Status of diseases of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and their control

Honounik S.B., Bisri M. in Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries

Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10

1991 pages 59-66

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To cite this article / Pour citer cet article ------Honounik S.B., Bisri M. Status of diseases of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and their control. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991. p. 59-66 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10) ------

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Status of diseases of fababean in the

S.B. HANOUNIK* M. BISRI** *INTERNATIONAL CENTER AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS (ICARDA) P.O. BOX 5466, ALEPPO, SYRIA **INSTITUTE AGRONOMIQUE ET VETERINAIREHASSAN II B.P. 6202, RABAT, MOROCCO

- Faba bean attacked by a wide faba bean diseases in the are chocolate spot ( fabae), (Orobanche crenata), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), and (Uro- myces fabae). Although each of two the same effect is by the of all of these diseases. This the status of faba bean diseases in the a special emphasis on

- “Situation actuelle et contrôle des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne”. La fève est attaquée par une grande variété de pathogènes. Dans la région méditerranéenne, les maladies les plus importantes de la fève sont: les nématodes de la tige et la rouille Bien que chacune de ces maladies soit très destructive en soi, quand dem ou plus interagissent sur- la rnême plante, leur effet combiné est encore plus nuisible. Cette situationdevient errcore plus sérieuselorsqu’il existe plusieurs races physiologiques. Les cultivarscommerciaux actuels sont susceptibles à toutes ces maladies. Cet article examine la situation et le contrôle actuels des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne, en particulier en ce qui concerne la résistance aux maladies.

~ and Whittington, 1979) in the detection of a few l Introduction effective enoughto develop ac- ceptable col- Faba bean ( L.) is one of the between the ant legumes inthe in the 0.68 million ha, witha total the in the have in the 0.83 million detection of as well as multiple 1983). Although faba bean, in this to 1986; gion, is attacked et al., waite, 1983), it is widelyaccepted that chocolate spot 1987). these (Botrytis fabae (Orobanche crenata been used, and the of faba bean with stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci Fil- disease and stable yield is ipjev), and (Uromyces viciae fabae discusses the status and of faba bean dis- the limiting which cause eases in the with a special empha- sis on disease et al., nounik and et al., 1979;Lam- i 1977). Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae The use of is the. least expensive and most method of disease Attempts Whena pathogenand susceptible host in the past to identify useful of (Elliot in that disease

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development, losses often Such losses oc- the mycelium in the of the patho- the 1977 chocolate spot epidemic in faba The disease almost of B. fabae faba bean is is devastating in tained infected faba bean (Wilson, 1937), East nounik,1982). These et al., 1978). Egypt it causes an could induce estimated 5-2096 loss in faba lation of lesions may lead to chocolatespot but losses ashigh as 50% epiphytotic et al., 1979). The disease 1968).Although disease is between has been Libya, 92-100% humidityand 15-20 OC Ethiopia, England, Spain, Scotland, South sity, and blethwaite,1983; and Leach, 1968) have been shown to be disease development. Losses caused by chocolate spot due of in liams, to plantage at the time of infection. losses as little as 0.7% highas 60% with seven week-old plants in the field 9 1982). 8 that faba bean leaves sus- ceptible than the and Wood, 7 6 spot symptoms mainly on stem, 5 Ø and pod tissues may also become infected. Two stages of the disease The 4 stage known by the small and 3 Jj 2 the small spots and coalesce to lesions involving the 1 the disease causes .o defoliation, 234567 100 300 400 500 and finally plant death. The AGE (WEEKS) SPORESlrnl (xl000) abundantly the sue only. B. fubae is often confused with B. cinerea on 9 faba bean, the two is always pos- 8 sible, as B. fubae is 7 field and Widdowson, 1973), has conidia, 1983; 6 B. cinerea. The mild stage 5 of chocolate spot could be fungi, but B.fubae is 4 with the 3 Leach, 1955). 2

