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European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.70 No.2 (2012), pp. 202-219 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns

Ali Asghar Pourezzat Corresponding Author, Associate Professor of Public Administration Faculty of Management,.University of , Nasr Bridge, Tehran, E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +982161117665

Ghazaleh Taheri Attar PhD of Public Administration Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

Nader Seyed Kalali Master of Science in Industrial Management Operations Research, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the reasons of widespread historical collapses in Iran; so, the future generations can take examples from it. The research methodology is historical analysis based on Iranian historical documents, especially at the time of collapses of its various reigns. In the meantime, the opinions of elites and connoisseurs are also utilized. The findings indicate that factors such as injustice, despotism, lack of accountability, governors' narcissism and weak public participation, in light of intelligent state model, are appropriate indicators of the reasons for numerous collapses in Iran. For the first time, this research is organized in the format of a comprehensive model to analyze the major collapse periods in Iranian history and the findings confirm a kind of convergence in Iranian history procedures. Meanwhile, this research is considered as one of the scarce studies on the reasons of frequent collapses in Iranian history. Finding reliable and undistorted documents and evidences was a limitation of the research. Additionally, the quantity of connoisseurs and experts with a comprehensive vision on Iranian history was rather low and access to them was highly difficult. Finally, it should be noted that a remarkable part of current resources on Iranian history are produced by foreign scientists with an outsider's view; therefore, they have an orientalist approach and cannot be expected to reveal what really happened to Iranians in their fall and rise history.

Keywords: Intelligent State, Civilizational Collapse, Iran, Butterfly Effect and History.

1. Introduction It can be highly admonitory for other civilizations or growing societies to study and analyze the factors affecting the emergence, survival or collapse of previous civilizations. Iranian civilization is one the

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 203 oldest and most influential civilizations throughout the . Iran is a country which has experienced numerous collapse periods and during each, has sometimes lost a major part of its civilization works. The important point is that Iran has experienced many collapses while, from the perspectives of outsiders, it has been in the best situation in terms of power, dignity and wealth. However, it gradually missed its improvement capability due to the mitigation of effective interactions and creativity of inner forces (Tabatabaei, 2001); in this way, a with advanced governmental and industrial structure declined. Analyzing the reasons of such collapses particularly indicate that leaders' incompetency and the lack of an effective official system lead to the historical decline of cultures and civilizations. Therefore, the main questions of the research can be formulated as follows: • What are the reasons of reign collapses in Iran? • Are the reasons of collapses in various periods similar? • Is it possible to achieve a rational analysis on historical trends from the reasons of past collapses? • Is it possible to analyze the chain or hierarchical relationships in collapse periods through extending the concept of butterfly effect to history? • Is it possible to generalize these historical experiences and accordingly identify and prevent factors related to collapses of future reigns in different cultures? Thus, the main purpose of the research is to learn from history for a better future planning. Hence, this research is conducted through a historical approach aiming at utilizing past achievements and experiences to improve future conditions. On this basis, the main research assumption can be summarized as follow: The main reasons of whole or partial collapses of Iranian reigns in Achaemenian, Sassanian, Khwarezmian, Safavid, Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties include: despotism, governors' narcissism, injustice, lack of responsiveness, lack of suitable accountability system, and weak public partnership. These factors lead to the mitigation of intelligence level of reigns and and damage their wisdom. So, it is claimed that curbing these factors help to shape a wise nation and state.

2. The Reasons of Iranian Civilizations’ Collapses and Unintelligence of Iranian Historical Civilizations Very few scientific studies have been conducted to identify the reasons of declines in Iran; and most of which are limited to historical reports and narratives. Such narratives rarely analyze the reasons of historical collapses and are usually limited to discrepant and even irrelevant historical analyses. For the same reason, Iranian governors' learning from the past was typically unwisely and subjective, also their imagination from the future was affected by such naive historical analyses. This is while; such analyses have a long record in western countries. For example, Machiavelli's works (1469 – 1527) on the reasons of Roman collapse led to subsequent studies by other scientists like Edward Gibbon (1737 – 1794) and developed an important arena for historical analyses. Also among more recent works, one can point out "the collapse of complex societies" (1989) by Joseph Tainter. However in the east, the first and maybe the last remarkable theory on the reasons of decline is provided by Ibn- Khaldun (1332-1406) and his analysis on the reasons of the decline of Islamic civilization. This analysis was not followed-up and remained as an unfinished project. Ibn-Khaldun believed in the cyclic pattern of history and stated that states like individuals have a natural age which does not exceed three generations (120 years). To express the varied conditions that states experience in their natural path, he pointed to five steps which started with victory and ended to failure and collapse. According to Ibn-Khaldun, creation and decline of states are related to Asabiyyah and in his famous book, The Muqaddimah , he pointed out the factors and symbols of Assabiyyah decline. However, it seems that there is no research conducted on the decline of Iranian civilization and the reasons of Iranian reign collapses throughout Iranian history. Among poets, (935 – 1020) the creator of Shahnama, who is considered as the poet of unity and Iranian historical continuance, has addressed some

