International Journal for Educational Media and Technology

The International Journal for Educational Media and Technology, collaboratively published twice a year from 2016 by the JAEMS (Japan Association for Educational Media Studies) in Japan and the KAEIM (Korean Association for Educational Information and Media) in Korea, is the premier academic journal in the field of media studies in education and training.

Co-Editors-in-Chief Insung Jung (International Christian University, Japan) Seungyeon Han (Hanyang Cyber University, Korea)

Managing Editors Shinichi Sato (Nihon Fukushi University, Japan)

Editors Elizabeth Boling (Indiana University, U.S.A.) Vanessa Dennen (Florida State University) Yasushi Gotoh (Niigata University, Japan) Barbara Grabowski (Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A.) Insook Han (Temple University, U.S.A.) Jae Hoon Han (Howon University, Korea) Curtis P. Ho (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Takeharu Ishizuka (Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Junior College, Japan) Jong Won Jung (, Korea) Yukari Kato (Nagoya University of Foreign Studies, Japan) John Keller (Florida State University, U.S.A.) MiHwa Kim (Hanyang Cyber University, Korea) Minjeong Kim (, Korea) Nari Kim (University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.) Bert Kimura (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Kinshuk (Athabasca University, Canada) Makiko Kishi (Meiji University, Japan) Takayuki Konno (Meisei University, Japan) Kyungbin Kwon (Indiana University, U.S.A.) Thanomporn Laohajaratsang (Chiang Mai University, Thailand) Hyeon Woo Lee (SangmyungUnuiversity, Korea) Ji-Yeon Lee (Inha University, Korea) Kyu Yon Lim (Ewha Womans University, Korea) Terumi Miyazoe (Tokyo Denki University, Japan) Yangjoo Park (Hannam University, Korea) Ferdinand B. Pitagan (University of the Philippines, Philippines) J. Michael Spector (Florida State University, U.S.A.) Kosuke Terashima (Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan)

Advisers to Editors-in-Chief Byungro Lim (, President of KAEIM)

IJEMT, Vol.10, No. 2, 2016, ISSN 1882–2290 Katsuaki Suzuki (Kumamoto University, President of JAEMS) Mi Ryang Kim (, Editor-in-Chief of KAEIM) Kenichi Kubota (Kansai University, Editor-in-Chief of JAEMS)

International Journal for Educational Media and Technology Volume 10, No. 2, 2016

This issue consists of the papers which were accepted for the presentation at the TCC Worldwide Online Conference 2016 and peer-reviewed by the editorial board members of TCC listed below.

Kumiko Aoki (The Open University of Japan) Danilo M. Baylen (University of West Georgia, USA) Alice Bedard-Voorhees (Colorado Mountain College, USA) Claire Brooks (RMIT University, Australia) Jason G. Caudhill (Carson-Newman College, USA) Gayle Davidson-Shrivers (University of South Alabama, USA) Mary I. Dereshiwsky (Northern Arizona University, USA) Joseph M. Dudley (Bryant & Stratton College-Downtown, USA) Kirsti A. Dyer (Columbia College and Madonna University, USA) Ernestine Enomoto (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Curtis P. Ho (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Ellen Hoffman (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Insung Jung (International Christian University, Japan) Okhwa Lee (Chungbuk National University, Korea) Peter Leong (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Grace Lin (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Antonis Lionarakis (Hellenic Open University, Greece) Michael Menchaca (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Nicolas Miceli (Park University, USA) Michael-Brian Ogawa (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Stella Perez (League for Innovation, USA) Ross Perkins (Boise State University, USA) Wilhelmina Savanye (Arizona State University, USA) Matthew Schmidt (University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA) Satoru Shinagawa (University of Hawai’i Kapi’olani Community College, USA) Emily Thompson (Arizona State University, USA) John Thompson (Buffalo State College, USA) Chih Tu (Northern Arizona University, USA) Marie-Louise van der Klooster (Deakin University, Australia)

IJEMT, Vol.10, No. 2, 2016, ISSN 1882–2290