The Flatness Problem and the Variable Physical Constants
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Lecture 8: the Big Bang and Early Universe
Astr 323: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology Spring Quarter 2014, University of Washington, Zeljkoˇ Ivezi´c Lecture 8: The Big Bang and Early Universe 1 Observational Cosmology Key observations that support the Big Bang Theory • Expansion: the Hubble law • Cosmic Microwave Background • The light element abundance • Recent advances: baryon oscillations, integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, etc. 2 Expansion of the Universe • Discovered as a linear law (v = HD) by Hubble in 1929. • With distant SNe, today we can measure the deviations from linearity in the Hubble law due to cosmological effects • The curves in the top panel show a closed Universe (Ω = 2) in red, the crit- ical density Universe (Ω = 1) in black, the empty Universe (Ω = 0) in green, the steady state model in blue, and the WMAP based concordance model with Ωm = 0:27 and ΩΛ = 0:73 in purple. • The data imply an accelerating Universe at low to moderate redshifts but a de- celerating Universe at higher redshifts, consistent with a model having both a cosmological constant and a significant amount of dark matter. 3 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) • The CMB was discovered by Penzias & Wil- son in 1965 (although there was an older mea- surement of the \sky" temperature by McKel- lar using interstellar molecules in 1940, whose significance was not recognized) • This is the best black-body spectrum ever mea- sured, with T = 2:73 K. It is also remark- ably uniform accross the sky (to one part in ∼ 10−5), after dipole induced by the solar mo- tion is corrected for. • The existance of CMB was predicted by Gamow in 1946. -
Arxiv:Hep-Ph/9912247V1 6 Dec 1999 MGNTV COSMOLOGY IMAGINATIVE Abstract
IMAGINATIVE COSMOLOGY ROBERT H. BRANDENBERGER Physics Department, Brown University Providence, RI, 02912, USA AND JOAO˜ MAGUEIJO Theoretical Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK Abstract. We review1 a few off-the-beaten-track ideas in cosmology. They solve a variety of fundamental problems; also they are fun. We start with a description of non-singular dilaton cosmology. In these scenarios gravity is modified so that the Universe does not have a singular birth. We then present a variety of ideas mixing string theory and cosmology. These solve the cosmological problems usually solved by inflation, and furthermore shed light upon the issue of the number of dimensions of our Universe. We finally review several aspects of the varying speed of light theory. We show how the horizon, flatness, and cosmological constant problems may be solved in this scenario. We finally present a possible experimental test for a realization of this theory: a test in which the Supernovae results are to be combined with recent evidence for redshift dependence in the fine structure constant. arXiv:hep-ph/9912247v1 6 Dec 1999 1. Introduction In spite of their unprecedented success at providing causal theories for the origin of structure, our current models of the very early Universe, in partic- ular models of inflation and cosmic defect theories, leave several important issues unresolved and face crucial problems (see [1] for a more detailed dis- cussion). The purpose of this chapter is to present some imaginative and 1Brown preprint BROWN-HET-1198, invited lectures at the International School on Cosmology, Kish Island, Iran, Jan. -
Package 'Constants'
Package ‘constants’ February 25, 2021 Type Package Title Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty Version 1.0.1 Description CODATA internationally recommended values of the fundamental physical constants, provided as symbols for direct use within the R language. Optionally, the values with uncertainties and/or units are also provided if the 'errors', 'units' and/or 'quantities' packages are installed. The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) is an interdisciplinary committee of the International Council for Science which periodically provides the internationally accepted set of values of the fundamental physical constants. This package contains the ``2018 CODATA'' version, published on May 2019: Eite Tiesinga, Peter J. Mohr, David B. Newell, and Barry N. Taylor (2020) <https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/>. License MIT + file LICENSE Encoding UTF-8 LazyData true URL https://github.com/r-quantities/constants BugReports https://github.com/r-quantities/constants/issues Depends R (>= 3.5.0) Suggests errors (>= 0.3.6), units, quantities, testthat ByteCompile yes RoxygenNote 7.1.1 NeedsCompilation no Author Iñaki Ucar [aut, cph, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-5550>) Maintainer Iñaki Ucar <[email protected]> Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2021-02-25 13:20:05 UTC 1 2 codata R topics documented: constants-package . .2 codata . .2 lookup . .3 syms.............................................4 Index 6 constants-package constants: Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty Description This package provides the 2018 version of the CODATA internationally recommended values of the fundamental physical constants for their use within the R language. Author(s) Iñaki Ucar References Eite Tiesinga, Peter J. Mohr, David B. -