204 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali philosophical points to analyze Iranian history and has pointed to some indicators causing the collapse of Iranian kingdoms in ancient and historical periods (Tabatabaei, 2008). Among governors, perception of decline was even weaker so that no historical document on being aware of crisis and decline has been seen among Iranian administrators till 19 th century. Perhaps, the first bud of awareness on decadence in Iran was expressed by Iranian prince, Abbas (1789 – 1833) who ordered to prepare some translations of European historical works in order to seek the reasons and means of Iranian decadence. He also directed the translation of the work of British historian, Edward Gibbon, known as "The Decline and Fall of " (1776) (Tabatabaei, 2007). Before present study, a remarkable research on Iranian decline was conducted by Seyed Javad Tabatabaei (2001) who studied past history due to his concern on future; according to him, the reasons and means of Iranian decadence include: 1. Cultural – ceremonial conflicts; 2. Conflicts between the Governance and Iranian culture; 3. Conflicts between Iran and other countries; 4. Conflicts between national culture and foreign traditions; 5. The outcomes of political conflicts in economic system; 6. Conflicts between Iranian people and Iran (Tabatabaei, 2001). His research covers political thinking history. Afterwards, some historical researches addressed to the reasons of decadence in Iran such as Achaemanian (Taheri Attar, 2006), Sasanian (Mirzamani, 2007), Khwarezmian (Namdar Qashghayi, 2009), Safavid (Hadi Shayesteh, 2009), Qajar (Madmoli, 2010) and Pahlavi (Kalhorian, 2011). In present research, authors have attempted to study the reasons of Iranian reign collapses in light of analyzing administrative and decision-making structures by emphasizing the intelligence level of state and nation. The results of previous researches were formulation of a model on Iranian historical collapses called intelligent state model (Pourezzat, 2003; Pourezzat &Taheri Attar, 2009) According to this model, when the level of systematic action is sufficient, technical mechanisms of decision-making are favorable, state's tendency to justice, responsiveness and accountability is high, and state avoids despotism and narcissism, then an intelligent state will be established. Such state is established by a wise nation whose contribution makes state responsible to responsiveness, accountability, democratic and regulated behavior (figure 1).

Figure 1: Intelligent State Model

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 205

As it is observed, in the end corners of the graph, sketches of intelligent state, unwise state, reform-oriented entities and collapse-oriented entities are formed. The main argument of the model is that merely equipping governance system with the high levels of administrative technology cannot establish an intelligent state and cannot develop a wise nation; rather, sociological, psychological and even linguistic requirements are needed to achieve the sketches of a wise nation and an intelligent state in real world (Pourezzat, 2003). Intelligence is a situation referred to entities possessing systematized behavior and capability of realizing their potentials, due to the ability to appropriately respond to their environment. On this basis, intelligent state is a state which relies upon the public and paves the way for emergence of the talents of all individuals. The social structure of such administration is inevitably based on justice, responsiveness, strengthening national identity, denying despotism and narcissism (Pourezzat & Taheri Attar, 2009). In fact, ensuring the equity of the public and requiring the governing board to respond to all of them is the secret of intelligence of any state and social system (Jhunjhunwala, 2004; Kliksberg, 2001). In the meantime, forming and developing intelligence capability in any system owes to the diversity, plurality, and clarity of feedback chains which system receives from its activities. Thus, developing efficient feedback circles for evaluating the final outcomes of activities provides the necessary facilities for forming an intelligent state. In this respect, it can be assumed that a completely intelligent system is the one which develops the possibility of receiving feedback from all its constituents through processing various and numerous feedback chains at the surface and depth of its "target society". Although receiving clear and prompt feedbacks from society involves many difficulties for the governing board, it can provide a valuable capacity to develop learning chains and to evolve public organizations. In this way, continuation of receiving information resulting from intelligence and increasing sensitivity, help to developing and excellence oriented governance. It is noteworthy that this valuable capacity is usable and renewable only when people are concerned about the health of administrative system. Obviously, people will become sensitive to society's managerial system when they feel it is possible to achieve their rights and justice during their social life. Therefore, active processes of responsiveness and accountability of governing body should be clear and transparent to the extent that it causes the elimination of incompetent elements from the composition of governing board (Pourezzat, 2003). Below, the five aspects of intelligent state model are expounded: a) Justice vs. Injustice and oppression: justice is one of the remarkable and, of course, conflicting concepts among all people and political-philosophical schools throughout the history (Sterba, 1999). Justice refers to the observation of rights and truth. Accordingly, the requirement of justice is not the negation and negligence of the differences; rather, it is to respect the rights. Respecting justice in the view of noble men are considered as one of the most important issues so that a human can hardly doubt and deny it though he is oppressive. Individuals' interest in justice originates from human's normal and fundamental need to social life; individuals have varied social and personal needs that are typically met by interactions with others. Such needs are in a continuum of economic needs (e.g. money and material facilities) to social and emotional needs (attention and self-respect). Each concept of justice provides people with a set of measures and indicators to judge whether in their interactions with others, in the often complex social environments, such needs are met or not (Folger & Cropanzano, 1998). The concept of justice can be divided into distributive, procedural and interactional justice regarding the benchmark of distribution, implementation method and the nature of social interactions (Krietner & Kinicki, 2001, 243). On this basis, one can consider justice about distribution of any social product such as freedom, rights, power, wealth, opportunity, etc. (Heywood, 2000, 135). In continuation of discussion on justice, the concepts of information, emotional, observational, and lingual justice are considered (Pourezzat, 2009). So, the more obligations to justice in a society, the higher the level of social cohesion and

