The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis Cinerea—Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis
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Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi
Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10 -
Penetration of Hard Substrates by a Fungus Employing Enormous Turgor Pressures (Appressorium/Biodeterioration/Magnaporthe Gnsea/Plant Pathogen/Rice Blast) RICHARD J
Proc. Natd. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 11281-11284, December 1991 Microbiology Penetration of hard substrates by a fungus employing enormous turgor pressures (appressorium/biodeterioration/Magnaporthe gnsea/plant pathogen/rice blast) RICHARD J. HOWARD*t, MARGARET A. FERRARI*, DAVID H. ROACHt, AND NICHOLAS P. MONEY§ *Central Research and Development, and tFibers, The DuPont Company, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402; and §Department of Biochemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Communicated by Arthur Kelman, September 20, 1991 (receivedfor review June 27, 1991) ABSTRACT Many fungal pathogens penetrate plant MATERIALS AND METHODS an The rice leaves from a specialized cell called appressorium. Organism and Growth Conditions. These studies were blast pathogen Magnaporthegnsea can also penetrate synthetic conducted with strain 042 (see ref. 8) of M. grisea (Hebert) surfaces such as poly(vinyl chloride). Previous experiments time requires an elevated appres- Barr, telomorph of Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (10). The have suggested that penetration course of infection-structure development in vitro has been sorial turgor pressure. In the present report we have used well documented and closely resembles development on the nonbiodegradable Mylar membranes, exhibiting a range of in that penetration is host (11, 12). When harvested and placed on a surface surface hardness, to test the proposition distilled water, conidia germinate in 1-3 hr to form germ driven by turgor. Reducing appressorial turgor by osmotic to form and are firmly stress inhibited penetration ofthese membranes. The size ofthe tubes. By 4 hr appressoria begin was a function of attached to the substratum. By 6-8 hr their structure appears turgor deficit required to inhibit penetration complete. -
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella Gen
Phytotaxa 177 (1): 001–025 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1 The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes PETER R. JOHNSTON1, DUCKCHUL PARK1, HANS-OTTO BARAL2, RICARDO GALÁN3, GONZALO PLATAS4 & RAÚL TENA5 1Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. 2Blaihofstraße 42, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany. 3Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, P.O.B. 20, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 4Fundación MEDINA, Microbiología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain. 5C/– Arreñales del Portillo B, 21, 1º D, 44003, Teruel, Spain. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella. The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae. However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiel- la. The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus-type rather than Sclerotinia-type ascus apex. Zoellneria, linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella. Keywords: ascus apex, phylogeny, taxonomy, Hymenoscyphus, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Zoellneria, Chaetomella Introduction Torrendiella was described by Boudier and Torrend (1911), based on T. ciliata Boudier in Boudier and Torrend (1911: 133), a species reported from leaves, and more rarely twigs, of Rubus, Quercus and Laurus from Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom (Graddon 1979; Spooner 1987; Galán et al. -
How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011). -
Effective Management of Botrytis Bunch Rot for Cool Climate Viticulture
Effective management of botrytis bunch rot for cool climate viticulture. Prediction systems Irrigation (inputs, harvest date) Nutrition Wound control Spray coverage Canopy management Spray timing Crop load manipulation FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: UT0601 Principal Investigator: Dr Katherine J. Evans Research Organisation: University of Tasmania Date: 30 December, 2010. Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Project Number: UT 06/01 Project Title: Effective management of botrytis bunch rot for cool climate viticulture Report Date: December 30, 2010. Key authors: Katherine J. Evans and Katie J. Dunne Perennial Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town TAS 7008, Australia. David Riches and Jacqueline Edwards Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, 621 Burwood Highway, Knoxfield, Victoria 3180, Australia. Robert M. Beresford and Gareth N. Hill The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Corresponding author: Katherine J. Evans email: [email protected] Phone: 61-3-6233 6878 Fax: 61-3-6233 6145 Acknowledgements The University of Tasmania thanks the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation for supporting the research presented in this report. Special thanks to Mr John Harvey, Mr Troy Fischer and staff at GWRDC, all of whom supported UTAS through the planning, implementation and reporting phases of the project. Tasmania Sincere thanks go to Mr Justin Direen of TIAR, who conducted field work diligently, made sharp observations and maintained excellent relations with our vineyard co-operators. Special thanks also to Mr Paul Schupp and Ms Alix Bramaud du Boucheron (visitor from University of Bordeaux) for technical assistance. -
An Overview on Botrytized Wines Revisão: Vinhos Botritizados
Ciência Téc. Vitiv. 35(2) 76-106. 2020 AN OVERVIEW ON BOTRYTIZED WINES REVISÃO: VINHOS BOTRITIZADOS Georgios Kallitsounakis1, Sofia Catarino1,2* 1LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. 2CeFEMA (Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials) Research Center, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. * Corresponding author: Tel.: +351 21 3653246, e-mail: [email protected] (Received 08.06.2020. Accepted 29.08.2020) SUMMARY Noble rot wine is a specific type of sweet wine that derives from the infection of grape berries by a fungus called Botrytis cinerea. These wines are produced in specific wine regions around the world, with Sauternes region of France and Tokay region of Hungary being the most famous ones. The purpose of the current article is to provide a systematic review on the different stages of botrytized wines production, including a detailed analysis of the technical aspects involved. Specifically, it describes the process and development of berry infection by B. cinerea, and special emphasis is given to the main stages and operations of winemaking, conservation, aging and stabilization. A complex combination of a number of parameters (e.g., very specific environmental conditions) explains the rarity of noble rot occurrence and highlights the uniqueness of botrytized wines. RESUMO Os vinhos botritizados representam uma categoria específica de vinhos doces, sendo obtidos a partir de bagos de uva infectados pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea, através de um processo designado por podridão nobre. Estes vinhos são produzidos em regiões específicas do mundo, sendo Sauternes e Tokay, originários de França e Hungria respectivamente, os exemplos mais conhecidos a nível mundial. -
Three New Species of B Otryotinia on Ranunculaceae1
THREE NEW SPECIES OF B OTRYOTINIA ON RANUNCULACEAE1 G. L. HENNEBERT2 Institut agronomique, Universite de Louvain, Hervelee, Belgium AND J. W. GROVES3 Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada Received October 10, 1962 Abstract Three new species of Botryotinia on Caltha palustris L., Ranunculus septen- trionalis Poir., and Ficaria verna Huds. (Ranunculaceae) are described as B. calthae Hennebert and Elliott, B. ranunculi Hennebert and Groves, and B. ficariarum Hennebert. Each of the three species has a Botrytis state of the 73. cinerea complex, and they thus constitute additions to the species already segregated from that complex, i.e. Botryotinia fuckeliana, 73. convoluta, B. draytoni, and B. pelargonii. The Botrytis state of B. ficariarum can be distinguished morp hologically. While B. ranunculi is a North American species and B. ficariarum an European one, B. calthae is reported from both continents. Introduction Botryotinia, a genus of the Sclerotiniaceae, was erected by Whetzel (1945) for four species formerly assigned to Sclerotinia Fuckel, but which differ from the true Sclerotinia species mainly in their erumpent, planoconvexoid sclerotia which are firmly attached to the substrate, and in the possession of a conidial state belonging to the form-genus Botrytis Pers. The type species is Botryotinia convoluta (Drayton) Whetzel in which the conidial state is a Botrytis of the cinerea type or B. cinerea sensu lato, and the other species included were Botryotinia fuckeliana (De Bary) Whetzel, of which the conidial state is Botrytis cinerea Pers. or B. cinerea sensu stricto, and Botryotinia ricini (Godfrey) Whetz. and B. porri (v. Beyma) Whetz. In the latter two species the conidial states would not be considered Botrytis species of the cinerea type. -
