DOCSLIB.ORG

Architecture As a Nationalist Battleground in Kosovo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Architecture As a Nationalist Battleground in Kosovo Legacies of Destruction: Architecture as a Nationalist Battleground in Kosovo Benjamin Kinney Harris A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies: Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia University of Washington 2021 Committee: Bojan Belić Daniel Chirot Scott Radnitz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Jackson School of International Studies © Copyright 2021 Benjamin Kinney Harris 2 University of Washington Abstract Legacies of Destruction: Architecture as a Nationalist Battleground in Kosovo Benjamin Kinney Harris Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Bojan Belić Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures Architectural destruction is often perceived as inevitable collateral damage during modern conflict, but a major facet of the Kosovo War of 1998-9 and its aftermath was the deliberate targeting and demolition of architectural heritage on a massive scale. Both Serbian and Kosovar Albanian nationalists participated in this desecration, the most widespread wave of violence against religious architecture on European soil since the infamous Kristallnacht riots under Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich. This thesis explains this destruction through analysis of the chauvinist nationalist narratives endorsed by both Serbian and Kosovar Albanian leaders and media which reframed architectural heritage as symbols of oppression and trauma requiring destruction. For both Serbs and Kosovar Albanians, destroying the opposing nation’s architecture came to be understood as central to a concentrated effort towards purifying the Kosovar cultural landscape and asserting ownership. This thesis intends primarily to answer how nationalist narratives of both Serbs and Kosovar Albanians centered the sacred architecture of the opposing nation as targets of violence and why these efforts proved so devastating. Through analysis of key figures, events, and cases of architectural destruction, I argue that the nationalist narratives of these two nations transformed architecture into emblems representing myths of supremacy, fears of destruction, and historical trauma. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the encouragement and assistance of numerous colleagues and mentors around the world. First and foremost, I must recognize my partner Vladimir Kremenović for their immeasurable support and collaborative insight throughout this research and writing process. Words cannot express my eternal gratitude. Special thanks to my mother, Katy Kinney, for being an invaluable sounding board on our walks around Green Lake. Thanks to my father, John Harris, for supporting my return to academia and that first trip to the Balkans that solidified my fascination with the region. My deepest gratitude to the instructors who have helped me discover and hone my academic interest in Balkan nationalist history. Thanks to my high school history teacher Dave Parsons for helping me recognize and embrace my passion for studying the past. Special thanks to Middlebury College professor Michael Geisler for encouraging my interest in nationalism and introducing me to ethnosymbolist theory. My deepest thanks to Middlebury College professor Febe Armanios, without whom I may never have gained such a tremendous curiosity for Balkan history. Thank you for your guidance and friendship. Special thanks to my Balkan friends and family who have helped challenge my preconceptions about this endlessly complex region and helped me to feel at home on the other side of the world. Thanks to Branka, Zora, and Draško Kremenović of Banja Luka, to Luka Mihajlović of Knjaževac, to Miloš Stijepić of Prijedor, to Sava Petović of Tivat, to Milka Murdjeva of Kavadarci, and to my kuma, Jelena Stefanovska of Dubica. Hvala puno! Thank you to my committee members and the other University of Washington professors who have helped encourage my interest in this topic and offered me their expert feedback. Thanks to Daniel Chirot for taking time out of his last quarter as a University of Washington 4 professor (and first quarter of retirement!) to serve on my committee. Thank you to Scott Radnitz for his thoughtful edits and support. And hvala to Bojan Belić for both two years of Serbian language instruction and so much help in this endeavor as my supervisory committee chair. Finally, many thanks to my friends for keeping me sane throughout this master’s degree, especially Scott Collins, Kate Hammonds, and Amy Spens. And to new friends made through this REECAS master’s program: Marisa Dodd, Anastasia Kharitonova-Gomez, Kate