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Ecohydrological Controls on Temperate Wetland Shrub Dynamics

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Ecohydrological Controls on Temperate Wetland Shrub Dynamics Ecohydrological Controls on Temperate Wetland Shrub Dynamics by Hannah Elizabeth Ormshaw A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geography University of Toronto © Copyright by Hannah Elizabeth Ormshaw 2014 Ecohydrological Controls on Temperate Wetland Shrub Growth and Stomatal Conductance Hannah Elizabeth Ormshaw Master of Science Geography University of Toronto 2014 Abstract In ecohydrology, soil moisture is the fundamental component to describe the underlying hydrologic regime at a site. Soil moisture, along with air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, and solar irradiance are significant controlling factors in plant growth and the physiological function of stomatal conductance (gs). To observe the ecohydrological controls on wetland shrub growth and physiology, an experimental plot within a post- agricultural field was established to manipulate soil moisture availability. Growth was measured as growing season increases in biomass under different levels of wetness, while gs was measured in-situ and correlated to soil moisture and site weather measurements using a logistic upper-quantile, non-linear regression approach. Two modelling techniques – a multiple linear regression model, and an adapted Jarvis-type phenomenological model – were used to illustrate growing season trends in gs. The results of this study describe plant tolerance to moisture as well as seasonal water demands, which is currently unknown for wetland shrub species. ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Tim P. Duval, my research supervisor, for his invaluable guidance, encouragement, and feedback throughout my research and analysis. His patience, superb teaching ability, and his attitude toward science was essential to my learning, and made this thesis possible. I am also particularly grateful for the assistance and advice provided by Dr. D. Scott Munro, in setting up the meteorological station at my study site, and in many of my climate-related calculations. I would also like to offer my special thanks to Dr. Yuhong He and Dr. Laura Brown for sitting on my thesis defense committee. I also would like to acknowledge the laboratory technicians, Ken Turner and Phil Rudz, for the lab assistance and resources that supported my work. The assistance provided by my many field assistants, Danielle Radu, Bryn Fraser, Matthew Malone, Ahren Alfonso, Courtney Soden, Tammy Duong, Axel Thomas, Michael Harris, Teresa Didiano, Christine Valancius, Alyssa Campitelli, Je- Hyoeng Hung, Florence Thevabalan, and Adrian Lue, was invaluable throughout experiment set-up and data collection. I would like to thank Mattamy Homes Inc, Credit Valley Conservation Authority, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the City of Brampton, and Urbantech Consulting for site access and project support. Finally, a huge thanks to my family, my boyfriend, and my friends for being a source of distraction from time to time, for the free therapy, and for their endless encouragement during completion of my degree. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures.................................................................................................................. vii List of Appendices..........................................................................................................viii Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 Research Background and Rationale.............................................................................. 1 1.1 Wetland Restoration.........................................................................................................1 1.2 Ecohydrology.....................................................................................................................2 1.3 Study Rationale.....................................................................................................................8 1.4 References ...........................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 18 Growth Responses of Ontario Native Wetland Shrubs to Increasing Soil Moisture 18 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................18 2.2 Methods ...............................................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Study Site ......................................................................................................................24 2.2.2 Experimental Design.....................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................29 2.3 Results..................................................................................................................................31 2.3.1 Volumetric Moisture Content of the Soil......................................................................31 2.3.2 Stem Height ..................................................................................................................35 2.3.3 Total Plant Biomass ......................................................................................................37 2.3.4 Partitioning of Aboveground and Belowground Biomass ............................................43 2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................................45 2.4.1 Role of moisture in controlling growth and supporting literature evidence .................45 2.4.2 Applications ..................................................................................................................53 2.5 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................57 2.6 References ...........................................................................................................................58 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 63 Controlling Effects of Environmental Variables on Wetland Shrub Stomatal Conductance .................................................................................................................... 63 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................63 3.2 Methods ...............................................................................................................................70 3.2.1 Study Site ......................................................................................................................70 3.2.2 Field data collection......................................................................................................72 3.2.3 Modelling......................................................................................................................77 3.3 Results & Discussion ..........................................................................................................79 3.3.1 Environmental Variables ..............................................................................................79 3.3.2 Observed Stomatal Conductance ..................................................................................83 3.3.3 Controls on Stomatal Conductance...............................................................................87 iv 3.3.4 Modelling Stomatal Conductance.................................................................................98 3.3.5 Model performance.....................................................................................................104 3.3.6 Applications ................................................................................................................107 3.4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................108 3.5 References .........................................................................................................................112 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 122 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 122 References ...............................................................................................................................127 v List of Tables Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2013 Site Weather Conditions Compared to Historic Climate Norms..........................11 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................
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