Iran - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
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Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics Coordinates: 32°N 53°E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ʔiːˈɾɑn]), also known as] ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ :Iran ( i/ɪˈrɑːn/[10] or /aɪˈræn/;[11] Persian Islamic Republic of Iran Persia (/ˈpɜrʒә/ or /ˈpɜrʃә/),[11][12] officially the Islamic Republic of ری ا اان Iran, is a country in Western Asia.[13][14][15] It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; with Kazakhstan and Russia across the Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest nation in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world; with 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th most populous nation.[13][16] It is the Flag Emblem only country that has both a Caspian Sea and Indian Ocean coastline. Motto: Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in ال. آزادی. ری ا .Eurasia and Western Asia and the Strait of Hormuz "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic." (de Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations,[17][18] beginning facto)[1] with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdom in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the country into the first of Anthem: Mehre Khâvarân وران many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region.[3] Iran reached the pinnacle of its "The Eastern Sun" power during the Achaemenid Empire (First Persian Empire) founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Pannonia) and Thrace-Macedonia in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen.[19] The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The area eventually regained influence under the Parthian Empire and rose to prominence once more after the establishment of the Sasanian dynasty (Neo-Persian empire) in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world along with the Byzantine Empire for the next four centuries.[20] Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were largely replaced after Rashidun Muslims invaded Persia in 633 AD, and conquered it by 651 AD.[21] Iran thereafter played a vital role in the subsequent Islamic Golden Age, producing numerous influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. The emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty, which promoted the Capital Tehran and largest city 35°41′N 51°25′E Twelver school of thought as the official religion, marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history.[5][22][23] It Official languages Persian also culminated into tensions, which in 1514 led to the Battle of Spoken languages[2] Persian · Azeri · Kurdish · Chaldiran. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran would once again Lurish · Semnani · Gilaki reach high prominence, reaching its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most · Mazandarani · Turkmen powerful empire in the world.[24] The Persian Constitutional Revolution · Arabic · Baloch · of 1906 established the nation's first parliament, which operated within a Georgian · Armenian · constitutional monarchy. Following a coup d'état instigated by the UK Neo-Aramaic and the US in 1953, Iran gradually became autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the Religion Official: Shia Islam Iranian Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic Other recognized religions: 1 of 38 3/14/2015 7:39 AM Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics [16][25] on 1 April 1979. Sunni Islam · Tehran is the capital and largest city, serving as the cultural, commercial, Zoroastrianism · and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a major regional and middle Christianity · Judaism [26][27] power, exerting considerable influence in international energy Demonym Iranian, Persian security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the Government Unitary theocratic [28][29] presidential Islamic 4th-largest proven oil reserves. It hosts Asia's 4th-largest number republic of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[30] - Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. Its unique - President Hassan Rouhani political system, based on the 1979 constitution, combines elements of a - Vice President Eshaq Jahangiri parliamentary democracy with a religious theocracy run by the country's Legislature Islamic Consultative clergy, wherein the Supreme Leader wields significant influence. A Assembly multicultural nation comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, [3] most inhabitants are Shi'ites, the Iranian rial is its currency, and Persian is Unification - Median Empire c. 678 BC the official language.[31] - Achaemenid 550 BC Empire - Sassanid Empire[4] 224 AD - Safavid Empire 1501[5] - Islamic Republic 1 April 1979 1 Etymology - Current 24 October 1979 constitution 2 History - Constitution 28 July 1989 2.1 Early history in Iran amendment 2.2 Classical Era Area 2.3 Middle Ages (652–1501) - Total 1,648,195 km2 (18th) 2.4 Dynasties (1501–1979) 636,372 sq mi - Water (%) 0.7 2.5 After the Iranian Revolution (1979–) Population 3 Geography - 2013 estimate 77,176,930[6] (17th) 3.1 Climate - Density 48/km2 (162rd) 3.2 Fauna 124/sq mi 3.3 Regions, provinces and cities GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate 4 Government and politics - Total $1.284 trillion[7] (17th) 4.1 Law - Per capita $16,463[7] (72nd) 4.2 Foreign relations GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate 4.3 Military - Total $402.700 billion[7] (20th) - Per capita [7] 5 Economy $5,165 (98th) 5.1 Tourism Gini (2010) 38[8] medium 5.2 Energy 5.3 Education and science HDI (2013) 0.749[9] high · 75th 6 Demographics (IRR) (﷼) Languages Currency Rial 6.1 6.2 Ethnic groups Time zone IRST (UTC+3:30) - Summer (DST) IRDT (UTC+4:30) 6.3 Religion 7 Culture Date format yyyy/mm/dd (SH) 2 of 38 3/14/2015 7:39 AM Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics 7.1 Art Drives on the right 7.2 Architecture Calling code +98 7.3 Literature ISO 3166 code IR 7.4 Philosophy Internet TLD .ir .ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ Mythology 7.5 7.6 Observances 7.7 Theater 7.8 Music 7.9 Cinema and animation 7.10 Cuisine 7.11 Sports 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links is the Modern Persian derivative from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānā, meaning "Land of the (ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ) The name of Iran Aryans", first attested in Zoroastrianism's Avesta tradition.[32][33][34][35] The term Ērān is found to refer to Iran in a 3rd-century Sassanid inscription, and the Parthian inscription that accompanies it uses the Parthian term "aryān" in reference to Iranians.[36] Historically Iran has been referred to as "Persia" or similar (La Perse, Persien, Perzië, etc.) by the Western world, mainly due to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Περσίς), meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive and close interaction the Ancient Greeks ever had with any outsider was that with the Persians, the term became coined forever, even long after the Persian rule in Ancient Greece and beyond had ended and other dynasties were now ruling the regions. In 1935 Rezā Shāh requested that the international community refer to the country as Iran. Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and in 1959 both names were to be used interchangeably.[37] Today both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.[38] The historical and cultural wider usage of "Iran" is not restricted to the modern state proper.[39][40][41] Irānshahr[42] or Irānzamīn (Greater Iran)[43] corresponded to territories of Iranian cultural or linguistic zones. Besides modern Iran, it included portions of the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Central Asia.[44] Early history in Iran The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era.[45] Neanderthal artifacts dating back to the Middle Paleolithic period have been found mainly in the Zagros region at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[46][47] Early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan in 10,000 BC[48][49] began to flourish in Iran along with settlements such as Chogha Bonut in 8000 BC,[50][51] as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[52][53][54] 3 of 38 3/14/2015 7:39 AM Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics The emergence of Susa as a city is determined by C14 dating as early as 4395 BC.[55] There are dozens of pre-historic sites across the Iranian plateau pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BCE.[54] [56][57] During the Bronze age Iran was home to several civilisations such as Elam, Jiroft and Zayandeh Rud civilisations. Elam, the most prominent of these civilisations developed in the southwest of Iran alongside those in Mesopotamia.