Peterson, Bob Snyder, Bekah Welch, and Miriam Wojtas – I could not have asked for a more supportive cohort. Thank you for all the laughs along the way. 5 6 Table of Contents Author’s Note on Spellings.....................................................................................................page 8 Historical Timeline of Kosovo, 1385 to Present...................................................................page 10 Introduction...........................................................................................................................page 12 Nationalist Theory: A Brief Overview..................................................................................page 22 Methodology and Limitations...............................................................................................page 28 Research Question and Hypothesis.......................................................................................page 32 Chapter One: Myths of Supremacy.......................................................................................page 33 Chapter Two: Fears of Extermination...................................................................................page 49 Chapter Three: Historical Trauma.........................................................................................page 65 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................page 75 Appendices............................................................................................................................page 85 Bibliography........................................................................................................................page 107 7 Author’s Note on Spellings The Oxford University Press style manual once stated: “if you take hyphens seriously, you will surely go mad.”1 Nowhere, perhaps, is this dictum more applicable than in academic study of the Balkans, where alternative place names and terms constantly signal national allegiances and carry inevitable political implications. Attempting to use unbiased geopolitical and ethnographic language in discussing Balkan nationalism requires tremendous patience for multiple spellings and phrasings – patience then required of any reader. In this thesis, I have adopted Serbian language spellings of place names. For example, I will refer to the region of Kosovo and not Kosova as it is spelled in the Albanian language.2 However, I will not be using the Serbian government’s official name of the region, Kosovo i Metohija, due to the politically (and religiously) charged nature of this label.3 When I first introduce a Serbian toponym, I will, however, write the Albanian alternative in parentheses. For example, the capital of Kosovo is Priština (Prishtinë). For specific ethnographic terms, such as tekke or kulla, I have chosen to use the anglicized spellings in the text while listing Serbian and Albanian spellings in the footnotes when the term is first introduced. Tables containing Serbian and Albanian alternative spellings of all toponyms and region-specific terms used in this thesis may be found in Appendix A, ordered by their first occurrence in the text. 1 The Economist: Johnson Books & Arts Column, “Hysteria Over Hyphens,” The Economist, 10 June 2017. 2 The Serbian name Kosovo is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos, meaning ‘blackbird,’ and derives from the battlefield Kosovo Polje whereupon the Battle of Kosovo was fought in 1389. This thesis will refer to Kosovo as a geographic ‘region’ except when explicitly discussing issues of its political organization – reference to Kosovo as a ‘region’ is not meant to minimize or challenge Kosovo’s current status as an autonomous country, but rather acknowledge the fact that Kosovo has held numerous political designations (vilayet, territory, province, autonomous province, etc) across the span of history discussed here. 3 Kosovo i Metohija remains the Serbian Government’s official designation for the region of Kosovo; the name is politically and religiously charged because the toponym Metohija derives from a Greek word meaning ‘monastic estates,’ a reference to the large number of Serbian Orthodox monasteries in the region. The name has been cited by numerous Albanian scholars as problematic due to its implication that Kosovo remains defined by its Serbian Orthodox history. 8 I have also chosen to discuss the Serbs as a people rather than Serbians but to refer to Serbian leaders or actions. While some scholars insist upon referring to Albanians within Kosovo as ethnic Albanians to distinguish them from Albanians within Albania, I refer to them as Kosovar Albanians.4 While I generally have chosen not to anglicize Albanian or Serbian names of people or places, I have made notable exceptions in using Belgrade, Serbia, and Yugoslavia – not Beograd, Srbija, and Jugoslavija – as changing these extremely familiar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KFOS LOCAL and INTERNATIONAL VOLUME II.Pdf
