and occur byb, them c)sel. ves or as the second constituents in compounI ds . The first constituent is a morpheme me aning in ASK , OK a,
BOA a, YAQ a (a, The elements preceding the members of in road, passage. opening. hoZe the FIN and HUP forms have not been identified. I Comment : The items are semantically closely re lated, and members of series can have one or more of these meanings when occurringdoor. bybrid themsege. unocculves . pie Thdey seatalso, earoccur as earthe second cons4) . tituent in many compounds which denote an opening or passage of some sort , such as (for see no . 1. anus , WHF boro ,
boro? , EHF bore? , atam�, bo + Noterot : *ropPer hoZhapse . the followingbo- also could be included : f b d ASK a wh posterior; obo, icbuhbut coulde , be embanalyim,sed aspim pian, bifrom im , pu, Thepoko form, BED bubcoulduhuy then but tocksbe an . old morpheme me aning compare AWYata, a EHF b ata, OK0, a or, oi , e ot, 0, ar,f-h 001 , ooAPAr, �a otob excreta. b Moreover, note the similarity between ASK a i AWY OK 78
33. Fire
doe ,de dlt CSNG ne FIN teYAk APA : a GUS : a dow t I te b b doro tI c BED : a dau de d b daru I te e c de dere f,g d
e YUP : a
-tekav dze I MAR HUP te dzi - Ix MAR : a WHF : qd tedzi
-reka e I BOA : a dza? YAQ : a Ix da? EHF : b dzo? c Additional : g,h zi , i fire, tree n n de, de, doyo, do, dua, dor, tu BIN i,treem f,h MAR a da , YAQdik a , teYELi, a,bde tree KIM a b c MOM
i, izi, iyi, 0 iri Bun. GUS b c f
ReBINsi dued : e,f,h,i,k-n g � uta, b yuhamake, V is / Jindo, jid o, ji, in / ja / enop-tenop / amot, amo, awok / g at, h as, ASKais a / duf i / ci la, AWYar akaa , b era, c kerae / d f OK a,d b c erAp, ko lop, korop , ep, kAip, j karAp , � i FAS GOG SUK KIW a,c b kandap, kAep, kAndAp , katAp , kAndAp, WAR akA dep, URU kuda ip, b kAdAP, c-fkad,hip , i kudup, gerep, YUP b c d WAN c,e f,g ERA konop, gere? , kAnAp, gi rip, 1 geri?, kolop, 0 a,c b,g d,e f h,k WHF a kArAp, gere / dAgAn / sal / g ibdi / f,g h i,j k m,n ndAki , ndoki / isiwA / i komba / j miyet / P tep / miEHFsi, a mose?,WAR misb i?, mi ci? / URUpUQ / WAN a b d ERA WHF HypotheEHFsis : d e f g KOV (I) ,
There is one interphyli c series of cognates the members of whi ch occur as the first constituents of compounds in MAR a and YAQ a. The firewood, tree ; second constituent in these compounds could not be identified . firewood; tree . Comment : The form in APA a also means those in BED a-d also GUS d,e,g, and YUP a also mean 79
34. Dog
-- uu r i sap CSNG FIN iw i rio hap ASK : a yuwur, I URU : c sap b zuwur d,e I isa c se f-i se al)gi GUS : e,f AWY : a,b sap yal)g i g c al)ga a l) ERA : c-f,h,i ,k d al)gae }rr } al),an I1 e URU : a,b kayaam III al) f WAN : f BED : S:J OK : g g s:Jfu I klam III a } HUP s:Jf kas i b kasa WHF : i-k kasu } IV IV c 1a kasa katsu e h } kas i FAS :
Additional : EHF : a I S:J l III knam, kam - RCS
Resi-dueGOL: a c � anon / nil)op / til / miyaan, mayan / psane / ti i / BED we :me / soke / ebme / sio, viko, OK a,b c e f h APA a c 502 / I)gat / ga�o , qake / b d GOG SUK KIW a b umAt, Aman, c umA, komA, kam+n, kamu l, � MAR a BOA a YAQ a kamun, kamAn, kAmoe , kamo , kamot / gone, WAR a b GUS a YUP d WAN a C gonA / pAtAWAI) / j kAI)Wen / pal)an / nOl)kwak, b-dnim gak / e kugAI)ERA / a wawaf , waiu, wa / GUSdoa b / d URU YUP a b c 5050 / 0 bua / tam, q ta / hoda, honta , kped:J, kp:Jd:J, ERAkp:Jndo, b kp:Jt:JWHF, d,gkp:Jr:J, ekporo, fj kpodom / gounn / p EHF b c d e
Hypothesis : f g h i KOV (I, II, III, IV) . IV *?at'u There are four interphylic series of cognates Th e 1. kiam forms of series are suspected AN loans , from PAN
Notes : A prob ab le cognate occurs in a number of Melanesian languages on the south coast of the Huon Peninsula and in the Markham 2 . *slko, vallsok ey . The se forms sikseea.m not to be of Austronesian origin . The KIW protoform could be in which case it links with GOG and BIN (Adawa) 80
35 . Leaf
ee ayag CSNG FIN ye I ASK : so a e,esena, WAR : c } sa b etan GUS : a c SA ro }n c sak 0 d AWY : c III ron SAsa? ERA : a d 5 e r b e,f sa tetek } c sese MAR III esaqo d MAR : a sap ke s+sa BOA: a g-i i.J.ol) } all i 1 AI) URU : a tatok III b tsen WAN : b,c f 5 i I) I HUP 5 i n WHF : h esen i,j, p,q 0 is in m,n lau II
Additional : KOV : a ron , a ron , rouna
Re-siRCSdue :
� anamo ot, hoot, 00 awu tok an, koon, ku wOe dibi, rubi AWYgwo :ba,b fos / OK a ibagi c, nibgbagu / d /pa esa, f-ipaha i r FASi / APA a / b ose / BED a,b d / c / e / GOG SUK / KIW a,b c / I)gon- gurAk mi komi r sa!tam , � YAQ / ha!tim, sagem, sa im tomog, tAm, k tam, tam, WARtAm, a tam,/ b /tA me GUSr b / d,eko ndzi / URUkwatal), d e,f kwa tAn g pu.J.ukh el)/e i enj dzi YUmeP t, c d mari , moreWAN, a me , ERAmor e?f / YUPsewe a heo / b endzel WANk kae rem, 1 harel)/ d yotu/ g / ERAleha? j , leka?/ WHF a,dgiri EHF a b c e / WHF e / f / g / Hypothesis : / EHF d / f,g i / h / (I, II , III) . II *daun Thteaeref are three hairinter, phylic series of cognates The members of series are prob ab le Aus tronesian loans , from PAN
(see also no . 2) . Thetree. forms of this series occur in URU a,b as the second constituents of old compounds . The firs t constituent is probab ly an old root meaning 81
36 . Moon
CSNG FIN OK : f-i kayoob I WAR: b YAl)gAp
GOG URU : a,b yap GOG: samoso xII d,e yarop f yarop g yaop I YUP : d yal)gAp
WAN : a,c-e yekAp b yebp f yasAp
HUP WHF : a,b meso
EHF : e,f maso g mosa t"
Additional : II - SHF a yamAth, c yama l, d yame'
Residue : CSNGP ASK a pura, b plr a, c plrl / AWY c,d bldT / a afe, b are / e ogo, f wogo l, OK a,b woot, c woo , d wo t, BED a,b ugo, FAS oko / APA a 2 doarene / b ab i, BED c alb, d aubl / SUK tal / KIW a sagana , b sogoml, c ganome / MAR a mandaw / BOA a doveak / YAQ a kamo /
� WAR a dep, c ep / GUS al lbA, b abAI / c tapll), d tapul) / e gombo, f,g kombo, WHF a kowon , e kobon , f,g kombon , j kombo l, 1 komol) / URU h yamon , i yami n / j ka rol)amen / YUP a sln a!ap / b kenuk, c kalnok, WHF h koll), i,o kAln, k ka ln, EHF i ka il)/ WAN g komepak / ERA a Imak, c glma?, d ema , e l)amAk / e muyep / WHF a boi t03 / EHF m dewuto / n emesenl)e / p ayol)ga, q ayol)go , EHF h,j ayol) / a afo, b tama'ne / c way awe /
Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). The OK forms show metathesis of the first and second consonants when compared with the FIN forms .
Comment : It would seem possible that yoob in kayoob is an old morpheme meaning baLL (OK a,b yob baLL, fruit, c dob seed) . The form ka- would then have been a separate morpheme , presumably meaning sky . In the FIN forms , -kop . rop. SAp. etc. would then correspond to OK yoob , whereas ya- would correspond to OK ka- and perhaps GOG sa-. Two Melanesian languages in the lower Markham valley (Sukururn , Sirak) , have forms be longing to series I: yakap. yakep .
