Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control Edited by Y. Elad The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel B. Williamson Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, U.K. Paul Tudzynski Institut für Botanik, Münster, Germany and Nafiz Delen Ege University, Izmir, Turkey A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-6586-6 (PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-2624-9 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-2626-3 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper Front cover images and their creators (in case not mentioned, the addresses can be located in the list of book authors) Top row: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of conidiophores and attached conidia in Botrytis cinerea, top view (left, Brian Williamson) and side view (right, Yigal Elad); hypothetical cAMP-dependent signalling pathway in B. cinerea (middle, Bettina Tudzynski). Second row: Identification of a drug mutation signature on the B. cinerea transcriptome through macroarray analysis - cluster analysis of expression of genes selected through GeneAnova (left, Muriel Viaud et al., INRA, Versailles, France, reprinted with permission from ‘Molecular Microbiology 2003, 50:1451-65, Fig. 5 B1, Blackwell Publishers, Ltd’); portion of Fig. 1 chapter 14, life cycle of B. cinerea and disease cycle of grey mould in wine and table grape vineyards (centre, Themis Michailides and Philip Elmer); confocal microscopy image of a B. cinerea conidium germinated on the outer surface of detached grape berry skin and immunolabelled with the monoclonal antibody BC-12.CA4 and anti-mouse FITC (right, Frances M. Dewey (Molly), Chapter 11). Bottom row: SEM images of B. cinerea conidia germinated on a bean leaf (left, Y. Elad); on raspberry stigma (centre, B. Williamson) and on a rose petal (right, Y. Elad). All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................xv Contributors...........................................................................................................xvii Chapters 1: Botrytis spp. and Diseases They Cause in Agricultural Systems – An Introduction Yigal Elad, Brian Williamson, Paul Tudzynski and Nafiz Delen.............................1 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................1 2. Geographical and ecological occurrence .............................................................2 3. Variability and adaptability .................................................................................3 4. Quiescent, restricted and aggressive infection.....................................................4 5. Molecular basis of host-parasite interactions.......................................................5 6. References ...........................................................................................................6 2: The Ecology of Botrytis on Plant Surfaces Gustav Holz, Sonja Coertze and Brian Williamson.................................................9 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................9 2. Survival .............................................................................................................10 2.1. Sclerotia......................................................................................................10 2.2. Chlamydospores .........................................................................................11 2.3. Conidia .......................................................................................................11 2.4. Mycelium....................................................................................................13 3. Inoculum production and dispersal....................................................................13 3.1. Dispersal and deposition.............................................................................13 3.1.1. Conidial dispersal by wind and rain .................................................14 3.1.2. Conidial dispersal by insects.............................................................16 3.1.3. Dispersal of other propagules ...........................................................16 4. Growth on plant surfaces...................................................................................16 5. Infection pathways on diverse plant organs.......................................................20 5.1. Penetration through specialised host structures ..........................................20 5.2. Penetration through undamaged host tissue and natural openings..............21 5.3. Penetration through wounds .......................................................................22 5.4. The role of insects in wound infection........................................................23 6. Conclusions .......................................................................................................24 7. References .........................................................................................................24 3: Taxonomy and Genetic Variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia Ross E. Beever and Pauline L. Weeds ..................................................................29 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................29 2. Taxonomy..........................................................................................................30 3. Botrytis cinerea .................................................................................................33 3.1. Nuclear number and chromosomes.............................................................33 3.2. The sexual cycle in nature and in the laboratory ........................................35 3.3. Extrachromosomal elements.......................................................................36 3.3.1. Mitochondria and mitochondrial plasmids .......................................37 v vi CONTENTS 3.3.2. Transposable elements .....................................................................37 3.3.3. Mycoviruses......................................................................................38 3.4. Somatic compatibility and heterokaryosis..................................................39 3.4.1. Somatic compatibility ......................................................................39 3.4.2. Heterokaryosis..................................................................................40 3.5. Linkage studies...........................................................................................42 3.6. Population studies using molecular markers...............................................43 3.7. Botrytis cinerea - a synthesis......................................................................45 4. Genetics of other species of Botrytis .................................................................46 4.1. Botrytis elliptica and Botrytis tulipae .........................................................46 4.2. Botrytis species from onion ........................................................................47 4.3. Botrytis fabae..............................................................................................47 5. The future..........................................................................................................47 6. Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................48 7. References .........................................................................................................48 4: Approaches to Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Botrytis Paul Tudzynski and Verena Siewers......................................................................53 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................53 2. Generation of transgenic Botrytis strains...........................................................54 2.1 Transformation systems...............................................................................54 2.2. Targeted gene-inactivation .........................................................................55 3. Unbiased gene cloning systems.........................................................................57 3.1 Random insertional mutagenesis .................................................................57 3.2 Screening systems based on differential gene expression ...........................58 3.3 Genomics.....................................................................................................59 4. Perspectives .......................................................................................................59 5. Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................60 6. References .........................................................................................................60