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And “Climate”. Qarah Dagh in Khorasan Ostan on the East of Iran 1

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IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1397 1. LAND AND CLIMATE Introduction T he statistical information that appeared in this of Tehran and south of Mazandaran and Gilan chapter includes “geographical characteristics and Ostans, Ala Dagh, Binalud, Hezar Masjed and administrative divisions” ,and “climate”. Qarah Dagh in Khorasan Ostan on the east of Iran 1. Geographical characteristics and aministrative and joins Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. divisions The mountain ranges in the west, which have Iran comprises a land area of over 1.6 million extended from Ararat mountain to the north west square kilometers. It lies down on the southern half and the south east of the country, cover Sari Dash, of the northern temperate zone, between latitudes Chehel Cheshmeh, Panjeh Ali, Alvand, Bakhtiyari 25º 04' and 39º 46' north, and longitudes 44º 02' and mountains, Pish Kuh, Posht Kuh, Oshtoran Kuh and 63º 19' east. The land’s average height is over 1200 Zard Kuh which totally form Zagros ranges. The meters above seas level. The lowest place, located highest peak of this range is “Dena” with a 4409 m in Chaleh-ye-Loot, is only 56 meters high, while the height. highest point, Damavand peak in Alborz The southern mountain range stretches from Mountains, rises as high as 5610 meters. The land Khouzestan Ostan to Sistan & Baluchestan Ostan height at the southern coastal strip of the Caspian and joins Soleyman Mountains in Pakistan. The Sea is 28 meters lower than the open seas. mountain range includes Sepidar, Meymand, Iran is bounded by Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea, Bashagard and Bam Posht Mountains. Republic of Azerbaijan, and Armenia on the north, Central and eastern mountains mainly comprise Afghanistan and Pakistan on the east, Oman Sea Karkas, Shir Kuh, Kuh Banan, Jebal Barez, Hezar, and the Persian Gulf on the south, and Iraq and Bazman and Taftan mountains, the highest of which Turkey on the west is Hezar Mountain with a 4465 m height. Administratively, the country is divided into The largest Iranian islands that are mainly located Ostans, Ostans into Shahrestans, and Shahrestans at Persian Gulf and Hormuz Strait, are Qeshm, into some Shahrs and Dehestans. Kish, Lavan, Larak Shahri, Hormuz, Hengam Jadid Highlands of Iran can be divided into four mountain (new Hengam), Kabudan, Ashk (Orumiyeh Lake), ranges: northern, western, southern and central and Faroor Bozorg (Greater Faroor), Hendurabi, Khark, eastern ranges. The northern mountain ranges have Minou, Siri, Khan, Abu Mosa, Espir (Orumiyeh extended from Ararat Mountain in Turkey to Hindu Lake), Tonb Bozorg (Greater Tonb), Morghi, Kush Mountain in Afghanistan, including Alamdar, Kharku, Arezoo (Orumiyeh Lake), Faroor Sahand, Sabalan, Talesh, Qaflan Kuh mountains in Kuchak( Small/Lesser Faroor) and Tonb Kuchak Azarbayejan, Albourz mountain ranges at the north ( Small/Lesser Tonb). 49 1. LAND AND CLIMATE IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1397 The Caspian Sea (the world’s largest lake) lies on to 250 mm. the north of Iran and connects Iran to European 2. Mountainous climate: which are sub-divided into cold and moderate mountainous climate. countries through Russian waterways. The water of 2.1. Cold mountainous climate: about 40000 sq km the most of the Iranian lakes is salty. The major of the total country consists of major highlands, internal lakes are: Orumiyeh, Namak, Hamoun including Alborz and Zagross mountain ranges, as well as Sahand and Sabalan high peaks. The annual Jazmourian,Hamoun-e-Saberi, precipitation in these regions exceeds 500 mm. Bakhtegan,Toshak, Hamoun-e-Pouzak, Maharlu, 2.2. Moderate mountainous climate: some 300000 sq km of the country enjoys a moderate Hamoun-e-Hirmand, Talab-e-Anzali (Anzali mountainous climate, where the annual lagoon), Howz-e-Sultan, Parishan and Zarivar of precipitation varies from 250 to 600 mm. Marivan. 