Homework 2: Classical Cosmology
Homework 2: Classical Cosmology Due Mon Jan 21 2013 You may find Hogg astro-ph/9905116 a useful reference for what follows. Ignore radiation energy density in all problems. Problem 1. Distances. a) Compute and plot for at least three sets of cosmological parameters of your choice the fol- lowing quantities as a function of redshift (up to z=10): age of the universe in Gyrs; angular size distance in Gpc; luminosity distance in Gpc; angular size in arcseconds of a galaxy of 5kpc in intrin- sic size. Choose one of them to be the so-called concordance cosmology (Ωm, ΩΛ, h) = (0.3, 0.7, 0.7), one of them to have non-zero curvature and one of them such that the angular diameter distance becomes negative. What does it mean to have negative angular diameter distance? [10 pts] b) Consider a set of flat cosmologies and find the redshift at which the apparent size of an object of given intrinsic size is minimum as a function of ΩΛ. [10 pts] 2. The horizon and flatness problems 1) Compute the age of the universe tCMB at the time of the last scattering surface of the cosmic microwave background (approximately z = 1000), in concordance cosmology. Approximate the horizon size as ctCMB and get an estimate of the angular size of the horizon on the sky. Patches of the CMB larger than this angular scale should not have been in causal contact, but nonetheless the CMB is observed to be smooth across the entire sky. This is the famous ”horizon problem”. -
Improving the Accuracy of the Numerical Values of the Estimates Some Fundamental Physical Constants
Improving the accuracy of the numerical values of the estimates some fundamental physical constants. Valery Timkov, Serg Timkov, Vladimir Zhukov, Konstantin Afanasiev To cite this version: Valery Timkov, Serg Timkov, Vladimir Zhukov, Konstantin Afanasiev. Improving the accuracy of the numerical values of the estimates some fundamental physical constants.. Digital Technologies, Odessa National Academy of Telecommunications, 2019, 25, pp.23 - 39. hal-02117148 HAL Id: hal-02117148 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02117148 Submitted on 2 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Improving the accuracy of the numerical values of the estimates some fundamental physical constants. Valery F. Timkov1*, Serg V. Timkov2, Vladimir A. Zhukov2, Konstantin E. Afanasiev2 1Institute of Telecommunications and Global Geoinformation Space of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Senior Researcher, Ukraine. 2Research and Production Enterprise «TZHK», Researcher, Ukraine. *Email: [email protected] The list of designations in the text: l -
Certain Investigations Regarding Variable Physical Constants
IJRRAS 6 (1) ● January 2011 www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol6Issue1/IJRRAS_6_1_03.pdf CERTAIN INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING VARIABLE PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 1 2 3 Amritbir Singh , R. K. Mishra & Sukhjit Singh 1 Department of Mathematics, BBSB Engineering College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India 2 & 3 Department of Mathematics, SLIET Deemed University, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India. ABSTRACT In this paper, we have investigated details regarding variable physical & cosmological constants mainly G, c, h, α, NA, e & Λ. It is easy to see that the constancy of G & c is consistent, provided that all actual variations from experiment to experiment, or method to method, are due to some truncation or inherent error. It has also been noticed that physical constants may fluctuate, within limits, around average values which themselves remain fairly constant. Several attempts have been made to look for changes in Plank‟s constant by studying the light from quasars and stars assumed to be very distant on the basis of the red shift in their spectra. Detail Comparison of concerned research done has been done in the present paper. Keywords: Fundamental physical constants, Cosmological constant. A.M.S. Subject Classification Number: 83F05 1. INTRODUCTION We all are very much familiar with the importance of the 'physical constants‟, now in these days they are being used in all the scientific calculations. As the name implies, the so-called physical constants are supposed to be changeless. It is assumed that these constants are reflecting an underlying constancy of nature. Recent observations suggest that these fundamental Physical Constants of nature may actually be varying. There is a debate among cosmologists & physicists, whether the observations are correct but, if confirmed, many of our ideas may have to be rethought. -
Variable Planck's Constant