Notes : 1. The ASK forms are suspected Austronesian loans , 2 . KIW a sagana seems to link with BIN 0 seka ra , e,k,n ka rlga, g-i ,m hariga. All these forms link with the word for star in WHF h-l ,o; (see no .39). 3. The form bo i to links with words meaning star in other language s; see star, no .39; series I. 82 37 . Sand I CSNG FIN ERA : b ASK : a t i r i I kil) b hin i ! ) g kil) I I c m i , t i i aI k k iiI) ) !.i...!l I I AWY : c 9 i r i WAN : c saisai I II d i I)e I 9 I HUP I e 1)9 i rim EHF : a Z i I) i I) OK : a y iiI) b dzi l) ol) I b yerep c d i I) i I) I ) I c d i in e r i r In f dini in i r i n i n APA : a dan i b dar ina BED : d soi e sai GOG II GOG : sasasa MAR MAR : a sa : Add- itional : I MOM 5 i r Re sidue : � AWY a gete poporo , b poporo, BED b boboso , c bebe :s / AWY f ok yaman / FAS sakipu / KIW a-c wiG / BOA a n divind / YAQ a gem aqaqai / � WAR a numu l), b nAman , YUP b numan, c namln, d nAmU An , GUS a,b namu / WAR c ma lulA / GUS d sAkari / e sodoma , f sotama / g kereti / URU a son , b SAn, C sonoro? , d os on / e okoo l / f gu ro? , h kosorok , j kas i rok, YUP a katsogot / URU g o?b in / i mo rAk / WAN a haruharu / b atotok , e atAtAk / d mumba PA+Ak / f salu, g upu l) / ERA a yuf, c yufu? , d efol), e I)o ful) / f k+nk+n namuk / h kAna sEk, i kanandzAt / j gami ndok / WHF a kpalak / d sok , h sakas il), i sak, j sakasak, 1 sakesa?, n,o sak / e sawet / f,g,m nupi / p gambibik / q gAI)A / EHF d mage , e me l)ga l), f,g mO l)gel), h,i,j magel), KOV ma� / Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II) . In ASK c a member of series I occurs as the second constituent of a compound . Comment : ASK c also means sandbank, beach . The first constituent is a morpheme me aning poin t, cap e, nos e (see nose , no .14) . 83 Smoke 38. I aku I toget } I CSNG yanlli aI F N towet AWY : c URU : a o.!:..!:!. b::>r::>?-- d xl b aruk-- b::>rok-- a } c,d uruk bar::>k cI e e bou? a rek - f f bI boru?-- as--lak g OK : c } at1 a I k kAdoo? h f r a i k ku� h ERA : a dI tuke: kAdog::> ? i b oge: ka� c APA : a ku� e,f b rak I g MAR aku MAR : a AdYAditioQ: nala : I abu�, kA�, kA� ashes aearaka fire - YUP a b c ResiBINdue : � utlmini, ami ni, jis amun afuwo arnot-ten amo- i ip tum, f a-tum dahai gina I dem, ASK atema bir a musu c wo / AWYtlm b kre / OK aqa ifa / b / e / BED a,b / d c KIW gabi kigap apka aita OSA, os � a- c / FAS / GOG / SUK / BOA a / w::>ro, wo ro puk� womAk neAkneAk mukma WARgA aO gw/ i b kAb/aat c / GUSogw aAha , /oguha b,c kupAnd , / e / f / URU i / j / YUP a / Og u P A, g gupe, gupe, gue, kopu kwanakat b mupe/ c / seku d taf/ WANo a oauk,b oauo/ c oup d kasak, g kasat,ERA kaaso d ?, h,ikAS Ak, WHF b,chosu? , / WANhaso? e , / fos o?, / hos ERA,,"?, j kos::>?,/ k mod/o? WHF, a dzu, f slau / e / d g h p EHF a b,c e kAeak, I hofa?, d::>eok, 0 kaeak utun q dau f g d h-j KOV / WHF i-k Hypothesis: m / n / / (I), There is one interphylic series of cognates the members of whifirech oc(a,cur b, asc, free d) forms or as the second constituents of compounds . The first constituent in all identified cases is a morpheme meaning a: yan fire; (see no . 33) . b: as , at fire , firewood, tree; Coc: mment : Series the form is a morpheme me aning abu- OKabu f,hlak ashes , are morphemesaea- aea meanfngraka fire , arnot, amo fi re ; d: The members of this series are prob ab ly re lated touk YUPfi re a in BIN in and to OK a b uku- ukuru ashes The forms in this series prob ab ly link with GOL and GOG in (see no .3D). 84 3 9 . Star i CSNG FIN maako GUS : bo II) ASK : a a,b I } I b mawe to c poi l) c ma it WAR : a b i 1) 5 a r:l I) AWY : a- c mi b ben d mi URU : a,b hitul) II e m i nap c fitnUl ) f mind uy II h fidul) OK : b mi noo i guk C min gok II j d mindol) YUP : a g:lk �ook IIx III g b,c gllk KHI d gok KIW : a,c gugi III ERA : d go\< MAR HUP mind II YAQ : a WHF : n pitu II m pitul) EHF : e,f b:lbil) I) g b:lpil) I h b:lbol) i,j b:luI) 11 Additional: I - � po ita. pai ta moon ; WHF a boi to moon Re sidue: � OK a wo tl / e aw i trin / f wa kalum / h abi 1 kayak / i me ruum / APA a pote, b peteme / BED a,b g:ls:lmuy , g gasamari, d gasum uni, e sami / FAS ti makata / GOG Ibina / SUK goa ra / KIW b suri / MAR wayar / BOA �avak / � WAR c dama / GUS d tatu, e,f tutu, g totu / URU d Y:lmb:ll) gi r e, e Y:lmb:ll) gere , f Yllmbul) giri, g Yllmbul)gi / WAN a endllr emllk / b kuminam / c yekllp ndak / d takwa / e,f tawllm, g tllmbo / ERA dob:lk , c win dlbo? / b bllm / e saunak / f dllbugum, i dllmbomgop / g sina tarama / h saril)a , k s:lrel)e / j dZllma ral)glln , WHF q dZllmllrindzlI1) / a,e se rekin / d ise, f,g isa / h,i,j sel)ge lau, k 2 sekelau, 1 siki lu, 0 sal)ge l11k / p wendz im / EHF a,c asomel), b aso?mel) / d damas i / KOV amputi / Hypothesis : members There are three interphylic series of cognates (I, II, III) . The or of series II are suspected Austronesian loans, from PAN *b intal) *bi tuhan . Comment : Forms of series I also occur in a numb er of Me lanesian languages in the Madang Dis trict (mboi . boi l. These forms further link with the word for moon in some � languages and in WHF a. The second constituent in OK g binil)ook has not been identified . l�otes : 1. OK a wo t is cognate wi th the word for moon in the same language and in AWY e,f, OK b-d (see no .36, residue) . 2. Th is series links with BIN and KIW words for moon (see no .36, note 2 ). 85 Sun 40 . yaw : ata CSNG FIN }n yow i atilt AS K: a yow , zoe , GUS a aatll b yawi b c ya� sawe I c sep sowo URU : a x21 AWY : c iyep aton c yep d adon d,e sep } I OK : a,b atan f -- c,d ataan g,h II f,i ka iwe toe HUP ka.!:...!..E. g,h } WHF : a,e asa k ka iee APA : a }I d as kll� xl BED : a,b eso q kllsu p c II dziaf) d } ka� dzoaf) EHF : GOG e,f V sua I g I GOG : xl : katane KO : MAR qa MAR a � xII AdBOAditio: nala : xl BIN d i, IZI , iyi, 0 iri S zawa , hu «*t u) e,f,h,i,k-n g MOMResi due : SEN a � sera I gene I opo I maiya I kamgu I sa? i, sarikl / hiwio I tapaq I AWY a,b APA b BED e FAS SUK om, amll I i I usau I okisa, ok isa I .E.!iE KIW a b c YAQ a kae I gulam I j murum I gilllit , gendat, gllllt I WARdor an a / b f)gusc it, GUS df)gu nzit I e komi f,gI merURUe?, b mllyllmi , mere, me le, YUPmllre a , ma cim I sedapd / nllbma I go I j WANgonok a,b / c-ep a f)gat I weef,gf), i,j we�ERAlIn, a wego?, b c g h i,kl d e C wago? , wogo, woho?, j weg i? I dewuto / 0 mir llsif)/ f wena?, una?WHF I f,g h EHF b d h WHF m,n HypothesisEHF : a i ka- ya- , There are two interphyka-lic seyari es of cognates (I, moonII) . Members of I and II are sometimes preceded by an element or whi ch may be fi re ; identical with the and found in words for (see no .36). yowse firep �aae (yow + se mud) yowm ic ashes (yow + mic Comment : The forms of series fiI mayre , have meant burn , compare ASK c and (unidentified)), 1. moon and the interphylic series of no .33, and no .48. Note : These forms possib ly link with AWY e,f, OK a-d (see nO . 36 , residue) . 86 41. Wa t6r CSNG FIN ASK: a,b ml WAR : b,e fo u e mu ,m l HUP GOG ) WHF : h 0 GOG : wi , i,j ou I MAR EHF : e opu YAQ : ml I? g opo h obo KIW: a,e obo } I i,j obu b kobo CSNG m! URU : e,g �o AWY : a-d oxo d,f,h �u 7 )m e,f ok n e �u k OK : a-i ok i,j !!!.!.... k MAR )n a Iml BOA : a aoq b um l CSNG WAN : g ome APA : a wae III ERA : b am... b ome .omOE , IV? e ... me m:>a d ame IV e . Q ...ml f mi l g,h Iml j eme k Ime GUS : a- e wa l III Addi tional: I - MOM mw e, SEN bu, BIN a-e ou, f,g,k,m umo , h,i ume , 1,0 U&U , n uwu ; Melanesian languages of Huon Peninsula: po' , bu, pul , puu l EHF f h:>w:> rain II - YUP d ok, � (Kaian) ok river Re sidue : CS NGP BED a hul , b hu, e hiu, d hare, e hoN , FAS hi I MAR a ad lka I !tlI WAR a ,m I GUS d tupuQ I e yaQgol I f,g sono I YUP a pa!be I b k ... lap, e k ... rap I d k:>mu I WAN a,b,f yaQgal I f Iy... pet I ERA a Inom I i tuk, WHF a doku, k duku, 1 doku, m,p,q tu, n,o to, EHF a doku I WHF d nage , f,g naQge I e ketue I EHF b,c mlsa, f meso I d rapa' , KOV lap I Hypothesis: There are three interphylie series of cognates (I, II, III) ; the status of a fourth series (IV) is uncertain . Members of series II occur as the second constituents of compounds in URU c-j . Comment: The first constituent in the compounds in URU c-j has tentatively been equated with the forms in WAN and ERA . Whether or not they are part of an interphylic series depends on the status of APA b ome , etc. which could also belong to series I. It is also uncertain whether YAQ a ml belongs to I or to IV . The forms of series II also mean rain (see no.31) . Note : 1. These forms are possible Austronesian loans (see rain , no . 31) . 