206 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali

integration, and the more equitable the individuals' share in advantages resulting from social life, the more attention is paid to common fate. b) Democracy vs. Despotism: a despotic system is the one that makes decisions merely based on its opinions and wants and avoids advisory or contribution in decision-making. Despotic reigns are entirety-seeking ones which are deprived from the opinions and thoughts of social components. The more despotic a system, the less it is consulted by public and people have less tendency to provide it with their feedbacks. Thus, despotic systems go far from intelligence, are less interested and respected by people and fall in a wise-averse process sooner. c) Responsiveness vs. Unaccountability: accountability refers to the task of governing board for explaining their behavior and welcoming others' critics. It requires the tasks, powers and performances of governing body to be precisely defined and effectively assessed and monitored (Heywood, 2002, 393). Accountability should be effective to lead to mistake mitigation and preventing abuse of administrating system. The most important function of accountability is to facilitate democratic control (Bovens, 2005, 14). By democratic control, public sector power is controlled and public authority abuses are prevented. Therefore, governmental systems should be designed so that, in the empowerment chain, the agents would be accountable and power utilization would be controlled (Przeworski et al., 1999, 33). However, democratic control should be flexible and integrated since excessive and inflexible democratic control reduces administrators' creativity and entrepreneurial level and converts public organizations into obsessive ones which change conservative employees into timid individuals and courageous employees into outlaws due to their obsession in executing law (Behn, 2001, 30). Efficiency of responsiveness system increases the power of public and decreases the maneuver of despotic managers in order to make them responsive even for the weakest group of the society (Nahjul Balagha, 53 rd letter). Although such responsiveness may be difficult, it is the trivial cost paid by governing body to ensure their long term survival. The decline and decadence trend of the reign is intensified when responsiveness system is weakened. d) Self-actualization vs. Narcissism: narcissism refer to degrees of false self-belief and group thinking which convinces the members of a social unit of their extraordinary capabilities and advantages as well as others' weaknesses and disabilities. At the individual level, narcissism means self-conceit and self-superiority. The ethnology of this concept in anthropology refers to old Greek legend of the narcissist young and to Freud's works on id in psychology. Narcissist individuals highly tend to achieve power and domination over others. Selfishness and pride are the inseparable parts of their personality. Usually, they lack some ethical values such as self- possession, dignity and self-respect (Ang & Yusof, 2005). Narcissist people and groups typically do not welcome criticisms and respond harshly to any criticism. They never admire anyone and attribute all successes and credits to themselves. It is imaginable that increase in the narcissism of governing body would increase internal plots to overthrow them and various kinds of terrors and chaos would emerge in the country (Maccoby, 2000) while governing body will remain in the conditions of negligence and surprise. e) Public participation vs. Weakness of Public contribution: people's participation is an important factor to preserve any reign. Whenever the level of contribution of various groups of the society is high, the possibility of collapse decreases. In development process, enforcing public participation and nation building is possible through various ways: • Considering the views of other groups and attempting to understand the reasons of their possible objections, identifying internal/external problems and barriers of national unity, and trying to overcome such factors; • Developing democracy and distributing contribution, as well as preparing the grounds to develop a multi-voice ambience and freedom of expression; • Providing the possibility of exchange of ideas in a wide range and attempting to prepare the ground to achieve consensus using to develop social unity (cf. Hippel, 2000).

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 207

Additionally, one can point other factors such as lack of development of citizens' rights, lack of independent media, lack of legal independence and etc. In contrast, it is emphasized that the most important factor for achieving intelligence and sustainability of reigns and civilizations is the active participation of their nations. A wise nation is an aware and smart one who is sensitive to its fate and directs its attention to collective vision by ongoing development of participation culture. Informed attendance of such nation in arenas like politics, economy and culture is a serious barrier against the collapse of reigns and social systems. Therefore, a civilization is less possible to be exposed by collapse if it can raise a wise nation.

3. Future-Oriented Historical Researches It seems that studying the history and historical phenomena increases the possibility of anticipating the trend of social changes and understanding their procedure. Questions on these social changes are among the deepest and the most fundamental items in human knowledge. In historical researches, it is attempted to answer such questions by studying the emergence of societies, their trends and their possible future. In the present research, such Futurological capacities of historical researches are considered. In this approach, history is a trend initiated in the past, having an intangible stop in the present, and being continuously reflected in creating the future. Therefore, if the civilization of a country is studied in its collapse courses, it can be an introduction for research which monitors possibility of collapse in the future. Thus, history can be useful for people's life and can protect them from social damages in political, economic and cultural arenas of the society.

4. Six Collapse Periods of Iranian Reigns Throughout history, Iran has been exposed by various attacks and has been led into the edge of destruction and decadence for times. However, it has been able to recover its identity due to varied reasons and has found its way of reconstruction. The most serious collapse periods in Iran include: final periods of Achaemenian dynasty, Sassanian dynasty, Khwarezmian dynasty, , partial collapse in , and soft collapse in . The main purpose of the researchers is to seek and identify the reasons of past collapses for admonition and using it to reach a better future. Therefore, it is tried to analyze each period through the dimensions of intelligent state models separately. a) Collapse of Achaemenian by Alexander: Achaemenian civilization and empire has been one of the most influential human civilizations that was expired by a young and inexperienced commander despite of a 230-year record (Briant, 2002). Achaemenian Empire was established following the victories of Cyrus (530 – 559 BC) and Cambyses (522 – 530 BC). Founding this empire which involved varied ethnic groups, languages and cultures was a great revolution in global governance since as the first time, the world observed the establishment of a united and centralized state not seen before and even after 230 years, only Roman Empire could contend it. So it can be claimed that Achaemenian dynasty was the inventor of . Hegel considered Persian Empire as a modern government and compared it with German and French empires at time of Napoleon, for Iranian empire consisted of some states that had kept their individuality, tradition and rules while being interdependent. He believed Persian people to be the first historic nations and Persian Empire to be the first passed away empire (Hegel, 2001). During the 230-year-old reign of Achaemenian, twelve kings came to the rule. The reign of some did not last for more than some months but others ruled for several decades and each king experienced various rises and falls such as wars, revolts, victories or failures (Olmsted, 1995). According to historians, the governance periods of the first three Achaemenian kings namely Cyrus, Cambyses and Darius were the age of honor and glory of Achaemenian dynasty: in this

