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Status of Diseases of Faba Bean in the Mediterranean Region and Their Control

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Status of Diseases of Faba Bean in the Mediterranean Region and Their Control Status of diseases of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and their control Honounik S.B., Bisri M. in Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10 1991 pages 59-66 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=92605135 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Honounik S.B., Bisri M. Status of diseases of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and their control. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991. p. 59-66 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.ciheam.org/ http://om.ciheam.org/ CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes Status of diseases of fababean in the S.B. HANOUNIK* M. BISRI** *INTERNATIONAL CENTER AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS (ICARDA) P.O. BOX 5466, ALEPPO, SYRIA **INSTITUTE AGRONOMIQUE ET VETERINAIREHASSAN II B.P. 6202, RABAT, MOROCCO - Faba bean attacked by a wide faba bean diseases in the are chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), (Orobanche crenata), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), and (Uro- myces fabae). Although each of two the same effect is by the of all of these diseases. This the status of faba bean diseases in the a special emphasis on - “Situation actuelle et contrôle des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne”. La fève est attaquée par une grande variété de pathogènes. Dans la région méditerranéenne, les maladies les plus importantes de la fève sont: les nématodes de la tige et la rouille Bien que chacune de ces maladies soit très destructive en soi, quand dem ou plus interagissent sur- la rnême plante, leur effet combiné est encore plus nuisible. Cette situationdevient errcore plus sérieuselorsqu’il existe plusieurs races physiologiques. Les cultivarscommerciaux actuels sont susceptibles à toutes ces maladies. Cet article examine la situation et le contrôle actuels des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne, en particulier en ce qui concerne la résistance aux maladies. ~ and Whittington, 1979) in the detection of a few l Introduction effective enough to develop ac- ceptable col- Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the between the ant legumes inthe in the 0.68 million ha, witha total the in the have in the 0.83 million detection of as well as multiple 1983). Although faba bean, in this to 1986; gion, is attacked et al., waite, 1983), it is widelyaccepted that chocolate spot 1987). these (Botrytis fabae (Orobanche crenata been used, and the of faba bean with stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci Fil- disease and stable yield is ipjev), and (Uromyces viciae fabae discusses the status and of faba bean dis- the limiting which cause eases in the with a special empha- sis on disease et al., nounik and et al., 1979;Lam- i 1977). Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae The use of is the. least expensive and most method of disease Attempts When a pathogen and susceptible host in the past to identify useful of (Elliot in that disease - Série - n.O 10 - 1991: 59-66 Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes development, losses often Such losses oc- the mycelium in the of the patho- the 1977 chocolate spot epidemic in faba The disease almost of B. fabae faba bean is is devastating in tained infected faba bean leaves (Wilson, 1937), East nounik,1982). These et al., 1978). Egypt it causes an could induce estimated 5-2096 loss in faba lation of lesions may lead to chocolatespot but losses ashigh as 50% epiphytotic et al., 1979). The disease 1968).Although disease is between has been Libya, 92-100% humidityand 15-20 OC Ethiopia, England, Spain, Scotland, South sity, and blethwaite,1983; and Leach, 1968) have been shown to be disease development. Losses caused by chocolate spot due of in liams, to plantage at the time of infection. losses as little as 0.7% highas 60% with seven week-old plants in the field 9 1982). 8 that faba bean leaves sus- ceptible than the and Wood, 7 6 spot symptoms mainly on stem, 5 Ø and pod tissues may also become infected. Two stages of the disease The 4 stage known by the small and 3 Jj 2 the small spots and coalesce to lesions involving the leaf 1 the disease causes .o defoliation, 234567 100 300 400 500 and finally plant death. The AGE (WEEKS) SPORESlrnl (xl000) abundantly the sue only. B. fubae is often confused with B. cinerea on 9 faba bean, the two is always pos- 8 sible, as B. fubae is 7 field and Widdowson, 1973), has conidia, 1983; 6 B. cinerea. The mild stage 5 of chocolate spot could be fungi, but B.fubae is 4 with the 3 Leach, 1955). 