87 42. Wind k I ml r I guplt CSNG FIN kifI guup ASK: a URU : i klou r)got AWY : a-d klwuy YUP : d I got e uwa rim WAN : b,c f gugublk d -- guplk OK : . a klwa r ERA : b gufu MAR d gufut I MAR: a ej guk f,g gbelor) HUP gbir) EHF : b h,i,j yumbuk Additional: MAR b � Ifako fo hup goror, dulul, yarul Re sidue : hore obas l wafu, wau, fo, fofo ASKIboa b rlplpI c la I OK c susuI o, e huhuog gawlah I APA �oza�a , I b qoq I BED a,b c d FAS I GOG I SUK I KIW a c I b I " BOA a r)a rer), gArer) nan YAr) b dAOk d kltAr) EliE YAQ a I ma tun, matu toko i lup, Iruk sum, WARhum a j sorupb I mep c I kaumGUS a kasI l I r)gwAman I e pa lak f mAInlp, g mAnI itURU a byukyuk I c,f-hflf l r) d,ej SEserI e I YUP momoa I b pater)I c haamo?I WAN a" lu�u t, I1 e I f g I ERA a,c I h,k I lufu? bo lop 0 pleo to�o , q tA�A flar) I WHF a,d,e I f,g I h I i,k abubu? dzeru, zir mO r)er), mOr)�r), g mOr)or) I m,n I I p I EHF a I c I d KOV I EHF e f I Hypothesis : ifako -ko There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . very, much strong , Comment : ASK b poskosib, kolyr beverylongs. to series I, since is likely to be a morpheme meaning or , in this case and corresponding to ASK c 88 4 3. Fun toxo tok CSNG toho FIN toguo AWY : a YUP : a,b ,d dOl)a andok b c } I doo l) ndok OK : f WAN : a tok g c to?nel) e-g toye I ERA : b toko d tok f,g sok 1,j Residue : URU : 1 � enakopea tapeta, d tape ki , tome , atawa , tave umunakap, Imi tarema koya ASKketere a yooter/ be I wee AWYkaden sippe e wa lnbuGO G BOAmene wea re / ASK c kokobo mOE/ AWY ta ew /orosu f wo, I OK a topu koroI bs uwo c huala I / e kopdoq /I h I 1 I APA b I BED b I KIW a b toiwik AI)ASuk mal) kApory mEg A1E, � / MAR a YAQ a mEkEnAI), ma l)go�e soruwate al)e ka lak / WARtuwatak a fo?I b-t a? Iom cOI) ka?I GUS oal) mowok ol)fo?b to? d umo? h fdu ?moha? I e kwak I g motonek/ URU a titodo·/ b, tado lokl)a l /okl) c a I dwa tkl, watkI e o watkI e, f wakeI g , wa?kI e? Ipik j e I ERAplk a h saakpe/ c kokolhakpe, / e I WHF a d e EHF a,b k koayakpe, 1 koyokpe dZEdzEt, q dZAdzAgo hlso, c fuseI WHF, f foo?ma- g,m-o ampule/ ? / 1,j I p I EHF d e-g,i,j h / KOV I Hypothesis : (I) . There is one interphyllc ser ies of cognates mouth� teeth, top . Comment : There is often a close semantic relation between words meaning c umunakap = near the top ; mEgAIE, b mEk�nAI), C ma l)gore , fu LL moutand wordsh meaning kokolakorpe , k koaThusyakpe,: 1 koyokpe toASK touah the mouth ; dZEdzEt,GUS aq dZAdzAgo teeth . also mean (see no .9); WHF i,j mean WHF p also mean 89 44. Long I I CSNG FIN I ASK : c yuruw,zirao , GUS : f pi r u II I tao roa , g pEru } I AWY : e �gu ruop ) URU : d wa?wa!o f �g u r up e wakwa!o a pere f III I }n wa ?wa ?o b I pisi g I poupou? I d pi h f::>r::>?f::>r::>? I OK : f batbat III I HUP WHF : a ki r o d ki r a e-g korep h kor iga i,j kAr i P k kl\rua I horua m,n k::> lip I 0 kl\rEp EHF : b dzari? c da r i ? d da r i e-h dzor i i dzora Add itional: I - BIN c gorebu Residue : � ASK a ma i ku I b inawako I c kowe I OK a ka taat, SUK katati I OK b ba�kau I c gumt it Ie teke I g tlml tlm, h kimisim I i tiyaakim I APA a �gawa I g sigisigi I BED a kuga I b sago, d sada I e senapo I KIW a tutu r o I GOG leobEga I MAR a waga tok I BOA a seke!apeg I YAQ a pearp I EtlE WAR a bunuml\� I b sunbEm, c sl\bai I GUS a IEO�I\�, b 1\10 I d si ri � I e pisa�ga I URU a mu la� I b hl\s l\k I c upa rago Ii summi , j sum�i I YUP a du&ak�a , d dl\bw::>k� I b I::>::>�a I c ml\raaga I WAN a mbe lak�e, c biak�e, ERA a biaga� I WAN e �g asamyl\ I f kl\lo�iwl\, g karo�i , ERA d kl\ro�i I b pl\ramu ? I C bl\sera� I e koi ml � I f yopma ran I g kweh iya ni� I h yomb l\pml\ , i ::>mbl\pm I j atl ri I Hypothesis : There are three interphylic series of cognates (I, II, III) . Comment : ASK b inawako probably contains a morpheme -ko very which corresponds to ASK c ko. kor very . The form inawa would then link with series I. KIW a tuturo could perhaps be a reduplication of turo, and then link with series I. 90 45. New ayku uye? CSNG ay FIN e huye!o ASK : a URU : d kada!a l f uyego b,c e are i kWe!A i AWY : fc ariok j kwarak I ku r i ka lok k i r i kondak YUP : a OK : a kwag f aluk-soo b hb kiki-so kwondAk t c i k i k i 5 kaluk Ix d koare, kayuk kone: WAN : ea kWA I ak c APA : eb hi r I k i f kondake g kondaki BED : kan ike: kAYAk GOG kaYAk ERA : c GOG : e kayak ori 0 I df koda KIW kor i 0 i,j kaek KIW: a,c k kubuli I b qandi MAR gbali BOA : a HUP g ,h gb iIi WHF : id gbAIA k gbilik-gbilik 1 gbe Ii m-o irak p arak q alak gbori gberi? EHF : a gbere? b,ce gbari? f,d g gbor l? h-j ga r 1 ? 91 young man koandep , guargla green,Additiona (alive)l: ka lokkalokQa, pondakpondakQa , kwaktam, kWAnAWYdA kdA(Kwem)m, kondakondaSUK ke, gIAQ, goyaQI , glbukQ, YUP a b c d g ,j kaekaek, WHF go logol0, golo, 0 gWA1 AgwAIA WAN f ERA b d e m n � . afo �a� ide waemEnE doaw, doafi , Re sidue : doalf kawe noh , noqok AWY a,b / d / APA a / BED a b uruQ AndAgum ma re gerQAQ, gEmAQ kEQ !Bl c / FAS / MAR YAQ a / kundzlyoQ kEta, keta ml lak, mi rak weko, / wogoWAR a bo/i no b /alt c iQ/ a?nlGUS a kaepmoQ,b ka ip/ m d e musele /wls f lkap g uslk/ap URU a pouQe , b poyo j/ dA1 c AkQI h / g / ERA a / b / g h / WHF a / b / c / e f / / (I). Hypothesis : (x) . There is one interphylic series of cognates In OK f,h,i its *k u b V d V k V. members occur combined with an unidentified element I Comment : The protoform can be represented by The formal re lations of the members of series can then be shown by the l following chart . *k u b V d V k V a k,- u,- k,- a d, r i ,e, a k,!,- 0,a 1,- ASK k,- u, I ,- a,- r, I ,- i ,U,- k,- I , - AWY k 0 a,- r,n E OK h r k APA k a n k E BED k,- ° r ° GOG q a nd KIW ------ MAR k,h, - u,- w,- a,- r , y ,- e,a k,�,g, ? 0,Ai ,- k w,- a,o,- I,nd,- A,a,O k,g URU k u,- b , - A,a I,d, I,e k,- YUP o,u y,- a,A ERA g,- b , - I,e r, I I,a k,- a,A A WHF 9 b,- e,a r I,e ? , - ° EHF nose , Note : l. For the explanation of this kind of chart see no .14. 92 46 . Straight CSNG ERA : a dlnda ASK : c torwot. toror. I b did I mE toroot c dflmine AWY : c imidi } II d dflmdflmn l e ndlndip f dldlmEn II OK : f,g g didimEnil) tool-k ub } Ix h didi m i kiyoo r -kub i,j dindim GOG k didimi GOG: serere I HUP WHF : f,g toro rogo FIN } I WAN : c dudumna 0 tflrflrflk h,k,l d i nd i I)a URU: c n;)I)n ;)I);) i,j d i ndi I) i d d;)l)d;)I);) m t;)1) f dondol);) }n n t;)l)t;)1) j tflrflrfl II } I P tfll) YUP : b kuririflk q dflndfl� fltn EHF : b,d d;)nd::>ne c da r i ? e-h d;)ndol) ----- Additional: AWY a tetede smooth, leve l, ORI a tUmtUma straight WHF n d::>l)dol);)k ek to stare (look) intently Residue : � ASK a iare , b iwato / AWY a mode / d kidi / b yo, f yani / OK a topol)- mo / b kimka- mo / KIW a kawitato / b ka rawasemi / MAR a heda / YAQ a meteqor- in / APA b dugenE / BED b mugu / flif WAR a utikl)il) / b utuktugum / GUS a pEt / b nEnifl/ d mEnfl / f r;)nEnEI), g nEnel)O / e umbumal) / URU a k;)nd;)l), b kflndfll) / e susuk;) / g s::>;)?no / h tumbupm;) / i doko l) / YUP a fI�flkl)fI / C tfleeems infl / d numfll)i / WAN g siw;)l)i / ERA e lutflmgeflk / WHF a,e kobobo / d k;)l)tEne / EHF a srol)a / i,j f;)retil)/ KOV ma i ton / Hypothesis : There are two interphylic series of cognates (I, II). Members of series I occur in OK f,g,i as the first constituents of compounds . Comment : The second constituent in these compounds has not been identified . AWY c imidi is assumed to have developed from *dimidim. 93 47. Warm CSNG FIN ASK : a amamuru URU : c,d,h monmo ro } I b amapoto g manmo ro c amup,amam AWY : a apato . b, c apa d apufo I f mamin OK : b nlmin c namin e,g mlmin f,i mamin Additional: SEN a nauma , BIN a menamana ASK c nam fe ver Re sidue : � OK a wi� / APA a kewa / b tegega / BED a dafl, b d�fl, c d�lf / FAS sisipusa / GOG i labega / K1W a eraera, c enaena, MAR a ena / SUK watru / BOA a tatas / YAQ a kir / � WAR a wag i� / b wabim / c wa i / GUS wAnwAnai / b aWAtitl / d wanA� / e dzlwl �, f tlwi / g kokl�o / URU a ���l���, b A�ArA�A, e i�I��, f il�� / 1 kowlrl / j ko�ko �1 / YUP a tepmA / b �A�Ala / c era�a / d ee�gawie / WAN a waWU�A / c opak / e komltak, g komi / f kadapgAmA�, ERA a kadep-gok, c kAdep-gok, d kAdApl, e kAdAp-tuan, f kadlp-mut, WHF f konopkonop, g konopo, 1 kAnAp . �ambuk, j kAnAp�aQguk, glrlp-agu, n k�l�pk�l�p, 0 kArApkArAp / ERA b kugudu-guk, g kudut, h kuduk, i kunduwat, k kundutkawe / j ko�gom / a gereune, h gerlaeu? , EHF a gerea / WHF 1 fo?nla / m utun�e / p klpm��, q klklpm / d watalna / e dzlQe�e, EHF b dza?lne, c da? lne / d hot�ne?, e aro�n�, f h�r��n�, g h�r��ne, h,1,j kor o�l ne / KOV nal ron / Hypothesis: There 1s one interphy11c series of cognates (I) . Comment : Many of the res1dual forms contain a root meaning fire , or burn . GOG i la, KIW era, WAN kadap, ERA kadep, etc., WHF konop, etc. mean fire, fi rewood, tree (see no . 33) . WHF dzl , EHF dza? , etc. mean burn (see no .48) . 94 48. Burn CSNG FIN 1 ASK : c sos ,ses WAR : C sAISEt AWY : b ylnu GUS : a dl c yldu b d e e ondii d t I I f undo f te g te APA: b d I URU : a teA BED : a-c 5 I b rAe e hina c,e t I d,f d I g,h do i I j 5 I YUP : b,c da WAN : a hi c 151 I f se g Indz lt ERA : b,d,j se C SESE e,f,i dA g,h,k da HUP WHF : a,p,q dzl d,l dze m de n,o 5 I EHF : a dze c da d dzo e-j dza Additional: BIN b bebe!l- , c heee�- Re sidue : � ASK a puma otomo , c urum / b moay wi / AWY a ra ru, d fiox / OK a neoge, b neoga / C ten en / BED d gobe / KIW a,c Ital / WAR a huslg / BOA a lavut / YAQ a parade / GOG oro / � WAR a erup / b dAgan yl / GUS e ka / YUP a deren / d Ar / WAN e membe li / ERA a moda / EHF b lobo / KOV ae / Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . Comment : The BIN forms seem to be compounds , the second constituent of which links with series I. The first constituent has been tentatively identified as a morpheme meaning tongue, fLame . Note : 1. 