3.Caspian climate: which is a narrow strip with a 2. Climate limited extension, trapped between the Caspian Sea Due to its vast area, abundant mountains, desert and Alborz mountains range with as much as 600 to lands and being adjacent to two large seas at the 2000 mm precipitation per year.. north and south as well as its closeness to Europe, Measurement of climatic characteristics, which Mediterranean Sea, African large Sahara desert, dates back to the year 1320, is currently performed Indian Ocean, Asian internal highlands and large by the National Meteorological Organization at its cold areas, Iran enjoys a very diverse climate. The numerous synoptic stations scattered around the effect of distance from the sea, namely closeness country. The data in this chapter, however, are only and remoteness from the sea, can be easily from those located in Ostan (provincial) centres. perceived by comparing the large amount of rainfall They include temperature, precipitation, and and rich vegetation and highly populated areas relative humidity, the number of frosty days, hours around the Caspian Sea with the uninhabited arid of bright sunshine, and speed of the wind. deserts in the centre of Iran. The continuation of the Notes: mountain ranges, their location opposite or parallel 1. Some capitals of Ostans have several synoptic to the winds direction and air flows are among the stations and the data appeared here are from those factors, which always affect climate change. There located at the airports of Ostan's capitals. is a significant difference among the slopes facing 2.Central basins, Hamun and Sarakhs, were or backing onto humid winds in terms of rainfall renamed Central Plateau, Eastern Border, and amount and vegetation. Qareh Qum basins, respectively in the year 1383. The country generally features three climatic zones: The Statistics in this Chapter have been gathered 1. Arid and semi-arid climate: Vast regions of the from the Armed Forces Geographical Organization, interior and far south of Iran enjoy this climate Ministry of the Interior, I.R. of Iran Meteorological which are characterized by long, warm and dry Organization and Iran Water Resource periods, some years lasting over 7 months. The Management Company. It is necessary to mention annual precipitation in such regions varies from 30 that the provided statistics were produced by 50 IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1397 1. LAND AND CLIMATE register-based method. according to certain instructions at certain hours measured and communicated to meteorological Definitions and concepts centers across the globe by devices like SSB, Shahrestan (subprovince): an administrative telephone or telex after being registered. division with a certain geographical boundary, Absolute minimum: the lowest temperature during formed from joining of a few neighboring Bakhshes a certain period (24 hours, one month, one year, or (county) which enjoy the homogeneous natural, a few years). social, economic, political and cultural conditions. Absolute maximum: the highest temperature Bakhsh (county): an administrative division with a during a certain period (24 hours, one month, one specific geographical boundary, including a year, or a few years). number of neighboring Dehestans and their Relative humidity: the amount of humid air in a adjacent fields, places, Roostas (hamlets), and volume unit of air. possibly Shahrs (cities), which are similar in Sunshine hours: According to the World natural, social, cultural, economic and political Meteorological Organization (WMO), the sunshine aspects. hour refers to the sunshine as the time during which Shahr (city/town): an area with a legal boundary, the direct solar radiation exceeds the level of 120 located within the geographical boundary of a W/m². certain Bakhsh and in terms of constructional The average height of precipitation: is the context, employment and other factors, having the weighted mean of an area. By dividing the area into distinctive features of a city. several polygons and considering the precipitation Dehestan (rural agglomeration): the smallest unit in each polygon, the average height of precipitation among administrative divisions with a specific is calculated. geographical boundary, comprised of a number of Water basin: is a geographical area in which neighboring Roostas and their adjacent places and overland flows from, and drains downhill into a fields, homogeneous in environment, economic and body of water, such as ocean, sea, or flat. If the social conditions that allow for providing public concentration point is located inside the basin, the services and planning within a single system and basin is a closed one (e.g. Orumiyeh Lake), but if network. the point is located at the end of the basin so that the Synoptic stations (simultaneous meteorological flow can leave there, then there is an open basin. reporting stations): These are stations at which, Every given point in a river is considered the various climatic features including dry and humid concentration point for the basin just above it. temperatures, amount and type of cloud, amount of Aquatic year: from the first day of Mehr to the end precipitation, type of climatic phenomenon, of Shahrivar of the next year. direction and speed of wind, amount of evaporation, air pressure, hours of bright sunshine, changes in Coefficient of overland flow: the ratio of the pressure, amount of solar radiation, etc. are volume of water flowed in a given hydrometric 51 1. LAND AND CLIMATE IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1397 station to the volume of the precipitation of the Dehestans (rural agglomerations). basin stretching to the station. In the year 1397, the average maximum and Hydrometric stations: stations in which
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    Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト ● Asia 4 Bangladesh 7 China アジア バングラデシュ 中国 1 Afghanistan 9 Khulna 6 Hangzhou アフガニスタン クルナ 杭州（ハンチォウ） 1 Herat 10 Kotwalipara 7 Wuhan ヘラート コタリパラ 武漢（ウハン） 2 Kabul 11 Meherpur 8 Cyprus カブール メヘルプール キプロス 3 Nili 12 Moulvibazar 1 Aglantzia ニリ モウロビバザール アグランツィア 2 Armenia 13 Narayanganj 2 Ammochostos (Famagusta) アルメニア ナラヤンガンジ アモコストス（ファマグスタ） 1 Yerevan 14 Narsingdi 3 Kyrenia エレバン ナールシンジ キレニア 3 Azerbaijan 15 Noapara 4 Kythrea アゼルバイジャン ノアパラ キシレア 1 Agdam 16 Patuakhali 5 Morphou アグダム（県） パトゥアカリ モルフー 2 Fuzuli 17 Rajshahi 9 Georgia フュズリ（県） ラージシャヒ ジョージア 3 Gubadli 18 Rangpur 1 Kutaisi クバドリ（県） ラングプール クタイシ 4 Jabrail Region 19 Swarupkati 2 Tbilisi ジャブライル（県） サルプカティ トビリシ 5 Kalbajar 20 Sylhet 10 India カルバジャル（県） シルヘット インド 6 Khocali 21 Tangail 1 Ahmedabad ホジャリ（県） タンガイル アーメダバード 7 Khojavend 22 Tongi 2 Bhopal ホジャヴェンド（県） トンギ ボパール 8 Lachin 5 Bhutan 3 Chandernagore ラチン（県） ブータン チャンダルナゴール 9 Shusha Region 1 Thimphu 4 Chandigarh シュシャ（県） ティンプー チャンディーガル 10 Zangilan Region 6 Cambodia 5 Chennai ザンギラン（県） カンボジア チェンナイ 4 Bangladesh 1 Ba Phnom 6 Cochin バングラデシュ バプノム コーチ（コーチン） 1 Bera 2 Phnom Penh 7 Delhi ベラ プノンペン デリー 2 Chapai Nawabganj 3 Siem Reap Province 8 Imphal チャパイ・ナワブガンジ シェムリアップ州 インパール 3 Chittagong 7 China 9 Kolkata チッタゴン 中国 コルカタ 4 Comilla 1 Beijing 10 Lucknow コミラ 北京（ペイチン） ラクノウ 5 Cox's Bazar 2 Chengdu 11 Mallappuzhassery コックスバザール 成都（チォントゥ） マラパザーサリー 6 Dhaka 3 Chongqing 12 Meerut ダッカ 重慶（チョンチン） メーラト 7 Gazipur 4 Dalian 13 Mumbai (Bombay) ガジプール 大連（タァリィェン） ムンバイ（旧ボンベイ） 8 Gopalpur 5 Fuzhou 14 Nagpur ゴパルプール 福州（フゥチォウ） ナーグプル 1/108 Pages