208 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali

age, a relative order, peace and security dominated this broad territory and each king expanded it through his victories. The dynasty of Xerxes is regarded as the starting point of decadence and collapse of Achaemenian dynasty. Although this trend started gradually, it intensified sometimes and then was mitigated in other periods. The highest degree of infirmity and disorder during Achaemenian dynasty is attributed to the reign of Darius III which led to the collapse of the dynasty. One cannot issue a general verdict on the existence or nonexistence of justice in the age of each Achaemenian king; a verdict which introduces one king as the symbol of justice and kindliness and the other as an absolute despot. However, the obvious point is that in the age of some Achaemenian kings such as Cyrus and Darius I, signs and indicators of justice and relative respect to human rights and freedom are reported (Cylinder of Cyrus, 538 BC); but in the ages of other Achaemenian kings, cruelty and exploitation of people to meet the needs of the kings and their family were too common. Also, there is no record of public protest against this injustice and oppression. It seems that despotism and dictatorship was the common and inseparable feature of most Achaemenian kings and even in some cases, and rules prepared the ground for their excessive despotism and dictatorship. Courtly training of the kings, despite many advantages, resulted in excessive narcissism and self-conceit since princess were excessively respected by other courtiers. In the meantime, courtiers and some opportunists intensified such characteristics in kings to meet their needs and to acquire power. Increase in self-conceit in Darius III and military commanders was a major factor which caused him not to develop a proper defensive strategy against Alexander and gave in; thus, self-conceit, self- superiority and false self-belief of Darius III and his courtiers as well as underestimating the enemy were among the most important reasons of their frequent failures and their final collapse. Besides, false self-belief, narcissism and despotism among Achaemenian kings led to their non-responsiveness. They were never responsive and accountable to people for their acts. Generally, in Achaemenian age, there was only one kind of official accountability through which the accountability of army commanders against king is reported and there is no sign of accountability of rulers to the public. In this way, injustice, despotism and lack of responsiveness of Achaemenian caused a distance between nation and the government; and a condition dominated in which public participation and attention to the public ideas had no place (Pourezzat & Taheri Attar, 2009). b) Sassanian collapse by Arabs Muslims: Sassanian governed Iran for over 400 years (651 – 224 AC). This kingdom was established by Ardashir and dominated a wide area in western Asia. So, Iran was reintegrated after Achaemenian and Parthian feudal dynasties and came under the umbrella of a united administration. This dynasty is named after Sasan, ancestor of Ardashir, and also Darius III is considered as one of his ancestor. So, it is claimed that Sassanian kings were the offspring of Parthian. After Achaemenian, Seleucid could not establish an integrated nation in Iran and the country was divided into many districts. Gradually, they were replaced by Arcadians. Then Ardashir overcame Arcadians and a united reign was reshaped in Iranian territory (Daryaee, 2009; Rawlinson, 2007). During 427-year-old Sassanian governance, 39 kings came to power: some with several years and others with some months of governance. According to historians, death of Khosro Parviz was the start of Sassanian decadence and collapse, since his death and subsequently the suspicious death of Ghobad II (who had killed many of his brothers) in less than six months led to a fatal cycle of revengefulness, over ambition and vengeance and ended in the collapse of Sassanian dynasty. Most important army people were killed and, in the absence of royal men, Khosro Parviz's daughters, Purandokht and , came to power. With successive selections and appointment of more than ten kings in a 4-year period, finally Yazdegerd III was selected as king by rulers of . Since he was not a close relative of the king (Zarinkoob, 2005), he acquired no popularity. The age of Yazdegerd III was the peak of weakness, disharmony and decadence of Sassanian Empire; so that in 637 AC, Iranian capital,