50S , s e s also mean toroh. 95 49 . Eat CSNG FIN ASK : a,b ne WAR : a na c na b n- c ne+ AWY : a,f en b e GUS : a Anyo c nT b ne d e c ne I e andl d n I e-g ne OK : a ane b anye URU : a ne c Ine b-j na d ane l I YUP : a-d na e,g una WAN : a,e ,g na f in I b no g wan c,d nA APA: a da f ne b da ERA : a nA BED : a-e na b-j na FAS : na k nAna GOG --HUP GOG : na WHF : a,p, q n I d-o ne SUK : na EHF : a,d,e ne b,c no f-j no Additional : SEN ana, EHS (Duna) nal BIN an, b na, c nl, e Inda Residue : CS NGP MAR a havl / BOA a log / YAQ a bae / KIW a oruso, c oruho, b kadaruwo / Hypothesis : There is one interphylic series of cognates (I). 96 50. To shoot CSNG FIN ASK : b tor URU : a,b tAraee C eim,tum, c-f temo to g t I ma AWY : d ti I i temA e teen j tawa f taem YUP: a yamA APA : b himE b yama c taamA d imiA WAN : c tem I g tama ERA : e 1 im c tame d tama f talama g tarama h terabu i te r abu j tAlama Residue : AWY a piemo, c pemo / OK a yetpar aambe / b mbataoge / e pina, l f,h bina, g blnu, BED a iano, b eno, c ina / d kare / KIW a 1 aro , ibo / MAR a deh / BOA a pasoa / YAQ a way / WAR a ut / b wAtnA, C WOrnA, URU h wod / GUS a mulu, e mulo, f muro , g mure, WAN a mulo, EHF b,d,e,g,i,j mu ru , c muro, f m"iri , h mo ro / GUS b sAgArE , d sabi rE / ERA a sinsumt ioao / b yok / k yoyo, WHF a yatl, d eta, e yoto, f,g ito, h ido, i,j ere, k 1 urut, 1 wi ri?, m ero , n yero, 0 zer, p ele, EHF a wede? / WHF q osa, KOV so / Hypothesis: There 1s one interphylic series of cognates (I). Note : 1. BED d ka re and KIW a aro possibly link with WHF m ero and re lated forms . 97 51. To tie CSNG HUP ASK : b eka WHF : e,f,g dzoko c y I k,zl k i,j dZA!A I BED : a,b tlga k,l dz I k I m c t I iii d;)!I;) n 1 d dE I s;)!I;),teku, I 9 heku 0 SA!la p,q dza EHF : a dzege Addi tiona1 : BIN a dl Residue : � ASK a moker / AWY a,b ado, c,d ada , f andap / e rUn / OK a yene , b yendewa re , APA b Ina / a purl / GOG papaml / SUK plgumu / MAR a klparud / BOA a lavaln / YAQ a abaqaqan / � WAR a sogu / b UjtA, c ojt l / GUS a gEnA / b gA t I r, d kAt l / e wltum;) / f kus lya, g kos ly;) / URU a,b haro, j pAro, ERA d pado, j parakQA / URU c akepto? , h akalptu? / d,e hene, f fene , g pinI / i sop / YUP tApmAQ / b gulu / c tu / d waml , WAN c wama / f tokma / ERA a Ita Qka / b tOfll, f torofe / c tlkara / e lusupmA / g tlblkerlte / h I ba , i Imo / WHF a,d plse, b,c pisI / h somoQgo / EHF b hefe, c hape , e afe, f klfe, g hafe, h-J k I pe / d b I / Hypothesis : There is one interphy1ic series of cognates (I). Note : 1. WHF n S;)!;) means to bind; heku, teku mean to tie. 98 52. Say; speech (sp), myth (m), song (so) CSNG FI--N ASK : a tao so WAR : a diy b hao so b giy c so,tao so c yey OK : g-i s a I) m GUS : a dllr f ye APA :· a s::>a sp g e b sa sp I URU : c-g BED : a- c ta sp y::> b yu d sia sp i yll e to sp j ya GOG YUP : a GOG: la yo b-d ya SUK : gie WAN : a , e,g Y II c ya f yi ERA : a , g,h ya c,d yll e ra f ta I b to i,j e --HUP WHF : a re/don Isp d ra/dan Isp e-h dzo i ,j dzi k dze p dze/dzet Isp 1 dze } m d, n s::>,yo /den Isp 0 s- q dZll EHF : e,f do I) sp c dOl),yofa sp a yoa? sp b yowa sp d yawe sp 99 Additional: say WHF n (Northern dialect) de, BIN a sa, b si speech, word GOG gilala. gl way of doing, BIN a,b ,e ge Re sidue : l � AWY a,b roxo, c ro, d ox, e arek tagamo , f rug in-, OK a ora are-, b tekme , KIW a arogo, b kada rogo , MAR a mean rah- / OK 2 b,c yeetme- / KIW c awapotai / BOA a ma Qkat in- / YAQ a tuml paq- / fliE GUS b uyay, d yay / e man iA te- / URU a,b me , EHF a,g-i mi , b,f mu, c me, d mo , e mY, KOV me / Hypothesis : There is one interphylic se ries of cognates (I). * Comment : Initial t. d. r. 1 . s. h. y. dz. and 9 are reflexes of C- . Notes: 1. tagamo and arek are probab le cognates; compare ASK c atakam. arakam Zanguage . The verb root is probab ly taga and mo is probab ly a transitive suffix . 2. The verb root seems to be yeet which links with series I. 100 53. SZeep CSNG --FIN ASK : a ete WAR : a po b ehe b pi c isi es- , c per ese es- I GUS : e etio APA : b ki5- f ete BED : a tia g we t:>,we re b,c kia URU : i pe d tia j pa YUP : a pok c pua d pa WAN : b pek c pe e pak f pa I g pa r ERA : a fa c fir e fa f f+ g fa ra i,j pa HUP WHF : a,l fe d pa e wo o,p we f,g eko h e k he Additional: to dream AWY a kono ma�ete fe te- , b a�atu fite- , d asU ete-o� , e 0 l!l- gio, f wi eto- 101 Re sidue : � AWY a kono re- , b kunu re- , c kunu re- , d kumun iQ-, e kinum ra- , f kinun yan- / OK a konyop eQge- , b tunuk aQgee / e ara, f akaan, g akaa1, h aka1, i akar / GOG tene, BOA tena / SUK rapa / K1W a,c uwo , b kuwo / MAR a nu x- / YAQ kindan poen- / !liE GUS a wig- / b QgAr- / d kora / URU a su, b ru, c tu, d,g,i du, ERA h dau / WAN a awek, d doplk / ERA b dek / d kpa / k dAmudu / WHF i,j a!A / m ye, n i, 0 dzi / EHF d gone / Hypothesis: There is one interphylic series of cognates (I) . Comment : The protoform can be represented by *p a C i o. The formal re lat ions of the members of series I can then be shown by the following l chart : p a C 0 ASK e, i t , 5,h e, i AWY f,- e, i t e, i , - 0,- APA k 0 BED t, k a WAR p i ,e ,0 r,- GUS w, - e,E t, r i , e,- 0,- URU P e,a YUP p a,o, U k,- a,- WAN P e,a k, r,- ERA p, f i , a r a,- ------WHF p, f,w, - e,a,o h,k,- e,- 0,- Note: 1. For the explanation of this kind of chart , see no .14. 102 3. CONCLUSION In the previous sections fifty-three items have been presented, each of which yields one or more interphylic series of probab le cognates . Even if one allows for a wide margin of error in the postulated series, it should be clear beyond doubt that there is substantial evidence for a positive genetic re lationship between the languages of the � and the �. The authors there fore propose that the CSNGP and the ===FHP be comb ined into a single phylum , the Trans-New GUin�Ylum . l Moreover , data have also been given which point to the inclusion of the Binandere Family (Wilson , 1969a) wi thin the proposed phylum . In addition to those data other data may be presented which were not included in the body of the study because they do not reach across to the �: Man: BIN a ema , b,c emo, d emba , e-i,k,m embo, 1 genembo, URU a, WAN f,g, ERA d,i ama , URU b-i amna , j, YUP b-d amen , WAN c amin, ERA b ami, c ama?, e oama , g,h me , j erne . Bird: BIN a,c,e ni, b,d,f,g,o ndi, h,i,m dt, k di, WHF a-d n a oi , e,i,j, 1 ne i, k,o nt, n not , EHF a neo, b,c,d naoo, h nooo , KOV nao, GUS a-d nuo, f nu, g nu. Stone : BIN f,h,i koro , h karu, i ka lu, g ka luma , ERA e kodo, f kaoda, g kawade, h kawada, i,j kawat , kokowodA, WHF d kit, e-g kot , i,j,m-o kot, EHF h ko?, a- c, WHF 1 ho? Woman : BIN j -l,o eeetu, g eeuhu, i eeohu, e eutu, WHF e awe re , n apet, GUS f,g pare, URU c awe , f owe , g,h oe i, d,e oe . The inclusion of the Binandere Fami ly within the Trans-New Guinea Phy lum raises a question regarding the inclusion of the wh ole of the Southeast New Guinea Phy lum . Wurm (1970) included the Binandere Stock (i.e., the Binandere Family plus the Guhu-Samane language), the Koiari Manub ara-Yareba Stock , the Goilala Family and a couple of language isolates within a proposed Southeast New Guinea Phylum. He stated that the fami lies and language isolates within the Koiari-Manubara-Yareba Stock exhibited interrelationships between 10-20% shared basic vocab ulary . The interrelationships between this stock , the Binandere Stock , . the Goilala Fami ly and the language isolates was stated to be generally 1 The label 'phy lum ' is used here to simply indicate that the writers recogni ze a group of languages wh ich are genet ically related at a low level. Th is relationship is regarded as being significantly higher than that implied by the term 'macro-phylum ' as used by Wurm (1970) , and future studies may show that perhaps the label 'stock ' is mor e appropriate . 'Phylum ' as used here does not imply any parti cular lexicostatistical level of relationship since lexicostatistical relati onships were not comput ed. 103 below to we ll below 10% . Moreover , Wurm states that the two stocks and the fami ly represent three typologically and structurally distinguishable types . In view of the structural diversity, the preliminary nature of the posited lexicostatistical re lationships and the extremely low cognate re lationships between the Binandere Stock on the one hand and the Koiari-Manub ara-Yareba Stock and the Goilala Family on the other hand, one may question whether or not the Binandere Stock rightly belongs within Wurm's proposed Southeast New Guinea Phy lum . A de finitive statement , of course , must await the completion of further studies. 4. FURTHER OUTLOOK The language groups thus far united in the Trans-New Guinea Phylum are located in four wide ly separated areas of New Guinea and the question arises whether the geographical discontinuity of the phylum is real or apparent . The answer to this question has to await much further research . Still, in the light of the present knowledge one may anticipate the possible inclusion of three other groups of languages (either in whole or in part ) in the Trans-New Guinea Phylum . These groups are : 1. The Nimboran group of languages. This group borders in the north-east on the Sentani group of languages. The possibility of including the Nimb oran group in the former � was recognized by Voorhoeve (1970) who presented evidence to support this claim . 