    EDITED BY IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS AGON DEMJAHA LOCAL AND AROLDA ELBASANI STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER- SIEVERS INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD VOLUME II LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD —VOLUME II EDITED BY: IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS AGON DEMJAHA AROLDA ELBASANI STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS Copyright ©2021 Kosovo Foundation for Open Society. All rights reserved. PUBLISHER: Kosovo Foundation for Open Society Imzot Nikë Prelaj, Vila 13, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo. Issued in print and electronic formats. “Local and International Determinants of Kosovo’s Statehood: Volume II” EDITORS: Ioannis Armakolas Agon Demjaha Arolda Elbasani Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers PROGRAM COORDINATOR: Lura Limani Designed by Envinion, printed by Envinion, on recycled paper in Prishtina, Kosovo. ISBN 978-9951-503-06-8 CONTENTS ABOUT THE EDITORS 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12 INTRODUCTION 13 CULTURE, HERITAGE AND REPRESENTATIONS 31 — Luke Bacigalupo Kosovo and Serbia’s National Museums: A New Approach to History? 33 — Donjetë Murati and Stephanie Schwandner- Sievers An Exercise in Legitimacy: Kosovo’s Participation at 1 the Venice Biennale 71 — Juan Manuel Montoro Imaginaries and Media Consumptions of Otherness in Kosovo: Memories of the Spanish Civil War, Latin American Telenovelas and Spanish Football 109 — Julianne Funk Lived Religious Perspectives from Kosovo’s Orthodox Monasteries: A Needs Approach for Inclusive Dialogue 145 LOCAL INTERPRETATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RULES 183 — Meris Musanovic The Specialist Chambers in Kosovo: A Hybrid Court between
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo & Serbia
    FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ The right to believe, to worship and witness The right to change one's belief or religion The right to join together and express one's belief This article was published by F18News on: 18 March 2004 KOSOVO & SERBIA: Churches & mosques destroyed amid inter-ethnic violence By Felix Corley, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org>, and <br> Branko Bjelajac, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org> Large scale violence in Kosovo and Serbia before the 5th anniversary of Nato's bombing raids has seen many Serbian Orthodox churches and mosques attacked, amid disputed suggestions, including by an un-named UNMIK official, that the violence in Kosovo was planned as a "pogrom against Serbs: churches are on fire and people are being attacked for no other reason than their ethnic background", Forum 18 News Service has learnt. In the Serbian capital Belgrade and in the southern city of Nis, mobs set two mosques on fire despite the pleas of the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Belgrade, Metropolitan Amfilohije of Montenegro and the Littoral personally pleaded with the mob and urged police and firefighters to react and preserve "what could be preserved". After initial hesitation for fear of the mob, firefighters and police did intervene, so the Belgrade mosque, which is "under state protection", was saved from complete destruction. In Kosovo since 1999, many attacks have been made on Orthodox shrines, without UNMIK, KFOR, or the mainly ethnically Albanian Kosovo Protection Service making any arrests of attackers. Some of the Serbian Orthodox Church's most revered shrines have been burnt amid the upsurge of inter-ethnic violence that erupted in Kosovo on 17 March, leaving at least 22 people dead and several hundred wounded.
    [Show full text]
  • American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession
    WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of International Affairs in University College The Rhetorical Assault: American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession by Sarah Wion A thesis presented to University College of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts St. Louis, Missouri TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction: Media Spin at the Sochi Olympics 1 II. Propaganda: A Theoretical Approach 6 Propaganda in a Contemporary Conceptual Construct 8 Case Studies of Propaganda in the Media 13 III. Propaganda: A Diachronic Analysis 16 IV. Yugoslavia a State in the Crosshairs of Public Opinion 23 Yugoslavia: A Cold War Companion 24 Serbia: A Metaphor for Russian Dismantlement 27 V. Recycled Frames and Mental Shorthand 31 Milosevic: A Modern-Day Hitler 33 TIME Magazine and Bosnian Death Camps 41 VI. Sanctions and Safe Areas: Antagonistic Aid 47 VII. Case Studies of Victimization in Krajina and Kosovo VIII. Conclusion: Balkan Coverage – A New Paradigm ii DEDICATION To the peoples of the former Yugoslavia – may every inquiry bring a greater sense of justice and peace to the region. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Rhetorical Assault: American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession by Sarah Wion Master of Arts in International Affairs Washington University in St. Louis Professor Marvin Marcus, Chair The contemporary political paradigm for democratic states is precariously balanced on the metaphoric scale of public opinion. As such, policy consensus is, in theory, influenced and guided by the public; however, publications like The Crisis of Democracy poignantly illustrate the reluctance of political elites to relinquish control over the state agenda, especially with respect to foreign affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage, Reconstruction and National Identity in Kosovo
    1 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.amps.2013v3i1.001 Title: Identity and Conflict: Cultural Heritage, Reconstruction and National Identity in Kosovo Author: Anne-Françoise Morel Architecture_media_politics_society. vol. 3, no.1. May 2013 Affiliation: Universiteit Gent Abstract: The year 1989 marked the six hundredth anniversary of the defeat of the Christian Prince of Serbia, Lazard I, at the hands of the Ottoman Empire in the “Valley of the Blackbirds,” Kosovo. On June 28, 1989, the very day of the battle's anniversary, thousands of Serbs gathered on the presumed historic battle field bearing nationalistic symbols and honoring the Serbian martyrs buried in Orthodox churches across the territory. They were there to hear a speech delivered by Slobodan Milosevic in which the then- president of the Socialist Republic of Serbia revived Lazard’s mythic battle and martyrdom. It was a symbolic act aimed at establishing a version of history that saw Kosovo as part of the Serbian nation. It marked the commencement of a violent process of subjugation that culminated in genocide. Fully integrated into the complex web of tragic violence that was to ensue was the targeting and destruction of the region’s architectural and cultural heritage. As with the peoples of the region, this heritage crossed geopolitical “boundaries.” Through the fluctuations of history, Kosovo's heritage had already become subject to divergent temporal, geographical, physical and even symbolical forces. During the war it was to become a focal point of clashes between these forces and, as Anthony D. Smith argues with regard to cultural heritage more generally, it would be seen as “a legacy belonging to the past of ‘the other,’” which, in times of conflict, opponents try “to damage or even deny.” Today, the scars of this conflict, its damage and its denial are still evident.
    [Show full text]
  • Serbia Belgrade
    Issue No. 205 Thursday, April 28 - Thursday, May 12, 2016 ORDER DELIVERY TO Celebrating Author BIRN’s YOUR DOOR +381 11 4030 303 Easter, urges women Kosovo war [email protected] - - - - - - - ISSN 1820-8339 1 Serbian to live more crimes film debuts BELGRADE INSIGHT IS PUBLISHED BY 0 1 style fully in Serbia Page 4 Page 6 Page 10 9 7 7 1 8 2 0 8 3 3 0 0 0 Even when the Democrats longas continue to likely is This also are negotiations Drawn-out Surely the situation is urgent Many of us who have experi We feel in-the-know because bia has shown us that (a.) no single no (a.) that us shown has bia party or coalition will ever gain the governa form to required majority negotiations political (b.) and ment, will never be quickly concluded. achieved their surprising result at last month’s general election, quickly itbecame clear that the re sult was actually more-or-less the result election other every as same in Serbia, i.e. inconclusive. as Serbia’s politicians form new political parties every time disagree with they their current party reg 342 currently are (there leader political parties in Serbia). istered the norm. One Ambassador Belgrade-based recently told me he was also alarmed by the distinct lack of urgency among politicians. Serbian “The country is standstill at and a I don’t understand their logic. If they are so eager to progress towards the EU and en theycome how investors, courage go home at 5pm sharp and don’t work weekends?” overtime.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
    Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9.
    [Show full text]
  • I Know It's Not Racism, but What Is It?