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 209

was overthrown by Arabs and Yazdegerd III escaped toward an unclear fate. By death of Yazdegerd III in 651, Sassanian dynasty came to an end even though the survivors of this family made great attempt for its renewal. Some accounts are recorded on the justice and responsiveness of some kings of this dynasty, while there are other records against them. Overall, historical events during Sassanian dynasty are indicators of the prevalence of injustice, narcissism and non-responsiveness of the kings, and these factors are introduced as the most important reasons of its gradual decadence and collapse (Mirzamani, 2007). c) Collapse of Khwarezmian by Mongols- after Sassanian dynasty, Arabs governed Iran for a long time until influential Iranians entered into system and established local in some parts of Iran and Khwarezmian came to power in a wide region of Iran. The great progenitor of Khwarezmian was a slave from who was purchased by the general commander of Khorasan Army during Samanids dynasty. During Seljuk dynasty, the slave rapidly improved due to his talent and competency and achieved high ranks such as the emirate of Kwarezm state. He had 9 sons the eldest one was Qutb-ed-Din Mohammad who was assigned as the governor of Khwarezm on behalf of Barkiaragh. Later, Sultan Sanjar reinstated him in the same position. Thus, a new state was established which was the protégé of Seljuks and Qutb-ed-Din Mohammad governed for 30 years under the auspice of Seljuks. After him, three Khwarezmian kings came to power, until, in 1200 AC, Mohammad Khwarezmian came to the reign. From the outset, he found himself deprived from the supports of clergymen of the districts. Therefore, he had to rely upon a clan of Turks who were his mother's relatives. In this way, by giving ground to these cruel and undisciplined soldiers who were considered as aliens by Khwarezm people, he caused people hate Khwarezmian dynasty. So, Khwarezmian dynasty took 130 years in which 8 kings came to reign. Narcissism and a false image of power, an undisciplined army, injustice, despotism and cruelty of government-dependent groups paved the way for internal collapse of Khwarezmian. Khwarezmian dynasty was not supported by people and was quickly collapsed by Genghis 's attack (Namdar Qashqai, 2009). d) Safavid collapse against Afghans: Khans of Mongol were gradually influenced by Iranian civilization. Finally, By QizilBashs' (Red Heads') attempts, a single government was reestablished in Iran and Safavid dynasty was shaped. Safavid dynasty is considered as one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran, since by the establishment of Safavid dynasty, after 900 years from Sassanian collapse, a centralized and powerful government was established in Iran again (Newman, 2006). The kings of Safavid dynasty were Iranian, and for the first time in Iranian history, they introduced Shiite as the official religion and the symbol of Iranian unity. According to some historians, the periods of , Shah Tahmasb I and Shah Abbas are the periods of Safavid dynasty's power, dignity and victories. During 50 years of kingdom, Shah Abbas I is undoubtedly one of the greatest of Iran after due to the wide victories and constructions (Abisaab, 2004). However, his cruel behaviors with his sons and successors caused Safavid dynasty to lack a deserving successor after his death. In the meantime, mistreatment of princes made most Safavid kings weak and dictator persons. Contrary to Iranian ancient traditions, Safavid princes were educated and trained by women and harem masters, the result of which being war-averse and coward Shahs. So, after the death of Shah Abbas and government of Shah Safi, decadence and decline of Safavid dynasty started. During Shah Sultan Hossien kingdom, interferences of courtiers and incompetent individuals, Shah's disability to run the affairs, selfishness, despotism and lack of prudence in selecting the governor of Qandahar paved the way for the revolt of Afghans and, finally, after two centuries, Safavid dynasty was collapsed by the rivals headed by Mahmoud and again a strong Iranian state was collapsed (Frye, 2000). Based on intelligent state model, it can be claimed that justice in Safavid Shahs had experienced many falls and rises so that one cannot insist on any general verdict. Despotism and dictatorship were the

210 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali

characteristics of most Safavid Shahs; especially, the training of princes after Shah Abbas had institutionalized despotism and narcissism in them. According to historical accounts, it seems hard to find any evidence on responsiveness of one of Safavid Shahs to people. Probably, like Achaemenian, there was only one type of responsiveness in the form of official hierarchy. It seems that Safavid centralization and despotism had caused a threatening and strangulating climate in which there was no opportunity for public contribution and the relationship between state and nation. In Safavid dynasty, the symbols of general decline and decadence emerged in various aspects of social life. For instance, considerable de-epopee can be seen in . Finally, in the latest periods of Safavid dynasty, ongoing pride, despotism and dictatorship enhanced Shahs' weaknesses and gradually eliminated their goodness. Eventually, the weak and sanctimonious Shah Sultan Hossein destroyed Safavid dynasty faced with Afghan undisciplined groups (Hadi Shayesteh, 2009). e) Iranian relative collapse in Qajar dynasty: Afghans governed Iran for a while. Afterwards, they lost their power by the prudence of . After Nader Shah's death and the fall of , came to power. Zand dynasty did not survive for a long time and was collapsed by Agha Mohammad Khan which led to the establishment of Qajar Dynasty. The kingdom of the two first Shahs (Agha Mohammad Khan and Fath Ali Shah) were accompanied by one of the most important periods in global history, namely, French Revolution, Napoleon's emergence and special attention of some European states to Iran. During the reign of Fath Ali Shah, expansive areas of Iranian territory were attached by through wars between Iran and Czarian Russia. During the reign of the next Qajar Shahs, Iran experienced many ups and downs. The wars between Iran and Russia, leading to the imposition of two Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties to Iranian nation, can be regarded as the peak of decadence and decline of Iran in the contemporary world (Bosworth & Hillenbrand, 1992). Qajar dynasty was accompanied by factors contributing to decline and collapse from the very beginning. It can be claimed that the special structure of Qajar dynasty had a hidden self- reducing discipline. The political power structure in Qajar dynasty consisted of a main locus (Shah) and princes who were the governors of major parts of the country, senior courtiers and bureaucrats like the head of clans and Khans and governors of smaller states. According to their far or close relation to power source, their authorities differed. In such a structure, incompetency and corruption of Shahs' courtiers were distributed to all domestic affairs and the extent of this influence varied according to their power (Keddie, 1999). In the Qajar dynasty, justice and responsiveness were two neglected values in all governing aspects. This order caused the distribution of utilitarianism, despotism, vitiation and narcissism of Shahs and governors so that, sometimes, domestic affairs were sacrificed by Shah's personal wants, meeting his needs and satisfying his power-seeking sense. In this age, interventions by foreign countries and reign's disability against them weakened domestic integrity. Of course, many public movements were shaped to renew national and historical identity on the part of nation, some of which was oppressed and some, like Constitutional Revolution, flourished. Despite such efforts, the weakness and incapability of the last Qajar Shah (Ahmad Shah), and prevalent vitiation in Qajar court led to its collapse and the power was transferred to Pahlavi. Therefore, it can be claimed that the fate of Qajar dynasty started by cruel anger and violence and ended with corruption, incompetency, despotism, utilitarianism, and narcissism. When Qajar dynasty delivered the country to Reza Khan, considerable parts of lands and population of the were assigned to foreigners (Madmoli, 2010). f) Soft collapse of Iran faced with the west during Pahlavi dynasty: in chaotic circumstances of 1920, Reza Khan with collaboration of Seyed Zia'eddin Tabatabai planned a coup-d'état and dominated the capital. He was assigned as the commander of by the title of "Sardar-e-Sepah" (Army Commander). Through his influence among militaries and