2. The East New Guinea Highlands Phylum . This large group of languages was posited by Wurm (1960) . Several languages near the western, southern and eastern borders of this phylum show considerab le lexi cal simi larities with languages of the Trans-New Guinea Phylum . The Duna language which had been classified as a language isolate within the East New Guinea Highlands Stock (ENHS ) shows a cognation percentage with the Mountain Ok Languages which is high enough for it to be included in the CSNG Stock . Kewa and Foi of the We st-Central Fami ly (ENHS ) show considerable lexical similarities with Fasu of the CSNGS . The languages of the East-Central Family (ENHS) , especially Kamano, are reported by Wurm to show cognat ion percentages of up to 16% with languages of the Huon Stock (Wurm, 19 70) . A re cent assessment by the authors of the cognation percentages between Kamano and four Huon Stock languages (Burum, Mindik , Tobo, and Kube ) puts this per centage much lower, but still within the range of phylum-level re lationships . 104 3. The languages of the Madang Phylum . This phylum was posited by Z'graggen (1969). The languages of the Rai Coast Stock were included within this phylum by Claassen and McElhanon (1970) . Some lexical data from these groups have been presented in this study as additional data. 5. LIST OF SOURCES 5. 1. PUBLISHEV VATA Authority Language groups , languages Cowan 1965 SEN a Drabbe 19 49 KIM " 1950 YEL, MOM " 1953 ASK " 1954 MAR, YEY , KAN " 1955 MAR a " 1959 AWY, OK a,b " 1963 ASK c Dye 1968 SHF Riley-Ray 1930 KIW a- c, MRS Voorhoeve 1965 ASK c Wi lson 1969a,b BIN 5. 2. UNPUBLISHEV VATA Authority Language groups , languages M. Bromley GOL b,c C.R. Claassen GUS a-d ,f,g, RCS D. Davis WAN a-f A. Healey (1964) OK Phil Masters GOL a K.A. McElhanon FIN, HUP, except for those colle cted by Cla assen , Davis, and Webb . Ch . Modj eska DUN C.L. Voorhoeve APA, BED a-d, BOA a- c, GOG , SUK, KIW c. T. Webb ERA b S.A. Wurm ORI , AGO J.A. Z'graggen MAD, liMi, aJlli (1969 ) Survey Wordlists collected by members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics FAS , BED e. BIBLIOGRAPHY CLAASSEN , C.R. AND McELHANON , K.A. 1970 "Languages of the Finisterre Range - New Guinea" , (to appear in Paci Q.<.c Ungu.i� .ac� , A(23» . COWAN , H.K.J. 1965 "Grammar of the Sentani language", Ve.JLhande..ting e.n van he.t Konin�.tij� In�tituut vooJL Taa.t- Land- e.n Vo.t�e.n�unde. 47, Den Haag. DEMPWOLFF, O. 1938 Ve.JLg.te.iche.nde. Laut.te.hJLe. de.� Au�tJLone.�i� che.n WOJLt� chatz e.� , Vol. 3. Berlin . DRABBE , P. 1949 "Bij zonderheden uit de talen van Frederik-Hendrik ei1and : Kimagharna, Ndom en Riantana" , BijdJLag e.n tot de. Taa.t-, Land e.n Vo.t�e.n�unde., 105:1-24. 1950 "Talen en Dia1ecten van Zuid-West Nieuw Guinea" , AnthJLopo� , 45 :545-74. 1953 SpJLaa��un�t van de. KamoJLo-taa.t . Den Haag , Martinus Nijhoff . 1954 "Ta1en en Diale cten van Zuid-West Nieuw Guinea" , M.icJLo Bib.tiothe.ca AnthJLopo� , 11. Posieux/Fribourg , Zwitserland. 1955 SpJLaa��un� t van he.t MaJLind . Wenen, Modling . 1959 Kae.ti e.n mbon,Wa twe.e. Awju-dia.te.cte.n . Den Haag , Martinus Nij hoff. 105 106 1963 "Drie Asmat-Dialecten" , Ve�handeling en van het Ko ninklijk In6 tituut voo� Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 42. Den Haag , Martinus Nijhoff. DYE , W. AND TOWNSEND, P. AND TOWNSEND, W. 1968 "The Sepik Hill Languages: A Preliminary Report", Oceania , 39 (2):146-56. GUDSCHINSKY , S.C. 1956 "The ABC 's of Lexicostatistics (Glottochronology )", WOJtd 12 : 175-210 . HEALEY , ALAN 1962 "Linguistic Aspects of Telefolmin Kinship Terminology", Anth�opological Lingui6tic6 4(7) :14-28. 1964 The Ok language 6amily in New Guinea . Ph .D. Thesis , Canberra . HEALEY , P.M. 1964 "Tele�fo61 Quotative Clauses" , Paci 6ic Lingui6tic6 , A(3) : 27-34 . 1965a "Tele fol Clause Structure ", PaciMc Ungui6tic6 A(5):1-26. 1965b "Tele fol Verb Phrases", Paci 6ic Ungui6tic6 , A(5) :27-53. 1965c Tele60l Noun Ph·�a6 e6 , Paci Mc Ungui6tic6 , B(4) . 1966 Level6 and Chaining �n Tele60l Sentence6 , Paci6ic Ling ui6tic6 , B (5) • HOOLEY , B.A. AND McELHANON , K.A. 1970 "Languages of the Morobe District - New Guinea", (to appear in Paci6ic Lingui6 tic6 , C(13» . MCELHANON , K.A. 1967 "Pre liminary ob servations on Huon Peninsula Languages", Oceanic Lingui6tic6 , 6(1) :1-45. RAY , S.H. 1907 "Linguistics", Repo�t6 06 the Camb�idge Anth�opological Expedition to To��e6 St�ait6 , Vol .III, Cambridge . 107 RILEY, E.B. AND RAY , S.H. 19 30 "Sixteen Vocab ularies from the Fly River, Papua" , Anthltop04 , 25:173-94, 831-50 . VOEGELIN , C.F. AND VOEGELIN , F.M. 1965 "Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fas cicle Five" , Anthltopological Lingui4tic4 , 7(9):1-114 . VOORHOEVE , C.L. 1965 "The Flamingo Bay Dialect of the Asmat Language ", Velthandeling en van het Koninklijk In4 tituut VOOIt Taa!-, Land en Volkenkunde 45 . Den Haag , Martinus Nijhoff. 1968 "The Central and South New Guinea Phylum" , Paci6ic Lingui4tic4 , A(16):1-17. 1970 "Some notes on the linguistic re lations between the Sent ani and Asmat language s of New Guinea" , (to appear in the Bijdltagen tot de Taal- , Land- en Volkenkunde, Vol .126) . WILSON , D.B. 1969a "The Binandere Language Family" , Paci6ic Lingui4tic4 , A(18) : 65-87 . 1969b "Suena Grammar Highlights", Paci6ic Lingui4tic4 , A(l8) :95-110 . WURM , S.A. 1960 "The changing linguistic picture of New Guinea" , Oceania , 31(2) :121-36 . 1970 "The Papuan Linguistic Situation" , (to appear in Cultltent Tltend4 in Lingui4tic4 , Vol .8, Ling ui4 tic4 in Oceania) . Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. 1969 Cla44i6icatolty and typological 4tudie4 in languag e4 06 the We4teltn Madang Vi4tltict, New Guinea. Ph .D. Thesis , Canberra. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A, No s. 1-9 , Series B, Nos . 1-6 , Series C, No s . 1 and 3, and Bulletins 1 and 2 were called LINGUISTIC CIRCL E OF CANBERRA PUBLICAT IONS. All publications (including reprints of earlier items ) subsequent to July 1967 bear the new name PAC IF IC LINGU ISTICS. After each entry , ISBN numb ers have been added . Where there are two ISBN numbers given , the first one refers to the comp lete set of volumes , and the second to the individual volume or part . Pr ices are subject to alteration without prior not ification . SER IES A - OCCAS I ONAL PAPERS No . 1 WURM, S.A. Some Rema�k� on the Role 06 Languag e in the $1 .00 A� �imilatio n 06 Au�t�alian Abo�igine� . 1963 ; 12 pp . Reprinted 1966 . ISBN 0 85883 006 X No . 2 HEAL EY, Alan Handling Un�ophi�ticated Lingui�tic In6o�mant� . $1 . 50 1964; iii + 30 pp . Reprinted 1967 , 1972, 1973, 1975. ISBN 0 85883 007 8 No . 3 PENCE , Alan , Ellis Deibler Jr , Phyllis M. Healey , and Bruce $1. 50 A. Hooley Pape�� in New Guinea Ling ui�tic� No .1. 1964 ; iv + 42 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 008 6 No . 4 S.A. / WURM , Pape�� in New Guinea Ling ui� tic� No .2. 1964 ; $1. 50 iv + 41 pp . ; 1 map . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 009 4 No . 5 HEALEY , Phyllis M. Pap�� in New Guinea Ling ui�ti c� No .3. $2 .00 1965; iv + 53 pp . Reprinted 1972 . ISBN 0 85883 010 8 No . 6 BEE , Darlene Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tic� No .4. 1965; $2 .50 iv + 68 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 0 II 6 No . 7 FRANTZ, C.l. and M.E. , D. and J. Oatridge, R. Loving , $3.00 J. Swick , A. Pence, P. Staalsen, and H. and M. Boxwell Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tic¢ No . 5. 1966 ; viii + 93 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 012 4 No . 8 SHETLER, J. , R. Pittman , V. Forsberg , and J. Hussey Pape�� $1. 50 in Philippine Lingui�tic� No .1. 1966 ; iv T 38 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 013 2 No. 9 NGUYEN DANG LlEM, A. Tran Huong Mai , and David W. Dellinger $3.50 Pape�� in South Ea�t A� ian Ling ui�tic� No .1. 1967 ; iv + 43 pp . + 30 tables + 3 chart tables + 27 chart s. Re- pr inted 1970 . ISBN 0 85883 014 0 2 PAC IFIC LINGUISTICS Occasional Papers - continued No .l0 GLASGOW , D. and K. , Jean F. Kirton , W.J. Oates , and B.A. and $2 .00 E.G. Sommer P�pe4¢ �n Au¢t4�l��n L�ngu�¢ t�c¢ No .1. 1967 ; v + 59 pp . Reprinted 1972 . ISBN 0 85883 015 9 No .ll VON BRANDENSTEIN, C.G. , A. Capell, and K. Hale P�pe4¢ �n $3.00 Au¢t4�l��n L�ngu�¢t�c¢ No .2. 1967; iii + 73 pp . + 7 maps . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 016 7 No .12 McELHANON , K.A. and G. Renck P�pe4¢ �n New Gu�ne� L�ngu�¢ t�c¢ $2 .00 No .6. 1967 ; iv + 48 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 017 5 No .13 GODDARD , J. and K.J. Franklin P�pe4¢ �n New Gu�ne� L�ngu�¢ $2.50 t�c¢ No . 7. 1967 ; iv + 59 pp . Re printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 018 3 No .14 AGUAS , E.F. and D.T. Tryon P�pe4¢ �n Au¢t4�l��n L�ngu�¢ t�c¢ $2.00 No .3. 