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Lietuvos Žemės Ūkio Universitetas ALEKSANDRO STULGINSKIO UNIVERSITETAS AGRONOMIJOS FAKULTETAS Biologijos ir augalų apsaugos katedra Rasa Kimbirauskienė BOTRYTIS SPP. INFEKCIJOS PROGNOZAVIMAS ROPINIUOSE SVOGŪNUOSE TAIKANT INTERNETINĘ „iMETOS®sm“ SISTEMĄ Magistro baigiamasis darbas Studijų sritis: Biomedicinos mokslai Studijų kryptis: Žemės ūkio mokslai Studijų programa: Agronomija Registracijos Nr. BA-49 Akademija, 2012 Magistro baigiamojo darbo valstybinė kvalifikacinė komisija: Patvirtinta Rektoriaus įsakymu Nr. 111-K3 Pirmininkas: prof. habil. dr. Z. Dabkevičius, Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslo centras (LAMMC). Nariai: Doc. dr. V. Pranckietis, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas; Prof. dr. A. Žiogas, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas; Prof. habil. dr. R. Velička, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas; Doc. dr. D. Jodaugienė, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas; Dr. R. Dapkus, UAB „Dotnuvos projektai“. Mokslinė vadovė: lekt. dr. E. Survilienė - Radzevičė, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas, Biologijos ir augalų apsaugos katedra Konsultantė: doc. dr. A. Valiuškaitė, LAMMC, Sodininkystės ir daržininkystės institutas Recenzentė: doc. dr. S. Kazlauskaitė, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas, Biologijos ir augalų apsaugos katedra Oponentė: doc. dr. Ž. Tarasevičienė, Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas, Sodininkystės ir daržininkystės katedra 2 3 Kimbirauskienė, R. Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimas ropiniuose svogūnuose taikant internetinę „iMETOS®sm“ sistemą. Agronomijos studijų programos magistro darbas / Vadovė lekt. dr. E. Survilienė – Radzevičė; ASU. Akademija, 2012, 66 p.: 32 pav., 6 lentelės. Bibliogr.: 55 pavad. SANTRAUKA Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe įvertintas ir pritaikytas Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis ropiniuose svogūnuose apsaugai nuo ligų vegetacijos metu. Darbo objektai – ropiniai svogūnai (Allium cepa L.); ligos sukėlėjai - kekerinis lapų dėmėtumas (Botrytis squamosa) ir lapų taškuotoji dėmėtligė (Botrytis cinerea); internetinė „iMETOS®sm“ prognozavimo sistema (Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis). Tyrimo metodai: tiriamas meteorologinės stotelės „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelių pritaikymas ropiniuose svogūnuose. Tirti dviejų Botrytis rūšių sukeliamų ligų prognozavimo modeliai: 1) Botrytis squamosa infekcijos modelis; 2) Botrytis cinerea rizikos modelis. Mikologiniams tyrimams ėminiai surinkti nuo Botrytis grybais pažeistų svogūnų vegetatyvinių dalių vystymosi tarpsniu ir tirti taikant vizualinį – simptomatinį, drėgnų kamerų, sėjimo į Petri lėkšteles, mikroskopavimo metodus. Išskirti izoliatai identifikuoti iki rūšies, remiantis kolonijų kultūrinėmis ir morfologinėmis savybėmis bei lyginant su literatūros duomenimis, naudojant apibūdintojus (Domsch ir kt., 1980, p. 859). Tyrimams pasirinktos dvi apsaugos sistemos: pagal faktinį ligos simtomų aptikimo laiką ir pagal „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos svogūnuose modelio parodymus. Darbo rezultatai. Botrytis squamosa infekcijos prognozavimo modelis parodė, kad svogūnų kekeriniam dėmėtumui plisti palankios sąlygos abiejuose tirtuose rajonuose susidarė birželio–rugpjūčio mėn. Kauno r. B. squamosa infekcijai palankių dienų priskaičiuota 37 dienos, Pasvalio r. – 45 dienos. Botrytis rizikos prognozavimo modelis parodė, kad sąlygos taškuotąjai dėmėtligei plisti susidarė tik Pasvalio r., čia buvo užfiksuotos 26 dienos su maksimalia 60 % Botrytis cinerea infekcijos rizikos verte, kai rekomenduojamas augalų apsaugos priemonių panaudojimas. Palyginus Botrytis squamosa infekcijos ir Botrytis cinerea rizikos prognozavimo modelių rodmenis, preliminariais apskaičiavimais pirmas purškimas augalų apsaugos produktais, kontroliuojant B. squamosa ir B. cinerea infekcijos plitimą Pasvalio r., galėtų būti atliktas birželio 22 d., Kauno r. – birželio 24 dieną. Tirtų apsaugos sistemų efektyvumas nuo Botrytis spp. iš esmės skyrėsi: purškiant pagal faktinį ligos nustatymą efektyvumas 2011 m. siekė vidutiniškai 58 %, pagal “iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis infekcijos modelį – 80 %. Reikšminiai žodžiai: svogūnai, meteorologinės sąlygos, fungicidai. 