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0612.v1 Variable Planck’s Constant: Treated As A Dynamical Field And Path Integral Rand Dannenberg Ventura College, Physics and Astronomy Department, Ventura CA [email protected] Abstract. The constant ħ is elevated to a dynamical field, coupling to other fields, and itself, through the Lagrangian density derivative terms. The spatial and temporal dependence of ħ falls directly out of the field equations themselves. Three solutions are found: a free field with a tadpole term; a standing-wave non-propagating mode; a non-oscillating non-propagating mode. The first two could be quantized. The third corresponds to a zero-momentum classical field that naturally decays spatially to a constant with no ad-hoc terms added to the Lagrangian. An attempt is made to calibrate the constants in the third solution based on experimental data. The three fields are referred to as actons. It is tentatively concluded that the acton origin coincides with a massive body, or point of infinite density, though is not mass dependent. An expression for the positional dependence of Planck’s constant is derived from a field theory in this work that matches in functional form that of one derived from considerations of Local Position Invariance violation in GR in another paper by this author. Astrophysical and Cosmological interpretations are provided. A derivation is shown for how the integrand in the path integral exponent becomes Lc/ħ(r), where Lc is the classical action. The path that makes stationary the integral in the exponent is termed the “dominant” path, and deviates from the classical path systematically due to the position dependence of ħ. -
Testable Criterion Establishes the Three Inherent Universal Constants
Applied Physics Research; Vol. 8, No. 6; 2016 ISSN 1916-9639 E-ISSN 1916-9647 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Testable Criterion Establishes the Three Inherent Universal Constants Gordon R. Kepner1 1 Membrane Studies Project, USA Correspondence: Gordon R. Kepner, Membrane Studies Project, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 11, 2016 Accepted: November 18, 2016 Online Published: November 24, 2016 doi:10.5539/apr.v8n6p38 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n6p38 Abstract Since the late 19th century, differing views have appeared on the nature of fundamental constants, how to identify them, and their total number. This concept has been broadly and variously interpreted by physicists ever since with no clear consensus. There is no analysis in the literature, based on specific criteria, for establishing what is or is not an inherent universal constant. The primary focus here is on constants describing a relation between at least two of the base quantities mass, length and time. This paper presents a testable criterion to identify these unique constants of our local universe. The value of a constant meeting these criteria can only be obtained from experimental measurement. Such constants set the scales of these base quantities that describe, in combination, the observable phenomena of our universe. The analysis predicts three such constants, uses the criterion to identify them, while ruling out Planck’s constant and introducing a new physical constant. Keywords: fundamental constant, inherent universal constant, new inherent constant, Planck’s constant 1. Introduction The analysis presented here is conceptually and mathematically simple, while going directly to the foundations of physics. -
5.3.43The First Relativistic Models of the Universe
AN INTRODUCTION TO GALAXIES AND COSMOLOGY 5.3.43The first relativistic models of the Universe According to general relativity, the distribution of energy and momentum determines the geometric properties of space–time, and, in particular, its curvature. The precise nature of this relationship is specified by a set of equations called the field equations of general relativity. In this book you are not expected to solve or even manipulate these equations, but you do need to know something about them, particularly how they led to the introduction of a quantity known as the cosmological constant. For this purpose, Einstein’s field equations are discussed in Box 5.1. BOX 5.13EINSTEIN’S FIELD EQUATIONS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY When spelled out in detail the Einstein field equations planetary motion in the Solar System and to predict the are vast and complicated, but in the compact and non-Newtonian deflection of light by the Sun. powerful notation used by general relativists they can Einstein published his first paper on relativistic be written with deceptive simplicity. Using this modern cosmology in the following year, 1917. In that paper he notation, the field equations that Einstein introduced in tried to use general relativity to describe the space–time 1916 can be written as geometry of the whole Universe, not just the Solar −8πG System. While working towards that paper he realized G = T (5.7) c 4 that one of the assumptions he had made in his 1916 paper was unnecessary and inappropriate in the broader Different authors may use different conventions for context of cosmology. -