1968 ; iii + 46 pp . + 1 map . Re printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 019 No .1S CAPELL, A. , G.J. Parker , and A.J. Schutz P�pe4¢ �n L�ng u�¢ $2.00 t�c¢ 06 Mel�ne¢�� No .1. 1968 ; iii + 52 pp . + 1 map . Re - printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 020 5 No .16 VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.J. Franklin, and G. Scott P�pe4¢ �n New $2 .50 Gu�ne� L�ngu�¢ t�c¢ No .8. 1968 ; iv + 62 pp .; 2 ma ps . Re- printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 02 1 3 No .17 KINSLOW HARRIS, J. , S.A. Wurm , and D.C. Laycock P�pe4¢ �n $3 .50 Au¢t4�l��n L�ngu�¢t�c¢ No .4. 1969; vi + 97 pp .; 3 map s. Re- printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 022 I No .la CAPELL, A. ; A. Healey , A. Isoroembo , and M. Chittleborough; $3.50 and D.B. Wilson P�pe4¢ �n New Gu�ne� L�ng u�¢t�c¢ No .9. 1969; vi + 110 pp . ; 1 map . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 023 X No .19 MILLER, J. and H.W. Miller P�pe4¢ �n Ph�l�pp�ne L�ng u�¢ �c¢ $1.50 No .2. 1969; iii + 32 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 024 8 No .20 PRENTICE , D.J. P�pe4¢ �n B04neo L�ngu�¢ t��¢ No .1. 1969; $2.0 0 iv + 41 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 025 6 No .21 CAPELL , A. , A. Chowning , and S.A. Wurm P�pe4¢ �n L�ng u�¢t�c¢ $3.50 06 Mel�ne¢�� No .2. 1970 ; v + 105 pp .; 5 maps . ISBN 0 85883 002 7 3 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Occasional Papers - continued No .22 LAYCOCK , D.C. , Richard G. Lloyd, and Philip Staa1sen PapeJLh $3.00 in New Guinea Ling uihtich No .10. 1969; v + 84 pp . ISBN 0 85883 026 4 No .23 BUNN , G. and R. ; Alan Pence , Elaine Geary , and Do ris Bjorkman; $3.00 H. and N. Weimer; and O.R. Claassen and K.A. McE1hanon Pape�h in New Guinea Linguihtich No .11. 1970 ; v + 78 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 00 I 9 No .24 ABRAMS , N. , J. Forster , and R. Bri choux Pape�h in Philippine $3.00 Linguihtich No .3. 1970; vi + 77 pp . ISBN 0 85883 000 0 No .25 VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.A. McE1hanon , and Bruce L. and Ruth Blowers $2 . 50 Pape�h in New Guinea Linguihtich No .12. 1970; iv + 60 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 027 2 No .26 BLOWERS , B.L. , Margie Griffin, and K.A. 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Blust, and F.S. Watuseke Pap�h in Bo�neo $5 .00 and Wehte�n AUht�O nehian Linguihtich No .2. 19 77 ; vi + 132 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 164 3 4 PACIFIC LINGUISTIC S Occasional Papers - continued No .34 ALLEN , Janice and M. Lawrence P�pe�� in New Guine� Lingui��ie� $2 .00 No .16. 19 72; iii + 46 pp . ISBN 0 85883 08 1 7 No .35 BEAUMONT , C. , D.T. Tryon, and S.A. Wurm P�pe�� in Lingui��ie� $4 .00 06 Mel�ne�i� No .3. 1972; vii + 113 pp . + 6 maps . ISBN 0 85883 083 3 No .36 SCHEBECK , B. ; and L.A. Hercus and I.M. White P�peA� in Au� $3.00 ���li�n Lingui��ie� No .6. 1973 ; iv + 72 pp . + 4 pages of photographs + 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 095 7 No .3? FURBY , Christine E. , Luise A. Hercus , and Christine Ki1ham $3.00 P�pe�� in Au����li�n Lingui� �ie� No .7. 1974; iv + 73 pp . + 1 map + 3 photographs. ISBN 0 85883 116 3 No .38 HOLZKNECHT , K.G. and D.J. Phillips P�pe�� in New Guine� Un- $3.00 gui��ie� No .17. 1973; iii + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 097 3 No .39 SHARPE , M.C. , L. Jagst, and D.B.W. Birk P�pe�� in Au����li�n $3.50 Lingui��ie� No .8. 1975; v + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 126 0 No .40 CONRAD , R. and W. Dye ; N.P. Thomson; and L.P. Bruce Jr P�pe�� $4 .00 in New Guine� Ling ui��ie� No .18. 1975; iv + 102 pp . + 5 maps . ISBN 0 85883 118 X No .41 CHANDLER, Donna Hettick, E. Ruch , and Jeannette Witucki P�p e�� $3.00 in Philippine Ling ui��ie� No .5. 1974; iv + 74 pp . ISBN 0 85883 114 7 No .42 HUDSON , Joyce and Barbara J. Sayers P�pe�� in Au� ���li�n Lin $3.50 gui��ie� No .9. 1976 ; iv + 79 pp . ISBN 0 85883 140 6 No .43 HEADLAND , T.N. and A. Healey; and Jeannette Witucki P�pe�� in $3.00 Philippine Lingui� �ie� No .6. 1974 ; iii + 74 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 108 2 No .44 HOOKER, B. , D. Behrens, and P.M. Hartung P�pe�� in Philippine $3.00 Ungui� �ie� No .7. 1975 ; iv + 60 pp . ISBN 0 85883 135 X No .45 REESINK , G.P., L. Fleischmann , S. Turpeinen, and P.C. Lincoln $4 .50 P�pe�� in New Guine� Lingui� �e� No .19. 1976 ; v + 105 pp .; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 156 2 No .46 WITUCKI , Jeannette , M.R. Walrod, and Jean Shand P�pe�� in $4 .00 Philippine Lingui� �e� No .8. 1976 ; iv + 89 pp . ISBN 0 85883 146 5 5 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Occasional Papers - continued No .47 KIRTON , Jean ; B. Sommer; S.A. Wurm and Luise Hercus ; and $3 .50 P. Austin, R. Ellis and Luise Hercus Pape�4 �n AU4 t�al�an L�n gU�4t�e4 No .10. 1976 ; iv + 7 8 pp .; 3 maps ; 11 photographs . ISBN 0 85883 153 8 No .48 THOMAS , D.O. , E.W. Lee and Nguyen Dang Liern, eds Pape�4 �n $5 .00 South Ea4t A4 �an L�ngu�4t�e4 No .4: Cham�e Stud�e4 . 1977 ; x + 124 pp . ISBN 0 85883 163 5 No .49 BRADLEY, D. Pape�4 �n South Ea4t A4 �an L�ngu�4t�e4 No .5. $4 .00 19 77; iv + 9 8 pp . ISBN 0 85883 158 9 In preparation : No .50 JOHNSTON , E.C., H. Weins , Jo Ann Gault, P. Green and B. Grayden Pape�4 �n Ph�l�pp�ne L�ngu�4 t�e4 No .9 No .51 KIRTON , Jean F., R.K. Wood and Luise Hercus Pape�4 �n AU4 �al�an L�n gU�4 t�e4 No .ll No .52 GETHING , T.W. and Nguyen Dang Liem, eds Pape�4 �n South Ea4t A4 �an L�ngu�4t�e4 No .6; Ta� Stud�e4 �n Honou� 06 W�ll�am J. Gedney No .53 TRAIL, R.L., H.T. Rathod , G. Chand, C. Roy , I. Shrestha and N.M. Tuladhar; P.J. Grainger; W.W. Glover and J.K. Landon ; A. Hale and T. Manandhar ; and B. SChottelndreyer Pape�4 in South Ea4t A4ian Lin gui4 tie4 No . 7 SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS No . 1 WURM, S.A. and J.B. Harris PO LICE MOTU, an int�oduetio n to the $3 .00 T�ade Language 06 Papua (New Gu�nea) 60� anth�opologi4t4 and othe� 6�eldwo�ke�4 . 1963; vi + 8 1 pp . Reprinted 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 , 19 70 , 1971, 19 73. ISBN 0 85883 034 5 No . 2 WURM, S.A. Phonolog�eal V�ve�4i6ieation �n AU4 t�alian New $3.00 Gu�nea H�ghland4 Languag e4 . 1964; iii + 8 7 pp .; 1 map . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 035 3 No . 3 HEALEY, Alan Tele60l Phonology. 1964 ; iii + 1 figure + $2.50 53 pp . + 5 tables . Reprinted 1972. ISBN 0 85883 036 No . 4 HEALEY, Phyllis M. Tele60l Noun Ph�a4 e4 . 1965 ; iii + 51 pp . $2 .00 Reprinted 1972. ISBN 0 85883 037 X 6 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Mo nographs - continued No . S HEALEY, Phyllis M. Levelh and Chaining in Tele60l Sentenceh . $2.50 1966 ; iv + 64 pp . Reprinted 19 71 . ISBN 0 85883 038 8 No . G TRYON , Darrell T. Nengone Gltammalt . 1967; x + 91 pp . Reprinted $3 .50 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 039 6 No . ? TRYON , Darrell T. Vehu Gltammalt . 1968 ; ix + III pp . Reprinted $4 .00 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 040 X No . 8 TRYON , Darrell T. lai Gltammalt . 1968; xii + 125 pp . Reprinted $4 .50 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 04 1 8 No . 9 DUTTON , T.E. The Peo pling 06 Centltal Papua : home Plt eliminalty $5 .50 Obh eltVationh . 1969 ; viii + 182 pp . Reprinted 1970 , 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 042 6 No .10 FRANKLIN, K.J. The Vialecth 06 Kewa . 1968; iv + 72 pp .; $3.50 20 maps . Reprinted 19 71 . 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The Veltb in Bena-Bena : ith Foltm and Functio n. $2.50 19 71 ; v + 68 pp . ISBN 0 85883 050 7 No .19 PATON , W.F. Ambltym (Lonwolwol) Gltammalt . 19 71; xi + 128 pp .; $4 .50 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 05 1 5 7 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Mo nographs - continued No .20 CAPELL , A. A�o�� G�amma� . 19 71 ; iv + 90 pp .; 1 map . $3.50 ISBN 0 85883 052 3 No .21 McELHANON , K.A. Selepe� G�amma� . Pa�� I: F�om Roo� �o Ph�a� e. $4 .00 1972 ; vi + 116 pp . ISBN 0 85883 085 X and ISBN 0 85883 086 8 No .22 McELHANON , K.A. Towa�d� a Typology 06 �he F�����e��e-Huo� $3.00 La�guag e� , New Gu��ea. 1973; vii + 73 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 094 9 No .23 SCOTT , Graham H�g he� Level� 06 Fo�e G�amma� . Edited by Robert $3.50 E. Longacre . 19 73; x + 88 pp . ISBN 0 85883 088 4 No .24 DUTTON , T.E. A Checkl�� � 06 La�g uag e� a�d P�e� e��-day V�llage� $3.00 06 Ce���al a�d Sou�h-Ea�� Ma��la�d Papua. 1973; iv + 80 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 090 6 No .25 LAYCOCK , D.C. Sep�k La�guag e� - Checkl��� a�d P� el�m��a�y $4 .50 Cla���6�ca��0 �. 1973 ; iv + 130 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 084 No .26 MUHLHAUSLER, P. P�dg���za��o � a�d S�mpl�6�ca��0 � 06 La�guag e. $5 .00 19 74 ; v + 161 pp . Reprinted 1978 . ISBN 0 85883 113 9 No .27 RAMOS , Teresita V. The Ca� e Sy��em 06 Tagalog Ve�b� . 1974 ; $5.50 viii + 168 pp . ISBN 0 85883 115 5 No .28 WEST, Dorothy Wojoke�o Se��e�ce, Pa�ag�aph, a�d Vi� cou�� e $6 .00 A�aly� i� . Edited by Robert E. Longacre . 