Antifungal Activity of Beauveria Bassiana Endophyte Against Botrytis Cinerea in Two Solanaceae Crops
microorganisms Article Antifungal Activity of Beauveria bassiana Endophyte against Botrytis cinerea in Two Solanaceae Crops Lorena Barra-Bucarei 1,2,* , Andrés France Iglesias 1, Macarena Gerding González 2, Gonzalo Silva Aguayo 2, Jorge Carrasco-Fernández 1, Jean Franco Castro 1 and Javiera Ortiz Campos 1,2 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Quilamapu, Av. Vicente Méndez 515, Chillán 3800062, Chile; [email protected] (A.F.I.); [email protected] (J.C.-F.); [email protected] (J.F.C.); javiera.ortiz@endofitos.com (J.O.C.) 2 Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Vicente Mendez 595, Chillán 3812120, Chile; [email protected] (M.G.G.); [email protected] (G.S.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 December 2019; Accepted: 28 December 2019; Published: 31 December 2019 Abstract: Botrytis cinerea causes substantial losses in tomato and chili pepper crops worldwide. Endophytes have shown the potential for the biological control of diseases. The colonization ability of native endophyte strains of Beauveria bassiana and their antifungal effect against B. cinerea were evaluated in Solanaceae crops. Root drenching with B. bassiana was applied, and endophytic colonization capacity in roots, stems, and leaves was determined. The antagonistic activity was evaluated using in vitro dual culture and also plants by drenching the endophyte on the root and by pathogen inoculation in the leaves. Ten native strains were endophytes of tomato, and eight were endophytes of chili pepper. All strains showed significant in vitro antagonism against B. cinerea (30–36%). A high antifungal effect was observed, and strains RGM547 and RGM644 showed the lowest percentage of the surface affected by the pathogen. -
Potential of Yeasts As Biocontrol Agents of the Phytopathogen Causing Cacao Witches' Broom Disease
fmicb-10-01766 July 30, 2019 Time: 15:35 # 1 REVIEW published: 31 July 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01766 Potential of Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents of the Phytopathogen Causing Cacao Witches’ Broom Disease: Is Microbial Warfare a Solution? Pedro Ferraz1,2, Fernanda Cássio1,2 and Cândida Lucas1,2* 1 Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, 2 Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal Edited by: Sibao Wang, Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens are responsible for major crop losses Shanghai Institutes for Biological worldwide, with a significant socio-economic impact on the life of millions of people Sciences (CAS), China who depend on agriculture-exclusive economy. This is the case of the Witches’ Reviewed by: Mika Tapio Tarkka, Broom Disease (WBD) affecting cacao plant and fruit in South and Central America. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental The severity and extent of this disease is prospected to impact the growing global Research (UFZ), Germany chocolate market in a few decades. WBD is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ram Prasad, Amity University, India Moniliophthora perniciosa. The methods used to contain the fungus mainly rely on *Correspondence: chemical fungicides, such as copper-based compounds or azoles. Not only are these Cândida Lucas highly ineffective, but also their utilization is increasingly restricted by the cacao industry, [email protected] in part because it promotes fungal resistance, in part related to consumers’ health Specialty section: concerns and environmental awareness. Therefore, the disease is being currently This article was submitted to tentatively controlled through phytosanitary pruning, although the full removal of infected Fungi and Their Interactions, a section of the journal plant material is impossible and the fungus maintains persistent inoculum in the soil, Frontiers in Microbiology or using an endophytic fungal parasite of Moniliophthora perniciosa which production Received: 07 March 2019 is not sustainable. -
Microbial Characterization of Late Harvest Wines