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diplomats, Reza Khan was gradually assigned as the Minister of War and then head of Ministers and prepared the ground for his governance. By the approval of Parliament, the government of was officially recognized in 1925 and Qajar dynasty ended. Reza Shah governed for 16 years and after country's occupation by the Allies in 1941, he had to resign and leave the country. In 1944, He passed away in Johannesburg, . After his resignation, his son Mohammad Reza came to reign in 16 September 1941. At the outset of his kingdom, the attendance of Russian, UK and USA military forces put the country in great troubles and Iran passed a turbulent age. After the egression of foreign forces, Iran was apparently released but western cultural domination yet threatened national dignity and identity of the country. It put the country in the route of a kind of soft and gradual collapse. So it led to the collapse of Pahlavi dynasty in 11 February 1979 and Iranian new political life commenced. During Pahlavi dynasty, responsiveness and accountability had no meaning, social discrimination had increased and injustice was common (Fardust, 1999). The peak of soft collapse of Iran against west is observed in the Capitulation Bill through which the legal competency of Iran was doubted and its political stability was crushed (Kalhorian, 2011). Referring to the opinions of elites and connoisseurs of the knowledge of administration and , intelligent state model is relatively efficient and admonitory in analyzing the reasons of collapses of the mentioned dynasties. Accordingly, table 1 is achieved through repeated and independent researches on Iran collapse periods (Taheri Attar, 2006; Mirzamani, 2007; Namdar Qashghayi, 2008; Hadi Shayesteh, 2009; Madmoli, 2010; Kalhorian, 2011).

Table 1: The collapse of Iranian historical reigns based on intelligent state Model

Level of Level of 6 Periods of Intensity of Level of Level of Level of Social Public Collapse Collapse Despotism Accountability Narcissism Justice Participation Complete Achaemenian Low High Low High Very Low Collapse Complete Sassanian Low Very High Very Low Very High Very Low Collapse Complete Khwarezmian Very low Very High Very Low High Very Low Collapse Complete Safavid Low High Very Low High Very Low Collapse Qajar Partial Collapse Very Low High Very Low High Very Low Soft Collapse Pahlavi (Identity Low High Very Low Very High Low Transformation)

5. General Trends in Iranian History and Future Crisis During its history, Iran has been repeatedly attacked by foreigners and exposed to varied internal and external plots. It seems that its geographical situation is an important reason for such attacks. Frequent wars and invasions from west, east, north and south had sometimes led to occasional victories and failures and sometimes the full, relative or soft collapse of a civilization. It is noteworthy that Iranian current geographical situation have been the most stable areas of Iran in most years of its life and in each period, some parts are added to or diminished from it. Studying the reasons of such civilizational collapses reveals that the most important factors conducive to the collapses include prevalence of injustice, non-responsiveness and lack of accountability mechanisms, despotism, narcissism and lack of general participation. These are all factors affecting the process of establishing an intelligent state. Research findings show that prevalence of injustice, non-responsiveness and the lack of accountability system, despotism, the lack of public participation and narcissism among governors

212 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali especially in the last years of Achaemenian, Khwarezmian, Sassanian and Safavid dynasties are among the most important reasons of their collapses. However, during Qajar and Pahlavi, new complexities were appeared in the collapse trend of Iran in addition to above-mentioned factors. Although there were some brave commanders and some reforms were made by visionary ministers in some periods which moved the country toward progress, overall inadequacy and incompetency of leaders led to the separation of many important sections in eastern, northern and northwestern regions. The separated sections were exposed to cultural attacks of the occupiers and experienced a kind of cultural transformation, and in many cases they lost their national identity and even . Also in Pahlavi dynasty, Iranian decadence factors were appeared in another form so that the country experienced a cultural decadence and highly affected by the west without its military attack. By Islamic revolution, Iranian nation demanded justice, responsiveness and accountability, denied despotism and narcissism and wanted participation in determining their fate through establishing an independent, justice-oriented and servant government. These were demands which were intelligently drawn up by a united nation for its future. However, historical admonitions shows that Iran may be again exposed to more serious collapses in future if these factors are not carefully addressed and realized. The summary of these wants can be found in the concept of Truth-oriented justice. According to this concept, the society enjoys full security, relative welfare and adequate awareness (Pourezzat, 2008, 2010) for any social participation. Now, after 30 years of establishment of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, although most of these demands have been relatively met, there is a long route toward the realization of society enjoying from justice, security, and awareness. According to many authors like Oswald Spengler (1880 – 1936) and Ibn-Khaldun (1332- 1406), the life period of civilizations is cyclic and periodical. Thus, an end is imaginable for any civilization which will come sooner or later. Such viewpoints are based on the assumption that, similar to living beings, one can consider the young and old ages for civilizations. Such attitudes are in contrast to the opinions of thinkers like Arnold Toynbee (1889 – 1975) and the observations on European civilization history. That is to say, it seems that decadence or collapse is not a destined issue. According Toynbee, although sustainable patterns are identifiable in the history, such rules do not negate human free will and right of choice. He believes that civilizations die via committing a suicide not a murder and what guarantees their life and dynamism is their capability to resolve new problems (Toynbee, 1954). The present paper emphasizing the importance of human free wills and right of choice, attempts to analyze the sustainability of current and future governments at the highest level of performance and quality through identifying the factors contributing to the decline of Iranian past reigns. Now, Iranian government is faced with complicated and hard problems which need special consideration of the governors to be resolved. An important point is that the seventh collapse may not be limited to a reign collapse; rather, it may destroy Iranian civilization since and the interests of global and regional powers, tendency of Iranian clans and states toward decentralization, as well as economic, political and social crises can threat Iranian society in its path toward renewing its identity, efficient existence and excellence-seeking path. Hence, it is necessary to make further effort on theorizing on how to prevent future collapses. Undoubtedly, the results of the collapse of Iranian current state will not be limited to Iran, but it will have broad international consequences. Internally, Iran will be divided into some countries with many disorders. The outcomes would be civil wars, racial and ethnic conflicts, religious clashes, expansion of poverty, loss of security, and prevalence of social disorder. Externally, it is too likely to disturb the order of the Middle East and balance of power and even enhancing religious excessive and radical movements as well as international cultural and economic crises. So, collapse of Iran means the collapse of one of the most important cultural poles of the world and one of oldest and broadest human civilizations. As seen in table 1, learning cycles in the structure of Iranian government has been always relative throughout history so that many mistakes of antecedents have been repeated. Below, the trends of social justice, despotism, accountability, narcissism and public participation through the history of Iran are analyzed:

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 213

1. Justice in Iranian history: despite the extraordinary propensity of Iranian people to the requirements of justice in the society and its manifestations in their national and religious symbols and myths, history witnesses that the country has been always dominated by the oppression of domestic and foreign Shahs and aristocrats. This trend of injustice has been intensified in some historical periods. Particularly, it seems that whenever an increase in injustice has been accompanied by the increase in the level of literacy and public awareness, tendency toward revolution and internal transformation has also been surged. This is while, whenever increase in injustice has been accompanied by the prevalence of illiteracy and general poverty, it has been conducive to Iran's external collapse or occupancy. It is worth mentioning that the first modern revolution in Iran happened in such circumstances. One of the main reasons of Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905 – 1911) was an increase in the level of injustice compared to previous periods along with the rise of the number of educated people and the emergence of high educational and scientific institutes and centers. By increase in literacy, educated people resort to legends even without any historical evidences to find the nostalgia of propensity to justice in myths. Perhaps, this is the reason of nostalgic exaggerations of intellectuals like Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh (1812 – 1878), the novelist and thinker at the time of Qajar Dynasty, especially when he wrote: "Pars sultans were famous in the world and their justice was in a manner that the justice of Fereydun and Anushiravan has become proverb in the globe" (Mohammad Zadeh, 1978). He made this claim without any external evidence. As if he had read ancient myths in , believed them fully and had added his ideals. The second evidence is the Islamic Revolution in 1979. In this period, by development of universities and seminaries, Iranian people were internally prepared to change current order and establish a new order to achieve a just society. Therefore, the cruelty of kings along with relative increase in public literacy level resulted in an internal revolution and civilization growth and led to external collapse. In graph 1, the situation of justice throughout the history of Iran is presented. Curve a shows the level of justice in Iranian reigns. It should be noted that equilibrium line should be assumed relatively with regard to improvement in life style in the world (ß line) in order to depict a more realistic picture on peoples’ conceptions about injustice.

Graph 1: The trend of social justice in the collapse periods of six Iranian reigns

214 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali

2. Despotism in Iranian history: According to graph 2, the trend of despotism throughout the history of Iranian reigns has started severely, and after a mild mitigation, has become stable at the severe level. By establishing Imperial Government System in Iran by Cyrus during Achaemenian dynasty, a kind of hierarchical system was emerged: full authority and power was belonged to the Divinity who assigned a governor and the governor led the people on behalf of the Divinity (Garthwith, 2005). Since the Great Cyrus (558 – 530 BC) to Pahlavi dynasty (1925 – 1979), Iran's political culture was defined hierarchically in and then Islamic culture (Garthwith, 2005). In such a political regime, Shah was considered as the representative of God on the earth and was the owner of life, asset and honor of peasantries. Regarding political, economic and social arenas, Iranian political system has been always absolute and the Shah was considered as God's shadow on the earth. With more than 2500 years of sustainability, Iranian Imperial system started with very high levels of despotism and went to history by high despotism.

Graph 2: The trend of despotism in the collapse periods of six Iranian reigns

In graph 2, curve a shows the level of despotism in Iranian reigns. Line ß indicates a relatively more rational level of despotism to guarantee good governance. As it is seen, the level of despotism in Iran has been always more than functional despotism. It caused that reigns not to hear the voice of public and become deprived of public participation and votes to compensate the entropy and gradual decadence. 3. Responsiveness and Accountability in Iranian history: according to graph 3, the trend of Iranian governors' responsiveness has been low or very low. Iranian Shahs have rarely enforced to be responsive for their acts and they have usually considered their verdict over any law and their will over people's will. Perhaps, this is the main reason of devising no cohesive rule in Iran before Constitutional Revolution. Constitution means to condition Shah's authorities to law and, subsequently, Shah becomes responsive for his deeds. In spite of highly precious efforts of Iranians to establish a new legal system during Constitutional Revolution, the next governors did not pay attention to nation's will and prepared the ground for their own complete overthrow in 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In graph 3, curve a shows reigns' accountability in various periods and line ß indicates the ideal level. Although the level of responsiveness was higher during Achaemenian dynasty, it was only an administrative responsiveness and because of Shah's dignity, it was less seen in front of the public.