New Varying Speed of Light Theories
New varying speed of light theories Jo˜ao Magueijo The Blackett Laboratory,Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine South Kensington, London SW7 2BZ, UK ABSTRACT We review recent work on the possibility of a varying speed of light (VSL). We start by discussing the physical meaning of a varying c, dispelling the myth that the constancy of c is a matter of logical consistency. We then summarize the main VSL mechanisms proposed so far: hard breaking of Lorentz invariance; bimetric theories (where the speeds of gravity and light are not the same); locally Lorentz invariant VSL theories; theories exhibiting a color dependent speed of light; varying c induced by extra dimensions (e.g. in the brane-world scenario); and field theories where VSL results from vacuum polarization or CPT violation. We show how VSL scenarios may solve the cosmological problems usually tackled by inflation, and also how they may produce a scale-invariant spectrum of Gaussian fluctuations, capable of explaining the WMAP data. We then review the connection between VSL and theories of quantum gravity, showing how “doubly special” relativity has emerged as a VSL effective model of quantum space-time, with observational implications for ultra high energy cosmic rays and gamma ray bursts. Some recent work on the physics of “black” holes and other compact objects in VSL theories is also described, highlighting phenomena associated with spatial (as opposed to temporal) variations in c. Finally we describe the observational status of the theory. The evidence is slim – redshift dependence in alpha, ultra high energy cosmic rays, and (to a much lesser extent) the acceleration of the universe and the WMAP data. -
Physical Constant - Wikipedia
4/17/2018 Physical constant - Wikipedia Physical constant A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is contrasted with a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement. There are many physical constants in science, some of the most widely recognized being the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, Planck's constant h, the electric constant ε0, and the elementary charge e. Physical constants can take many dimensional forms: the speed of light signifies a maximum speed for any object and is expressed dimensionally as length divided by time; while the fine-structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction, is dimensionless. The term fundamental physical constant is sometimes used to refer to universal but dimensioned physical constants such as those mentioned above.[1] Increasingly, however, physicists reserve the use of the term fundamental physical constant for dimensionless physical constants, such as the fine-structure constant α. Physical constant in the sense under discussion in this article should not be confused with other quantities called "constants" that are assumed to be constant in a given context without the implication that they are in any way fundamental, such as the "time constant" characteristic of a given system, or material constants, such as the Madelung constant, -
An Unknown Physical Constant Missing from Physics
Applied Physics Research; Vol. 7, No. 5; 2015 ISSN 1916-9639 E-ISSN 1916-9647 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education An Unknown Physical Constant Missing from Physics 1 Koshun Suto 1 Chudaiji Buddhist Temple, Isesaki, Japan Correspondence: Koshun Suto, Chudaiji Buddhist Temple, 5-24, Oote-Town, Isesaki, 372-0048, Japan. Tel: 81-270-239-980. E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 24, 2014 Accepted: August 21, 2015 Online Published: August 24, 2015 doi:10.5539/apr.v7n5p68 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n5p68 Abstract Planck constant is thought to belong to the universal constants among the fundamental physical constants. However, this paper demonstrates that, just like the fine-structure constant α and the Rydberg constant R∞, Planck constant belongs to the micro material constants. This paper also identifies the existence of a constant smaller than Planck constant. This new constant is a physical quantity with dimensions of angular momentum, just like the Planck constant. Furthermore, this paper points out the possibility that an unknown energy level, which cannot be explained with quantum mechanics, exists in the hydrogen atom. Keywords: Planck constant, Bohr's quantum condition, hydrogen atom, unknown energy level, fine-structure constant, classical electron radius 1. Introduction In 1900, when deriving a equation matching experimental values for black-body radiation, M. Planck proposed the quantum hypothesis that the energy of a harmonic oscillator with frequency ν is quantized into integral multiple of hν. This was the first time that Planck constant h appeared in physics theory. Since this time, Planck constant has been thought to be a universal constant among fundamental physical constants.