Physics Reference Tables

Physical Constant Symbol Value Acceleration due to gravity on g 9.8 m / s / s Earth 2 Coulomb’s law constant k 9.0 × 109 Nm C2 Elementary charge e 1.6 × 10−19 C

× −31 Electron rest mass me 9.11 10 kg

2 −11 Nm Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10 kg2

−27 Proton rest mass mp 1.67 × 10 kg

Speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m/s

Speed of sound in air at STP 331 m / s

The Index of Refraction for Common Substances Air 1.00

Alcohol 1.36

Corn Oil 1.47

Diamond 2.42

Glass, Crown 1.52

Glass, Flint 1.61

Glycerol 1.47

Quartz, Fused 1.46

Water 1.33

NCDPI Reference Tables for Physics (draft 2006) Page 1

Mechanics Energy

WF=Δx = Δx W = work v Δ v = velocity t F = force W t = time PF==v =+ Δ xxfivt t x = position x = position

1 2 P = power xx=++vt at a = uniform fii2 PE= mgh acceleration g t = time

Δv a = F= force KEmv= 1 2 v = velocity Δt 2 m = mass PE = gravitational 22=+Δ g vvfi2x a Fk=− x Fg = weight potential energy

F= ma = 1 2 m = mass g = acceleration due to PEs kx 2 gravity on Earth h = height F = mg g G = gravitational KE = kinetic energy

Gm m constant = 12 F 2 k = spring constant d d = distance between

centers of mass PE = potential energy FtΔ=Δ= p mv Δ s stored in a spring p = momentum

v2 a = a = centripetal c r c

acceleration

mv2 F = Fc = centripetal force c r

r = radius

NCDPI Reference Tables for Physics (draft 2006) Page 2

Electricity kq q F = 12 F = force Series Circuits d2 = ==== VIR k = Coulomb’s law constant IIIIt 123...

2 PVIIR==2 =V q = charge VVVV=+++... R t 123 =+++ d = distance between centers RRRReq 123...

V = electrical potential difference

I = current Parallel Circuits

=+++ R = resistance IIIIt 123... ==== P = power VVVVt 123... 1111 =+++... eq RRRR123

Mathematical Formulas Wave Phenomena 1 22+= 2 T = ab c f T = period c a a sinθ = vf= λ f = frequency c b c cosθ = n = v = speed c v b a tanθ = nnsinθθ= sin λ = wavelength b 1122

θ = n2 sin c n = index of refraction n1

nv= nv 11 22 c = speed of light in a Circumference of a circle = 2π r vacuum

Area of a rectangle = length ¥ width θ = angle

1 θ = critcal angle Area of a triangle = base ¥ height c 2 of incidence

NCDPI Reference Tables for Physics (draft 2006) Page 3

Electromagnetic Spectrum (measurement in meters) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 —1 10 —2 10 —3 10 —4 10 —5 10 —6 10 —7 10 —8 10 —9 10 —10 10 —11 10 —12 10 —13

Microwaves X rays

Infrared Ultraviolet Radio Gamma waves rays

Longer Wavelength Shorter Wavelength Visible Light

Red Orange Yellow GreenBlue Violet

—7 —7 —7 —7 —7 —7 —7 7.0×10 6.5×10 5.9×10 5.7×10 4.9×10 4.2×10 4.0×10

NCDPI Reference Tables for Physics (draft 2006) Page 4