1973; x + 181 pp . ISBN 0 85883 089 2 No .29 ELBERT , Samuel H. Puluwa� G�amma� . 1974 ; v + 137 pp . $4 .50 ISBN 0 85883 103 I No .30 METCALFE , C.D. Ba�d� Ve�b Mo�phology (No��hwe��e�� Au� �al�a l. $6.50 1975 ; x + 215 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 121 X No .31 VOORHOEVE , C.L. La�guag e� 06 I��a� Jaya : Checkl���. $5.00 P� el�mi�a�y Cla���6�ca��0�, La�guag e Map� , Wo�dl����. 1975 ; iv + 129 pp .; 17 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 128 7 No .32 WALTON , Janice B��o�g a� I��eg Se��e�ce� . 1975 ; vi + 70 pp . $3.00 ISBN 0 85883 I 17 I No .33 GUY , J.B.M. A G�amma� 06 �he No��he�� V�alec� 06 Sakao . 1974 ; $3.50 ix + 99 pp .; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 104 X 8 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Mo nographs - continued No .34 HOPE, E.R. The Veep Syn�ax 06 Li6U Sen�ence6 . A T�an6 60�ma $6 .00 �ional Ca6 e G�amma� . 1974 ; viii + 184 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 110 4 No .35 IRWIN, Barry Sal�- Yui G�amma� . 19 74 ; iv + 151 pp . $5 .00 ISBN 0 85883 I I I 2 No .36 PHILLIPS, D.J. Wahgi Phonology and Mo�phology. 19 76 ; $5.50 x + 165 pp . ISBN 0 85883 141 4 No .37 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Ca6 e6 , Clau6 e6 and Sen�ence6 in Vie�name6 e. $3.50 1975 ; v + 89 pp . ISBN 0 85883 133 3 No .38 SNEDDON , J.N. To ndano Pho nology and G�amma� . 1975 ; $8 .00 viii + 264 pp . ISBN 0 85883 125 2 No .39 LANG , Adrianne The Seman�iC6 06 Cla66i6ica�0�y Ve�b6 in Enga $7 .00 (and o�he� Papua New Guinea Languag e6 ). 1975 ; xii + 234 pp .; 2 ma ps. ISBN 0 85883 123 6 No .40 RENCK , G.L. A G�amma� 06 Yaga�ia . 1975 ; xiii + 235 pp .; $7.00 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 130 9 No .41 Z'GRAGGEN, J.A. The Languag e6 06 �he Madang Vi6 ��ic�, Papua $5 .00 New Guinea. 1975 ; vi + 154 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 134 I No .42 FURBY , E.S. and C.E. A P� elimina�y AnalY6i6 06 Ga�awa Ph�a6 e6 $3.50 I and Clau6 e6 . 1977; viii + 101 pp . ISBN 0 85883 151 No .43 STOKHOF, W.A.L. P� elimina�y No�e6 on �he Alo� and Pan�a� $3.00 Languag e6 (Ea6� Indone6ia) . 1975 ; vi + 73 pp . + 2 ma ps. ISBN 0 85883 124 4 No .44 SAYERS , Barbara The Sen�ence in Wik-Munkan: a Ve6 c�ip�io n 06 $6 .00 P�op06i�io nal Rela�ion6 hip6 . 1976; xvii + 185 pp . ISBN 0 85883 138 4 No .45 BIRK, D.B.W. The Malakmalak Lang uag e, Valy Rive� (We6�e�n $6 .00 A�nhem Land ) . 1976 ; xii + 179 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 150 3 No .46 GLISSMEYER, Gloria A Tagmemic AnalY6i6 06 Hawaii Eng.U.6 h $5 .00 Clau6 e6 . 1976 ; viii + 149 pp . ISBN 0 85883 142 2 No .55 LYNCH , John A G�amma� 06 Lenakel . 1977 ; vii + 135 pp .; 1 map . $4 .50 ISBN 0 85883 1 6 6 X 9 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Monographs in preparation: No .47 BEAUMONT, C.H. The T�gak Languag e 06 New I�eland No .48 CLARK , Marybeth Cove�b� and Ca�e �n V�etnam�e No .49 FILBECK , David T'�n: a H��to��eal Study No .50 SMITH , Kenneth D. Sedang G�amma� : Phonolog�eal and Syntaet�e St�uetu�e No .51 LEE, Jennifer R. Note� on L� Hawu (Ea� t�n Indone��a) No .52 KILHAM, Christine A. Themat�e O�gan�zat�on 06 W�k-Munkan V�� eou�� e No .53 VESALAINEN , 01avi and Marj a Clau� e Patte�n� �n Lhom� No .54 SNEDDON , J. P�oto- M�naha� an: Phonology, Mo�phology and Wo�d L��t No .56 ROSS , M. and John Natu Paol Wa� k�a G�amma� Sketeh and Voeabula�y No .57 CHAN-YAP , Gloria Hokk�en Ch�ne� e Bo��ow�ng� �n Tagalog No .58 GONZALEZ, Andrew Pampangan: Outl�ne 06 a Gene�at�v e Seman�e V�e��pt�on No .59 LUZARES , Casilda E. The Mo�phology 06 Seleeted Cebuano V�b� : a Ca� e Analy�� No .60 SOBERANO , Rosa The V�aleet� 06 Ma��nduque Tagalog SERIES C - BOOKS No . 1 LAYCOCK , D.C. The Ndu Languag e Fam�ly (Sep�k V�� ��et, New $7 .00 Gu�nea) . 1965 ; xi + 224 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 053 No . 2 GRACE , George W. Canala V�et�ona�y (New Caledon�a ). 1975 ; $4 .50 x + 12 8 pp . ISBN 0 85883 122 8 No . 3 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Engl�� h G�amma� (A Cont�a� t�v e Analy��� 06 $6.50 Engl� h and V�etname� e vol.l) . 1966 ; xliv + 177 pp . Reprinted 1970 . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 055 8 No . 4 NGUYEN DANG LIEM V�etname� e G�amma� (A Con�a�t�v e Analy� �� 06 $7 .50 Engl�� h and V�etname� e vol.2) . 1969 ; xlvi + 209 pp . Reprinted 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 ,0 56 6 No . 5 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A Cont�a� t�ve G�ammat�eal Analy��� 06 Engl�� h $5 .00 and V�etname� e (A Cont�a�t�v e Analy��� 06 Eng l�� h and V�etname� e vo1.3) . 1967; xv + 151 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 057 4 10 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Bo oks - continued No . 6 TRYON , Darrell T. Vehu-Engli� h Vietiona�y. 1967; v + 137 pp . $4 .50 Reprinted 19 71 . ISBN 0 85883 058 2 No . 7 TRYON , Darrell T. Engli� h-Vehu Vietio na�y. 1967; iii + 162 pp . $5 .00 Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 059 0 No . 8 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A ContAa�tive Phonologieal Analy�i� 06 $6 .50 Engli� h and Vietname� e (A Cont�a�tive Analy�i� 06 Engli� h and Vie.-tname� e vo1.4) . 1970; xv + 206 pp . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 004 3 No . 9 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois Nengone Vietio na�y. Pa�t I: $12.50 Nengone-Engli4 h. 1969 ; vii + 445 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4 and ISBN 0 85883 06 1 2 No .lO OATES, W. and L. Oates Kapau Pedagogieal G�amma� . 1968; $5 .50 v + 178 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 062 0 No .ll FOX, C.E. A�o�i-Engli� h Vietio na�y. 1970 ; iv + 406 pp .; $11 .00 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 063 9 No .12 GRACE , George W. G�and Couli Vietiona�y (New Caledonia ). $6 .00 1976 ; vii + 113 pp . ISBN 0 85883 154 6 No .13 WURM, S.A. and D.C. Laycock, eds Paei6ie Lingui� tie Studie� $35 .50 in Honou� 06 A�thu� Capell . 19 70; viii + 1292 pp .; 25 maps ; 1 photograph . Reprinted 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 005 I Articles authored , or co-authored , by : B.W. Bender , Catherine M. Berndt , R.M. Berndt , H. Bluhme , J.E. Bolt , C.G. von Brandenstein , tC .D. Chretien , J.R. Cleverly , C. Court , R.M.W. Dixon , W.H. Douglas, T.E. Dutton , I . Dyen , S.H. Elbert , A.P. Elkin , E.H. Flint , K.J. Franklin, Marie Godfrey , G.W. Grace , K. Hale , Joy Harris, A. Healey , H. Hershberger , Ruth Hershberger, W. G. Hoddinot, P.W. Hohepa , N.M. Holmer , B.A. Hooley, Dorothy J. James , H. Kahler , Susan Kaldor , H. Kerr , Jean F. Kirton , D.C. Laycock , Nguyen Dang Liem, K.A. McElhanon , H. McKaughan , G.N. O'Grady , A. Pawley , Eunice V. Pike , R. Pittman , D.J. Prentice, A.J. Schlitz, M.C. Sharpe , tW .E. Smythe , A.J. Taylor , D.T. Tryon, E.M. Uhlenbeck , C.F. Voegelin , F.M. Voegelin, C.L. Voorhoeve , S.A. Wurm, J. Z'graggen . No .14 GEERTS , P. 'A�e'a�e Vietiona�y. 1970 ; iv + 185 pp .; 1 map . $5.50 ISBN 0 85883 064 7 No .lS McELHANON , K.A. and N.A. Selepet- Engli� h Vietiona�y. 1970 ; $5 .00 xxi + 144 pp . ISBN 0 85883 065 5 11 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Books - continued No .16 FRANKLIN, K.J. A G4amma4 06 Kewa, New Guinea . 1971; $4 .50 ix � 138 pp . ISBN 0 85883 066 3 No .17 PARKER, G.J. Southea� t Amb4ym Victio na4Y. 1971 ; xiii + 60 pp . $2 .50 ISBN 0 85883 067 I No .18 PRENTICE , D.J. The MU4ut Languag e� 06 Sabah. 1971; $9 .00 xi + 311 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 068 X No .19 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Cla��i6icat04Y and Typological Studie� in $5 .50 Language� 06 the Madang Vi�t4ict. 19 71 ; viii + 179 pp .; 4 maps . ISBN 0 85883 069 8 No .20 LANG , Adrianne Enga Victiona4Y with Engli� h Index. 1973; $10 .00 Ivi + 219 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 093 0 No .21 PATON , W.F. Amb4ym (Lonwolwoll Victiona4Y. 1973; $11 .50 ix + 337 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 092 2 No .22 LONGACRE , Robert E., ed . Philippine Vi� cou4� e and Pa4ag4aph $10 .50 Studie� in Mem04Y 06 Betty McLachlin. 1971; xv + 366 pp .; 1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 070 I Articles authored by : tBetty McLachlin and Barbara Blackburn , Ha zel Wrigglesworth , Claudia Whittle , Charles Walton . No .23 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois Nengone Victiona4Y. Pa4t II: $ 6.00 Engli� h-Nengone. 1971; iii + 202 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4 and ISBN 0 85883 07 1 X No.24 ELBERT , Samue l H. Puluwat Victio na4Y. 1972; ix + 401 pp . $13.00 ISBN 0 85883 082 5 No .25 FOX, Charles E. Lau Victiona4Y, with English Index . 1974 ; $9 .50 vi + 260 pp . Reprinted 1976 . ISBN 0 85883 101 5 No .26 FRANKLIN, Karl, ed . in cooperation with M. Brown , T. Dutton , $18 .00 , R. Lloyd , G. McDonald , D. Shaw , C. Voorhoeve , S. Wurm The Lingu� tic Situation in the Gul6 Vi�t4ict and Adjacent A4 ea� , Papua New Gui�ea. 1973; x + 597 pp .; 8 maps. ISBN 0 85883 100 7 No .27 HO-MIN SOHN and B.W. Bender A Ulithian G4amma4 . 