Joana Margarida Costa Fernandes Microbial Characterization of Late Harvest Wines Dissertação de mestrado em Bioquímica, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Ana Catarina Gomes (Unidade de Genómica - Biocant) e do Professor Doutor António Veríssimo (Universidade de Coimbra) Julho, 2016 À minha Mãe, Irmã e Carlos Faim AGRADECIMENTOS A realização deste trabalho só foi possível com a colaboração de várias pessoas a quem desejo sinceramente agradecer. Em primeiro lugar, queria agradecer à Doutora Ana Catarina Gomes pela oportunidade de me integrar na sua equipa de laboratório na unidade de genómica do Biocant tornando possível a concretização da dissertação Mestrado, mas também pela sua disponibilidade e orientação científica. Ao Professor António Veríssimo, por ter aceite ser meu orientador e pela sua disponibilidade. À Susana Sousa pela sua dedicação, disponibilidade, motivação e preciosa cooperação ao longo deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de laboratório Marisa Simões, Cátia Pinto, Raquel Santos, Joana Fernandes, André Melo e Daniel Duarte pelo acolhimento, simpatia, ajuda, e conselhos que me ofereceram para o bom desenrolar deste trabalho. Às minhas colegas de curso Patrícia, Márcia, Helga e Filipa. Estes últimos dois anos não teriam tido o mesmo encanto sem a vossa amizade. Um profundo agradecimento à minha Mãe e Irmã que me apoiaram e incentivaram nesta etapa da minha vida. Ao Carlos Faim pelo seu amor, amizade e apoio incondicionais, a minha sincera e carinhosa gratidão. RESUMO A superfície das bagas da uva é habitada por uma grande diversidade de microrganismos, incluindo leveduras, bactérias e fungos filamentosos que desempenham um papel importante na produção de vinho, contribuindo significativamente para processo fermentativo e para propriedades aromáticas finais do vinho resultante. -
Isolation and Characterization of Botrytis Antigen from Allium Cepa L. and Its Role in Rapid Diagnosis of Neck Rot
International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) |Volume VIII, Issue V, May 2021|ISSN 2321-2705 Isolation and characterization of Botrytis antigen from Allium cepa L. and its role in rapid diagnosis of neck rot Prabin Kumar Sahoo1, Amrita Masanta2, K. Gopinath Achary3, Shikha Singh4* 1,2,4 Rama Devi Women’s University, Vidya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 3Imgenex India Pvt. Ltd, E-5 Infocity, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Corresponding author* Abstract: Early and accurate diagnosis of neckrot in onions and B. aclada are the predominant species reported to cause permits early treatment which can enhance yield and its storage. neck rot of onion, these species are difficult to distinguish In the present study, polyclonal antibody (pAb) raised against morphologically because of similar growth patterns on agar the protein extract from Botrytis allii was established for the media, and overlapping spore sizes [4]. detection of neck rot using serological assays. The pathogenic proteins were recognized by ELISA with high sensitivity (50 ng). Recent studies of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer Correlation coefficient between infected onions from different (ITS) region of the genome of Botrytis spp. associated with stages and from different agroclimatic zones with antibody titres neck rot of onion have confirmed the existence of three was taken as the primary endpoint for standardization of the distinct groups [5]. These include a smaller-spored group with protocol. Highest positive correlation (r ¼ 0.999) was observed in 16 mitotic chromosomes, (B. aclada AI), a larger-spored stage I and II infected samples of North-western zone, whereas low negative correlation (r ¼ _0.184) was found in stage III group with 16 mitotic chromosomes (B. -
Contrasting Effects of Necrotrophic and Biotrophic Plant Pathogens on the Aphid Aphis Fabae
Contrasting effects of necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens on the aphid Aphis fabae Article Accepted Version Al-Naemi, F. and Hatcher, P. (2013) Contrasting effects of necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens on the aphid Aphis fabae. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 148 (3). pp. 234-245. ISSN 0013-8703 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12091 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/33136/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12091 Publisher: Wiley All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Contrasting effects of necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens on the aphid Aphis fabae Fatima Al-Naemi* & Paul E Hatcher School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK * Current address: Qatar University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Doha, Qatar, PO Box 2713 Corresponding author: P E Hatcher, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK, e-mail: [email protected] Author Contributions: FAN and PEH conceived and designed the experiments, FAN performed the experiments, FAN and PEH analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. 1 Abstract Phytophagous insects have to contend with a wide variation in food quality brought about by a variety of factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the plant.