4 Kimbirauskienė, R. Botrytis spp. prediction of infection with onion-line “iMETOS ®sm” system. Master thesis og agronomy study program / Suvervisor lekt. dr. E. Survilienė – Radzevičė; ASU. Akademija, 2012, 66 p.: 32 figures, 6 tables. References: 55 titles. SUMMARY The master's degree thesis is evaluated and applied to the Botrytis spp. infection in onion forecasting model for the protection against disease during the growing season. Object of the work - onion (Allium cepa L.) pathogens - Botrytis leaf blight discoloration (Botrytis squamosa) and Botrytis leaf spot in (Botrytis cinerea), an online „iMETOS®sm” Forecasting System (Botrytis spp. infection prediction model). Methods of the work: studied meteorological station „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. infection forecasting models use onion. To explore the two types of diseases caused by Botrytis forecasting models: 1) Botrytis squamosa infection model, 2) risk model Botrytis cinerea. Mycological examination of samples collected fungi Botrytis damaged vegetative parts of the onion stage of development and exploration through visual - symptomatic, moist chambers, seeding in petri dishes, microscopy techniques. Distinguish isolates identified to species based on cultural and morphological colony characteristics and comparison with literature data using apibūdintojus (Domsch et al., 1980, p. 859). For this work, the two security systems based on the actual detection of the disease symptoms at the time and under „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. evidence of infection onion model. The results of work. Botrytis squamosa infection prediction model showed that the onion gray mold to spread favorable conditions in both regions studied occurred between June and August. Kaunas district. B. squamosa infection counted in favor of 37 days of the date of permits – 45 days. Botrytis risk prediction models have shown that the conditions spotted leaf fleck spread occurred only permits. Was recorded 26 days with a maximum of 60 % Botrytis cinerea infection risk value, the recommended use of plant protection products. The comparison of Botrytis squamosa and Botrytis cinerea infection risk forecasting model parameters, according to preliminary estimates the first fungicide spray controlling B. squamosa and B. cinerea infections spread permits. could be carried out on 22 June., Kaunas district. – 24 June. Investigated the effectiveness of security systems, Botrytis spp. was fundamentally different: the actual spraying of the disease setting performance in 2011. amounted to an average of 58 %, according to „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis infection model – 80 %. Key words: onions, meteorological conditions, fungicides. 5 TURINYS LENTELIŲ IR PAVEIKSLĖLIŲ SĄRAŠAS ................................................................................ 7 ĮVADAS .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1. LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA ................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Ropinių svogūnų maistinė ir ūkinė reikšmė ........................................................................... 10 1.2. Ropinių svogūnų morfologinės ir biologinės savybės ........................................................... 11 1.3. Aplinkos sąlygų įtaka ropinių svogūnų auginimui ................................................................. 12 1.4. Ropinių svogūnų auginimo technologija................................................................................ 14 1.5. Ropinių svogūnų ir kitų Allium šeimos daržovių ligos ir jų kontrolės būdai ........................ 16 1.6. Botrytis genties grybų sukeliamos ligos Allium daržovėse ................................................... 25 1.7. Ligų kontrolės būdai ir priemonės ropiniuose svogūnuose .................................................... 32 2. TYRIMO METODAI IR SĄLYGOS ....................................................................................... 37 2.1. Eksperimento atlikimo vieta ir laikas ..................................................................................... 37 2.2. Tyrimo metodai ...................................................................................................................... 37 2.3. Tyrimo apskaitų ir stebėjimo duomenys ............................................................................... 40 3. TYRIMO REZULTATAI ......................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Botrytis squamosa prognozavimo modelio analizė ................................................................ 43 3.2. Botrytis cinerea prognozavimo modelio analizė .................................................................... 47 3.3. Botrytis prognozavimo modelių palyginimas ........................................................................ 51 3.4. Botrytis genties grybų mikologiniai tyrimai ........................................................................... 54 3.5. Agrobiologinių veiksnių tyrimas ropiniuose svogūnuose ...................................................... 54 IŠVADOS ...................................................................................................................................... 56 LITERATŪRA .............................................................................................................................. 57 PRIEDAI ......................................................................................................................................
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