Although the stage of some species of Bot- l rytis was in the genus of the class n Ascomycetes 1937), the stage of B. fabae has not been identi- INCUBATION (HR.) PLANTING DATE fied yet. attention is needed in this help the and of B. fabae et al., Fig. 1. of chocolate spot on the faba bean line 1814, as affected by plant age (A), incubation field, 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) in the The scle- at 89% humidity and 18 OC date of plant- and mycelial stages of B. fabae in ing (C), and density of Botrytisfubue infected seeds and plant Sode and ease on 1-9 the is scale l=no and 9=100% - 60 -

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iod at 98% humidity and 18 OC, as well as ad- disease be useful only vancing the planting dates to when faba bean is in the season to take all associated with a in dis- advantage of high the use of vinclozoline ease in the susceptibility of 50 wp) as a plant to affect of choco- (total eight applications), chocolate spot, and late spot in the plant faba bean plots found to be less susceptible to B. fabae at the 10% pod- 1981). fungi, ding than at the 100% podding stage, and that at both icillium citrinum and cyclopium, isolated stages, leaf tissue susceptible than stem the of the faba bean line pod tissues (Fig. 2). 1179, field conditions, in the coastal of of these and fungicides of B. fubae and disease development, only, effective dis- equally well as did the widely used fungicide vin- ease management should include as clozoline (Fig. 3). component. The use of low seeding and 1976), and the choice of the planting date The massive iocal and to avoid extended of conditions in the identification nounik and 1982; Wilson, 1937), elimination of of of to B. fubae plant that hyphae of B. and 1982; and 1986; fubae 1982; 1979), nounik and 1988). faba bean lines ating faba bean with non-host such as to 1179, 710 and 1196 as population and chances of in- the past eight at than 30 locations in fections 1979), can play an in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tunisia, The China. These being utilized to stabilize faba bean especially in the pathogenic et al., 1984; et al., 1981; and 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) and in B. fubae exist nounik and 1986). Although chocolate spot is individually quite tive, damage due to its with bean yellow

\ \ v, \ \ ö \ 6o t \ l

LEAF STEM POD - PLANT ORGANS Water Pcyc. RCit. Pcy.+p.ci. Vin.

FILTRATES Fig. 2. Susceptibility of plant of faba bean to Botrytisfubue at the 10% and 100% podding stage Fig. 3. Effects of of cyclopium, , in the field. followed by citrinurn and the fungicide vinclozoline on significantly at p

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mosaic beanleaf etal., 1970; of O. seeds 1 cc soil, at the end and etal., etal., 1985) can be even thebeginning of the season, Of the 889 Genes to diseases lines and the 98 tested lines (Spain), only seven conditions. These in the development of lines and lines), as the faba bean lines L82009, L82007, and L82011 with (Fig. 4). The nand W significantly a combined to chocolate spot, on to susceptible lines. spot. The between and susceptible faba bean lines in this study was based on the ance of (Fig. 4). The of Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) of the was than one = 6.525>1) on the local faba bean line 1814, and it was The is one of as a good susceptible host. This type of host themost limiting in faba bean a suitable the of the duction the On the hand, the of of 1983). The causes annual losses and some- times complete as populations, to agents such as fungi and nematodes. Efficiency of as to upon stimulation 1973), into host tissue and 1973), de- velop and 1974), establish connection fusion 1983), use available food (Whitney,1972), then and in the soil as seeds. Seed and population of the depends on host suitability, with to the availability and quality of stimulants, 1973) and food (Whitney, 1972). and build up populations on good to hosts. n1 with non-host, is no at all, with host is a of and with susceptible host is an abund- ance of seed host status can be as being susceptible, by the potential of the on the host. Although these of application to ex- plain the epidemiology of little attention in the past. This due to the fact that this of diseases has been investigated a pathological point of view. gene- the initial inoculum density, available at the begin- ning of the season, and the of its the season, the amount of disease damage at the end of the these an attempt was madeat toidentify O. faba bean lines, which could the 18105 1800918005 18025 2830 1814 of of the was Lines evaluated, in an infested soil (10 seeds of soil) in the field, the of Fig. 4. Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata (Fi and the final and initial inoculum1 densities of the and also the (n) as seeds/l cc soil). of and weight (W) of its shoots host plant. The Orobanche shoots/host plant, let- the the final (Fi) significantly at the 1% and the initial inoculum densities the and the 5% levels, - 62 -