19 73; $13 .50 xv + 398 pp .; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 098 I No .28 HEADLAND, Thomas N. and Janet D. A Vumagat (Ca�igu4anl - $10 .50 Engli� h Victiona4Y. 1974 ; lxii + 232 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 107 4 12 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Books - continued No .29 DUTTON , T.E., ed . Studie¢ in Language¢ 06 Cent�al and South $25.50 Ea�t Papua . 1975 ; xviii + 834 pp .; 5 maps . ISBN 0 85883 119 8 A collection of illustrative sketches of many hitherto un described languages of Central and South-East Papua by J. Austing , R.E. Cooper, T.E. Dutton, J. and C. Farr , R. and S. Garland , J.E. Henderson , J:A. Kolia (formerly Collier ), M. Olsen , A. Pawley , E.L. Richert , N.P. Thomson , R. Upia , H. and N. Weimer . No .30 LOVING, Richard and Aretta Awa Victio na�y. 1975 ; xliv + $9 .00 203 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 137 6 No .3l NGUYEN DANG LIEM, ed . South- Ea¢ t A�ian Ling ui¢ tic Studie� , $9 .50 vol .l. 1974 ; vii + 213 pp . Reprinted 19 78 . ISBN 0 85883 144 9 and ISBN 0 85883 099 X Articles authored by : Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Cesar A. Hidalgo , Arthur G. Crisfield , Philip N. Jenner, Marybeth Clark , Nguyen Dang Liem, Saveros Pou . No .32 TRYON , D.T. Valy Family Language¢ , Au�t�alia . 19 74; $1l .00 xvii + 303 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 106 6 No .33 WURM, S.A. and B. Wilson Engli¢ h Finde�li¢t 06 Recon¢t�uction¢ $10 .00 in Au¢t�one¢ian Language¢ (po�t B�and¢ tette�) . 19 75 ; xxxii + 246 pp . ISBN 0 85883 129 5 No .34 GUY , J.B.M. Handbook 06 Bichelama� - Manuel de Bichelama� . $9 .50 19 74 ; iii + 256 pp . Reprinted 19 75 . ISBN 0 85883 109 0 No .35 KEESING, R.M. Kwaio Victio na�y . 1975 ; xxxiv + 296 pp . ; $11 . 50 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 120 I No .36 REID, Lawrence A. Bo nto k-Engli� h Victiona�y. 19 76; xxiv + $16 .00 500 pp . ISBN 0 85883 145 7 No .37 RENCK , G.L. Yaga�ia Victiona�y with Engli¢ h Index. . 1977; $12 .00 xxx + 327 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 161 9 No .38 WURM, S.A. , ed . Papuan Languag e¢ and the New Guinea Ungui� tic $32 .00 Scene (New Guinea A�ea Language� and Langu�g e Study, vol .l) • 1975 ; xlvi + 1038 pp . ; 28 ma ps . Reprinted 19 77 . ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN 0 85883 132 5 No .39 WURM, S.A. , ed . Au¢t�one¢�an Lang uag e¢ (New Guinea A�ea Lan $23.50 guag e¢ and Languag e Study, vol.2) . 1976 ; xxxv + 736 pp .; 21 maps . ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN 0 85883 155 4 13 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Books - continued No .40 WURM, S .A. , ed . Languag e, CultulLe, Society, and the ModelLn $44 .00 WOlLld (New Guinea AlLea Language� and Languag e Study, vol . 3) . 19 77; lxxxvi + 1449 pp . in two fascicles; 3 map s; 40 photo- graphs . ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN o 85883 159 7 No .4l FLIERL , tW o and H. Strauss, eds Ka.te VictionalLY. 1977 ; $16 .00 xxxvi + 499 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 149 X No .42 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, ed . South-Ea� t A�ian Ung ui� tic Studie� , $10 .50 vol.2. 19 76; iv + 262 pp . ; 2 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 144 9 and ISBN 0 85883 143 0 Art icles authored by : Eugenie J.A. Henderson , Jud ith M. Jacob , P.N. Jenner , G. Diffloth , Sidharta (Sie Ing Dj iang) , T.A. Llamzon , M. Teresita Martin , J.F. Kess , M.W. Mintz , H.L. Shorto , J.U. Wolff, P.K. Benedict , Lili Rabel-Heyman . No .43 SMALLEY, W.A., ed. Phoneme� and OlLthoglLaphy: Lang uag e Plan- $13.00 ning in Ten MinolLity Languag e� 06 Thailand . 1976; xi + 347 pp . ISBN 0 85883 144 9 Articles authored by : W.A. Smal ley , E.R. Hope , P. Wyss, J.R. Cooke , J.E. Hudspith , J.A. Morris , Lois Callaway , C.W. Callaway , D. Filbeck , B.M. Johnston , D. Schlatter, D.W. Hogan . No .44 ZORC , R.D.P. The Bi� ayan Vialect� 06 the Philippine� : Sub $11 .50 glLouping and Recolt� :tJr.uction. 1977 ; xxi + 328 pp .; 9 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 157 0 No .46 HEALEY, Phyllis and Alan Tele60l Victio nalLY. 1977; xix + $12 .50 358 pp . ISBN 0 85883 160 0 No .50 TRYON , D.T. New HeblL-i. de� Languag e� : an IntelLnal Cla��-i.6-i. ca- $17 .00 t-i.o n. 19 76 ; v + 545 pp .; 7 maps . ISBN 0 85883 152 X No .5l GLOVER, W.W. , J.R. Glover, and Deu Bahadur Gurung GUlLung- $11 .50 Nepal-i.-Engl-i.� h Vict-i.onalLY w-i.th Engl-i.� h-GulLung and Nepal-i.-GulLung 1 ndexe� . 1977 ; xiii + 316 pp . ISBN 0 85883 147 3 No .55 LYNCH, John Lenakel VictionalLY . 1977 ; vii + 167 pp . $5.50 ISBN 0 85883 165 I In preparation : No .45 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, ed. South- Ea�t A� -i.an Lingu-i.� t-i.c Stud-i.e� , vol .3 No .47 PEREZ, A.Q., A.O. Santiago , and Nguyen Dang Liem, eds PapelL� 6lLom the Con6elLence on the StandalLd-i.zation 06 A�-i.an Languag e� , Man-i.la , Phii.ipp-i.ne� , VecembelL 16-21, 1974 14 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Books in preparation - continued No .48 WURM , S.A. , ed ., with P. Muhlhausler , D.C. Laycock , and T.E. Dutton HandbooR 06 New Guinea Pidgin No .49 LAYCOCK , D.C. Ba� ic Matenial� in Buin : Gnamman , Text� and Victionany No .52 MUHLHAUSLER, P. Gnowth and Stnuctune 06 the Lexicon 06 New Guinea Pidgin No .53 FRANKLIN, Karl J. and Joice Franklin Kewa Victio nany (with Supplem entany Matenial� ) No .54 THARP , J.A. and Y'Bham Buon-Ya A Rhade- Engl� h Victionany with Eng li� h-Rhade Finden Li�t No .56 CAPELL, A. Futuna Victio nany No .57 BAUTISTA, Maria L.S. The Filipino Bilingual '� Competence: a Model Ba� ed on an Analy�i� 06 Tagalog-Engli� h Code Switching SERI ES D - SPEC IAL PUBLICATIONS (Bul leti ns , archival ma terials and other publ ications ) No . 1 Bulletin No .1. 19 64; 9 pp . ISBN 0 85883 072 8 $0 .50 No . 2 Bulletin No .2. 1965 ; 84 pp . ISBN 0 85883 073 6 $3.00 No . 3 WURM, S.A. New Guinea Highland� Pidgin : Coun6 e Matenial6 . $5.50 1971 ; vii + 175 pp . ISBN 0 85883 074 4 No . 4 WURM, S.A. Languag e Map 06 the Ea6tenn, We�tenn and Southenn $1.00 Highland� , Tennitony 06 Papua and New Guinea . In 14 colours . 1961. ISBN 0 85883 075 2 No . 5 LAYCOCK , Don Matenial6 in New Guinea Pidgin (Coa6 tal and Low $3 .50 land6 ). 1970 ; xxxvii + 62 pp . Reprinted 1974 . ISBN 0 85883 076 0 No . 6 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Faun-Syllable Idiomatic Expne��ion� in $2.50 Vietname6 e. 1970 ; v + 60 pp . ISBN 0 85883 077 9 No . 7 ELBERT , S.H. Thn ee Leg end6 06 Puluwat and a Bit 06 TalR. $3 .50 1971 ; viii + 85 pp .; 1 map ; 1 photograph . 'ISBN 0 85883 078 7 No . 8 LANG, A. , K.E.W. Mather, and M.L. Rose In6 0nmatio n Stonage and $5 .00 Retnieval: a Victio nany Pnoject . 1973; vii + 151 pp . ISBN 0 85883 087 6 No . 9 Index to Paci6ic Lingui�tic6 , Senie6 A-V, a� at the end 06 $3.00 1970 . 1971; iv + 75 pp . ISBN 0 85883 079 5 15 PAC IFIC LINGUISTICS Special Publ icati ons - continued No .l0 PATON , W.F. Tale� 06 AmbAym . 1971; xiii + 82 pp .; 1 map . $3.50 ISBN 0 85883 080 9 No .12 DUTTON , T.E. Conve�� atio nal New Guinea Pidgin . 19 73; $8 .50 xviii + 292 pp . Reprinted 19 74 , 19 77 . ISBN 0 85883 096 5 No .21 SCHEBECK , B. Text� on the Social Sy�tem 06 the AtYnYamafa�a $8 .50 People. With GAammatical Note� . 1974 ; xviii + 278 pp . + 1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 102 3 No .23 CLYNE , Michael, coll . and ed. Au� tAalia Tal�� : E��ay� on the $8.00 Sociology 06 Au�tAalian ImmigAant and AboAiginal Languag e� . 1976; viii + 244 pp . Reprinted 1978 . ISBN 0 85883 148 I No .24 DUTTON , T.E. and C.L. Voorhoeve Beginning HiAi Motu. 1974 ; $8.00 xvii + 259 pp . Reprinted 19 75 . ISBN 0 85883 112 0 No .25 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Languag e Map 06 the Madang Vi�t�ct, Papua $1 .00 New Guinea. 1973. ISBN 0 85883 105 8 No .26 LAYCOCK , D. Languag e� 06 the Sepi� Region, Papua New Guinea $1 .00 (map) . 19 75 . ISBN 0 85883 136 8 No .27 WURM, S.A. SpAeading 06 Languag e� in the Southwe�teAn Paci 6ic $1 .00 (map) . 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 127 9 In preparation: No .ll PATON, W.F. Cu�tom� 06 AmbAym (Text� , Song� , Game� and VAawing�) No .13 GLOVER, Jessie R. and Deu Bahadur Gurung Conve��ational Gu�ung No .14 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. A Compa�ative Wo�d Li� t 06 the NOAthe�n Adelbe�t Range Language� , Madang Vi� tAict, Papua New Guinea No .15 ------A CompaAative WOAd Li�t 06 the SoutheAn AdelbeAt Range Lang uag e� , Madang Vi� tAiet, Papua New Guinea No .16 ------A CompaAative WOAd Li�t 06 the Mabu� o Languag e� , Madang Vi�tAiet, Papua New Guinea No .17 ------Madang Vi� tAiet, Papua New Guinea No .18 STANHOPE, J.M. Th e Languag e 06 the Rao People, GAengabu, Madang Vi� tAict , Papua New Guinea No .19 STOKHOF , W.A.L. Wo�i�a I: an Ethnog�aphie IntAoduction 16 PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Special Publ ications in prepara tion - continued No . 20 CAPELL , A. and J. Layard Mate�ial� in Aitchin, Malekula: G�amma�, Vocabula�y and Text� McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-B16.1 ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.