    Cleveland State University EngagedScholarship@CSU Law Faculty Articles and Essays Faculty Scholarship 1-1986 I Know It's Not Racism, But What Is It? Michael H. Davis Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Cleveland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/fac_articles Part of the Religion Law Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Repository Citation Davis, Michael H., "I Know It's Not Racism, But What Is It?" (1986). Law Faculty Articles and Essays. 758. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/fac_articles/758 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Faculty Articles and Essays by an authorized administrator of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I Know It's Not Racism, But. What Is It? by MICHAEL H. DAVIS y memories are so dim, I don't know whether as she stared at his face "we're n ot moving. Why M what I remember is the event itself or the fre­ would we move? We've o~ly been here a short time." quent amused retelling of it by my mother. But on "But, Mrs. Davis," he asked my mother, "haven't May 14, 1948, when I was two years old, the mailman you heard the news?" came to my family's door in our small Massachusetts Wordless, .her frown only grew. town in which we were the only Jews. "The Jews," he announced.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
    Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Electoralism: Reflections on Anarchy, Populism, and the Crisis of Electoral Politics
    This is a repository copy of Beyond electoralism: reflections on anarchy, populism, and the crisis of electoral politics. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/124741/ Version: Published Version Article: Araujo, E., Ferretti, F., Ince, A. et al. (5 more authors) (2017) Beyond electoralism: reflections on anarchy, populism, and the crisis of electoral politics. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 16 (4). pp. 607-642. ISSN 1492-9732 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Beyond Electoralism: Reflections on anarchy, populism, and the crisis of electoral politics A Collective of Anarchist Geographers Erin Araujo, Memorial University of Newfoundland Federico Ferretti, University College Dublin Anthony Ince, Cardiff University Kelvin Mason, para-academic Joshua Mullenite, Florida International University Jenny Pickerill, University of Leicester Toby Rollo, University of British Columbia Richard J White, Sheffield Hallam University [email protected] Abstract This paper is comprised of a series of short, conversational or polemical interventions reflecting on the political ‘moment’ that has emerged in the wake of the rise of right-populist politics, particularly in the Global North.
    [Show full text]
  • (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
    Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kosovo War Tour: Dealing with the Country's War History As a Tour Operator
    The Kosovo war tour: dealing with the country’s war history as a tour operator Image 1. “Adem Jashari” memorial complex, Prekaz, Kosovo. 31 May, 2018. by Sarah Driessen Driessen s4361954/1 s4361954 August, 2018 ⁕ Preface ⁕ The first time I visited Kosovo was three years ago in 2015. The country caught my interest and I have been going back there every year since. This is why the decision to focus on Kosovo for my research was quickly made. As a tourist, you stand out, because there are not many there. I have seen the beautiful and positive sides of Kosovo but at the same time I have noticed how the country, years after the war, still has a long way to go. With my research, I want to give a helping hand and combine tourism with the development of the country and dealing with the war history. I have written this thesis for my master’s degree in Human Geography: Cultural Geography & Tourism at the Radboud University, Nijmegen. I went to stay in the capital of Kosovo, Pristina, for three months and experienced what it is like to live there instead of just being a tourist. I hope this thesis can be of value to the person reading it. Sarah Driessen Gendt, 7 August, 2018 Driessen s4361954/2 ⁕ Summary ⁕ This research looks at the possibility of offering a war tour in Kosovo as a way to handle the war history of the country as a tour operator. Kosovo has a negative image among Dutch people, which is mostly caused by the country’s war history.
    [Show full text]
  • TESIS: Conflicto Étnico En Los Balcanes: La Independencia De Kosovo Y Su Impacto Internacional
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES Conflicto étnico en los Balcanes: La independencia de Kosovo y su impacto internacional. TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTA Jiménez Hernández Stephanie Noemy Director: Dr. Carlos Ballesteros Pérez Ciudad Universitaria, 2014 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Agradezco al proyecto PAPIIT “Cohesión social en la globalización y la búsqueda de un nuevo contrato social: retos para México” (IN301611) por el apoyo brindado en la realización de este trabajo. Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Agradecimientos El presente trabajo representa el resultado de varios años de trabajo en la universidad y en el que están plasmados muchos momentos de mi vida, por ello, quiero agradecer no sólo a quienes me apoyaron para la realización de esta tesis, sino a todos aquellos que estuvieron conmigo a lo largo de mi etapa como universitaria En primer lugar quiero agradecer a mis papás Héctor y Cecilia, quienes me han apoyado a lo largo de toda mi vida para que pueda alcanzar mis sueños y han compartido mis deseos, mis tropiezos, mis frustraciones y mis logros; a mi hermano Adrián, por ser parte de la maravillosa familia que tengo y ayudarme en una primera revisión de este trabajo.
    [Show full text]