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crenata was less than one 1) on the faba bean lines 18105, 18009, 18035, 18025 and 1000 2830, hence consid- 1 as hosts. the of inoculum and because the amount of damage to the host is closely to the amount of inoculum, the use of the to identify is epidemiologically meaningful than n W.

Stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn) Filipjev)

The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Fil- ipjevis a seed of faba bean in many of the nounik 1979; 1971). seeds play an in the and dissemination 1971) of the nematode. This is D. dipsaci wide 1983). Although biological have been MONTHS in stem nematode 1957), the ‘giant is common in the Fig. 5. Longevity of Ditylenchus dipsaci in faba, bean seeds (A) and stems followed 1981) to the ‘oat in significantly at p

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of faba the (1982): New weed hosts the waite, 1983). The all of Ditylenchusdipasci Filipjev. 30~251-252. 1979). late in the seasonand annotated index of plant diseases in causesan estimated 20% loss in faba Canada. Canada of 1251. et al., of Uromy- losses could go infections ces viciae fabae. 72:687-689. in theseason (Williams, 1978). on and identification in Uromyces viciae fabae. of spots. As the spots the 41157-160. ing masses of diseases in Vicia faba L. with spe- be detected, inc- (Orobanchecrenata the end of 493-521 in The Faba London, the season. The pathogen is & completes its life cycle on the it can ofbean infect many species in the Vicia, Lathyrus, Lens, plants (Vicia faba L.) with Botrytis cinerea and B. fabae. Ann. Appl. and the in plant de- A. Food legume diseases in 103-105 Food Legume and G.J., eds.). 22 OC, at the the Ottawa, Canada. new infection (1974): of the 1948). The basidial stage and initiation of 1, of the cells within the infections not fully The disease is host tissue. 80:245-259. The stage of Botrytis convoluta. in the field is 29:305-318. between 20 OC and 22 OC and Assessment late in the of to chocolate spot (Botrytisfabae) infection of field chemical may not be beans (Viciafaba) with some indications of its and its mode chocolate spot in the same field, of J. cozeb et al., E. and AMIN, Effects of Botrytis fabae 1975). of infected plant and infection and mechanical defoliation on seed yield of field beans (Vicia 1948), of faba). Ann. 86359-367. atingfaba bean with non-host GUYOT,A.L. (1975): Les (ou des végétaux) 1981), should play in Encycl. chances of in the field. (1979): of food legumes in lines faba Food Legume bean lines 1179, 261, 710, 8, 406,417, and 484 GC. and G.J.,eds.). Ottawa, have been found to be in Egypt and Can- Canada. ada. The faba bean lines L82009, L82007, L82011 and of on the L82010have been as toboth and of chocolate spot and yield of faba bean. 3:50-51. chocolate Effects of on Ditylenchus dip- saci in Viciafaba. 1194 in the 10th Con- of The Lavenham Limited, Lavenham, Suffolk, References S.B., and ance in Vicia faba to stem nematodes (Ditylenchus dipasci). 16:37-39. Studies on chocolate spot S.B. and G.C. (1982): bean in Libya. Ann. Sci. ance to chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae. 243- 250 in Faba Z., Nijhoff The The A., and S. (1970): Study of the effect ing with some fungicides at dates and on and N. (1986): and the of chocolate spot and of field cal in Vicia faba to chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae. 48:37-63. 70:770-773. of the N., and A. stage of Botryotinia (Botrytis) squamosa condi- (1984): and in Botrytis fabae. tions. 58:398. 10:21-24.