2 Although the stage of some species of Bot- l rytis was in the genus Botryotinia of the class n Ascomycetes 1937), the stage of B. fabae has not been identi- INCUBATION (HR.) PLANTING DATE fied yet. attention is needed in this help the and of B. fabae et al., Fig. 1. of chocolate spot on the faba bean line 1814, as affected by plant age (A), incubation field, 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) in the The scle- at 89% humidity and 18 OC date of plant- and mycelial stages of B. fabae in ing (C), and density of Botrytisfubue infected seeds and plant Sode and ease on 1-9 the is scale l=no and 9=100% - 60 - Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes iod at 98% humidity and 18 OC, as well as ad- disease be useful only vancing the planting dates to when faba bean is in the season to take all associated with a in dis- advantage of high the use of vinclozoline ease in the susceptibility of 50 wp) as a plant to affect of choco- (total eight applications), chocolate spot, and late spot in the plant faba bean plots found to be less susceptible to B. fabae at the 10% pod- 1981). fungi, ding than at the 100% podding stage, and that at both icillium citrinum and cyclopium, isolated stages, leaf tissue susceptible than stem the of the faba bean line pod tissues (Fig. 2). 1179, field conditions, in the coastal of of these and fungicides of B. fubae and disease development, only, effective dis- equally well as did the widely used fungicide vin- ease management should include as clozoline (Fig. 3). component. The use of low seeding and 1976), and the choice of the planting date The massive iocal and to avoid extended of conditions in the identification nounik and 1982; Wilson, 1937), elimination of of of to B. fubae plant that hyphae of B. and 1982; and 1986; fubae 1982; 1979), nounik and 1988). faba bean lines ating faba bean with non-host such as to 1179, 710 and 1196 as population and chances of in- the past eight at than 30 locations in fections 1979), can play an in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tunisia, The China. These being utilized to stabilize faba bean especially in the pathogenic et al., 1984; et al., 1981; and 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) and in B. fubae exist nounik and 1986). Although chocolate spot is individually quite tive, damage due to its with bean yellow \ \ v, \ \ ö \ 6o t \ l LEAF STEM POD - PLANT ORGANS Water Pcyc. RCit. Pcy.+p.ci. Vin. FILTRATES Fig. 2. Susceptibility of plant of faba bean to Botrytisfubue at the 10% and 100% podding stage Fig. 3. Effects of of cyclopium, , in the field. followed by citrinurn and the fungicide vinclozoline on significantly at p<O.O1 to of Botrytis fubae and chocolate spot de- multiple test. velopment on the susceptible faba bean line - 61 - Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes mosaic beanleaf etal., 1970; of O. seeds 1 cc soil, at the end and et al., et al., 1985) can be even thebeginning of the season, Of the 889 Genes to diseases lines and the 98 tested lines (Spain), only seven conditions. These in the development of lines and lines), as the faba bean lines L82009, L82007, and L82011 with (Fig. 4). The nand W significantly a combined to chocolate spot, on to susceptible lines. spot. The between and susceptible faba bean lines in this study was based on the ance of (Fig. 4). The of Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) of the was than one = 6.525>1) on the local faba bean line 1814, and it was The is one of as a good susceptible host. This type of host themost limiting in faba bean a suitable the of the duction the On the hand, the of of 1983). The causes annual losses and some- times complete as populations, to agents such as fungi and nematodes. Efficiency of as to upon stimulation 1973), into host tissue and 1973), de- velop and 1974), establish connection fusion 1983), use available food (Whitney,1972), then and in the soil as seeds. Seed and population of the depends on host suitability, with to the availability and quality of stimulants, 1973) and food (Whitney, 1972). and build up populations on good to hosts. n1 with non-host, is no at all, with host is a of and with susceptible host is an abund- ance of seed host status can be as being susceptible, by the potential of the on the host. Although these of application to ex- plain the epidemiology of little attention in the past.
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