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 215

Graph 3: The trend of accountability in the collapse periods of six Iranian reigns

Accountability and Responsiveness

4. Governors' narcissism in Iranian history : according to graph 4, Iranian governors' narcissism has always been high or very high. Based on the available documents, in periods closer to collapse, governors' narcissism has been in the highest level. It seems that the level of narcissism in the last periods of Sassanian and Pahlavi dynasties was higher than other dynasties. It may be the reason of heavier collapses. In Sassanian age, widespread illiteracy of public caused external collapse which led to huge changes in Iranian social, political and economic structure and it was so sharp that no widespread reign as Achaemenian and Sassanian was established in Iran nine centuries after Arabs' attack. This nine-century period is considered as Islamic period of Iranian history and its Iranian elements are more dispersed and less efficient than pre periods. In Pahlavi dynasty, Imperial system, with more than 2500 years record, was overthrown by people and the first republic government was established; so, Iranian history was divided into two Imperial and Republic periods. It should be noted that in Constitutional and Islamic Republic ages, the development of universities and scientific centers led to internal modification.

Graph 4: The trend of narcissism in the collapse periods of six Iranian reigns

216 Ali Asghar Pourezzat, Ghazaleh Taheri Attar and Nader Seyed Kalali

As graph 4 indicates, curve α shows the Iranian governors and Shahs' narcissism in various periods. As it is observed, distance between actual and ideal situation in ß is remarkable. 5. The level of public participation in Iranian history: as it is seen in graph 5, public participation of Iranian citizens has been always trivial over the history. Of course, among other elements of intelligent state model, Iranians succeeded to pass a growing trend and to enhance the level of public participation. Perhaps due to dependence upon top hierarchy of power in other elements of the model, the nation has not been able to play an important role in improving other elements. Iranian nation has tried to increase its participation in running the country; especially considering current developments in IT and communication technology, it seems that this participation is going to be directed toward more development. This can mitigate the possibility of next collapses if governors pay due attention to it.

Graph 5: The trend of public participation in the collapse periods of six Iranian reigns 1

6. Conclusion and Discussion Historical analysis of six Iranian reigns collapses shows that Iranian previous reigns have not learned anything from the history. The trend of social justice, despotism, narcissism and public participation in Iranian previous reigns shown in table 1 indicates that Iranian governors never learned from the history, as Hegel put is: what experience and history teach is that people and reigns never learn any lesson from history or do not act based on its deducted fundamental principles (Hegel, 2001). Past collapses have led to a type of butterfly effect throughout history so that it causes an ongoing flow of progresses and decadences and makes it hard and even impossible to analyze events periodically and predict them independently. In current conditions, Iranian government should try intelligently to exit the road of decadence and draw a desirable future through adopting a proactive approach to future (Pourezzat et al., 2008). Although, Islamic Republic of Iran has taken some progressive steps toward development and has increased the level of public participation in terms of intelligent state model; however, today's global problems require stronger and longer steps. A question which must be considered by current officials is that how they can prevent seventh collapse in Iran? It seems that some strategies are recommendable in this regard. First of all, the role of justice and fairness in attracting the support of most people must be pointed out. People would increase their

1 As it is observed in the above graph, the distance is generally reducing between curve α and curve ß, that is, participation levels increase step by step.

Avoidance of Future Collapse In Light of the Historical Analysis of Past Iranian Reigns 217 motivation to maintain social cohesion and to support the government if state’s efforts seriously focus on removing class distinctions and equal income distribution. Government should avoid dogmatic policies and attempt at making the policies intelligent and consider feedbacks from society seriously. There is some mechanism which helps the organization of political system in Iran (Iran’s Constitutional Law, Article 110). Using the flexible capacity of Iran’s Constitutional Law to reform the regulations (Iran’s Constitutional Law, Article 177) is also a strategy to decrease system’s mechanical behaviors. One of the odds in Iranian political history is full negligence of the governors from clarifying uncertain and rumored political ambience in Iran so that the threat of disclosure is still a major practice by political groups to acquire power. Disclosure is welcomed by ordinary people when there is no transparency. Hence, it is emphasized that Iranian government should seriously try to clarify and to lead political atmosphere toward more equilibrium. People’s tendency to participation will be increased by the development of Internet and mass communication tools. Therefore, the government should enhance this trend. Iranian political geography is highly critical and is cause of many regional conflicts and disputes. So, Iranian government has to achieve nations’ support to face with crises and to develop public participation. However, historical admonitions are not only applicable to a single country or civilization. Any country desiring a sustainable and intelligent nation can learn a lesson from such events. Civilization collapse does not happen at once; rather, it commences when people stay quiet against the first social oppression (Sahifeye Sajjadieh, Nyaesh 38,191). Besides, the first time that the government refuses responsiveness, despotism is imposed to society. A nation can keep its sustainability in the condition only when weakest social groups can acquire their rights from the strongest groups (Nahjul Balagha, 53 rd letter). Finally, it is recommended that in future researches, other factors that possibly affect on the collapse of Iranian past reigns to be addressed. Additionally, the relations between such factors and their mutual effects should be studied.

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