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J.W. The metabo- of in Vicia faba to chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae. lism acid (a phytoalexin Vicia faba L.) by Botrytis 72596-698. fabae and B. cinerea. 3:393-404. and (1980): of stem The of fun- nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci)on faba bean in Newslet- gal development and lesion in leaves of Vicia faba 2:49. infection by Botrytis fabae. Ann. Appl. 79:77-89. of seed infection in epidemio- Z. Studies on logy of Botrytisfabae on field Soc. 70:35-40. the of chocolate spot and of 53~89-95. J.G. (1979): of Botrytis fabae. Soc. 72:389-394. A. (1979): Food legume diseases in 106-108 in Food Legume and J.G. (1980): Effects of on lesions on field beans by Botrytis fabae. Ann. Appl. 95:53-61. disease of faba beans in Egypt. 213-225 Faba (J3awtin. G.C. and between lesions caused by Webb, C., eds.). The The Botrytis fabae and Botrytis cinerea on field beans. lands. Soc. 81:663-664. and The effect of6-benzyl- Effect of humidity on infection of field on senescence and chocolate spot (Bot- bean leaves by Botrytis fabae and of conidia. rytisfabae) of beans faba). Ann. 6155-76. SOC.82~245-248. and Z. (1979): The Stem Nematode Ditylenchus Botrytis fabae in Vicia fubae L. dipsaci, on 2297. ceedings of the 8th Botrytis Symposium.Quad. Vitic. Enol. Univ. G.C. and (1979): The development and 243 pp. of faba bean (Viciafaba) in West Asia and Faba Fumigation of field beans against D. dipsaci.

The Faba U.N.(1948): Studies on lentil London, 573 pp. Uromyces fabae de in (1973): investigation into involved in Orobanche crenata using a new bio-assay technique. ANDARI, les 76-88 Symp. Weeds. tions histologiques chez (Orobanche hederue 99-105 in Weed (1971): Stem (Ditylenchus dipsaci), a seed weeds. and soil pathogen of field beans (Vicia faba). especie de Botrytis que ataca 20~25-21. a las habas. Sociedad Española de and Stem nematode Dity- 15291-295. lenchus dipsaci, on field beans. 183-84 Sta. (1977): und 1. kampfungs-moglichkeiten von Ditylenchus dipsaci N.A. and W.F.(1981): Vicia faba L. in Technischen within the Botrytis fabae 3:49-50. 79, 150 pp. and genetical ap- Some aspects of the biology and ecol- to the analysis of mechanisms of pathogenicity in Botrytis-Vicia ogy of stem faba J. and J. A.A., and incidence of disease on seed of beans, on the plants in the field and legumes in Egypt. and in the 39-46 in Food Legume and G.J., eds.). Ottawa, Canada. L. (1973): Botrytis fabae, B. cinerea and Ascoclzyta fabae on (Vicia faba in Faba 1986-1987. 23:43-5 1. Food Legume Aleppo, feat- S. (1933): Studies on spot disease of Vicia faba. of the causal agent 38, 28 pp. J. and OF nomic seed in and autumn sown field beans. of plant diseases in the United States. 51 :U-32. 165:275-276. F. (1981): nematode in the T. and (1983): Some aspects Nematol- of the of the pathogenicity of Botrytis fabae. ogy 50:145-166. 3:92. of the Botrytis infection C. and G.(eds.) (1981): Lentils. Commonwealth Soc. 38:171. London, 216 pp.

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WELTZEN, and WELTZEN, (1980): Lamiumanplexicaule (1937): The chocolate spot disease of beans (Vicia L. as host of the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci faba L.) caused by Botrytis cinerea M. 24258-288. 250. (1972): The balance of (1978): of beans infected by Bot- beans (Vicia faba) attacked by (Orobancheerenata). Ann. Vtisfabae. J. s'ì. Appl.

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