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TESIS: Conflicto Étnico En Los Balcanes: La Independencia De Kosovo Y Su Impacto Internacional

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TESIS: Conflicto Étnico En Los Balcanes: La Independencia De Kosovo Y Su Impacto Internacional UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES Conflicto étnico en los Balcanes: La independencia de Kosovo y su impacto internacional. TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTA Jiménez Hernández Stephanie Noemy Director: Dr. Carlos Ballesteros Pérez Ciudad Universitaria, 2014 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Agradezco al proyecto PAPIIT “Cohesión social en la globalización y la búsqueda de un nuevo contrato social: retos para México” (IN301611) por el apoyo brindado en la realización de este trabajo. Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Agradecimientos El presente trabajo representa el resultado de varios años de trabajo en la universidad y en el que están plasmados muchos momentos de mi vida, por ello, quiero agradecer no sólo a quienes me apoyaron para la realización de esta tesis, sino a todos aquellos que estuvieron conmigo a lo largo de mi etapa como universitaria En primer lugar quiero agradecer a mis papás Héctor y Cecilia, quienes me han apoyado a lo largo de toda mi vida para que pueda alcanzar mis sueños y han compartido mis deseos, mis tropiezos, mis frustraciones y mis logros; a mi hermano Adrián, por ser parte de la maravillosa familia que tengo y ayudarme en una primera revisión de este trabajo. En este agradecimiento también incluyo a la familia Hernández, especialmente a mis abuelitos Germán y Socorro, quienes siempre se preocupan por todos nosotros, a mi tía Paty y mis primas Paty y Faby. También quiero mencionar a mis tías de Monterrey, Elsa y Lety, quienes se mantuvieron constantemente al pendiente de mis avances. Doy gracias a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México por la educación de calidad que me brindó y por todas las enseñanzas tanto académicas como profesionales. Al Dr. Carlos Ballesteros, mi director de tesis, por todo su apoyo, tiempo y paciencia, sin su ayuda y valiosos consejos, la realización de este trabajo no habría sido posible. También agradezco al proyecto PAPIIT “Cohesión social en la globalización y la búsqueda de un nuevo contrato social: retos para México” (IN301611) por el apoyo brindado en la realización de este trabajo, en especial al Dr. Pablo González Ulloa con quien tuve el gusto de trabajar y que además formó parte del sínodo revisor. A mis amigas que siempre creyeron en mí, me apoyaron y me echaron todas las porras del mundo: Sandra, Candy, Fer y Mayra, pero sobre todo, me alegro mucho de haberme encontrado a dos personas que desde la prepa están a mi lado compartiendo alegrías, tristezas, triunfos y fracasos: Naye y Yes. En mi paso por la universidad conocí grandes amigos que sin duda alguna fueron un importante factor para haber concluido exitosamente mi etapa como universitaria y que me enseñaron, cada uno a su manera, otras formas de ver la vida: gracias Ale, Fer, Nalle, Karla, Isma, Tomás, Jony, Robert, Cuau y a mi compañero inseparable, Julio. Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) En los últimos años de la carrera y los que siguieron, tuve el gusto de conocer a nuevas personas con quienes viví la mayor parte del proceso de elaboración de este trabajo y que le dieron a mi vida un nuevo color: Alain, Adry, Erick, Linda, Misa, Leonardo, Octavio, mis amigos de la SEP Lalo y Taty, y dos personas que me ayudaron, me escucharon, me enseñaron y a quienes siempre les estaré agradecida por todo su apoyo: León y Ro. También quiero agradecer a la Lic. Beatriz Pérez y a Guillermo Navarrete, profesores, jefes y amigos que me enseñaron mucho y me apoyaron en este camino, así como a la Lic. Teresa Pérez, a quien le agradezco su tiempo, paciencia, consejos y recomendaciones como parte del sínodo revisor. Una mención especial merece una persona a la que conocí en el Centro de Estudios Europeos y que se convirtió en una de mis mejores amigas: Mich. Gracias a la Mtra. Ana Cristina Castillo Petersen, quien además de leer mi trabajo como parte del jurado, lo vio nacer y me ayudo a confiar en que podía sacar adelante este proyecto, y a la Dra. Rosa Olvera por su tiempo y recomendaciones como parte del sínodo revisor, pero también por ser fuente de inspiración para escoger este tema que conocí en su clase de Política Internacional Contemporánea. También agradezco a aquellas personas que han sido mis jefes en las diferentes etapas de mi desarrollo profesional, por todas sus enseñanzas: al Lic. Gerardo Khárriman, la Lic. Magalí Esquinca y el Mtro. Aldo Aldama de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, así como a la Lic. Ifigenia Argueta por su asesoría en mi tema de investigación; a la Lic. Claudia Salinas, la Lic. Verónica Guerrero, la Mtra. Gabriela Mancilla, el Lic. Mauricio Yáñez y el Lic. César Guerrero, de la Dirección General de Relaciones Internacionales de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Finalmente, gracias a todos aquellos que en estos tres años han conocido por mis pláticas y comentarios en la convivencia diaria, el avance día a día de este trabajo de investigación: Juan, Cris, Fer, Norma, Estela, Claus, Lucero y mis compañeros durante mi periodo en el Centro de Investigación y Capacitación Propuesta Cívica, en especial Edgar, Néstor y Vane. Muchas gracias a todos por recorrer conmigo este camino Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) “Once upon a time, in a faraway part of Europe, behind seven mountains and seven rivers, there was a beautiful country called Yugoslavia”. Slavenka Drakulić “In the hinterland of Dalmatia, especially in the Knin area, one can hear a kind of moaning song, a primitive archaic intonation, consisting of the well- known doleful modulations of the sounds o-oy…A few peasants, usually in a tavern, put their heads together and let their sorrowful modulations sound for hours, which constitutes a very grotesque sight for a European. And if they are asked why they sing like this, they give the answer: the lament for Kosovo!”. Vladimir Dvornikovic Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Índice Introducción ......................................................................................................................................... I 1.Kosovo y los Balcanes en la historia ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Entre Oriente y Occidente. Del poblamiento a la Edad Media ....................................................... 2 1.2 Bajo el dominio otomano .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 De la Primera Guerra Mundial a la Segunda Yugoslavia ................................................... 11 1.4 La Segunda Yugoslavia (La era de Tito) ........................................................................... 16 1.5 La desintegración de Yugoslavia ....................................................................................... 21 1.6 La guerra de Bosnia como antecedente del conflicto en Kosovo ........................................ 30 2.El conflicto étnico en Kosovo ......................................................................................................... 37 2.1 Las bases del conflicto étnico ..................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Nacionalismo y etnicidad, conceptos clave en el estudio de Kosovo ............................................ 44 2.3 Kosovo 1999 .................................................................................................................... 51 2.3.1 Los serbios, exacerbación del odio y el miedo .................................................... 52 2.3.2 La resistencia albanesa ...................................................................................... 57 2.3.2.1 El movimiento pacifista. La Liga Democrática de Kosovo .................. 57 2.3.2.2 El Ejército de Liberación de Kosovo ................................................... 60 3.Intervención Humanitaria en Kosovo ........................................................................................... 69 3.1 La internacionalización del conflicto étnico ................................................................................ 70 3.2 Racak y Rambouillet. Puntos de apoyo para la intervención militar ............................................. 72 3.3 Intervención bélica de la OTAN ........................................................................................ 82 3.4 Los Acuerdos de Paz y la llegada de UNMIK ................................................................... 95 4.La independencia de Kosovo ....................................................................................................... 102 4.1 Breve
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